Định tuyến trong mạng cảm biến và so sánh bằng mô phỏng.PDF

Del
Hnr
Th5ng I.nng

Al 7776

Tian Ting
CHI O'NG 1. TONG QUAN MANG CAM BIEN KEIONG DAY
1.1
G161 thieu
Trong nhitng nom gin ctay,
rit
nhieu mang cam bien khong day da vi dang duqc
phit
then vi then
khai cho nhieu the irng dyng khic nhau nhu: theo d8i sly thay
doi
cea mei trubng, !chi Mu, giim sit cic met ton van stir, phat hien vi do than viec tin
cong bang hat nhan
' , sinh hoc vi hoi hoc, chuin doin sly hang hoc cita may mac, thief
N,
theo diu vi giim sit cic bic sy, benh nhan cling nhu quitn 19 thu6c trong the benh
vien,theo dai vi dieu lchien giao thong, cic phucrng lien xe c0
Han nita vii
sty tien
be c8ng nghe gin day vi hei ty cea hg thong cic cong nghe
nhu Icy thu$t vi dien tu, cong nghe nano, giao
flip
khong day, cong nghe mach tich
hqp, vi mach phin cam hien, xir 19 vi tinh town tin hieu da tao ra nhang con cam hien
c6 kich think nhe, da chtic !tang, gii thimh thip, cong

suit
lieu thy thip, layn tang lchi
nang img dyng rOng rai dui mang cam hien khong day.
MOt mang cam hien !thong day li met mang bao gem nhieu mit cam hien nhe c6
gii thimh thip, vi tieu thy Wing lucmg it, giao
dip
thong qua the ket
n6i
!thong day, c6
nhiem vy cam hien, do doe, tinh win nhiim myc dick thu th$p, tip trung dit lieu
a
dua
ra the quyet djnh town cyc ve mei trueng ty nhien .
Nherng not cam bien nhe bet My bao gom cic thinh
Cic 130 vi zit 19 rat nhe, b0 nhe glen han,b0 phin cam bien, be thu phit khong
day, nguan nuoi. Kich thu6c cua cic con cam bien nay thay dei tir to nhu hap giiy cho
den nhe nhu hat byi, thy thuetc vio tang irng ding.
Khi nghien cuu
ye mang
cam bien Wag day, met trong nhUng dic diem quan
tong vi then chat de li th&i gian
song
cea the con cam lien hay chinh la sly gi6i han
ve nitng luqng cea chting. Cic nut cam bien nay you ciu lieu thy cong suit thip. Cic
nit cam bien hoot dOng c6 gi6i han vi n6i chung la khong the thay the duqc
ngu6n
cung
cip. Do de, trong khi mang truyen thong tap trung vio dat duqc cic djch vy chit
luqng cao, thl the giao thirc mang cam bien phii tap trung diu lien vio bio town ding
suit.

Mang cam hien c6 met
so
dic diem sau:
+ CO 'chi Wing tlr t6 chirc.
+ Yeu ciu ft hoac khong c6 sy can thiep Oa con ngu&i.
+ Truyen thong ves
tuyen vi
truyen da buerc.
+ Trion khai so luqng lan tren pham vi rOng.
Chuyen de tat nghiep

1
tai
HQr Thing I.nng

Al777F

Tign Time
+ Nang lugng, b0 nh6, !chi Wing xir ly c6 ham
+ Cau hlnh thin:mg xuyen thay d8i do m8i truirng hoc nut mpg.
+ Quang ba trong phi= vi hgp va djnh tuyen multihop.
Cac gi6i han ve mat nitng lugng, cong suit phat, b0 nh6 va cong suit tinh toan.
Chinh nhfing dac firth nay da dua ra nhftng chien luqc mei va nhang yeu ciu thay d6i
trong thiet Ice mpg cam bien.
1.2 C.Iu trfic mang cam bign
1.2.1 Cdc yiu to"
dnh hurting din cdu trac mom cdm bun
Cac ciu trec hien nay cho mang Internet va man ad hoc khong day lchting
dimg duqcho mang cam hien kh8ng day, do mOt s6 15
,

do sau:
➢
S6 lugng cac nut cam bien trong mang cam hien c6 the ion gip nhieu lin s6
lugng nut trong mpg ad hoc.
➢
Cac nut cam bien
a
bi 16i.
➢
Ciu tic mpg cam bien thay d6i kha thtrimg xuyen.
➢
Cac nut cam bien chti yeu sir dtmg truyen thong kieu quang ba, trong khi hiu
het cac mpg ad hoc diu dtra tren viec truyen diem-diem.
➢
Cac nut cam bien bj gi6i han ye riling lugng, Icha riling firth town va b0 nh6.
➢
Cac nut cam hien c6 the khong c6 so nhon long town ciu (globalidentification)
(ID) vl chting c6 mOt so luqng len mio dau va mOt so lugng len cac nut cam
'nen.
Do v$y, ciu tnic !twig moi se:
➢
Ket hop yin de nimg lugng vi !chit Wing (firth tuyen.
➢
Tich hop
da lieu
va giao thirc
➢
Truyen nang lugng hieu qua qua cac phtrong lien khong day.
➢
Chia se nhiem vo gran cac nut lan c$n.

➢
Cac nut cam lien duqc phen b6 trong mOt sensor field nhu hinh (1.1). MOi mOt
nut cam hien ce khit fling thu dial) der lieu vi dinh tuyen lei den cac sink.
Chuyen di tot nghiep

2

Plait lane Thing I.nng

A17776

Tien Wing



I
Sink
t
o Mit dm bitm
* SIddin
0 Treeing dm ban
Ngizbi skim
Hinh 1.
Lau Thic ?ming
cam biin
Dit lieu duqc djnh
tuyen 13i
den cat sink b?ri met cAu trim da diem nhu hinh ve
tren. Cac sink c6 the giao
tiep

van cac nut quitn It nhiem At (task manager node) qua
mpg Internet hoac ye tinh.
Sink 11 met thvc the, tui d6 th8ng tin duqc yeu citu . Sink c6 the la thvc the ben
tong mpg (la met nth cam bien ) hoac ngoiti ming. Thvc the ngoli mpg ce the 11
met thiet bj thvc sv vi dv nhu may tinh zilch tay ma tuong tac vai mpg cam bien,
hoac cling don than chi la met gateway ma n6i Arai mang khitc lan hon nhu Internet
nai ma cac you cAu thvc sv doi yea cac th8ng tin thy tie met vai nut cam bien trong
mung.
1.2.2 Glerri thitu
ye wit aim biin:
a.Ciu to cda nit slim Min nhw mu:
Mai not cam bien ducrc cau thinh bei 4 thinh phAn co ban nhu ar hinh (1 2)•
don vj cam bien (a sensing unit), don vi zu ly (a processing unit), don vj truyin dan (a
transceiver unit) va be nguOn (a power unit). Ngoiti ra c6 the c6 them nhUng thilnh
phAn khic thy thuOc vio tang ling dung nhu 11 he thong djnh vj (location finding
system), bO phat
ngu6n (power generator)
va bO Oen di dOng (mobilizer).
Chuyen de tot nghiep

