________________
!"!#
$%&'(
)*
!"+,
,-,
'./01'2/345/067/
891'2/%3:93';/ (
<=> (
!"#
?9@?9
'AB6'C/%D'%3E91&E/06?/0
,FGH
$%&'()*+, &&'.&'/0''$1!2'-0-30&4
&5- 6768'9-%&:(-;&'+<=>3:?-$@'A'B<C/0''$17, D:?&
'$'E-&7,-7&/%&/;2'-F3G'$+-%-;&'+D7'$'E--;&'+3H
D@,3:?-'B3 67-%&:(6ID:?&'$'E-'8!49!3:?--J'1-+-%!K
&:()L&-0-7%67)1MNM:I/:&'E-7%
I'(&+-%/O/'.3H'C-'8!1!2'<P/:&'E-)1MN
'$'E- '$%&3J-;&'+<=3:?-140Q0'6A!2'<P/:&'E-)1MN'$
'E--R'1 3<D7)1MN'$'E-)L&D%&-6'B67&.&S)1MN
D%&-6'BD7/$%D%&T&&.&S/$%D%&'C-!2'<P6UMR!K+-%&.
&SD%&-6'B
$%&4%V&'(&+K-WDI/-X&:W7Y!Z&[D(-V!'\,
3H'>'8&V&&V67-&-@/S&'7D-\'9'31Y!-J'1
'C-3:?-)7'%5-!.K-7,
Biu din tri thc v ng dng
1.1 Biu din tri thc sử dng luật dẫn xuất
:&/0/)1MN'$'E-)L&D>'<3:?-/0'!)WIJI@@67
'KL/'$%&D;-+.&3+&-P&]&Z,MC&!2'&V)7'%0'*&Q0',D7
!2'41)1MN'$'E--J-@'$;-^':W&-)VD7'$'E--J'13:?--@'$;-
)L&!2'-G/M'$BN';/O3&/3MP/0_`ađiều kiệnZV,$+bhành động <=3:?-
'7_c&5`a3d&+%'.&D73Fb)54.&3:?-3'c& `a
!0,'U3H!W!74.&4W32&3:?-b41!'$+&e3 f
&7,+, -0-D>'<3H'$W/*)9673:?-0/MR&$2&$H'$%&
A'P&'$U''5%40-+>'<-J'1D7!2' &-R!.'V31
&VQ,9'-0-6@3A'C-'9'+,-%-0-41/'U-6@3A'$,A'P&$%&
'$:(&?/7, -0-D>'3:?-MT&:D7S&-gMhi',-J'14.&%7
-gj:&$@'SU-31'$?&;/-%-0-Q,9'3'$%&Q0'$8'8!49! 'B3J
D7!&V!4.&&+'8!49!2'6UMR40-D7D>'<-J'13:?-MT&31)]'
-:I-76-k+S&-,&+Y%-0-7, D>'<4.&-g3'\D7
!2'41)1MN'$'E-'$%&!0,'U!7D7!2'41)NMN-0-76-k+-%
&:(
1)NMN!2''>/D>'< &:('+':(&/V-g$l+'7/\-U
<+
ij>/-0-<C4mim+-'<j
mnop
p
"
p
q
i"j>/-0-Q,']-rirDY<j0/MR&'$-0-<C4M5&:<+
p
∧ p
"
∧ ∧p→ Q
HV: Lê Th Xuân Di#u CH1101076 DQ/0
Biu din tri thc v ng dng
$%&3J -0-p Q3A'2-m
R93S=BT@BU/%D2/9V9@BU%='/3
BT6'C/%'S/D7Q0'$8<,D>Z@'/0''B!2'<P<C4)+3\
Z0-3-0-<C4-J'13:?-_<_$+'B<C47,
BT6'C/@W'(D7Q0'$8<,D>&:?-Z@'/0''B!2'<P<C4
)+3\ '+'8!49!-0-<C43H_<_$+<C47,2'6UMR':(&&G/
'$%&'C-'9D7Z@'/0''B-0-'8'$5&-k+!0,'U -s3%0ZY!!0,
'U3H)F&J-W3
"X6?(
>/-0-<C4
• t-E&D7_F&_+,_%5'32&)8':(&_
• F&!78
• F&-0/!78
• 8'$5&3d*-E&D7_']'_%G-_<0&_
• J!'+3K-*-E&
• 8'$5&3d!78_Z+_%G-_-I/3F_
• u.&<[MR&3:?-!0,'U
• 67%!0,'U_-J_+,_4.&_
BM'AK1&/34Y9M'AK9ZQ['AB6'C/%D'%3E9[\/0@BU%
BM'AK(
HV: Lê Th Xuân Di#u CH1101076 DQ/0
Biu din tri thc v ng dng
v1MN'$'E-)L&D>'3G-)'S'$%&S&'8P&'P&
-\3:+$+S&732&MC+67%S&<C4-J'1Q+<0'3:?-J-JS&
