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l
r) rial Init).
4
Ciai
cip SX
dirng
i t-r" tl6 mua
TI-SX cua giai
cip
kh6ng
SX
(rndy
moc,).
lGiai
crip khong
Si ti€Lr
ihu h6r
Sp,
giii
l
ty
ti6n mat
).
5.
(iiai
cip khong
SX dirng
I ty
tnua nguydn
li6u
nong nghi6p
cua
giai
cip SX.
(Giai
c6p
SX ti6u
thu J/5
Sp,
giii
2
ty.
Giai
cAp kh6ng
SX khong
cdn
gr;.
-
Nhrr ra1-
2 t1
SP con
lai sd
dttoc luu
chuydn
trorrg
noi bo ngdnh
nong nghiip
{luong.
giorrg).
I
11 ticrr rnir
st clrrLre
ir,,1r
cho
giai
c6p sri hirLr
vd SP
thuin tiry.
M6t
qu6
trinh
t6i
SX
gi6n
do.n rr6i lai
di6n ra.
*Cdng
lao cira
Quesney:
Eua ra
duo-c nhtug gi6
dinh vd
co bAn vd trqp
ti. Da xem
xet su vin
dong c
a SI,
-xi
h6i tr6n
cA
2 nrat hiCn vit
&
giri
tri.
Tuin theo
I
qui
luit
dirng In
tii:n b6 vdo luLr
th6ng r6i quay
tro
v6 di6rn
xgit
phdr.
+l-lan
ch0 cLra
Quesnev:
PhLr nhin vai
tro SX vAt
ch6t
cua
ngenh c6ng
nghi€p. ChLla
chi ra
duo c co.so.cLia
tai SX rno
rong
trotrg ctlnu
rrglri6p
cing
nhtt troug
nong nghi6p.
l hdm
chi tdi
SX
gizin
don trong
c6ng nghi€p
cr)ng
chLLa rhuc
hidn cluoc.
-
lliji,
K I irru
Qrre
-n r
ti,
ilirr
rli
ri
rnir
1rlr11e11g
phap
ludrr,
nlturrg rrhLiug
k6t ILran rirr
rl tir
d6 rhi Iai lir
ii,i
lan)
xf)ic
di€rn, phuong
phip
lLrAn
crla
KTC I- hoc'fu.sAn
c6 di6n Anh.
-Bat
tldu xu6t hien
cuoi tk 17,
trong
qu6
trinlr tan ri
ciia
CN trong thuorlg. Nguy6n
nhAn
do su
phril
trian uud
nin CN Long
lrtr.rng
thtr corrg.
Cuoe CM
ttt sdn Arrlr
di6n ra
tu
giria
tk 17. tro ra I
tinh hinh KT-XH.
chltlr tri
nroi.
srr
rrrar hicrrc
e ria
ting ltip
quit6c
m6i,
liOn rninh
v6i
giai
cdp
tu sin d€
ch6ng lai
tridu dinh PK.
Ciai cip
'l'Ll
san Anh
cuoi tk I7 tld rluong
thAnh, it cAn t6i
su bzio
h6 cua
nhi nu6c nhu trudc.
C6c chinh
s6ch KT crha nhd
nu6r trong
thoi ki ndy
clng it hd khic
hon.Vd
nit ttr tuong:
ciic ngdnh
KHTN
(torin,
thi6n
vdn), KHXH
(triiit,
LS, VH)
phrlLt
triiin tld
tao cho khoa
K'I I co.so.
phuong
ph6p
ludn
chic chin.
*
Ddc
di€m:
-l'rorrg
tAm linh vLrc
nghi6n
cuu duo. c chuy6n
tiL luu
th6ng sang
SX.
-L6y
li luAn giri
tli lao
cl6ng lirn trong
tdm, dLra
tr€n nguy€n
li
gid
ni lao tiQng
dd xern xit
cdc
phqnr
trrl Kl
tu sin.
-Cdc
qLran
di€m Kl'th6
hi6n 16 khuynh
hudng ru
do KT.
*W.Pett):
ld nhA
K'l- hoc phdn
6nh bu6c
quii
d6 tu
CN tlong
thuong sang KTC'I
ru san co
dien. Marx
ifinh
giri
la cha
de
cho tludng
phdi
K fC't
ttt szin
c6 di6n Anh. C6i
b6ng cria
6ng triun l6n hon nlra
th6 ki cira
khoa K'l C'l
l'he
gitri quan:
dLry vAt tu ph6t.
chua ti€n
toi
phep
dur.
vdt
bi€n chung.
cho rirrg
kinh nghi€m
la co su'cua
hiQu thuc. cLra
nh{n thirc.
'l
ur
nhidn.
di co
btroc ti6n
so vcri CN
treng thrlong: d6
ld tu
tuong vd
qui
lu{t khiclr
quan
chi
ph6i
sLr
vdrr
clong
cLra doi s6ng
KT.
Ong noi. trong
chinh srich
KT ciiug nhu trong y
hoc, phdi
ctrir
!
tl€n
c6c
qud
rlinh
t$ nhidn.
Con ngudi kh6ng
duo-c
dirrrg nhimg hanh
cl6ng chu quan
ctia rninh
d0 chong lai qud
trinh d6. Phuong phdp
ludn:
ld di tir cu
thd ddn truu tro-ng.
M6t Inat phen
Anh
th6
gitli quan
duy v4t cua
ong. Mdt khrLc phin
rinh sLr han
ehd
vC
hr duy
klrozr lroc
cua thiri ki tkI7,
chua ti6rr
toi dLLoc phuong phrip
truu tuong h6a.