3
nal 14nr Thang i.nng

Al 7776 —Phi Tian 'fling
HO thief dinh
nj
BO Phan
di
4+
1

4
Don si rim biOn
Dorn sit 13;.
Don vi truyen
dan
rim biOn
ADC
lit it
Bothuphit

Luti




B+ gain


Bo phat nmOn
Minh 1.2.Cau tgo nut cam
bien
Cac don vj earn bien (sensing units) bao g6m cam bien va 1,0 chuyen doi tuong
tv-s6. Dva tren nhftng hien tuqng quan sit duqc, tin hieu Wang tv Mo ra bfri sensor
duqc chuyin sang tin hieu so beng b0 ADC, sau d6 duqc dua vao b0 xer ly. Dan vi
xir
1S
,
thutmg duqc ket hqp v6i b0 luu trft nhe (storage unit), quyet djnh cac thit tuc lam
cho cac net ket hqp yeti nhau de thvc hien the nhiem
vu

djnh sAn. Phin thu phat v8
tuyen ket noSi cac nut do mang.
MOt trong
s6
the phin quan tong that ciut mOt nit mang cam lien la
bet nguon.
Cac
b0 ngu6n
thuerng duqc h6 try boi the be phOn loc nhu la
to
bao Wing luqng
mjtt
trai. Ngoai ra cling c6 nhftng thenh phin phu lchic phv thuOc vao tong ling dung. Hiu
het cac ki °mot djnh tuyen va the nhiem va cam
bien cis
mang deu
yeu cau
c6 do
chinh the cao ye vj tri. Cac be phi') di dOng d8i lic can phiti djch chuyen cac nut cam
hien khi can thiet de thvc hien the nhiem vu di An djnh. Tit ca nhftng thinh phin thy
can phai phft hqp v6i ldch
0
tang module. Ngoai kich cdr ra cac nut cam hien con
mOt
s6 rang
buOc nghiem ngat khac, nhu la phai lieu thu rat it Wing lucmg, hops dOng 6 mot
dO cao, c6 gia thanh thip, c6 the qr hot dOng, va thich bien v6i sv hien d6i cia mai
tnremg.
Chuyen de tat nghiep


4
Dei 1-hr Thing I.nng

Al 7778 -Rid Tan Wing_
b. MOt
so lopi nut mpg:
Hinh 1.3.Ntit "King thuac hp Mica Mote
Ho nut inking nay nom trong clir an nghien ciru Mkt trutrng dai hoc california
tCY
co&
nem 1990, sir dung vi xir 19
cita Anne!, su dung he ditu hanh TinyOS.
Giao di.
kit cim
tart
Ames nvei
Amen da
'in
ara
SO*
Des led
Hinh 1.4.Ntit ngng EYES
Nig mpg nay phitt trien tai mOt to chim
cita chau au trong dv an s* dung nang
Wong hieu quit cita mang cam hien - Energy efficient sensor network (EYES). Nit
mang sir dung vi dieu lchien MSP 430 clia Texas, cd khe riling ket nei them cam hien.
Nit mpg nay sir dung vi dieu khien CC1010 cita chipcon, tich hop thiet
N troy& din
vo
toy&

vi cam bien nhiet
do
c. Vi xtr 19
Vi xir lt la thiet bj quan bong nhit trong nut mang cam hien khong day, thqc hien
thu thap dit lieu HI cac not, sau de xt1 lt truck khi girl di, va nhan da
.
lieu tar cac nut
khic. Nguyen nhan nd ducat lira chon trong cac he theng nhang la mem deo trong ket
neli yeti cac thiet bj lchic nhu thiet bj cam hien, tieu thy Jiang ltrqng thip nhir lchi nang
chuyen sang the do nge khi de chi co mOt phlin caa vi dieu lchien hoot dOng, hon nita
Chuyen
de tot nghiep

5
Dal I-Inr Thing I.nng

Al 777h -Rid Tan Wing
thutmg c6 b0 nh6 tich hqp ngay ten b0 vi xir 19. MOt dtic diem rat duqc ngutri lop
trinh ye'u thich la khi tiling lop trinh bang ng6n net bOc cao (C, C++).
B6i v$y khi xay dung nut mung viec xem zit hieu suet cim vi xir 1St, hieu qua nang
Itrqng va gia thanh la rat quan trcmg.
d.
Bi) oh&
Dirge sir dung de km tit de lieu thu tt7 cac nut cam Bien, hoc goi de lieu tir the
nut khae, ce 2 loci kien true b0 nh6 11: kien true havard va ld'en true von newman,
diem khic nhau ells 2 kien true nay la trong Id& true havard thi by nh6 der lieu va
chuong trinh tach biet nhau khi de de lieu thutmg
dirge
hira trong RAM can chuong
frith dtrqc chira trong ROM hotic b0 nhe FLASH, con trong kien true von newman thi

de lieu va chuong trinh
dirge
km cling v6i nhau, thin:mg la tren RAM, nhugc diem dm
n6 la dit lieu se bj mitt khi tit ngu6n, bOi vtiy chuong trinh hottc he dieu himh thuang
duqc luu tra ten ROM, EEPROM, hoc b0 nh6 flash ( gin tuang to nhu EEPROM).
Yeu eau kich thuOc b0 nh6 va Wing lugng lieu thu tuang ling vOi yeu eau ye di lieu
cua
ling dung eM nut mpg.
e.
Thiit bj giao dip
La thiet bj duge sir dung de trao d6i de lieu gifts cac nut don v6i nhau, trong d6
moi true:mg kitting day 11 duqc ua dung hcrn ca, do co the la song vo tuyen, truyen
thong quang, song sieu am, al trutmg cling
duct
sir dung trong mOt vai ling dung dtIc
biet. Trong d6 s6ng vo
tuyen cung
Dip
dii thong 16n voi the dO di lieu cao
a
pith hqp
nhit cho hau het cac ling dung cim mpg thong day. Trong dO cac nut yeu eau ca chirc
nang nthim va truyen de lieu (dieu chi, gill dieu che, lchuech dui, lqc, trOn ) sau de
chuyen luting bit, byte ho(te khung thinh song vo tuyen, thong thuong 2 thiet bj nay
thubng dirge kit hqp thinh mOt thiet bj duy nhat, bei vOy thutrng thi tai mOt thai diem
thong the thtrc hien dring then vita truyen vire nhOn de lieu, ma truyen va nh#n se dirge
luan phien nhau
dirge
dieu Ichien bOi he dieu himh nhong.
Khi lira chqn thiet bi truyen nhan can Itru y viii dtIc diem sau:

•
rding phuc vu cho 16p ten (MAC), cho phep lop nay dieu !chi& goi
de lieu
✓
Tiet hem rding lugng vi sir dung nang lugng hieu quit do Ming lugng
tieu thu nhieu nhitt tong nut mong la do viec
truyen
nh3n vo tuyen.
✓
Tan s6 s6ng mang vi da kenh
truyin tong tnty&t
nhen phii phu hqp vei
yeu cau eM ling dung.
Chuyen d tot nghtep
Del
Hey
Thing I.nng

Al 77Th -Rill Tian Wing
✓ Ric
do da lieu Wang Ong v6i tin
s6
song mang v8 bang tin cling v6i
viec dieu
the
va ma hOtt du lieu,
tOc dO
nay cO the thay d6i bang dieu the
holtc thay d6i toe dO ctia ky tv.
✓

Dieu the va ma hed
f.
Cam Min
CO rat nhieu loai cam bien, tity vao loci (mg dyng tong mkutg cam bien ma ta ceo
cfic cam bien twang ling, that:mg la dva vito kieu host dOng dm cam bien, tich eve- thy
dOng, pham vi giam sat /tang Itrong tieu thy, gia thanh va kich thuerc. Thuerng thi
viec lira chyn cam hien Ichong phtic tap nhu b0 nh6 va vi air lt.
g.
Nguen nuoi
Lit thitnh phan cot yeu cua mang cam bien, tong de 2 van de can quan tam li 'chi
Wing luu ter vi cung cap nang lugng
,
va Icha ruing thay the
ngu6n.Thuting thi
nguOn
day thuting li pin, vi !chi rang thay the tong net mpg la kh8ng the do dja hinh hien
khai va se nut mang len, do v$y phiti chqn nguem on djnh co lcha rang host dOng phi
hqp v&i ye'u cau cua ling dung vi m8i trubng host dOng.
h.
Phin mom
He dieu hanh nhimg, dieu Ichien vi bio ve truy cop tai nguyen vi quan
lt
cho phep
phep ngtrei dimg cling nhu h8 trq thi kinh xir IY vi giao tiep gifta citc qui trinh. Tuy
nhien chirc Ming chit yeu la thi hinh lenh, bat vay he thong Ichong you cau quit nhieu
tai nguyen de h8 trq nhu met he dieu hitnh holm thien.
Han nfta he dieu hinh cho mpg cam bien khong day con c6 the h8 trq nhang tay
chon cho
he
thong, then hinh la quan ly su dung riling Itremg hieu qui, quan ly vi dieu