:31!-U,9<+3,
0-D>'$@'MN1-J'1MNM7&MT&31'$+%3*6I&:(
MT&i68JD7!2''$%&S&M5&'C-k+&.&Sj
J'1MNM7&Z,MC&3:?---9<,D>67&V'U-'B-0-
D>'
--g67)V%'$8'P&D7':&3PMNM7&
J'1-V'9MNM7&31'U-?/-0-D>'!(
0-D>'':(&U'/R'2-67%+
34Y9M'AK(
0-'$'E-/E-'5/3.D;-3wFQ0Ai7&&7jD>'<A7,
<=D7!V,<A6@3ADQ+39'P-32DhQV'$'P&
P&4-%'@, &:(Z,MC&'P&'$U''5%'U-<[MR&D>'
<'@'-V/:&/0/40-iMN1 MN-73G'jK':(&'8!!K-0-31
)1MN'$'E-)L&D>'<-%MT-J/:&/0/40-'U-?/x,D7
:?-31!!+&'U-kQ+-k+-%&:(
<W'$'E-D>'<DI<=D7!&I54V&'8!49!-k+-:&'$8
3A41A'P&&G/4J4'$%&6-30&0-0-MC+'$D>'<
-X&:&G/4J44<,D>'$D>'<
1.2 Biu din tri thc sử dng mạng ngữ nghĩa
]3V'/';K
5&&S&y+D7!2'/:&/0/)1MN'$'E-3\'67-X&D7
/:&/0/MN1@'3P6I-;&'+:&/0/7,<=)1MN'$'E-M:I
M5&!2'3e' '$%&3J3gD7-0-3P':?&i40!j-w-0--&-%)9'!P
Q+&S+-0-3P':?&i40!j7,
HV: Lê Th Xuân Di#u CH1101076 DQ/0
Biu din tri thc v ng dng
c&5S+-0-40!chích chòe chim hót cánh tổ -J!2'<P!P
Q+:<+
U--wYD7!2'D%7-!
!)9'J'
!-J-0
!<P&'$%&'*
0-!PQ+7,<=3:?-)1MN'$C-Q+)L&!2'3e':<+
%!5&&S&y+D7!2'D%53e'-%J'B+:W&3:?-'@'-VS&
!G'!5-k+ &-R7,&y+D7'+-J'1MT&S&'>''%0-k+3e''$
!5&&S&y+:'>''%0'8!D'.& '8!3:(&3&]@' f31'C-
-0---9<,D>1!3G-)'-k+!5&&S&y+<%6I3e''.&':(&
-UD76-&0!2'z&y+icó, làm, là, biết, j-%-0--&$%&3e''
-s 6--J!2'-&P&S++3g-g-%)9'-J<Cliên hệ &S++3g3J67
'@'-V-0--&'$%&3e'3A)1MN-%-T&!2'D%5D$%&!5&&S
HV: Lê Th Xuân Di#u CH1101076 DQ/0
Biu din tri thc v ng dng
&y+ -&P&S++3g-w-%)9'&S++40!':&E&-J<CD
như thế nào-&0&S&y+67%-0--&-k+3e'3H&;/&V!)I'3:?-<P
D:?&3e'-\/VMT&31)NMN-0-!PD&S+-0-40!c&5
:'$%&6UMR'$ 9<[MR&3e''.&':(& '+/VMT&39{D%53e'
-%{!PD!2'3e'31)1MN!PD_là" !2'3e'-%!PD
_làm" !2'-%_biết" 67!2'-%_có"
2'31!40';6-k+!5&&S&y+D7'U49'B+vW68&+,'B'$%&
40! !5&&S&y+3H7!z<C/-@/i:-0-!PD"là"j-J
A3g'$%&!5&!G-<=-JS&'2-'U-k+S&3g40-c&
5'Y%!5&&S&y+W'$ '+-J'1MNM7&'$VD(_-J_-%-F_U-
-wY-JD7!'*4.&|_+-J'14c&33:?-3A7,683g_-U--wY_-J
D49'_D7_6I3g_-!_673g_-!_D5D49'_)9'_6I3g_D7!'*_
<,$+3g_-U--wY_-X&-JD49'D%5_)9'_6I3g_D7!'*_i931z )5
<=>$+3:?-41"suy luận" !7'+6B+'C-)]'&e'B'>''%0_D%+&_
+,_'8!D'.&_'$3e'xjU3G-'U49'B+-k+!5&&S&y+3H-%
/O/'+-J'1'C-3:?-$@'A/O/<,MN'BS&'.&'<}-J'$
!5&
,!5&&S&y+D7!2'41)1MN'$C-Q+3P6I-%&:(:&
43:+67%!0,'U -0-3P':?&67!PD&S+-;&':(&3:?-)1MN
