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(.K7(=(Hq+?++DQ#0;)J,0(+(%&†%(E-&7#$q
0%3‰ˆˆˆˆˆ-
(0@(AB !L ˆˆˆˆˆˆˆˆ-
<(H-0;†7•‰ˆˆˆˆˆˆˆ-
<7+(0@(Ai Ž‰ˆˆˆˆˆ-
(.K7(=(30q%3+83%&(47,(+)P0++DQ#0;)J,0((.F3
0%3` —ˆˆˆˆˆˆ-
(0@(AB !L`ˆˆˆˆˆˆˆˆ-
<(H-0;†7•‰ˆˆˆˆˆˆˆ-
<7+(0@(Ai‡i—ˆˆˆˆˆˆ-
(.K7(=(30I+?70%3-T(KŽ¨(.7<7+(0@(A(H@
(K‡`‡‰ˆˆˆˆˆ-)CI#E0%IB0((\@(.K7(=(30FV /+
+(G%3
(0@(A+(,yFW7+83%&FWF @(n%0ODY7

<7+(0@(A)^7-M0F @(n%BK%

i(7w I`ˆ‡
%@0[\I+#\Fps
7$I3I>7.M0FhDg7BK%>-u+B0;#$++($%I-377$I+$73:%-+(0@(A
)^7-M0F @(n%px0[\+I+#\+Fs+83BK%+677(0;@a&($%I)P0%&@(^7
%3($7+(IO7(0;@FV,(67#*3+(G%3BK%,(0+(lD*3)$70B)$+(0@(A#T@-u
B3-5(3I)$-?>(GC@!7)$0O+(A<7+(0@(A)^7-M0+83%&BK%>+(0@(A$I
(.M7#P(K‰#5F)P0+(0@(AB3-5%3BK%
k0;+@(:A+(+(0@(A)^7-M0+83BK%+?%g+0O#$-170 %(01<7+(0@(A(:A+(#$
+67+g-1B0N\%+(0@(A%3BK%B3-5+?-7-1+:(T+N\%#$IW0OI
,(67>,(0FF()P0+++(0@(A,(+F3,(0%3(.+(0@(AB D.¢7>+(0@(A0O(3
-0;†7(3I+(0@(AD@( 07f7%I
Vậy chi phí vòng đời sản phẩm (LCC) của một bơm là gì?
 /+(01#$<7+(0@(A@(F0(!7)^7-M0(E-&7+83%&BK%A(f(M0
-01%%3BK%-(M0-01%()$#E0BK%!3,(20I!L(F NH(:A+(+•7
#$%&+67+g3!G770X@7.M0 #9($%I#*3+(GN\%O-5.)$)0;+Fh3
%&BK%+•(3I%3%&BK%%P0(3I(
w 7@(:A+(D.P0-:I(1(0;+++(0@(A@(F0(!7)^7-M0+83%&BK%>)P070 
(I#$BK%(E-&7!7`ˆ†%!7FW +(0@(A+(A(!7)^7-M0+83BK%>+(0
@(A)J†7#./70O(3>+(0@(AB D.¢7)$+(0@(AFh3+(Q3+(0%,( 7Q3<7+(0
@(A+83)^7-M0BK%++(0@(A$I+?(1@(:($(i(?%+(A(>D*3!O,( †7
,01%F+(0@(A+837.M0FhDg7BK%q
• ++(0@(AA+?,( †7,01%Fq+(0@(A%60!.M7>+(0@(A( 0#E0BK%
• ++(0@(A+?,( †7,01%F.K7-W0q+(0@(A70%3B3-5>+(0@(A#T@-u)$
)C($(
• ++(0@(A+?,( †7,01%F+3q(0@(AB D.¢7>FQ3+(Q3>+(0@(A†7
#./7>+(0@(A7f7%I

(Các loại chi phí trong tổng chi phí vòng đời bơm)
Tại sao người sử dụng bơm lại nên quan tâm đến LCC
wK%+(0%%&@(5+(0@(A#P!7<7+(0@(A+83(0J($%I+677(0;@wK%+?