+Li
thuy6t
gi6
tri cta W.Petq,:
-Ld ngudi
tlit ndn m6ng
cho nguy€rr
li
giri
tri lao
tl6ng
th6ng
qua
cilc
pham
tri
gi6
cn
de bdn v6
giri
tri. Chia
gi6
cd
ldrn 2
loai:
giii
cd tu nhi6n
&
giri
ci chinh rr!.
+Giri
cA chinh
tri:
phu
thu6c
vdo nhi6u y6u
t5 ngiu
nhi6n, kh6ng
6n tlinh, kh6 hi6u
ttuo. c.
lGid
ca
t!r nhi6n; l2r
hao
phithoi gian
lao dong
quy6t
dirrh & ning
su6t lao tldng
c6 dnh huong toi
nrirc hao
phi
do.
Ong
dd ddt co co
cho
giri
ci
tu nhi6n ld lao
il6ng. Gi6 cd
ttr nhi€n ndy
chinh ld
gi6
tri.
-Vo-i
cirng
I lLrong lao
cl6ng.
cir 2 khri ndng:
Darng d6
khai th6c
ra
I
once bac.
SX
ra
I thirng hia
mi. Giri ca lu nhi6n
cira I
once
bac
'
giA
ca
tu nhidn cua
I thirng lira rni.
Giri si, vi
I lido ndo d6.
ning suit cua nganlr
khat
thac bac tang l6n
thi
gi6
cii tu' nhicn cLia
I once bac gidm
di. D6
chinh ld
tuong
quar
ti l€ nghich
giua giri
ci I-lll vd
NSt,D.
-Ong
cci
-i
dinir
qui
doi
cdc lao
ddng
phiLc
tap, lao
ddng gian
don ce bi6t va
lao tlQng
girin
don trung binh
cua Xll.
MLr6l
coi lao
cl6ng
khai
thac I
once b4c ld giri
tri lao d6ng giin
drrn trung binh
crla XIL Ti6c rdng,
6ng rlh khong phir
rr.iin
duo. c
1i
tuong.
Khi rnu6n ph6t
trii3n, lai pham phdi
sai lAm
crjra CN trqng thuong.
-ChLla
phAn
I i€t
dLrcc 2 th(r
lao
ilQng: Lao tking v6i
hr c6ch ld ngu6n
goc
cua
gi6
h! siL dqng & [.ao
dcrng
r,6i
tu cach la
ngLrorr
uoe
crta giir
tri.
(
hrr:r
iriit ddn tinlr I mdt
crla lao
dorrg SX
ra
I-lH
(lao
ddng cu
thi & lao d6ng rliru tuo-ngt.
Ong
clua ra I luin rlidnr khdng
r'0 ring. c16 lA
"lao cl6ng ld
cha. dit dai
Id
me c[ra cira cAi". LuAn tli€nr ndy
n6u x6r
vd
nrdt
hi€n
vat
lgir
tri srr
drrrrg)thr dunpt. NhLllrg ndLr xel
ri
tnAr
gia
lri
thi lai ld
sai lanr.
-ehLra phdrr
bi€t dLruc hinh thAi cua
gid
Lri
(gid
tri trao
doi
voi
gil
tril. Plr4nr
phai
sai larn cua CN trnng
thrrorrg. khi ch'
rang chi c6
lao dQng t4o ra vdng, bac rnoi
ld lao dgng
oo
gi6
tri.
Con
c6c lao
clQng khSc so di duo-c coi Id
c6
gi6
tri vi nii
dlro c ddt trong rn6i
qLrau
h€ vni
lao d6ng tao ra vdng
bqc.
-Gi6
tri cira flH IA sLL
phdn
6nli
gie
fti cua ti6n t6, ciing
gi6ng
nhu enh seng cua mat trdng li su phan
chieu anh siirrg cLra
rni:it lroi. T;an
re
la biiLr hidn cho
gid
tri
crra l{ll. W.Pen1
di rr6i nguoc. sai lirn do nguldn nhdl
orrg khong hiitr
duo-r
lich
su ra doi cua tierr te. Do d6
khong hidLr dung
vA
bdn ch;t cia rian te.
*A.Smith:
dLtgc Marx tt6nh
giA
ld nhd KT cua thc'i
ki c6ng tnrcrng thri c6ng. Th6
gioi quan:
duy
vAt,
nriy m6c, tlr
phil.
Chi <li sdu
vd
mdt dinh luo-ng,
coi nhe dinh tinh,
thi6u
quan
diiim luan chirng. Phuong
ph6p
ludn:
her sLlc ciac biir. rnans
tinh 2 mat vila khoa
hgc. vira t6rn thuong.2
mAt ndy lr6n cu6n chdt nhau trong tit
cd cac nghidn ciru cua
Srrritlr. Do cirnq
I lirc 6ng
di ddt
ra
2 nhi6m vu cirng l[rc: di
s6Lr vdo bAn ch6t &
gidi
thich tit cd c5c hi6n
tuong v6n dd.
*l-i
thuy€t
gih
tri cira A.Snrith.
.Srnitlr
di pltrn hielt dLhrc
sia
tri stL dullS. &
gid
tli trao doi. Khirrg dinh duuc
g.ia
tri sri durru khong
rlrr.rct clinlrgi:i tri rrro
ddi. Nhurrg Iai chLra
phan
biet d Lr<;c
gin
tri
(n9i
dung) va
gi6
tri tlao doi (bi€u hien). Cia tri trao dni
(gir:r
tri) c[Lo-c Srnith
dtr:r
ra
) Llirrlr nghia.
I
Kh()a iroc: Cii tl i Hl-l
la do
lao
dQng hao
phr
de SX ra HH
qLry6t
dinlr. Lao dgrrg la tlruoc do tl)ue rc cud rrrt,i grir rli.
+
l'arn thLrong: Gil tri HH tlu o. c do bing so luong lao
d6ng
md ngrr<ri ta c6 th6 mua drro.c nhd hdrg
hrra d6. Y do
la
nLrol
dirng tidu c6ng ldrn thrL6c do cfra
gi6
tri.