Ichien the thanh phan ngosi
vi:
cam bien, thiet bj vo tuyen, djnh that Bei v$y you cau
cho by dieu hanh cho mpg nhimg la caw trOc don gian vi ho trq quitn 11 nang luqng
ma Ichang ten nhieu tai nguyen he thong nhu b0 nhe vi thin gian xir
1.2.3 DOc diem cilia cdu franc myng aimblew
Nhu tren ta di biet 4c diem dm mpg cam bien la bao gOm met s6 limn len
cic nut cam bien, cac net cam bien c6 giOi hsn vi rang buec ve tai nguyen biet lit
Ming lucmg rat Wait khe. Do do, du true mpg mei co dac diem rat khac
v6i
cic mpg
truyen thong. Sau day ta se phan tich met s6 4c diem not Wit tong mpg cam bien
nhu sau:
Chuyen
tdt
nghiOp

7
Hai Hor Thing Long

Al 777A -MI Tan Thng
•
IChi Wing chju 161 (fault tolerance):
MOt s6 cic
nut cim bien c6 the Wong hoot dOng era do thieu ning lucmg, do
nhftng hu h6ng vet 19 hok do inh huing cia m8i truting. Khi nAng chju 18i the hien
a
viec mong van hoot dOng blnh thuing, duy tri nhftng chic nAng mia no ngay ci khi
mot so
nut mong khong hoot dOng.

•
Khi nAng me rOng:
Khi nghien cuu met hien
tuong, s6 Wong
cic nut cam bien duqc then khai ce the
den hang tram nghln nut, phi thuk vio ding img dong con so nay c6 the vuqt qui
hang trieu. Do d6 cau frac mpg mai phii c6 khi Wing ma rOng de c6 thE lim viec vii
s6 lugng
1&n cic nut nay.
•
Gii thrinh sin xuat :
Vi cic numg cam bien bao gOm met
s6
Itrog 16n cic nut cim bien nen chi phi
con
m6i
nut rat quan Mpg trong viec dieu chinh chi phi cirri toin mong. Neu chi phi coca
toin Truing dat han viec then khai sensor theo kieu truyen th6ng, nhu vey mong Ichong
co gii thinh hqp lt. Do voy, chi phi cia m8i nut cam bien phii gift 6 mire thap.
•
Ring butjc ve phan cung :
VI s6 lucmg cic nut trong mpg rat nhieu nen the nut cam bien can phii c6 cic
ring buOc ve phan cung nhu sau : Kich tuck phii nhi, tieu the nth% lucmg thap, c6
khi nang hoot d'Ong 6 nhftng nol c6 mot dO cao, chi phi sin xuat thip, c6 khi ning to
tri vi hoot dOng !thong can c6 ngutri kiem soar, thich nghi v6i mei truing.
•
Mai throng hoot dung:
Cic nit cim bien duqc thiet lip day dk, rat gin hok troc
tiep
ben trong cic hien

Prang de quan sit. Vi the, cherig thuang lim viec mi kh8ng can Om sit a nhing
vimg xa x8i. Cluing c6 the lim viec 6 ben trong cic may moc lan, 6 dueri day bien,
hok trong nhftng vimg 8 nhiem h6a hoc hok sinh hqc, a gia dinh hok nhftng tea nhi
16n.
•
Phucmg tien truyen din :
(3 nhftng mpg
cam bien multihop, cic nut duqc ket non bang nhftng phucmg tien
khang day. Cic dutmg ket
nen nay
c6 the to nen boi song vo tuyen, Wing ngooi hoc
nhftng phuang tien quang hqc. De thiet lip so hoot dOng th6ng nhat cia nhftng mpg
nay, cic phuong tien
truyen
din phii duce chop phii phi hqp tren toin the glen. Hien
tai
nhieu phin cung dui the nut cam hien doa vio thiet ke mach RF. Nhftng thiet bj
cim bien !tang Iuqng thap ding b0 thu phit v8 tuyen 1 kenh RF hoot den a tin
s6
Chuyen tot nghiep
Dal

Thng Long

Al 7776 -Rni Tien Tang
916MHz. Met each Ichic ma cac nut trong mang giao tiep vai nhau bang Wing
ngoai. Thiet ke may thu phat vo tuyen dimg hong ngoai thi gia thinh re vi de ding
han. Ca hai loci hung ngoai va quang deu yeu eau be phat va thu ram trong pham vi
nhin thiy, the la c6 the truyen anh sang cho nhau dirge.
•

Cau hinh mpg cam hien (network topology):
Trong mang cam hien, hang tram den hang nghin nut dirge trien khai teal twang
cam bien. Chung dirge trien khai trong yang hang chuc feet cim nthi nut. Mat de cac
nut c6 the len tai 20 nut/m3. Do so lugng cac nut cam hien rat lbn nen can phai thiet
lap met au hinh On djnh. Chting ta c6 the kiem tra cac van de lien quan den viee duy
tri va thay doi ciu Hit 6 3 pha sau:
➢
Pha tien then khai vi trien lchai• cac nut cam bien c6 the dat len xen hofte xip
theo tat ti,r tren tnr&ng cam bien. Chang c6 the dupe trien khai bang each thi tir
may bay xueng, ten lira, hoc c6 the do con ngtrai hoc robot dSt tang cai met.
➢
Pha h3u trien khai: sau !chi thin khai, nhitng sv thay dei eau hinh phu thuec vio
viec thay d6i vi tri cac nut cam hien, Ichit Ming dal trang thai Ichong ket not (phu
thuec vio nhieu, viec di chuyin cac vet can ), nimg lugng thich hap, nhUng sv
va item vu ev the.
➢
Pha then khai lai: Sau ;chi then khai eau hinh, ta van co the them vio the nut
elm bien Ichic di thay the cac nut gap sv c6 hose thy thuec vito sv thay d6i
chirc Ming.
•
St: fieu thy Ming lugng (power consumption) :
Cac nut cam hien Ichong day, c6 the coi la met thiet bj vi dien ter chi e6 the dirge
trang bj ngu6n Ming lugng gill han (<0,5Ah, 1.2V). Trong met s6 ung dung, viec 136
sung ngu6n wing lugng Ichong the dive hien
dirge.
VI the Ichoing that gian song
cua
cac nut cam hien phu thuec manh vito tiled gian song cim pin. mang aim hien
multihop ad hoc, m6i met nut ding met vai tr6 kep vita Ich6i t3o vita djnh tuyen dry
lieu.

