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0!(, €c
*T"aR" R#.D"`=d#*"~"u> EX"0fA0/
+2E#.0!$;"(XaR" R/
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 !"#$%-
'*Y]" w"<"(Y*Y]B" +ƒ" 7<""r"/
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r7"<"/
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5Yg r7"<"Y*Y]/
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JKLJ4M46NOP6Q
s#."(k"f" ,#X(2A" Jj*"C"#2A= =+U
="*-J
F
jJ
I
jJ
…
///J
"
/
C7 =+U+" €"#2AD"-
n
AAA
A
n
+++
=
///
IF
&'(($)*
JKLJ4M46NOP6Q
Sai số tuyệt đối ứng với mỗi lần đo: 
+,-! !". 
FF
AAA −=∆
II
AAA −=∆

Sai số tuyệt đối đư#c xác định b&ng:
†AAA ∆+∆=∆
1 2

n
A A A
A
n
∆ + ∆ + + ∆
∆ =
3 3
A A A∆ = −
=+Ut" T(Y*Y]
" w"<"
A∆
Nếu n < 5 thì
Trong đó sai số dụng cụ ‡Jˆ thông thường có thể lấy b&ng nửa
hoặc độ chia nhỏ nhất trên dụng cụ.
Sai số tuyệt đối trung bình (sai số ngẫu nhiên):
JKLJ4M46NOP6Q
/,0102. 
AAA ∆±=
5z-*Y]7$#]S*0W0#.#2Ax0W0D"Y*Y]
23" ;#2A>#",.y]#*(*{Y]d
" V*jt" =+U#2A>#"CC00r"2H" i" /={
Y]d" V*(u!={Y]d+." ."Y]jD"x+=Y*" 
0!jbx{Y]=B" #k<"
JKLJ4M46NOP6Q
•
DaR-4W0#.3 *"#^!" #23" .

=+U+" €"‰IjIŠ•‹Yj>EY*Y]0W0#.D"
#2A(Œ‰GjGGI••Y/_7>^S*0W0#.+." 
=+23" A0"7-
*jŒ(u7,{Y]d" V*
jŒ(u7*{Y]d" V*
s^S*-
•
*/‰pIjIŠ•ŽGjGGIqY
•
/‰pIjIŠ•‹ŽGjGGI•qY
JKLJ4M46NOP6Q
3 !"4"
./, 0-- ,12!3, 4. 5678
•FGG
A
A
A
∆
=
δ
- ,/3, $.""%9%:;%<;3=$."$%#"%>5$
JKLJ4M46NOP6Q
zyxF −+=
zyxF ∆+∆+∆=∆→
zyxF
z
y
xF
δδδδ
++=→=

•*Y]12!3, S*,?"*7,% !1€@A"?"=Y*
Y]7$#]S*=Y]X" /
5,-! !". 0
•*Y]/3, S*,#$%*7,%BC"€‚" ?"=Y*
Y];#]S*=x*Y]/
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