M:IM5&S&/0')132&'Bi:6'BjS+ -0-'+%'0-'8!49!'$
!5&&S&y+':(&4J4i3G-)'3P6IS&!5&-J4U-':I-DIj%
3J !.8!5&&S&y+3:?-MT&-k,931/'U-6@3A+3J J<=
3:?--,13*<+&M5&D>'%G-p$+!Y31'7%G-!5&&S&y+<=3:?-
MT&49'?/6I!2'<P/:&/0/)1MN40-
B/34Y9M'AK9ZQ1';9['AB6'C/%D'%3E9[\/0/0^/03_Q
BM'AK(
HV: Lê Th Xuân Di#u CH1101076 DQ/0
Biu din tri thc v ng dng
5&&S&y+$@'D32& '+-J'1MNM7&'!67%!5&-0-3g%G-
-&!I31)*<&-0-'$'E--\'9'
5&&S&y+-J'U'$C-Q+-+%$@'MN1
5&&S&y+-%/O/-0-3g-J'1'B+49-0-'U-@''B-0-3g40-
'.&Q+-0--&D%5_D7_ 'B3J -J'1'5%$+-0-D49'_&\!_&S+S&3g
4.&-JD49''$C-'9/6I+
5&&S&y+%5'32&40'C'Y%-0-'E--%&:(&>
'.&'
34Y9M'AK(
%39+, 6h-:+-J!2'-s7%Q,3-0-&I5-%-0-3g67
-&-k+!5&&y+D7)5-J'1&0&O/)@'4~40!7%-%3g%G-
-&x
U'B+49i6PD7!2':31!j'$!5&<=-J'1Mh39&,-!
'h'$%&'$'E-c&5 9)*<&'!;'_7_67%!5&:8<+'8
'+-J'149'D>$L&_7_)9'_)+,_xWMy-J3A7,D768-J<C4.&$l$7&
'$%&&S&y+&0-%!2';'-k+!5&v53K--J'1/V3PQ+31!68-%
$L& 6-<$+!'hD7M%'+'9'49!5&MW-E4.&/VM%4,9'31!
-k+!5&x, ZD:z$L& 'U'B+49<$+rất nhiều !PD_&\!_
4V&V,<$+!2'!PD4.&?/DD7$@'DIx
\:4.&'1)1MN-0-'$'E-M5&'k'R-)L&!5&&S&y+68
-0-40!6A'(&+67'$8'C4.&3:?-'1':(&!'$!5&&S
&y+
HV: Lê Th Xuân Di#u CH1101076 DQ/0`a
Biu din tri thc v ng dng
1.3 Biu din tri thc bằng Frame
]3V'/';K(
bDQKID7!2'-@'$;-MSD-E+3C&'@'-VS&'$'E-DQ+39
!2'3P':?&-R'17%3Jm$+!Y<-JD-G'-=3940!:I&3P
':?&i'C-$+p$+!YD7&e&P--k+D>/'•:I&3P':?&j&:?-D56I-0-
/:&/0/)1MN'$'E-3H3:?-3A->/39 p$+!Y_3J&&J_'%7)2!2'3P
':?& '8P&%G--V!2'6@3A/E-'5/'7!2''C-'1M,@'-J-@
'$;-2'p$+!Y)+%7!'$%&J!2'4PD:?&':&3PDI'$'E-6A!2'3P
':?& <C4 6'$U '8P&%G-S&,9'P40-%3J p$+!Y-J'1&;/'+
!.'V40-'9'!2'3P':?&
:I!2'4U+-57%3J &:('+-J'1ZY!/:&/0/)1MN'$'E-
)L&p$+!Y-UD7&e&P--k+&.&SD>/'$8:I&3P':?&^':W&-k+
/:&/0/7,D7_thay vì bắt người dùng sử dụng các công cụ phụ như dao mở để
đồ hộp, ngày nay các hãng sản xuất đồ hộp thường gắn kèm các nắp mở đồ hộp ngay
bên trên vỏ lon. Như vậy, người dùng sẽ không bao giờ phải lo lắng đến việc tìm một
thiết bị để mở đồ hộp nữa!_X&6>, z':W&-U-k+p$+!Yi+,-k+/:&/0/
D>/'$8:I&3P':?&jD74)1MN!2''$'E- '+<=_&]4d!_S&'+%'0-
':(&&G/'$'$'E-7,c&5:4!.'V40!6A8-S>' '+
<=&]4d!cách tính -6 M'U-
m$+!Y':(&3:?-MT&31)1MNS&'$'E-_-s_%G-S&'$
'E-3:?-Z,MC&MC+'$S&4&!%G--0-3G-31!3H3:?-1)9'
-G4=v2H%-k+-%&:(-;&'+6hD._D:'$S_$@'A-0-'$'E--&