Sv true tic cim met vai nut cam bien c6 the gay ra nhung thay ded ding ke trong
eau hinh ve yeu cau djnh tuyen lai cac g6i vb to chirc lai mpg. Vi voy, viec duy tri vb
quitn 1S, ngu6n Ming lugng &mg met vai tth quan tang. D6 IA 19 do vi sao ma hien nay
nguoi ta dang top trung nghien cuv ve cac gill thuot va giao thirc di thiet ke tip& cho
mang cam hien. Nhiem vu chinh cim cac nut cam hien trong taxiing cam bien la phat
hien ra cac sv Iden, thus hien xir 19 da lieu cuc be nhanh Chang, va sau de truyen
aq
lieu di. VI the sr fieu thu nang lugng dirge chia ra litm 3 vimg: elm bien (sensing),
giao tiap (communicating), va xir 19 dit lieu (data processing).
Chuyen de tot nghiep
1)ei 1-inr Thing Inng

Al 7776 -Rai Tan Tang
1.2.4 Hai can frac 40c dung cilia mgng cdm bit%
a.
Gin tric phing
Trong ciu true phing (flat architecture) (hInh 1.5), tit ca cac nut deu ngang
hang vu thing nhit trong hInh clang ve chin Ming. Cac nut giao
tiep
vii sink qua
multihop sir clung cac nut ngang hang lam 1,0
tiep
song. Vii phwn vi
truyen
c6
djnh,
cac nut gin sink hon se dam Igo vai tr6 cla 10 dip song dOi yid mOt sti Itrqng len
ngu6n.
Gil thiet ring tit cl cac nguan deu dung cimg mOt
tin

s6
de truyen
du lieu,
vi
vkly c6 the this se thin gian. Tuy nhien each nay chi c6 hieu qui vii dieu kien ll c6
nguen
chia se don le, vi du nhu thin gian,
din so
M
u
"
(
• Twa con
Hinh 1.5.C6u Ink phang cua mgng cam biin
b.
Ciu talc tang
Trong ciu true tang (tiered architecture) (hinh 1.6), cac cum duet to ra gulp
cac tai nguyen trong cimg mOt cum gui dit lieu single hop hay multihop ( toy thuOc
vim kick cer cua cum) den mOt net djnh sin, thubng gqi la nut chit (cluster head).
Trong ciu true nay cac nut to thlnh mOt he thong cap b$c ml 6 d6 m6i net Cr mOt mire
xlc djnh thirc hien cac nhiem vu da djnh sin.
Chuyen de tot nghiep

10
Dai 14nr
ThAng
I.nng

Al 7776 -Rni
Tign Ting

•
Tr
"
(

TIM COI
•
Tarn
"All
Hinh 1.6.Cau Ink tang cita numg cam
biin
Trong cau true tang thi chk nang cam hien, tinh than va phan phoi dfir lieu
khong dung deu giera cac nut. Nhitng chile niing nay co the phan theo cap, cap thip
nhat thvc hien tit ca nhiem vv cam hien, cep gifts thvc hien tinh than, va
cep tr.&
cimg
thvc hien phan phei di
Mcmg cdm biin xdy dung theo cau tnk tang hogt Ong hifu qud hen cau tnic
pitting, do cdc Ill do sau:
Cau
trim ding co the gitim chi phi chi mang cam hien bang viec djnh vj cac tai
nguyen 6 vj tri ma chting hog dOng hieu qua nhat. RO rang la neu trien khai cac
phin citing thong nhit,
mei nut
chi can mOt Wong tai
nguyen tei thieu
de thuc
hien
tit ca

cac nhiem vi
t
t. Vi
s6
lucmg dm nut can thitt phu thuOc vao yang phit
song xac djnh, chi phi ciia tan mpg vi the se khong cao. Thay vac) do,
neu met
só
luqng 16n cac nut co chi phi thip duqc chi djnh lam nhiem vu cam bien,
met
se
luqng nhe hem cite nut co chi phi cao han duqc chi djnh de phan Lich dii
djnh vj vi dung b0 thoi gian, chi phi cho town mang se giam di.
•. Mang eau trim tang se c6 Si the, cao hem cau true mang phAng. Khi can ph&
tinh town nhieu thl mOt 10 V: nhanh se hieu qua horn, phv thuOc vac, thiri gian
you cau thvc hien tinh town. Tuy nhien, vai cac nhiem vv cam hien can hog
dOng trong Ichoing thin gian dai, cac nut lieu thv it nAng luong pha hqp v6i yeu
cau xir 15r
tei
thieu se hog dung hieu qua hon. Do vay v6i cau frac tang ma cac
chi= niing mpg phan chia era cac phen cimg dii
duqc
thiet ke rieng cho
tang
chirc nAng se lam tang Wei the) ctia mang.
Ve dO tin cay:

mang cam hien pith pha hqp v6i v6i
se ltrqng cac not yeu
cat thda man dieu kien ve

bang thong va DIM gian sting. Wri mang cau Irk
Chuyen
a
tot nghiep

11
tai
Hnr Th5ng I.nng

Al 777h -Hai Tign Tang
phiing, qua phan Lich ngued ta da xic djnh thong luqng
t6i uu
ala
mai
nut tong
mang c6 n nut la
x
= ;
Tr
trong d6 W 11 do rOng bang
tan
ciut kenh chic se. Do
d6 khi kith ddr mang tanglen thi thong Wong caa
=Si
nut se giim ve 0.
•
Viec nghien ciru cac mang cau tnic tang dem lai nhitu trien vong de 'chic phyc
van de nay. MOt cach flip can 11 dung met kenh don le trong
eau
true phan cap,

trong d6 cac nut 6 cap thip hon tao thinh met cum xung quanh tram etc.
Nan
met tram g6c dOng vai tr6 11 cau n6i
v6i cep cao hon,
cap nay
dam bao viec
giao dip trong cum thong qua cac be ph$n
halt tuyen.
Trong twang hop nay,
dung luong curt mang tang tuyin tinh v6i s6 luqng cac cum, v6i dieu !den
a
s6
luqng cac cum tang it that phii nhanh bang n . Cac nghien cuu Ichac crn thir
cach dung cac kenh khic nhau
er
cac mtic khic nhau caa cau tnic phin cep.
Trong truerng hop nay, dung luqng
caa m6i
16p tong cau tnic tang vit dung
luqng ctia
m6i cum trong m6i
16p )(tic djnh la dee 1#p v6i nhau.
Tom lai, viec tuong thich gifts dac chtic Wing trong mang c6 the dot duqc khi dung
cau tnic tang. D#c biet ngubi ta dang tap trong nghien cuu ve Mc tien ich ve tim dja
chi. NhOng chic Wing nhu voy c6 the phan phoi den moi nut, met phan phan b6 den
tap con ells cac nut. Gia thiet ring ctic nut deu Icheng c6 djnh vit phai thay del dja chi
met each djnh ki, sy can bing gigra nhang bra chon nay phy thuOc vio tin se thich hop
cua
chirc rang cap va tim ldem. Hien nay cfmg dang co rat nhieu mo hinh tin}
hem

dja chi trong mang
cau
true tang.
1.3 (ling dyng
Nhu tan ta di
de
cap den cac link Arc ung dung mang cim bien Ichong cLiy.Cy
the ta se xem xet k5' met
s6
(mg dung nhu sau de hieu ro sy can thiet elm mang cam
biE'n Ichting clay.
Cac mang cam bien c6 the bao
g6m
nhieu loci cam bien khac nhau nhu cam bitn
dOng dit, cam bien tir trigmg t6c de thy
mak
tip, elm bien thi giac, cam bien h6ng
ngoai, cam bien am thanh, radar ma c6 the quan sat yang rOng the ditu kien xung
quanh da clang bao gem:
✓
Nhiet de.
✓
DO Am.
Sr
✓

chuyen dOng ctia xe cO.
✓
Dieu kien firth sang.
✓

Ap seat.
✓
Sy hlnh thanh at.
Chuyen
a
tot nghiep

12
tai
Hnr Thing I nng

Al 777A -Rid Thin Time
✓
Mire nhiiu.
✓
Str c6 mat hay ving mat met din tuqng nao do.
✓
Mire ting suit tren cac d6i tuqng bj gin.
✓
Dk tinh hien tai nhu the de, chieu va kich thutsc cita doi tuqng.
Cac nut cam bien c6 the duqc sir dung de cam hien lien tuc hoar la phat hien sir
kien,
so
nhen clang Sv kien, cam hien vi tri va dieu Ichien ctic be be phan phat dung.
Kith niem vi cam hien va ket not khan day cita nhOng nut nay him hen nhieu vimg
ling dung mei. Chang to phan loci cac (mg dung nay trong quan dei, m6i tnrbng, sire
Ich6e, gia
dinh vi the
Milt vvc thtrong mai Idtac.
1.3.1 Ung dyng trong qudn