-Qrrarr
rricrn r c
ect cit'
gia
tri: 1 ierr corrg.
lo-i rhuin.
clia to li nguon
g5c
ddu tien cua
nroi
rhu nhap. l)o clo cirrrg la
i
rrgrron
goc
dltr ticl
,;rra
rnui
gia
rri. Ve I la dirrrg. nhrnrg v6 2 lai sai. Vi do 3
y6u
16 do li kel
qrri
cim su
phin plroi giri
rri. Ngluorr
g6c
cria
giri
tri ld lao cl6ng chri kh6ng
phzii
3
y6u
t6
d6.
Quan
ni€m
cua
Smith
v6 co cdu
gid
tri vLra
sai
ve ch6t. lai vira
khorrg di1 du
rC
hLong. Ong
qLran
ni6m ngudn
gric
cda
gia
tri la thu nhap
(sai
v6
chdt). Theo t;uan nidm cua Smith.
Cii
tri
f
'rr
cong
(V) +
Lo.
inhuAn
{
P)
-r'
p;u
,5
,.,
-
V
-
m. Thi6u
gi6tri
TLSX
(c).
Sodi 6ng
pharn phdi
sai lim n6i
trirr
vi
6ng tli lin lQn 3
qud
trinh: hinh thinh &
ph6n phtii gi:i
tri. Hinh lhdnh
gie
tri
(lrong
SX
).
phdn pnoi gid
rri
ldiFn
ra
sau
SX).
-Ban th6n 6ng cting cim nhin c6 sai lim trong l6p lu{n cira rninh, n€n 6ng di'l6n
lirt'tiur
cich
dua
girl
tri
TLSX vdo
trong.
gid
tri cua HH duoi tirr
goi
t6rrg thLr nlrip. Torrg
rhu
lhdp lheo ong bao
gfirn
toin bo
SP
hirng ndn) cur nrong
det
va
eria
lao dorrg. rrerr trir
cli
rrhirrrg chi
phi
vi khoi
phuc
lB co dinh & TB luu tlong thi cai corr lai li SP thtrdrr tri;.
Tong
tlirr
nirrip
1r'r
'rn) (
hi
phi
khoi
phLrc
TU cii tlirrlr va TB ltru dorrg
(e-v)
-
SP
tlruarr trirr
(nr).
-
frong
SX
llll
gian
dun. gia tri do lao clorrg
quyet
tlinh.
('on
trong SX HH
l BCN.
giir
tli do thu nhap
quyit,linh.
Khonlr
rrhit
quil
v6i ngLry0n ligid tri cua chinh minh.
-Mqh
gitia giri
cd tLL nh i6n &
gi6
ca th i trLltrng. Thuc chit la m6i
quan
h9
gitra gi6
tri &
gi6
cii. Mot l ll l clLro. c ban theo
grd
c:i tu nhi6n n6u nhu
giri
cl6 ngang vtri muc de trd tidn cong.
lgi
nhu6n
&
dia
to. Gid cittr nhi€n
(giri
tri)
-
V
I
p
l
r. Cii
ea
lu
nhien li rlung tdrrr.
gid
cii thi trlrong la
gia
biirr thuc t6 cua l-l[i. Gid ca thi tflro-ng
rrhit tli
v6i gi6
cd tLl rrlridrr khi so
luorrg I lH denr barr dLr di thoa nriin lrLo. ng ciu thlrc t6.
-Srnith cdn c6 I linh cdm nhay bdn & thien tai. Ong cirn thiy
gi6
tri cria HH trong CNTB c6
gi
kh6c so v6i
gi6
tri cia
HH trong SX
girin
don. Nhung chua
chi ra dugc khAc
ntn.
Vi 6ng chua bi6t tt6n
ph4rn
tri
giri
cd. Marx noi Iinh cirm cria
Smith cdn ndm trong b6ng t6i. song
vin ld
i linh cdm
qui
gidL.
Vi nho n6 md 6ng it nhidu c6 tlrrgc
quan
tli6m lich sti khi
rem x€t cic
pharn
trir KT.
- iorn
lqi,
trorrg
li tlruydt
gia
tri
cua Srnith
c6 2 dorrg
gop:
Phrin bi€t
giri
trl sir dqng &
gia
tri trao doi. Phdt tridrr
ngLryen Ii
gi6
tri lao ttQng, khing dinh
duo-c lao tl6ng ld thuoc do
thuc
t6 cua
gi6
trl, mAc di chua
hodn todLn
nh6t
qutn
v6i
quan
orem na\.
*llicardt,:
la rrgtriri ,Jd
dtLa
klroa
K
lCl Iir sdn co
di€rr len
d6rr dinh cao
vi
chdrn d(n
Irrtirr
tai do. Mar:. rlanlr
grd
orrg li
ti€n bi,i tlgc ti6p cira Marr. Th6
gi6i quan
cira Ricardo cluy
vit, rnSy moc & tu phdt.
V6i
th6 gioi
quan
tlir. 6ng cirrg dd
xac diuh dirng tlin d6i tugng nghi€n ciLu
K1'CT
ln
phiii
tirrr
ra
duoc
nhtug
qui
luit didu khiiin su
phin ph6i.
Ong dE dtLa
ra
qui
luit
phdn
phoi
tn-rng CN I B lnc briy
gio
Phuorrg
phap
lLrqn: su dUng
phrrong phap
lrirLr tLro rg
hoa I caclr tlranh
thao, nhung vArr kh6ng tri€t tlii. Do bi dnh
hLlu-ng
boi th6
gioi quan
tu
sdn
& ong to ra
phi
lich sir 1 cdch nghi€nr rrong.