!74-\ -;&'+-J'1_D@,$+_316>MR&J'$%&S&6@3A-\/V&V
Q,9'm$+!YD7!2' &-R'U-?/31)1MNS&41'$'E-7,
cB%Dd99ZQKP%bDQKI
!2'p$+!Y!.'V!2'đối tượng (object)2'p$+!Y)+%&e!"'7/\
-)VD7=@L%67eQ9I%f2'=@L%D7!2''2-'U3G-'V3P':?&3:?-)1MN)W
p$+!Y"X6?$%&p$+!Y!.'VZY -J+<D%'D7trọng lượng67loại máy
HV: Lê Th Xuân Di#u CH1101076 DQ/0``
Biu din tri thc v ng dng
<D%'-J'1-E+!2'%G-AeQ9I%f0-p+-Y'i3.D;-3:?-&KD7<D%'
_-%_j3G-'V!2'<P'.&'%G-'k'R-DQ+39'2-'U3:?-!.'V)W
<D%'m+-Y'-JAD%540-+ <+3,D7!2'<Pp+-Y'':(&&G/
Value (giá trị)%)9'giá trị -k+'2-'U3Ji:Z+ 3F 'U!67&9
<D%'D7!7ZYj
Default (giá trị mặc định)'P&<='C32&<[MR&&0'$'$%&p+-Y'7,
9<D%'D7$&i&y+D7-c&-J3G-'V7%xjc&5'$%&p$+!Y6AZY ZO'<D%'
6Asố lượng bánh.D%'7,<=-J&0'${&y+D7 !G-3!2'-9-ZY<=-J{
)0x
Range (miền giá trị)i':&'C:41)9j -%)9'&0'$<D%'-J'1>
S&D%5&0'$&8i:<P&, <P'C- -S-0 j
If added.'V!2'732&<=3:?-'74!2'&0'$'$%&<D%'3:?-
'!67%i%G-3:?--gjk'R-':(&3:?-69'M:IM5&!2'<-$/'
If needed(:?-<[MR&4<D%'4.&-J&0'$7%m+-Y'!.'V!2'7!31
'U$+&0'$-k+<D%'
HV: Lê Th Xuân Di#u CH1101076 DQ/0`g
bDQKI*h
iTj@Q/3(#€-
k@;/l/(#{-
im/0($)%+&Y$
<@:9({/
bDQKI(in
3BP9@5o(:&'6>-,1
2//3&=./pBc%•M
B>90'Q9ZQ/3&=./pBc%(E-
L6I@(‚$)%
,Lq'pI(YM+
D8/0@4Y/0(##D)
>@4Y/09rQ({iMYp+D'j
Po9rQ(#<P'C32&
>@4Y/0[V/3({iMYp+D'j
VTs%3QK93'SBMS/eDQKIKVTt
]'AB(ƒ„DY %6Y$Y+M-+!
>iTj@Q/3(‚
]3./m/0%m/0%>9(„{&,
…MG!&, †‚!/
Biu din tri thc v ng dng
X/3NS%3uQ
$%&'C-'9 !2''P&'$U''5%':(&<[MR&Ap$+!Y3:?-
D49'6I+'Y%!2'-0-7%3J2''$%&S&31!';6-k+p$+!YD7'U
/-@/G-'U7,-%/O/49'B+-0-'U-@'&S+-0-p$+!Y
8<+3,-%'@,-@'$;-/-@/-k+-0-D%588K--)VP-
-k+-,W'$-T&':&E&6I!E-32'$B':?&-+%@'0-p$+!YL!WM:I
-T&i4.&-Jp$+!Y-%7%j&KD7D0S&p$+!YL!W!E-'@/-J'1'B+
49'@'-VS&'U-@'-k+S&p$+!Y-+%
0-p$+!Y-+<=-&-@/S&!.'V'*&Q0'6A'C-'1m$+!Y-J-@/
-7&-+%'8!E-32'*&Q0'-7&-+%.&':(& p$+!Y-+<=)+%&e!-0-
định nghĩa -k+-0-'2-'Uw-0-p$+!Y-%<=-E+3C&&0'$'C-<C-k+
-0-'2-'U7,
HV: Lê Th Xuân Di#u CH1101076 DQ/0`v
Biu din tri thc v ng dng
1.4 Biểu diễn tri thức bằng Scripts
-$/'D7!2'-0-)1MN'$'E-':&'C:p$+!Y:&'+,683G-'V
!2'3P':?& J!.'Vmột chuỗi các sự kiện1!.'V-<C4 <-$/'<[MR&
!2'MH,-0-=@L%-E+'.&'6A-0--%&:( 3P':?&67732&DQ+
39<C43J
,-@'$;--k+-0-<-$/'D7$@'40-+'T,'Y%)7'%0 :&8-&