Mang cam hien !thong clay c6 the tich la met phin tich hqp trong he thong dieu
lchien quan dei, giam sat, giao
tiep,
tinh toan thong minh, trinh sat, theo doi muc lieu.
Dec tinh
triEn
khai nhanh, to
to
chirc va c6 the bj 16i cita mpg cam bien lam cho
chang him hen Icy thuat cam hien cho he th6ng trong quan dOi. VI mang cam bien dva
tttn sv
tri6n
khai clay dac ciut cac nut cam hien c6 sin, chi phi thip va sr phi hay cita
met vai nut bed quin djch !thong art hueng den host dOng cita pan dOi ding nth: sir
phi hity cac cam hien truyen thong lam cho khai them mang cam bien la ung dung
tot
dei vei chien trueng. MOt vai ung dtmg quart dei cua mang cam hien la quan sat lvc
luqng, trang thiet bj, dan duchy, theo doi chien trueng do tham dja hinh va lvc luqng
quan djch, mix lieu, viec danh gia mire dO nguy hiem ciut chi& tratmg, phat hien va
do tham
viec tan
cong bang h6a hqc, sink hoc, hat thin
a.Ghim sat Ivy luvng , trang that bj vi don
dirge:
Cac ngtrei lanh dao, si quan se theo doi lien tuc tang thai lye luqng quart Ali,
dieu kien va sy c6 sin ciut cac thiet bj va dan duqc trong chien trtamg bang viec sir
dung mang cam hien. Quan dei, xe cO, trang thiet bj va dan duce c6 the gin lien v6i
cac thiet bj cam hien nho de c6 the thong bao ire tang thii. Nhang ban bao cao nay
duqc tap hqp lai tai cac nut sink de gni tei lanh dao trong quan dOi. Dft lieu cling c6
the duqc chuyen

tiep
den cac cap cao hon.
✓
Giam sat chien throng: dja hinh hiem lit, cac
tuyAn
dutmg , dutmg men va cac
ch6 eo hgp co the nhanh cheng duqc bao phit btri mang cam bien va gin nhu co
the theo doi cac hoot dung cita quip djch. Khi cac host dOng nay duqc me rung
va ke hooch hog dOng mei duce
chutm N mot mpg
mei c6 the duqc trien khai
bit cir thei gian nao 'chi theo dOi chien tnrtmg.
Chuyan de tot nghiep

13
Rai I-Inr TWAng I.nng

Al 777h
-Rai Tan Tang


✓
Giam sit dja hinh va lye luong quart djch: mpg cam bien c6 the duqc then
khai b nhCmg dja hinh then chin vi mOt vai nai quan tong, cac mit cam hien
can nhanh chong cam hien cic dit lieu tilt t(ip trung dft lieu giri ve trong vai phut
truck khi quan djch phit hien vi ce the chin lai chting. Hirsh (1.7) cho to hinh
dung ducm ve ting dung caa mang cam bien tong host dOng quitn dOi.
Hinh 1.7.1ing dung trong qudn
tlgi
✓

Dinh gii str nguy hiem cim chien new: try& va sau khi tin deg mang cam
bien c6 the duqc
triEn
khai b nhCmg yang inn tieu de niun duqc misc dO nguy
hiem cua chien twang.
✓
Pith hien va tham do the At tan Gong bang Ma hoc, sinh hoc Ws hat nhfin.
Trong the cuOc chien tranh Ma hoc vi sinh hoc dang glin ke, mOt dieu rat quan
tong la sum pith hien ding lac vi chink )(tic cic tic nhan 46. Mpg cam bien
trien
khai b nfrang vung ma
duqc
sir dung nhu la he thong canh bio sixth hoc va
h6a hoc c6 the cung cap cic thong tin mang Sr nghia quan tong ding I& nhim
tranh thuang vong nghiem trong.
1.3.2
Ung
dpng trong mail trwfrng
MOt
vii img dung moi trutng cua inking cam bien bao gam theo doi sum di at
coa cic loci chim, cic dOng vat nho, cic logi con tang, theo doi dieu kien men throng
Chuyen t6t nghiep

14
link 1.8.Cin dyn
theo dei di ch
en cilia don v (it

Bei
Hoe

Thing i.nne

Al 777h

Tian
Tung
ma inh huOng den mita ming vi vat nail; viec tad lieu, cic thiet bi do dac Ion d6i yeti
viec quan sat dien tich len tren trii dat, sq than' do cic hinh tinh, phit hien sinh-h6a,
nong nghiep chink xac, quan sit m8i tubing, trii dat, m6i truemg vimg bign vi biu
klu
quyen, phit hien chiy rung, nghien cuu khf tuqng hoc vi dia It, phit hien 18 hit, sip
chit sv phirc tap ye sinh hqc mkt moi tieing vi nghien ciru str 8 nhigm.

❖
Pith hien chiy

vi the not cam hien ci the duqc trien khai mOt each ngau
nhien, ci chien lucre vOi mot de cao tong rung, cic nit cam bien se de tim
nguin gic cim lira de thong bit° cho ngutri sir dung biet trait IN lira Ian rOng
khong !dem soft duqc. Hang trieu cic not cam hien ci the
ducat
trier khai vi
tich hqp sir dung he thing tin s6 khong day hoac quang h9c. Cling vay, chang
c6 the duqc tang bi each thirc sir dung Gong suit ce hieu qui nhu la pin mat
trbi bbl vi cic not cam bien bi be lai khong c6 chi hang thing vi hang nam.
Cic nut cam bien se cOng tic vOi nhau de thvc hien cam bien phin bi vi khic
phvc kW) khan, nhu cic cay vi di ma ngiln ter tam nhin thing cia cam hien co
day.
Chuyen de tot nghiep


15
MOM MINIO.
Del 142r 'Mang T.nng

Al 777E

Tign Time
Hinh 1.9.1ing clung trong moi tnremg
❖
Phat hien 18 lut: met vi du d6 la he thkg bao tieing duqc Men khai tai My. Met
vii loci cam bien duqc then khai trong hg thing cam bien luqng mua,
mitt
nu6c, thtri tiet. Nhttng con cam bien My cung cap th8ng tin de trip trung
he
theing ca s6 drr lieu da duce djnh nghia trtroc.
1.3.3 thy Amy trong chdm sac sac Moe
Melt
vii irng dung ve sirc khoe de6i vei mpg cam bien la giam sat benh nhan,
cac trieu chimg, quitn ly thutc trong benh vien, giam sat sv chuyen don va xe lt ben
trong cua con trimg hoc the Ong vet nhe lchk, theo doi va kiem tra bac si va benh
nhan trong benh vien.
Theo clei bac si va benh nhan trong benh vien : moi
benh nhan duqc gin met
nut cam bien nhe va nhg, m6i met net cam bien nay c6 nhiem vu rieng, vi du c6 nut
cam hien xac djnh nhjp tim trong !chi con cam bien !chic phit hien ap suit mau, bac si
cling c6 the mang net cam bien de cho ck bac si khac xac djnh
duqc
vi tri dm hp
trong benh vien.
BASUMA

(BMWA)-Gerrnany
Heath
Cate
Monitoring of Mabee Patients.
Hinh 1.10.0ng dung trong chdm sex sue khoe
1.3.4 Ty' Ong hod gia dinh vd dien din dyng
Gia dinh la lchong gian ling dung rat lan cho the mpg cam bien lchong day.
Nhieu Crag dung cong nghiep vita &Km m8 to c6 m6i lien he tuong fir trong gia dinh.
Vi du met he th6ng HVAC duqc hang bi yen the be
On
nhiet va chting rung Ichong day
Chuyen de tot nghiep