Urg
quarr li":rn nhirng
phaur
tru Kl'cua Tts li vinlr
vi6rr.
d6ng nhit TB
vdi
hiQn
vlt,
klr6ng birrg A.Sr:rilh.
'
l.l-i
lLrAn gi6
lri:
-
l{icardo
bit etaLr ti
lLr6n gia
tli cua minh bing sLr
ph€
ph6n
A.Snrith. Ong
gat
bd
nhting
mdu thLrdn trong c6ch
giiii
thich
rrrldc
doi
cL'm
Snrith.'frong
dinh
nghia
cria Snrith
ri giA
tfi.
gat
bo dinh nghia
th(r
2. khing
dilrh linh dirrrg dan cria dinlr
nghia thil nh6t.
- Noi lao cl6ng
quy6t
dinh
giri
tri la dirng kh6ng
chi trong SX h2rng h6a
gian
dtrn mA cou tlirng ci trong
SX
hdrg h6a
I fJ( l\. Cho nerr tiin luo-rg
crra cong nhdrr cao ha) thio khong anh huong to-'i
gid
tli rna clrr
lnlr
lrtlorg
dclr llrrr
rrlrap r.
Lra
nhi lB.
Vi
khong
phdi
thrr nhdp
quy€t
dirrlr
gid
tri. m?r
trdi
lai
gi6
tr!
phdn gidi
ra
thdrrh cdc
rrgu6rr
tlrLr nlrap. Ong
phdn
bi6t rach rdi 2
qu6
trinh. Hinh thdnh
gie
tri: trong
SX, do lao tlQng
quy6t
dinh. Ph6n
ph6i gi6
tri: sau SX, do
gid
tri
phAn
pliii
tlanl thu nhap.
- De
xac dirrh co cdu
gie
tri. Ricardo dd tinh
den khdng chi nhtng chi
phi
ve
lao dQng hi€n lai Ini ca nhirng chi
phr
vi
lao
,1,\rt8
qrri klrrt drrcrL ket
tinh tronp rnav moc- trong thi6l
hi
nlra
rrrcrng.
Nhrrng lai chtra
lirrh d6n
Phdrr
l:ro clong
qrra
klrtr
l.cr
tinh trong nguy6n vAt liQu.
Gi6 tri- Cl
+
v
'r'
m.
-
'l
uy
vAv.
dng lai chua
girii
thich dtLo-c
giir
tri
ura rr6v rn6c. trang thidt bi. nlta ruong drro c chul in hria vao haug h6a
ntn'.' tltii ong
chLr'a bi6t d6n tinlr 2 mdt cua lao tJong
SX ra hing hoa.
-
I{icardo cirng bdc bo quan
di6rn sai l6m cua Srnith khi cho ring lao dong trong nong ughi€p c6
narg
\Lrdt
cao hon. ltr-r
rtlrierr. orts cirng. cu rrlritrrg ke tlrira
&
plrlt
tridrr.
-
0rrg
cirug plrdn
bi€t duo'c
gid
tli su dLrng v6-i
gidr
tri trao doi. cing ktrarrg dinh
gia
tri sri dung klrr\rrr.:
qrrrit
tlinlr rhr.rc giri
1ri trao al6i. Nhung cfing chua
phAn
bi€t duo-c
gi6
tri,
gi6
trl trao diii. Ong tllnh nghia v€:
giri
tri nhrr sau:
(iih
ca hdng hcia
li
do
lao
d6ng tuong d6i cdn thiiit
(lao
d6ng XH cAn
dri6D dii SX
ra hing h6a
quy61
dinh chiL khong
phrii li
do klroan ticirr
thLlo'ng ltrn
(ti€n
c6ng) ha1'nho di trd cho lao
dong do
quyet
dinh.
l{iclrdo cott
phin
biir drl.rc lao dong
ci
hiir
& lao dorrg XH. Ong khdng dinh ring lao donpr
qLrl
cr
clinh
gii
tri h lar.r
cldng Xfl chir khong
phrii
lao
ddng ca biet. De rac dinh lLro-ng
gia
tri hang hoa. llicardo
c1A
tlua ra clanh tiL
"thdi gian
lao
doug
XH
cdn thi6t". Ddng ti6c 6ng lai cho rirrg thoi gian
lao tlong
XH
cin thi6t drroc
qui
dinh boi di6u ki6n SX xiLr nhit.
Vd trong viQc xic dinh lugng
gi6
tri hing h6am
Ricardo, cfing cdn
it nhi6u inh
hudng bdi lithuy6t v6 sqr khan hi6nr. 0ng
noi: binh thuorrg
giri
ri hang hoa do
thdi
gian
lao
d6ng
quy6t
tlinh. Song lru I
vdi
hdng h6a
qui
& hi6rn thi tinh lrilu ich
ciing
qL'yet
dinh
gie
tri.
- Ricardo cdn
phin
biet
gid
rr!
vcri
cira cai. Theo ong.
gi6
tri cria hing hoa nhidu hay it khdng
phu
rhuoc vao khoi luo-ng
cira cai nhidu hay it nrd phLr
thu6c
vdo dk
SX klt6 khdn hay thuin lrri. Ong con chi ra dLloc moi
quan
h€ ti 16 nghich
giira
gid tri hring hoa
& nang sLrdr lao dorrg. Ban
ve
nroi
quarr
he
giria gid
ca tu nhierr &
gid
ca
thi
lrrLong. ThrLc
clrit
Ii
moi
quan
h6 giia gil tli
&
gii
ca.