(1+(0%,( 7`ˆx`‰¨<7+(0@(A+83($%I0%3BK%BK%+(l#$%&@(5(2
!7<7+(0@(A)^7-M0F @(n%+83BK%p(.@(:A+(S!O>70%3BK%+(l+(0%
,( 7ˆ¨+83s!7,(0+++(0@(A(.+(0@(A)C($(7o%B D.¢7>Fh3+(Q3
)$†7#./7+(0%75‰ˆ¨I(0O>7.M0%3($7(.M7+?:%#9#*3+(G
D*3!O+(0@(A-5.B3-5,(0+(G#E0+?70!…>(3I)L@( 0@(:A+(<7+(0@(A(E
-&7+83BK%
7.M0FhDg7BK%+?A,( †7,01%F+++(0@(A,(67!(,(20(.+(0@(A%60
!.M7>+(0@(A( 0#E0BK%>+(0@(A#T@-u(.7+++(0@(AB D.¢7>†7#./7(3I+(0
@(A7f7%I+?(1 /+,01%FW>70X@0,0;% /++(0@(A+(($%I
Các biện pháp giảm chi phí bảo dưỡng bơm
?0+(7>7.M0FhDg7BK%,(67#*3+(G+(0#./+B D.¢7BK%D*3!O(1#E0
BK%w D.¢7,01@( ,(7p!\3+0)\%30\3+\s#6,(67@( 0#$+(0#./+B 
D.¢7o0w D.¢7,01D*-!.P+p!\D0+0)\%30\3+\s)$B D.¢7,01+(8
-&7p!3+0)\%30\3+\s@Dg7+((Q7BK%A3!G7-60,(0#E0,(67+5(0>
W,v%+(0@(A
1+?+(0#./+B D.¢7(/@#9>++BK%!7($%IO /+@(:(?%($(B3
(?%(2+(A(>D*3)$5%3!G7+83BK%-W0)P0†7FH+83($%I+BK%+?
70!"#P>5%3!G7+3>+67FH(2 /+(?%)$(?%)$+5+?+(0#./+B 
D.¢7D*-!.P+)$+(8-&7+(++BK%(&+(?%$I(?%`7o%++BK%+?5%
3!G7>70!"!7BL(-W0)P0F*(E-&7+83($%IkP0(?%$I>FhDg7
+(0#./+B D.¢7,01@( =7+?(17:I!80!>(.7FhDg7+(0#./+B 
D.¢7+(8-&7FVW,v%+(0@(A©)CIJ+:(T+<7(^3(?%i#$++BK%+?+67
FH#P>A3!G7)$+?70!"BK%(H@W0)P0(?%i>+?(1FhDg7+(0#./+B 
D.¢7,01@( =7-10,0;%+(0@(AB D.¢7(KF)P0FhDg7+(0#./+B D.¢7
,(+
(Chia nhóm bơm để áp dụng chiến lược bảo dưỡng)
Cách thức giảm tiêu hao năng lượng
(0@(A†7#./7#$+(0@(AW,v%(H!7<7+(0@(A+837.M0%3BK%+5
A(-IW(0; >(0;FH+83BK%,(0#*3+(GBK%a&FW(47BK%<007+?
(0,BK%+?(0;FH!H+3>70X@0,0;%†7#./7(K(0J,(0+Y7(E-&7S

%&-01%#$%)0;+F)P0++(47BK%(.M7,(+7$0!3>+^+?(0JIW ((.S7
-0O(3†7#./7+83BK%
Các lý do bơm tiêu hao năng lượng cao
†7#./7+?(1(01#$-0;)L+(8I#$BK%-0;
• (0-01%(E-&7+83BK% /+#*3+(Ge%N3F)P0-01%(0;FH(Hpwžs
+83BK%(L+(0@(A0O(3†7#./7)$B D.¢7FV+3(K
• •hDg7BK%+¢F)P0+5(0>BK%(E-&7)P0+67FH#P(KIO+5(0
-?>0O(3†7#./7+3)$70 %<0(G+83BK%
• ;(W7 M7W7+?(0J+¡+X>,(X+W0FV7HIW(0J†7#./7(K
• 0O(3†7#./7+•7@(g(&+)$B (:D"+(BK%&(P(3I#.#.K7
†7(L(01(0OFV0O(3†7#./7(K
• .M7W7BK%B"†%^+•7#$%†70O(3†7#./7
• wK%,(67 /+B D.¢7>70%F(E-&7WFV7:I0O(3†7#./7(K
Cách giảm tiêu hao năng lượng
• *3+(GBK%%&++(,(673D*3!OIO+5)J+67FH>+&@)$(0;FH
+83BK%O#.:%+(G++(47BK%+?(0;FH+301%(E-&7+83BK%+$7
75-01%wž+$7W
• (67O+(GBK%#P(u+(2F)P0IO+5+5(0(L+(G(30
(3I(0JBK%+(EIF7F7-1- %B )f3-8%=++67FHIO+5k0;+$I+?(1
70X@70 %`ˆ¨0O(3†7#./7
• •hDg7B05+(BK%pkŸs
Các biện pháp giảm thời gian ngừng máy

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