16
tai
I-Inr Thing I.nng

A17776 -Rill neon Tiing
co the bao ye cac pheong duOi anh ning met troi cua ng8i nhl - se hieu qua han mOt
ngoi nha chi trang bj mOt hi) 6n nhiet don co day.
MOt (mg dung duqc dieu khien chung tir xa, men PDA loci thiet bi c6 the chi
khong dieu khien TV, May nghe DVD, din am thanh Tutu va cac thiet bj dien tir gia
dinh Ichfic nhung yin cac bong den, cac drill cira, va cic o khofi cling duqc trang bj yeti
mOt ket nei mang cam bien kh8ng day. Vii dieu khien chung tir xa, mOt be c6 the dieu
IN& nen nha tir tien ich tren ghe. Tuy nhien, Icha ning hip din nhfit den tir six kit
hqp nhieu dich vv, giong Mut cac ainh cira to dOng deng khi TV duqc bet, hoec ce the
to
dOng ngung he thting giai tri gia dish khi mOt cuOc duqc nhon tren may dien thoth
hok chuong cira keu. Vii chiec can va may tinh ca nhan ca hai dirge ket not voi nhau
thong qua mOt ming cam !then khong day, sin Ong ciia met vet co the duqc tlr dOng

ghi 13i khong can yeu can su can thip bang tay.
MOt mzc dich 16n dui cac ming cam hien khong day trong gia dinh duqc mong
ch6 la cac thiet bj ngoth vi may tinh ca nhan, giting n
h
u cac keyboard va mice khong
day. Cac img dung nay dem Iii uu diem giii thip va mac lieu thu nguan thip la dieu
kien thiet yeu cua cac ming cam bien khong day. fing dung khac trong gia dinh la cac
citing cu thong tin dua tren cam bien (sensor-based) ma tic dOng vi lam viec tong sinh
ro ret cling nhau de thal min chi nha. Cac mang nay la met mir rOng cua cac dung cu
thong tin duqc de xuAt b6i Norman.
Ck d6 chai mieu to mOt thi tnrong len Ichfic cua cac mpg cam bien khong day.
Danh sfich cac do chai c6 the
duqc
them ho(ic cho phep nh6 cac ming cam bien khong
day la bj gidi hp chi bid slit ttemg tucmg cim con ngutti, va phim vi tir cac xe hcri va
tau thuyen duqc dieu khien bang vo tuyen thiong thiremg den cac tit chart tren may tinh
ten dung cic bO joystick vi bij dieu khien khong day. MOt ph(un vi hip din dec biet la
cic may tinh ca nhan — cac fro chcri nang cao, ton dung sue manh tinh tom ala mOt
may tinh 6 gin de nang cao chit luqng ngay tth ban than tr6 chai. Vi dv, nhen ding vi
tong hqp givng nen c6 the duqc that hien bei vi tri cac microphone va speaker trong
fro chai, cong vii cac b0 bien d6i analog-to-digital va digital-to-analog phi' hqp,
nhung tin dung mot ket nei khong day den may tinh, c6 the thvc hien cac chin nang
nhen ding va tong hqp. Nhb thay the cac mach dien nhen clang vi king hqp den nay
con N gi6i han vii gifi tuang dii dit, bing viec sir dung sire mph tinh toin (manh han
nhieu) hien tai
trong
may tinh, chi phi cac fro chai co the duqc giani (tang ke, trong khi
cai tien nhanh thong ve kha niing va that thi coa tre chai. NO cling có the dua ra dO
phirc tip cila tre chai ma tren thvc to khong ducm b6 xung trong cac icy thuet !chic.
Chuyen de tat nghiep


17
Hne
Th5ng 1.nng

Al 7776

Tian Wing
Ong dung gia Binh Ian hon Id* la met ma rOng dui dac diem RICE (Remote Keyless
Entry) duqc tim they tren nhieu 8 t8. Val cac mang cam bien kh8ng day,
A
khoi kh8ng
day, cac cam bien cira ra vito va cira s6, va cic be dieu khien bong den khong day, chit
nha co met thiet bj tucmg to Whit met key-fob vai met node barn. KM barn node, thiet
bi khoi
tat
ca cac cira ra vio va cira s6 trong nhit, tit heu het cac bong den trong nha
(trir met vai bong den ngit), bat dm bong den an toitn ngoiti nha, va thiet lap he thong
HVAC den the dr) ngit. Ngutri sir dung nhan met tieng
beep met lin hei dap the hien
tat ca da thvc hien thinh &mg, vi nghi ngcri holm toin, nhtr vay fled nha an toin. Khi
met cith cira hang Ichling the ma, hoc van de tan tai, met min hinh hien thi tren thiet
bj chi thi nai bi hong. Mang c6 them tri c6 the ten dung met he thong an ninh gia (firth
day de de phit hien met cira
so
bj gay ho*c ch6 hong khic.
Ben ngoiti ng8i nha, cac khi Wing location-aware cita cac man can bien Ichong
day phe hqp yeti met tap Uric nhau cua cac host deng consumer-related, bao gem du
ljch vi mua sam. Trong cac img di,mg nay, qui trinh dinh vi ce the duqc sir dung de
cung cep th8ng tin context-specific den ngubi tieu dimg. Trong truang hqp cite ngu&i

huang den vien du ljch, nguOi sir dung chi duqc cung cap thong tin lien quan den
quang canh hien tui, trong truing hqp cite nhan vien ban ban hang, ngual sir dung
duqc cung cep thong tin lien quan den sari pan trtrac mat. bao
gAm
cac Ichoin mua
bin va lcheu hao dac biet va trq
1.3.5 Gam sat va dleu laden cony whin)
MOt nha may c8ng nghiep, c6 quy mo reng dieu hinh c6 met phang dieu 'chi&
tuang dei the, xung quanh c6 cac this& may mec twang dei 16n. PhOng dieu khien c6
cac thing 116 chi bio va cac may hien thj de mei to Dung thai cac thiet bi (trang thai cac
van, trang thai this& b1, nhiet de va ap suit cita nguyen lieu dirge ltru tni, v.v ),
dsu
vio cac thiet bi de dieu khien cac be truyen dOng trong cac may mec (cic van, cac bep
lb, v.v ) ma tic deng den trang thai dirge theo dOi the may m6c. Cac cam bien m8 to
trang thai the may m6c, cac ket quit hien thj cita chimg nem trong phimg dieu khien,
cac thiet bj dau vito dieu khien, va cac be truyin deng trong cac may tit ca Wong di
re khi dirge so sash vai chi phi cite cac dutmg day boc kim loai ma dirge sir dung de
truyen thong gift Chung. Tiet kiem chi phi ding k'e
dirge
hob tat neu met phuang tien
'thong day re c6 sin di cung cep kik truyen th8ng nay. Beri vi thong tin duqc truyen
thong la thong tin trang thai, no thubng thay d6i cham. Vi v3y, trong the dO van himh
binh thuang, thong lugng
da lieu
dirge you caw cita mang tuang dei chOm, thing dO
tin cay dirge you caw cua mang lai rat cao. Mang cam bien kheng day ciut nhieu node,
Chuyen de tot nghiep