-l-heo
orrg. gier
cd tu nhi6n
quy6t
dinh
gie
ce thi trLLcrng. Gi6 cA thi rruong bi rinh hLrong
btli
rrlriirr rrlriirn to
clru
nin gid
ca thi tltrong khong th€ orr
dirh
trotrg I thoi
gian
dai. lrong
rlo.
rrlrarr
tL, alrlr
lruorrg gid
ca tlrr
hrrdng c6 ci
quan
h€ cung cdu, nlrtrng
quan
h€ cung
cdu khdng th6
quy6t
dinh
d6n gi6 cd
thi truo-ng.
Vi6c.quy6t
clinh ninr
trorg tay
ciic rrlrd
SX
(
ma xdt cho cirng do ld do chi
phi
SX dieLr Li6t).
-
Ong
cting nghiCn cilu
Anh hu6ng cua
quan
hf c4nh tranh doi
v6-i gi6
ca trCn thi trudng.
C4nh lranh c6 canh tranh
giira
nhing
ngLroi bln. canh tranh
gi0a
nh[ing ngrrdi
mua. Trong ilk c6 hdng trirn k6 cauh tranh thi
gi6
cA thi truong
s€ do sLl
canh tranh
gi0a
nhirng
ngLlu-i bdn di6u ti6t & n6 sE duoc x6c l6p ngang hay
gan
vdi
girl
ca tu nhien.
*.f6ng
k6t: Co th6 n6i ring l{icardo lA nhd li luin gie
tri lao tl6ng. Ong tl6 ki5t ciu lai todn
b6
khoa
K'l'C'l', d6t no dua tran
I rrguyen li th6ng nh6r la lao d6ng
quy6t
dinh
gid
tri. TLrl nhi€r 6ng vin khong thA
phAt
trien li ludn
do
toi cirng.
Cu the
troug li luan
gid
tri.
6ng
vin
con
v6p phrii
I lo4t nhirng han ch6:
-r'Khi
phin
tich v6
giri
tri,
moi chi nflng vA luo. ng rnd coi nhe nrar ch6t.
-Chua
phan
biet drroc
gid
tri v6i
gi6
tri trao d6i. Din
tl€n
pharn
sai lim nghiem treng trong lihran vi lier) te.
., i ,
FChrra
thdv drroc
gi6
tri ld I
quan
h6 SX hdng hoa.
l-Vin
con b1 rinh hucrng
boi
li thLry6t khan
hi6rn khi xac alinh lugng
giri
tri.
I
Dd c6 d€ cdp tl€rr lao
d6ng
giin
do n &
phiLc
tap, rrhung
cdl s<r lr.roc.
t('hua
phAn
bi6t
duo-c
gi0a
gi6
tri vo-i
gi6
ci SX.
-
lil ca rrlrting ltarr
che nay cira ong su1 clrrr currg
ddrr bit
ugutrn
til I ngrrydn nhdn. Do lti orrg clrua biet der trulr I
nrit
cira lao d6ng
SX
ra
hdng h6a. Ddy la han chri l6n nh6t
cira Ricardo
vd
khoa K'lC l- c6 di6n Anh.
*L1i
thLry6t ban tay v6 hinh cua A.Srnith.
-Xuat
ph6t
tir nhan
t6 con nguoi K'l', li nhiLng
con ngudi tham
gia
v2ro cdc hoat dong trao
doi
llH.
C.i6c cluan hC trao
doi
11H ld
nhirrrg
quan
h€
phu
thudc lin nhau vd
rndt KT. Do ld nhiing
quan
h€
XH binh thudng, chi c6 duo-c ir trong
CN'l 13
rni th6i.
-Quan
l'6 trat'
tl6i li
I thLr6c
tinlr
bin ch6t
cua con
nguoi.
Con nguoi
tluoc phAn
bi6t
voi
con vit
nhcr
thtrirc
rrnS
tra.,
Joi
ndy.
ThLr6c
linh tlao tfdi
dtloc
niy sinh
tr'€n
2 co
so:
la tinh y€u
cia
con nguoi
&
tirrh ich
ki cira
con nsut)i.
A.Snith
cho
ring
long
ich ki
n.rauh lro-n.
l?ur
ndy
sinh
quan
h6 trao
d6i.
-1rong
qu:i
trinh trao
cidi,
con
ngLLo-i
bi chi ph6i
bdi loi
ich
cii nhdn.
Moi
ngudi
chi
bitit c6
tu lo-i
& chay
theo
tu lo-i.
1'rong
cluii
tfinh theo
du6i lo-i
ich
cri nhin
al6,
con
nguoi
lai
bi d6n
ait uoi
i uan
tay v6
hinh.
Biin
tay v6
hinh
ndy
dd dLLa
c6c nh6n
di tir
ch6
dap
trng I lo.
i,fch
khric
nirn
ngoii
nhinrg
toan tinh
c6
nhan.
D6 ld loi
ich
XH.
v6
tinh lirn
loi
cho
XIJ
nrd kh6ng
bitit. oay
ld I
quan
di6m hiit
sric
duy
vat.
Giai
quyrlt
loi
ich
c:i nhdn
sd
gidi
quy6t
drLoc
loi ich
XH.
-Bin
tay
v6 hinh
chinh
ld
c6c
qui
ludt
KT
kh6ch
quan,
tap h-o.
p
tit ca
cric
qui
luit
KT kh6ch quan
lai s6 hinh
thinh
n€n
I
trel tu
1rr nhi0n.
Ek
de duy
tri trat
tu trr nhi6n
ndy Id
SX
& trao
ddi HH.
N,in
KT diSn
ra theo
nguy€n
tic
tu.do.
ong
cli
cao
t6c
d6ng tu phat
cira
loi
ich c6 nh6n,
tdc
d6ng
kh6ch quan
c[ra cdc qui
luar
KT
& t6c
rl6ng
tLr
ph6t
c,la
cu- ch6
thi
tt'rrcng.