!2'<-$/'':(&)+%&e!-0-'7/\<+
Điều kiện vào(entry condition)!.'VS&'8P&%G-3A4
-\3:?-'F+!H'$:I-4-0-<C4'$%&<-$/'-J'1MN$+
Role (diễn viên): D7S&-%&:(-JDQ+'$%&<-$/'
HV: Lê Th Xuân Di#u CH1101076 DQ/0`w
Biu din tri thc v ng dng
Prop (tác tố): D7'@'-VS&3P':?&3:?-<[MR&'$%&-0--<C
4<=MN$+
Scene(Tình huống) D7-<C4'C-<CMN$+
Result (Kết quả) '$5&'0-k+-0- Role <+4<-$/'3H'7
Z%&
Track (phiên bản) !.'V!2')9'1i%G-'$:(&?/3G-)'j-J'1
ZV,$+'$%&3%5<-$/'
+3,D7!2'6UMR')1-%<-$/'UMR7,D7!2')9'1-k+6UMR*
'9&6A77&)0'E-+i-0-77&)0&7$0!7'+':(&&G/'$%&
-0-<'xj':(&3:?-<[MR&31!K+-0-)1MN'$'E-)L&<-$/'
'$%&-0-<0-J6A'$U''5%'$%&!2'77&D7!2''8P&
':(&&G/'$%&-2-<P&6IS&điều kiện vào diễn viên tác tố hoàn cảnh, kết
quả 40_-s_7Q+<-$/'W6UMR )5<='@,/:&/0/7,-J'13:?-MT&
31!.'V-UZ0-S&'8P&MN$+7&&7,-k+S&77&)0'E-
+0-tình huống D7S&3%5<-$/'-%'$%&3%5<-$/'-U31!.'V
S&'8P&F'$%&'%7)2Q0'$8:z$L&'$%&3%5<-$/'7,-J'8
P&'T,-K'$%&3J!.'V6-40-7&!+'E-6A'+,6867%77&
-$/'_77&_
Phiên bản 77&)0'E-+
Diễn viên : u0-7&
&:(/R-6R
Tác tố : v7/R-6R
HV: Lê Th Xuân Di#u CH1101076 DQ/0`x
Biu din tri thc v ng dng
&e
u+,3C&'E-
E-
A
0-D%5&+6:!P ':& I' '
Điều kiện vào :
u0-7&3J
u0-7&-J3k'A31'$V
8P&7%77&
u0-7&3>ZY67%)H3>ZY
u0-7&):I-67%77&
u0-7&Z9/7&'$:I-)7/R-6R
u0-7&3K-'C-3'$':(&67Q,9'3<=4!J&8
8P&"u!J
u0-7&4!J6I&:(/R-6Ri3+&3E&WQ\,/R-6Rj
&:(/R-6R3G''E-D4+,673:+J+3'U'A-%40-
u0-7&'$V'A-%&:(/R-6R
8P&#u0-7&MT&!J
HV: Lê Th Xuân Di#u CH1101076 DQ/0`y
Biu din tri thc v ng dng
u0-7&D@,'!-0-&+6
u0-7&-\!4+,39!2')7-w'$P&
u0-7&'E-
8P&#•i'T,-Kju0-7&!+'E-3Y!6A
u0-7&!+&'E-6A7
8P&{r+6A
u0-7&'MK)7
u0-7&)F$0-i'E-'B+ Z:& !V&6R j67%'T&$0-
u0-7&$+4F77&
u0-7&D0ZY3
u9'QV
u0-7&4.&-w3J
u0-7&-wU''A)+3\
u0-7&66‡ˆ
u0-7&)C-!8ˆ
u0-7&Q0%
ˆT,-K
HV: Lê Th Xuân Di#u CH1101076 DQ/0`z
Biu din tri thc v ng dng
-$/'$@'SMR&'$%&6-MC3%03A&8<=ZV,39'$%&S&'8
P&Z0-3>!-U'$%&S&'8P&-:+MN$+ <-$/'-w-%/O/
!0,'Udự đoán 3:?-6-&8<=ZV,$+67ZV,$+3P6I+6767%'(31!7%9
!0,'U4U-%5'!2'<-$/' &:(MT&-J'13G'-F67'P&-J'1<,$+
3:?-S&-'$VD(-UZ0-!74.&-\&:(MT&-&-@/'!A'.&
'i'$%&!2'<P'$:(&?/-J'14.&-\'!'.&'j%3J -X&&P&:
p$+!Y <-$/'D7!2'M5&)1MN'$'E-':&3PSMR&68J-%/O/'+!.'V
-UZ0-S&'8P&_-s_!7-%&:(6h'C-!&7,%G-3H
]!)]'-UZ0-
1-73G'<-$/''$%&!0,'U )5/V'8!-0-D:'$S-0-'$'E-M:IM5&