18
Hne

Th
5ng Lnng

Al 7776

Tign
TAng
cung cap nhieu duang dan djnh tuyen ban tin cim qua trinh truyen thong multi-hop, c6
the Ilan duqc cac yeti ciu nay.
MOt vi de ve di& khien cong nghiep khong day la qua trinh dieu khien b6 tri anh
sang quang cao. Rat nhieu phi
ton trong
qua trinh cai dat cac b6ng den tong mOt to&
nha lan lien quan den viec dieu khien cac bong den — ncri ma cac chuyen mach co day,
yeti cac bong den duce bat va tit cling nhau, dieu khien bong den, v.v MOt he thong
Wong day c6 tinh mem deo co the ton dung mOt b0 dieu khien handheld co the duqc
lap trinh de dieu Wan mOt s6 luting cac bang den tong mOt then nhieu each lchic
nhau
g'ain nhu
vo hen, tong khi yin cung cap mac dg an ninh duqc yeti ciu bai mOt ix)
phan lip dat quang cao.
Them mOt vi du nfta la viec sir dung cac mang cam bien !thong day tong cac img
dung an toan cong nghiep. Cac mang cam bien Ichong day c6 the tan dung cac cam
hien de phitt hien se hien then cim cac chit dOc hai hoac cac vat lieu nguy hiem, cung
cap qua trinh phat hien va nhon clang som cac khe ha hoac phat hien tran cac the nhan
hoa hqc hoc sinh hoc tuft khi thiet hai nghiem trqng co xay ra (va truOc khi the chit
nrcrt ra ngoiti
Wing kiem soat). Bei vi mang Ichong clay co the sir dung cac thuot toan
djnh
tuyen phan tan, co nhieu dirt:mg djnh tuyen, va co the to chfta tnj va to duy td,

cluing c6 the co gian tong mat ngoai dm qua trinh bimg no hoac cac thief hai lchac den
may cong nghiep, cung cap cac thim quyen vai thong tin tang thai may
quyet
djnh
duai cac dieu kien rat lch6.
1.4 Kgt Won
Chuang
nay da giai thieu tong quan ve dtic
diem, hen tnic mpg cam bien va
cac (mg dung tong nhieu linh vec din se cling nhu quart se, y te, moi tnerng Qua do
ta thiy ro duqc tam quan tong ciut mpg cam bien vdi cuOc song cua chang ta. Vai se
phat
trien
nhanh cluing ctia ding nghe ugly nay se him hen them nhieu img dung mai
cim mang dm bien.
Chuyen d t6t nghiep

19




Lop tkng dung

3
.13

Lop truyen tai

3

3


Lop mang

Lop lien
ket
da ti4u

Lop vat ly

V
3.
A
UJOI
4
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I
up

Del
Hy
Thing Long

Al 777A

Tien Tiing
CHUONG 2. KIgN TROC MO HINH PHAN LOP COA MANG CAM BIgN
Trong chuang tnrec chting ta da xem xet ve cac khIi niem tong quan nhet ve
mang cam bien. Chuang nay chfmg ta se di sau vao tim hieu mo hinh phan lop va cic

giao thirc dac trung cita mang cam bilk.
2.1
[Gen
Irfic giao thfrc
man
Men true giao thfrc ip dung cho man cam bien
duqc
trinh bay trong hinh (2 1)
Kik trtic nay bao
gOm
the lop va the mat piling quart lt . Cac mat piling quan lt nay
lam cho the nut c6 the lam viec ding nhau theo each c6 hieu qui nhat, djnh tuyen dit
lieu trong mang cam hien di dOng va chia se tai nguyen gifts the nut cam bien.
Hinh 2.I.Kien Ink giao rink 'ming cam bien
✓
MOt phang quan 13, cling
suit :
Quin 1St each cam
bien
sir dung nguOn /tang
luqng cua no.
Vi du :
nut cam
bien co the tit b0 thu sau
lchi
nhan duqc met bin
tin.
Khi
mire
cling

St
dm con cam bien thap, no se broadcast sang nut
cam
bien ben canh thong bao ring mire rang luqng cita no thip va no khong the
tham gia vao quit trinh djnh
tuyen
✓
M4t phang quern lir di Ong :
co nhiem va pith hien va ding
ky
sir chuyen dOng
cita cac nut. Cac nut gift viec theo d5i xem
ai
la nut
hang
thincita
chting.
✓
Ad& phang pan ly nhiem tie
Can bing va sip xtp nhiem
vu
cam bien giita the
nut trong met vang quan tam. Khang pith tat ca cac nut cam bien
lieu thvc
hien
nhiem va cam hien b cimg met thtti diem.
Chuyen
a
tot nghiep


20
nal tine Thing I.nng

Al 777A -Rill Tan Wing
✓
L6p vat ly :
c6 nhiem vu lira chqn tin so, tao ra tan s6 sang mang, phat hien tin
hieu, diEu ch'E va ma has tin hieu. Bang tan ISM 915 MHZ duqc sir dung rung
rai trong mang cam bien. Vzin de hieu qui nang lucmg ding can phai duqc xem
xet 614 vat lt.
✓
Lop lien kit di? lieu :
lap My c6 nhiem vu ghep cac luting dft lieu, phat hien clic
khung (frame) da lieu, cach truy nhop &rang truyen va diet' lchien 16i. Vi m8i
truerng c6
tap am va
cac not cam bien c6 the di dung, giao thirc diEu !chi& truy
nhap mei trtrimg (MAC) phii zit den vim de ding suat va phai c6 !chi nang t6i
thieu hoi viec va charm vEri thong tin quing bi ciut cac not lan can.
✓
Lop wing : Lem
mang ctia mpg cam bleu duqc thik ke tan theo nguyen tic
sau :
o
Hieu qua Wing luting luon luon
duqc coi
la vim de quan Mpg
o
Mang cam bien chu yOu la tap trung da lieu
o

Tich hqp da lieu chi di:cc sir dung khi no khOng can tit sum cOng tic c6 hieu
qua ciut clic not cam bien.
✓
Lop truyiln tai :
chi can thiet khi he thong c6 Ice hoach duqc truy cap thong qua
mang Internet hoc cac ming ben ngoli
✓
Lop ring dung :
Tut theo nhiem
vu
cam bien, cac loci philn mem irng dung Ichic
nhau c6
the
duqc xay dung va sir dung 6 lErp irng dung.
2.1.1 Lerp
vOt
ly
Phial nay trinh bay ve 16p vat ly trong mang WSN, dim nhan chirc nang m6i
twang truyen tin, cac ket n6i vet It, ca khi, dien, dieu the giii dieu che, ma Ma, chi
dO truyen di! lieu
,
loci tin hieu truyen tin. Vit nhtmg Ichid them ca ban trong truyen
thong s6 qua kenh v8 tuyin de c6 chi nhIn ro han ve 16p vat lt va kenh truyen.
Trong mang cam bien thich thirc chn yeu la My dung duqc mo hinh kien irk
truyen nhan dam gian, gia thinh re, nhung yin phiti du hieu qui dE dip img
duqc
you
citu djch vu mkt *rig dung duqc trien khai.
Trong kenh truyen v8 tuyen song dien ter lan truyen to do giOa tram thu va phit,
boi vay kenh vo tuyen la moi twang truyen chung khiing chi cho mang cam bien ma

cho nhieu img dung khicothir di dOng, phit thanh truyen hinh
a. Phan chia tin so
Viec ltra chip ten s6 sir dung lit rat quan trong trong thiet ke he thOng. Ngoai trir
cOng nghe bang rung hiu het cac he thOng v8 tuyen host dOng vdri tan s6 &DM 6GHz.
Chuyen de tot nghiep