Quan
ili0m c,"ra
Sntith la
phai
hr
clo K I
-Vai
tlir
cua rtlra
nuoc. L)6i lihi
rrlia ruoc
cring
c6 thd
thuc hi€n
chuc
nf,ng K I
khi nta
chLrc
ning
do vLro r qLrd
l<hi
nlng
c[ta ciic
clon vi
l(l) ri6ng
lc.
Vd: xA1
dLtng cic
c6ng
trinh
lou, l2rrn
dudng.
thLr1.
lo.i Cdn
rrong
dk binh
thuiyne.
nhi€m
r u
cua
nha ttuoc
la
dtt-\' tri tral
tu tri
an- bio vi
td
qLr6c
d€ tao ra
I su dn
dinh. tld
chc tu. nhan
hoat
dong I(
l Vi
the
crj th6
x6p
A.Surith
vao
ph6i
tLl clo K l
=S
*nn.
diirn. phuong
phdp
lrran
cLia rruong
phdiTdn
c6 dierr.
-'
-(
rriri
tl l(). tliitr
tkl0.
CN I ts plrdt
trierr
ttltanlt
clrorrg.
nhung rrrdu
thudr cring
rlcr rrer
ga1 git.
clirr
rlirr k;urrg
h,,:irrg.
llttoc rrrr' giai
Joan
t N l U cloc qtryen.
rtrit
hierr
nhrirrg
hidn tuo rrg
KT rnoi
nra li rhuy€t
Kl
cLia rnrcrng phrii
c.r
cliur
kirong giai
thich
dLro-c.
Cac li thuyiit
cua r6t
nhidu
truong
phrii
KT nghi€n
c[ru c6c v6n
dd K'l
thi rrtLring
ra
i{cri, trong
d6
'l
irr cd tli6n
giti
vai trd
th6ng tri nl:lLng
niur
cu6i
tkl9,
<liLr tk20 voi nhtng
dic di€rn
co
bin sau:
-
('lrrr;€n
sang rrghierr
cuu o linh r
uc trao
d6i. luu
thong & d6i
trLo ng nghidn
c(rLr li cdc
don vi
KT.
'l
rirr
co so do, rirl
1a
kiit luAn chung
cho
todn XH - Phuong ph6p
VI MO.
'
l)Lla vdo
lirr
to
tarn liclrri quan
d6
gi:ii
tlrich cdc
hi6rr
tuorrg &
qu6
rrinh KT-Xl-1.
Urrg ho
li thLry€t gii
rr.i clrri tlrran.
Cirng
I hang h6a,
v6i ngLLoi
ctin thi
gia
tri cao, voi
ngLroi kh6ng
cin thi
gi6
tri
kh6ng cao.
Gi6 rri
do stL dAnh giri
chri tluan
cria con
ngudi.
-
Mu6n
bi6n K1C'l
thdnh lihoa
hoc K'l- thudn
tiry. Kh6ng
c6 nroi li€n
he voi cdc tlk
KT-XH,
chinh rri.
- I
In8.
lri,
ttt Jo crttlr
lranh- chorrg lai
su cart tlricp
cLia nlra
nuoc. Co ch6 thi
truong sC tu
tlam hao
str carr bang
cira crrrrr.:
cau
-
Su dlrng c6ng ctr
to6n hQc, rno lrinh,
c6ng thuc lugng
h6a vdo
qui
h'inh ph6n
tich
KT,
g6p
phan
tirrg tinh
sitthrrc.
*
lruong
phrii gioi
han thinh Vi€n
1Ao;.
-Li
thuy6t ich lo i
gioi
lran. lch kri la
dac trLrrg cu
th€ cua vat. Khislr
thoa nrin nhu
ciu tdng thi ich
lo i c6 xLr
hLL6ng
gianr
tlan. N6u
xdt tr6n milc
d6 thoa man thi vat
sau c6 ich
loi nho hon v6t
trrL6c. VAt cLr6i
cing
(vat phdn
gio.i
han) s€ c6 ich
loi
git'ri
han,
quy6l
dinh ich lo.
i chung. l'dn c6
di€n cho
ring SP cdng it. ich loi
gi6i
h4n cdng lon.
Khi Sp
ling l€n.
tong
lo-i ich
cirng tang. nhrrng
ich loi
gi6i
han
thi
giam
di.
-Lf thuy6t giA
1r'i
gi6i
han. Ciri tri
gi6i han li
gi6
tri
cira SP
gi6i
han do
ich lqi
gioi
han
qui
dinh. No
qul
er dinh cho gir
rri
c[ra tet ca
SP. Sd l$o.'ng SP vd
gi6
tri
gi6i
bpn vdn
d6ng nguoc chidu
nhau. K,h i
SP tang I6n,
giA
tri
gioi
han
giam
xu6ng.
din d€n
t6ng
giri
tri
gi6i
han
gidm.
Nhu vd,y, dd
c6 nhidLr
gi6
rri, tlri
phei
tao ra
su khan hi€m.
+Li
thuy6t cin bing
t6ng
qurit
cria L.Wallias.
-Kd
tliria
tLl
tLr'6ng
tu do
KT cira A.Smith,
6ng dua
ra lithuyiit
cdn bing t6ng
qurit
trong n€n K1'thi
truong tu.do
canh
tra|']n.
-'Irong n6n K.l
thitruon8 c6
3 thj rrLr<rng chti yilu:thi
tluong HH&DV,
thi tluong \,on. thi
truong lao
ttdng.
]-th
i truong
ndv v6rr
di li c10c lip vdi
nhau. nhung lai
tlunc li6n
k6t vo-i nhau
bdi c6c doanh nh6n.
'\A/
-Ddi vcii
doanh nhdn. chi phi
SX
-
ldi suar
't
ti€n ltrong.
Cid su cjoanh nhln
b6u
hdng v6i giri
ci
>
chi
phi
SX, rhic6ng
viQc
Kl) c6 ldi.