8'E-ƒD7&.&SD>/'$8/T?/@'31D7!3A7,+43H-73G'
Z%&<-$/' )5i&:(MT&j-J'13G'-F6AS&-%&:(%G-3A4-J
DQ+'$%&<-$/''P&<+3J<='97'+%'0-'8!49!%G-'+%'0-<%
!h31'8!-'$VD(c&5)5-J'13G'-F_u0-7&D7!&8'$:I-
'|_'P&<='8!'@,-'$VD('$%&<-YY673:+$+30/0_>ZY67):I-
67%77&_
1.5 Biu din tri thc bằng m#nh đề logic v từ
&:('+<[MR&-0-4z31'1'$'E-67-0-/O/'%0D%&-'0-
32&D-0-4z31'1<,D>D%&-u‰'>'-k,9':(&3:?-<[MR&
D7D%&-6'B
UMR'1-0-/0')1M:IM5&6'B
3V%['AB "{%u
ŠD737.& +i%!j
%!D7-+-k++$, m+'Y$i%! +$,j
@'-V!K&:(31-9'
+ij„‹%$'+Dij
Œ:I-+ij-J&y+•D7&:(Ž
%$'+Dij&y+D7•-9'Ž+67
%$'+DD76'B-k+)9
HV: Lê Th Xuân Di#u CH1101076 DQ/0`|
Biu din tri thc v ng dng
0-6'B':(&-J-E+L&+,)9+,7!&:('+&K-0-6'B4.&
-E+)9iJ'1-E+L&jD7-0-!3A!3A-J'1D7!2'<C4
im+-'<j+,!2'D>'irDY<j>'D76'B&e!+69'$067/V3:?-P6I+
)W!2'M@!X'i„‹j0-6'B-wD54.&-E+!X'3:?-&KD7-0-<C4
$%&6UMR'$3,+ m+'Y$D7-0-!3A67D7-0-<C4w+ij„
‹%$'+DijD7!2'D>'
UMR
+$--J'J-67&%Y -w•Y+-J'J-!7Y$$YD7-+-k+•Y++$-D7
-+-k+Y$$Y•Y+D7-+-k+rYY +$-D7-%-k+Y%$&Y
V<[ • ‘D7S&&:(7%3J 9•D7-%-k+'8D7-+-k+•
9D7-+-k+‘ ‘D7-+-k+•'8D7.&-k+•J'1)1MN'7-0-<C
467-0-D>':<+
vŠi+$-j
vrŠ’i•Y+j
m•“riY$$Y •Y+j
m•“ri+$- Y$$Yj
m•“ri•Y+ rYYj
Ši+$- Y%$&Yj
m•“ri •j”„Ši• j
r•m•“ri •j”„m•“ri ‘j m•“ri‘ •j
&:('+&K'>/-0-<C467-0-D>'D7!2'-<W'$'E-
HV: Lê Th Xuân Di#u CH1101076 DQ/0`}
Biu din tri thc v ng dng
!"#$%""
2.1 Lập trình Logic, môi trường lập trình SWI PROLOG
,Uo%D~/3@L0'9(
u0-6ID>/'$8'k'R- D>/'$8D%&-D74+)0%-0-<C4 '$'E-3H)9'
67<[MR&!0,'U31'$,6@!2'<C4!I%G-!2''$'E-!I'B-0-<C4
67'$'E-3H-%0-D%5'$'E-'$6@-J'141!'$+!2'<C4%G-'$'E-7%
3J-J3;&+,4.& %G-D'4-0-)2&0'$-k+-0-)9<+%-%'F+!H3A
4D%&-7%3Ji'E-D7D7!-%!2')1'E-7%3J>&0'$'$Yj
•'%D4€/0@Uo%D~/3•,(
•,D7!2'-73G''k'R-<,MN'$?-0--%$-J)*<&
'!!2'<P'7/\/D%&-’ƒ$%D%&<[MR&'>'&V z':W&-U
D7)1MN-0--%$M5&-0--',1-J!2'D'Y$+DM:&670/MR&'>'
/&VDT
$:I-4>/'$6@-;&'+/V-%'P&)9'-;&'+<='$,6@'$
-<W'$'E-7%2'-<W'$'E-D7!2'4+)0%-0-<C467-0-D>'6A!2'
Dy6C-7%3J 673:?-D:'$%&!2''>/'
2.2 Ngôn ngữ prolog cơ bản, chương trình prolog
'5'%3';B/0•//0^DL@L0(
$%D%&D7&.&S3:?-<[MR&/*)9@''$%&Mw&-0-&.&SD>/
'$8D%&-&.&S$%D%&M%&0%<:&:(0/•D+%D!Y$+Y$67J!&
-E-k+.&3AZ@'D\3\''5'$:(&5K-+<YDDY3\S&!€
9!€† $%D%&+-J&3:?-/0''$1$2&$HW• 3:?-&:(
>'-KD7!&.&S/0''$1Mw&!0,'U'9‚