21
Flai
Mar
Thing Lang

A17776 -Rill Tign Ting
Dai truyen th8ng ve twin dai tin sir doing thuimg tir VLF tai EHF. Viec lea chon
he tan so nham tranh nhigu gitta ngutri ding va cic he th6ng khic nhau, mOt vii dii
tan duqc danh rieng cho mOt vii he thOng dic biet, a chiu au GSM c6 the hoot dOng
dii tan GSM 900 (880 — 915 MHz) va GSM 1800 (1710 — 1785) MHz. Ben quilt d6
ITU con quy djnh did tan mien phi dinh cho cong nghiep, nghien ciru khoa hoc va Y
hoc goi tit la ISM nghia la via dai tan nay duqc thy 9 sir dung ma khong can so cho
phep cita chinh phu
,
biri of y n6 nit phO bien kheng chi cho mpg cam hien ma trong ca
cic ding nghe Icheing day khic, vi do Mr tan 2.4 GHz ISM duqc sir dung trong IEEE
802.11, Bluetooth va IEEE 802.15.4
3 kHz 30 kHz 300 Ma 3 MHz 30 MHz 300 MHz 3 GHz 30 GHz 300 GHz
VLF
LF
MF
HF
VHF
UHF

SHF
EHF
100 km 10 Mr
Hon
100m
10m 1m
100M
I an
I
mm
VLF = Tan s6 cvc thap
LF = Tan s8 drip
MF = Tan so trung binh
HF = Tan so cao
VHF = Tan s6 rat cao
UHF = Ten s6 cvc cao
SHF = Tan so sieu cao
EHF = Tan s6 tort icS
,
cao
b. Diiu chi vh gird diiu chi
Trong tinh town truyen th8ng s6 no thao tic ten du lieu s6 do linh hoot trong xir 19
tin hieu s6 va ti so gifta tin hieu ten tip cao. VI co ban tin hieu s6 la mOt chugi Id to
thuang la bit, nhom Id to nay duqc inh xa tacmg img vii mOt s0 (long song c6 chieu
dai giei han, dO dai nay goi la thin gian k9 to. Khi de dip ten ttic dO
du lieu
trong
truyen nhin hoc dieu the to can phan biet nfrang thong so sau:
+ TOG dO Ict to duce dinh nghia bang nghich di° cia than gian 1(9 to, trong
dieu the bit n6 can goi la toc dO bit

+ Toe dO clit lieu la s6 bit duqc truyen di trong mOt giay.
Qua trinh dieu the thoc hien ta.i It truyen, ben nhjn mu6n khoi phoc lai kt to tir
(long sting nh(in duqc can pith inh xo (long sting nhikr duqc ten kt to ttrong img, buoy
Chuyen de tot nghiOp

22
2
1
,

-2
Hinh 2.2.Khoa djch Bien de; ASK
is
0.S
Dal H9r Thing Lang

Al 7776

Tian Ting_
nay dirge gqi la giai dieu chi. Do tin hieu c6 the bj sai lech di trong qui trinh
truyen
nen
to c6 khai them tec dO lei lct tir va tee de
gi
bit.
Thong thueng Mr& khi dot lieu duqc dim vio be dieu the
s6
na duqc ma hi% de
de clang cho viec khoi phuc tin hieu nhjp tth dau thu. Trong phin thir nghiem sir dung
nut mang CC1010EB cita Chipcon he trq ma h6a lieu NRZ va Manchester. Met so

kr thuet dieu chi
s6:
1
1
1
1
1P
i i
i

11
11
1
1 Ii
i
11
11
111'i
V
1
0

20

30

50
Ms*
Hinh 2.3.Khoa dich pha PSK
Chuyen de tot nghiep


23
1.6
0.6
0
-0.6
1
.6
1
0
eo
10
30
20
Tim
Dal I-Inr Thing Lnng

Al 777h -RAI Tan Wing
Hinh 2.4.Kh6a djch tan so FSK
c.
Hien qui cis truyin sing vi
an
Khi
truyen tit tram phut tai tram thu tin hieu c6 the bj meo do tic ding tits mot
twang truyen hoc do 16i cis be thu trong qua trinh giai ma va diEu chE. Nhang th8ng
s6 ca ban an quan tern khi dart gia hieu qua ctia kenh truyen vo tuyen la stir phan xa,
giao thoa, suy yeu tren dueng truyEn, in va 16i tuong quan
d.
Truyin gel vi ding b4
L6p lion kit der lieu sir dung ciu tnic gen hotic khung nhu la don vi truyen nh#n ca

ban, tram phut thyc hien xir ly diEu chE va gill diau che. Tram thu
can phai
hi& chic
chin thuOc tinh cite dung sing tai de ce the phut hien ra khung tai
bao gOm din so,
pha, bit hoc kt ty bit
du hoc ket
thus khung. Do di no phai ding b0 gida sing
mang va ding ho he thing.
e.
Chit liming cis kenh v6 tuyin
Khac vii kenh ci day, kenh truy'E'n vo tuyen throng c6 chit luqng kern, tic dO
bit/kY to cao. Tren thut
to
chit luqng ctia kenh truyin phy thuOc vao rat nhieu thong
s6
bao
gam:
tan se,
khoang each fru*,
tec dO
truyen, m8i twang, cong nghe sir dung
Aqt vat dr dam quail trong caa lap vet 1 f
ttrong mew cam biin hi:
+ Tieu thy nling luqng thip.
+ TruyEn cong suit thip tuong img Arai khoang each truyen ngin.
+ Phan ding c6 the boat dOng trong che de
tiet hem Ming lugng.
+ Tee
dO dit lieu thip tir vii chyc ten vii trim kilobits tren giay.

+ Ciu too don gian va gia thanh re
+ C6 lchit Wing chju dyng sy thay d6i tits moi twang cao.
Chuyen de tot nghiep

24
Del 14nr
ThAng Long

A17776 -Rill TVA
Wing
2.1.2 Lep Hen kft dfr it u va the tyc them nh4p mot twang
Day 18 phin khi quan tong lien quan nhieu tea phin sau cua chuyen de nay nen to
se tim hieu chi tiet hon cic phin khk, do ne c6 lien quan t6i giao thirc dinh
tuyen se
tim
hieu 6 chuong sau.
Thu tvc thi'm nhap mei truerng thvc hien nhiem vv die'u Ichien nit khi thim nhop
mei trueng truyen vo tuyen. Phin nay dm hieu nen tang cita thit tvc thfun nhop mei
tut:mg, nhftng yeu ciu vi cic yin de co bin ma thit tic tit nh4p mei trtr?mg gtip
phii tong mang cam Bien kh8ng diy.
a. Yeu au vi lieu chi thiit kg the tpc them nh3p mei truimg
Mvc dfch cia thit tic thfirn nh#p mei twang la truyen gOi tin mOt each hieu qui,
On
djnh. Xung dOt ce the xiy ra nett nhu giao attic thim nhap mei trutmg cho phep 2
hay nhieu nut giri der lieu tai cling mOt th6i diem, xung dOt cc!, the li nguyen nhan lim
cho tram thu Ichong the nh#n eft lieu chinh xitc.
Hog dung vi hieu suit ctia thit tvc thim nhop men mu:mg phi thuCic khi nhieu vito
16p vot 19, km nffa mang WSN cling g(ip phii nhitng yin de ma mang lchong cry mAc
phii d6 Mi Mc dO mpg, mat
tuyen, sv suy giam tren

dutmg truyen, each thirc dieu
che, tin
se
sir ding vi khoing cich gifta tram thu, phit.
Trong phucmg phip trinh xung dOt CSMA (da truy cop cam bien song mang),
mei
nut nghe ngong mod trubng truyen truck khi truyen dft lieu di. Neu nhu mei truong
dung bOn no se hoin viec girl g6i tin lei de trinh xung dot vi yeu ciu truyen lai.
Hinh 2.S.Md hinh yang xung dot gicia ccic nut mgng
VI di gii sir net A bit diu truyen eft lieu cho nut B, mOt lit sau nut D ding quy&
djnh truyen de lieu cho nut B, boi vi D Ichang nhfui they nut A dang hoot dOng khi D
bit eau truyen, du lieu xung dOt tai B ye ci 2 gni de lieu deli khong sir ding duqc, Uri
vay sir dung phucmg phip CSMA trong twang hop
nay van
khOng trInh duce xung
Chuyen CM tot nghib

25