'fi6p
tuc md r6ng
qui
m6 SX.
phAi
vay
them tu bin, thu6 th€m
lao tlQng. Ldm
cho ldi sLrAt
&
riel
lLrtrng
ddu ting ldn. Edng
thdi cung v6
SP cing ting l6n,
gi6
cri s6
gi6rn
xuong.
D6n I lirc nAo
dtr.
giA
ca.=
chi
phi
SX. kh6ng
c6
lEi. ngirng
SX. Kh6ng vay
th6m TB,
kh6ng thu6
th6rn c6ng nhdn, khirng
tdng cLrng vd llll.
Do rlo l6i
sudt 6n dinh.
tidn
Itlung
t5n clinh
&
gi6
cd
6n dinh. 3 thi trudng
o trang th6i
c6n bing, nin Kl cr trang
thai can bdng
tong
qurit.
-Dk
d6 dan toi s$
can bing
t6ng
qu6t
ld
girl
cd:
chi phi
SX.
'fheo
Walliass
thi trong n€n KT
thi trLLong. tlk
nay du.oc hinh
tharrh
I cdch tu
phat
du tac dong cua
eu
g
& cdlr.
A,<*
Li thlrydt
gia
ca
cLia Mashall.
\-
Mashall drra
ra lithLrl€l gid
ci nhirn
chinrg minh
cho lithuy6t bin
tay
v6
hinh cia A.Smith.
Theo
ong. 116n rhi
lruong.
gia
ca
dtloc
hinh
thdnh
I
ciich
1u
phiit
do
tiic
dQng
cira quan
h6
cung
ciLr. Nri
duo-c
xdc
clinh
o didrn
crin
bdng
giira
gid
e Lrng
&
giri
,.'6u.
-
CALr
chinh
ld
bi€rr'
hi6n
cira
nhLr cdtr
co kha
rrdng
tlranh
to6n.
N6
tluo-c
dAm bio
bdng
kh6i
luong
ti€n
t€
&
giri
ci
nh6t
tlinh'
chinh
vi
vay cALl
bi rinh
huo-ng
bdi
cric nhan
t6
sau:Nhu
cdu nrt'a
sim
cira
ddn
cu.'ntu
,rr,a"p
cua
dan
crr.
Gi6 cd
cua
nhAn
t6 c6
anh
hLLdng
rdt
l6n
d6n
sirc ciu.
ich
loi gi6i
h4n ciing
6nh
huong
d6n
giri
ciu.
Mrii tu,ing,luon
giDa
ciu
&
gia
cd
chinh
ld
giri
cdu.
D6
phin
6rrh
su thay
tl6i
cL'ia
ceu
diSi voi
gia
ca,
nguoi
ta dtrng
khrii
ni€nr
h€
s6-co
6aricra.a,,
fe-p-i.
-
Cung
ld kh6i
luo-ng
hdng
h6a duoc
SX ra
& alern
biin tr6n
thi truong
v6i
I
gi6
cd
nh6t
<linh.
chi
phi
SX cir
dnh
hucrng
truc
ti6p
t6i
gi6
cung.
[,uo-ng
cung vAn
ddng
cirng
chi6u
vOi
gia.
-
1'6ng
ho-p
c'''ns
tatt.
Giii
cLrng
ld
clai di6n
cho
ngtrdi
brin, cdn gid
ciu
dai didn
cho
rgLroi
mua.
Theo
ong. gia
cr1 rr6n
thi
tfuong
dlroc
hinlt
thirnh
theo
ngLlni rnua
& ngLloi
ban.
Nguoi
mua
khi
dat
gi6
phai
cdn
crlr
vio
ich lo.i gi6i
han
cira
hdng
lrria Vd:
hirrg lroa
liltan
hrdrn
thi ich
lo. igroi
han l6n. giri
cao.
can
oo; uo'; ,rg,Ltri
b6n.
khi
dinh
gi6
hc can
cu.vio
chi phi
SX
ncn gil
cri
hang
hoa
-
chi phi
sx
F
lo. i
nhuan.
NilLr
hdng
hoa
khan hidm
thi ho
ddt
gi6
cai
cal ho-n
chi phi
sX
&
ngrLoc
lai
(liri
cri thitrtlong
lA
kdt qLrii
cua
su va
chanr giira
gid
cl nguoi
mua
&
gid
cd cua
nguiri
b6n.'ILlc
l:i sutec
afong giara
cung
& ciLr. hinh
thanh
nen
giil
ce
can barl8.
Qua
trinir
t:ic
dong gitra gi6
cung
&
gi6
c-au
ch hilh
thrinh
nan
gid ca
cli'
bilr'.r'
SLI rae
dllr:3
utra ettttg
citt va
gii
czi tlri
trLrurrg
sd tu aieu
iiOr
SX-va
rie,r-rtur[-
,uo
r",r
r,.r.,',,
d,ri
rr.r,
tlri rr.rr.rrrt.
Bdi val'.
li
rhuy6t gi6
ca cL'ra
6ng
dd chi'ng
minh
cho
rithuy6t
bdn
tay vo
hinh
cLra A.Smith.
+
Dic cli€rn. phLlong
plrap
luqrn
cira
truo.ng phli
Keyness.
-cN'l't]
lAm vio
kltirng lroring
K'l'nghidrn
trong,
di6n
hinh li 1929-1933.
H{Lr quri
rit ndng
1d, dac
biet
ld nan
th6r
nghi€p
Do lA
cudc
khtrng
horlng
thira. Di6u
ndy
ata
b6c
b6 tu tuong
tu do
KT cira
truryng
phrii
c6
ditin
&
'l'an
c6
di6n.
l)o
d6 ddi hoi phii
c6 I lithLrydt
rn6i
ra
do.i.