$%D%&-w3:?-&KD7&.&SD>/'$84z$%D%&$@''U-31&VQ,9'
-0-)7'%0DQ+39-0-3P':?&i%)–Y-'j67!PQ+i$YD+'%j&S+-;&
$%D%&3:?-MT&/*)9'$%&Dy6C-'$U''5%&,DzD>/'$8D%&-
HV: Lê Th Xuân Di#u CH1101076 DQ/0ga
Biu din tri thc v ng dng
MC+'$-0-!3A%$i%$D%&-j2'!3A%$)1MN!2'<C4+,
!2'<C6-7%3JD73;&%G-4.&3;& ZV,$+%G-4.&ZV,$+
"X6?+3,D7!2'<P!3A%$
9!2'&:(&7!7i67j4.&%+'8&:(3J5/;-
•!D7&:(5/;-
9D7-+-k+• 67•D7-+-k+‘'8D7.&-k+‘
%!D7.&-k+Y
@'-V!K&:(3A-9'
%-$+'D7&:(
do3VoDL@L0
2'-:&'$8$%D%&D7!2'-<WMSD&e!-0-!3AiD+<Yj
!3A3:?-Z,MC&'B-0-6'B2'!3AD7!2'/0')17%3J6A-0-3P
':?&-J&0'$-3;&i'$Yj%G-<+ip+Dj2'6'B-J'1-J-0-3PD7-0-
&,D%&-iD%&-+'%!j
&,'[)1MN!2'Q+&S+-0-5&:6>, 5&67Q+
&S+-0-5&'5%'7!3A
5&3:?-ZY!D7S&3P':?&•MSDŽ'$%&!2'-:&'$8$%D%&
5&-J'1D75&<-@/&e!L&i-%<'+'j )9i6+$+)DYj67-0-5&/E-
i-%!/%M'Y$!j
5&/E-'5/D7!2'7!'[-J-E+-0-3P-JM5&
Tên_hm tử ( Đối 1,… , Đối n)
7!'[D7!2'--S-067—%G--S<P)]'3\)L&!2'-S-0':(&0-
3P-J'1D7)9 5&<-@/ 5&/E-'5/$%&$%D%&7!'[3G-)'•Žv1
MN-@'$;-M+<0-u1MSD7!'[':&'C41MSD)V&67M+
<0-':&'C41!V&
UMR
pi‚ + )j
HV: Lê Th Xuân Di#u CH1101076 DQ/0g`
Biu din tri thc v ng dng
V9N'AB6^@';B=R9co%DL/0DL@L0
]'AB3\/0=>(
$%D%&<[MR&-V<P&,67<P'C-
]'AB3\/0@L0'9
$%D%&<[MR&+L&D%&--J&0'$D7'$Y67p+D.&':(&-0-L&
D%&-4.&3:?-MT&:'+!<P!73:?-MT&:-0-!3AL&p+D3:?-
MT&31'5%<D(&V)7'%0
]'AB3\/093B‚'Nƒ%:
0-L&D7-0--4z'C3:?-3G'&S++M@0,4O/
•%!˜™š˜oŽ'T,z
•Ž$&
]'AB3\/0/0BT2/%r(
0-L&&,'[$%D%&D7-0--4z'CW!2''$%&)+M5&<+
1. &e!-S-0 -S<P674z'C›D.D.)]'3\)L&!2'-S-0
':(&UMRnewyork, n25, x_, x_y, tom_cruise
2. -0-4z'C3G-)'
„jjjjjj…†f(f†
‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡…†((‡‡†fff
3. 3G'&S++M@0,33:?-)]'3\)W-S%+ MT&31/
)'6I')9
ˆ‰IDDTŠ†ˆLKŠ
'S/
)9D7!2'-4z'C&e!-S-0 -S<P )]'3\)L&-S%+%G-M@
&5-M:IMw&UMR • ‘ ›Z rY<D' ›Z"#
& :N';/1&@BU%%DL/0DL@L0
"X6?Œ+&+38
HV: Lê Th Xuân Di#u CH1101076 DQ/0gg
parent
tom bill
tom
liz
ann
bill
sue
jim
marry
Biu din tri thc v ng dng
1Z,MC&-0-<C4'$%&!2'-:&'$8$%D%& '+D@,6UMR6A-,&+
C4%!D7-+!œ-k+vDD3:?-69''$%&$%D%&:<+i;z!3A3:?-
49'';-)WM@-@!j
parent(tom, bill).
(b) có thể tiếp tục viết các vị từ như sau:
parent(tom, liz).
parent( bill, ann).
parent(bill, sue).
parent( sue, jim).
parent(marry, bill).
parent(Tom, Bill).
' i‹T6:/0@BU%
{/3/03_Q@BU%(
2'D>')+%&e!+'7/\
\)/Vir$&'+M<MYj-g3A4-w3:?-&KD7'i)%M,j
-k+D>'67
\)'$0iDYp'+M<MYj-g49'D>-w&KD73\iY+Mj-k+D>'
93A4/+$Y'i •j3;&'8-DMi• j-X&3;&67D7>QVD%&-
-k+/O/<,D>
-DMi• j„/+$Y'i •j
HV: Lê Th Xuân Di#u CH1101076 DQ/0gv
i+j
i)j
Biu din tri thc v ng dng
( ]'AB9cB%Dd9%DL/0DL@L0
u1MSD-J-@'$;- ':&'C-@'$;-)V& D73P':?&-JA'7
/\ !'7/\D5-J'1D7!2'-@'$;-$%D%&ZY!!'7/\:D7!2'
3P':?&4Z[Dz-0--@'$;-1'*?/-0-'7/\'7!2'3P':?&M,
@' /$%D%&<[MR&-0-7!'[
UMR@'$;-&e!-0-'7/\&7,'0&!'5%$+7!'[M+'Y
&7,"—#—""3:?-69':<+M+'Yi" !+$- ""j
) V9%3&/3o3Œ/9ZQKP%934R/0%D~/31'S%[\/0DL@L0
2'-:&'$8$%D%&':(&&e!-0-,9'P-)V<+
• 0-3P':?&i%)–Y-'j)9 L&f
• 0-6'Bi/$YM-+'Y<j!.'V-0-Q+&S+-0-3P':?&
• 0-!3A!.'V-0-Q']-i$DYj67-0-<C4ip+-'j
* >9?9KP%934R/0%D~/3@L0'9
2'-:&'$8&e!-J-0-3%5
• \Domainsu+)0%-0-41MSD-k+-0-3P<P-k+6'B'$%&
-:&'$89-0-417,D741-s-k+/$%D%&
• \Predicatesu+)0%-0-6'B!7'+<=MT&'$%&-D+<Y<
• \Clausesu+)0%-0-Q']- -0-<C4
• \Goali-J'1-J%G-4.&j
$%D%&6A-)VD7!2'&.&S'.&M- D7!2'&.&S':&'0- &:(
MT&3:+-0--F67%M@]-67'P&'8!-'$VD(
+ ]'AB6^@';B,'=%%DL/0DL@L0
X&:-0-&.&SD>/'$8'$,A'P& &%7-0-41MSD-s!7
$%D%&3H-Ji:41<P&,'Y&Y$ <P'C-$Y+D 414U'C<'$&fj$%D%&
-X&-%/O/&:(MT&3&y+-0-41MSD!I-s$%&$%D%&
41MSD<'-X&&P&:41<''$%&&.&Sƒ
HV: Lê Th Xuân Di#u CH1101076 DQ/0gw
Biu din tri thc v ng dng
<''$%&/$%D%&D7!2'M+<0--0-/\'[ 3G'&S+-G/M••žŽ\'[
3\'-k+<'D7Y+M67/\'[-wD5D7'+D
;/0/$%D%&-g!2'<'-J/\'[3\D767-0-/\'[-wD5i
-X&D7!2'<'j-JM5&•Ÿž
2'<'-0-<PD7M+<0--0-<P3G' 3G'-0-+)WM@• Ž<'-0-4z'C
i-+$jD7MH,-0-4z'C3G''$%&-G/M@•Ž2'<'$&-X&D7!2'MH,-0-4z'C
, R93S3Lq%MP/09ZQDL@L0
7-0-<,MN3P<0i/+''Y$!+'-&j31<%4I/!3A67?/
@')9ip-+'%j31'8!49!!R-')L&4‰'>'3Q,'Y%:I&
'8!Q+,Di)+-4'$+-4&j
Phép hợp nhất động cơ dùng cho đối sánh (pattern matching) v lượng
giá v từ
u$%D%&ZO''8!D(&V-%!R-'i&%+Dj!7'+3:+67% J<=41!
'$+'B&!3A-k+-:&'$8'['$ZP&i'%/„)%''%!j31'8!!3A
ZE&?/u'8!'@,!2'!3AD7ZE&?/i!+'-j6I!R-' J<=
49')2--0-&0'$7,6I-0-)9'CM%7:6>, !R-'67!3AD7
3e&@' !R-'3:?-&KD7?/@'ip,j6I!3A
0-)9'$%&$%D%&-J'1-J!2'67-g!2'49')2-u-%!2'
&0'$'.&Q+6-&0+,?/@'-R-)2 -;&4.&)+%&(>!2'
&0'$!I '$B'$:(&?/'.&Q+!2'&0'$D\&:?-i)+-4'$+-4&j
~KN'SK[\/0N•%3BU%M;ŽBT1&/3V%9•%
;ŽBT(
X&:&.&SD>/'$87!ƒ 3Q,D7--9-U'$%&D>/
'$8$%D%&
T&'k'R--]'313A41'8!49!'$%&$%D%&
:?-)1MN)L&M@x 31&-G6-Q+,Di)+-4'$+-4&j
9&G/0'-]'W69/V-k+D>' <=4.&-J<CQ+,DW69'$0-k+D>'
HV: Lê Th Xuân Di#u CH1101076 DQ/0gx