-Ke]'ness
cho ring
nguy€n
nhAn
khirng
hozing
KT ld
thi6u
stL can thi€p
cfra
nhii nu6c vdo
KT.
Mu6n
tao r.a
su c6r
bing
tlri
phdi
co sr,r carr
thiep
cria lrhd ntro-c.
*Dic
tli6m
chir
y6u
cia
truarng
phei
Keyness.
-
Su dung phuong
phrip phfu
tich vi m6
trc nhirng
chiti6Lr
cua
ndn KT
vI rn6 nlrLr
san luong,
thu
nhAp, vi6c
lar1, gid
cii,
diu trL
& tidt ki€rn.
Lir
nguo-i
XIJ n€n rlon
hoc KT
vj rn6
hi€u da,.
- MLrc ti€Lr hoc
thuy6t
ctia ong
li ch6ng
th6t nghi6p.
giii quy6t
cdng
dn vi€c
ldm. Coi
trong
sir.c cdu trong
ndn K
l. lin
phLrrrng phap
rghi€n
cuu
cua 6ng goi
ld
plirL<rng
phi4p
trong
ciu.
-
Cho
rirrg chirrh
t6rn Ii
chir
quan
cua
din cu ld
<ldn b6y
t6c tlong
m4nh d6n ndn
KT vi
rn6. Vi
v6y, di
sau lghien
ciru ranr
li tiiLr dirng.
tirn li
ti6t ki€rn,
tArI li L|a
chu6ng
ti€n mdt.
-
Vdrr
dLrng li luan gio-i
han, chc
phLLong
phrip
todn hoc,
do thi d6
phrin
tich cdc
hi6n tuo-ng
K l.
Dua ra I rnd
hinh
K'l-
vi
nio
gOrn
3 nh6rl
rJai lLLqng.
+Nh6m
dai lLLo-ng
xu6t
ph6t:
ld nhom
dqi luo. ng
kh6ng
thay d6i hoac thay
d6i chim
(ngudn
v6n,
ki thuir).
+Nh6m
dai luqng
khi bi6n
d6c lAp: ld nh6nr
khuynh
hu6ng
tdrn li chri
quan
nhLl
khuynh
huo-ng ti€u
dirng, ti€t
ki6ni, su
ua
chudng ti€n
mdt, mang
tinh
XH, ld co
so crla KT
vi rn6.
'tNhtirn
dai luong
khd
bi6n
phtr
thLi6c: ld nh6rn phAn
6nh thuc
trang n6n KT vi
m6,
bao
g6n
nhting y6u
to
nhrr san luo-ng,
thu nhqp.
vi6c lam ,
do
dai luo-ng
khi bi€n d6c
lAp chi ph6i.
-Gi0a
dai lucrng
khA bi€n
tl6c lAp
&
phlr
thu6c
c6 m5i quan
h6 voi nhau.
Sin ltro-ng
Q,
thLr
nhAp
R, ri6u dirng
C.
ddu ru I.
tiet kienr
S.
Q
'CiL
It
(l
rS.
Q
I{ > I'S.
I&SlA2clai
luo. ng KT vl
rno hdt sri
c r;uan trong.
N ha nLL6c phrii
khuy6n
khich tArrg
diLr tLr. giarrr
ri€r kiinr.
- Idlrr li
clrtr
qtrarr
tr\rttg plrirt
ticlt K | : girr gitiug
tluong
plrii
lin co
diirr. nhrrng
su durrg
phuung
phap
r
i nro. I
an c'
di€n di siLr khai
th6c tAnr
Iicrl
bi€t, cd nhAn.
Keyness
chu
!
d6n
t6rn Ii XH,
s6 dong, con
gqi
ld cdc
qui
luit r6m
li. V dd
cira 6ng ld
rrudn nhd
nu6c t6c
il6ng vdo c6c qui
luAt
tdm li dii
giii
quytit
nhfng vAn
dd K-f.
*So
s6nh
't'An
c6 di6n
v6i trudng ph6i
Keyness.
-Gi6ng: ddu
c6 tu tu6ng gi6i
han,
tli theo nguydn
li
gi6i
han.
d€u c6
yiiu
t6
€rn li chir
quan
trong phan
rich. deLr
sri dung
c6ng crr
toan hoc trong ph0n
tich, tliu r-6t quan
tArn
d6n
v6n d€ trao d6i,
ti€u dirng
& nhu ciu.
-Kh6c: lAn co
di6n -
dd cacr vai
trd cria tu
clo K'l
cua cry ch6 thi
lru.dng,
phdn
cl6i can thi€p
cira nhd
nu6c.
Keyness
lai
rrgtro-c
l4i Vd phLlong
phdp lLrAn,
-l-an
co tfien
-
dirng phuong
phdp
vi rn6,
ndn
y6u
t5 tdm li
chri
yiSu
khai
thric
y6u
td trinr li
ci
nh6n. Cdn
Keyness -
dirng
phtrong
ph6p
vi rn6, n6n ytSu
t6
tdm
li
cira Keyness quan
tim
d€n nhirng
khuynh
hu6ng
t6m
li XH, tarn
li s6 d6ng,
c6 the khei
quit
thdnlr
qui
luet
tem
li.Y d6 cua
ong ld rnu6n
rrhd nu6c
t6c ildng vdo
c6c
qui
luir t6rn
li dd
gini
quy6t
nhirng
v6n
dd KT
+t,i
thuyiit
chung
vi: vi6c ldrn
cria Keyness.
.
'-DAy
Id li
thu;,6t
qtin
trorg,
chi6m vi tri ruug
tem
ffong li thuy6t cua Keyness.
Vi€c ldm tlong li
thuyiit cua dng c6
J
pham
vi rdng.
Khdng
chi dirng tfd xric tlinh trinh
trang sir
dung,
qui
m6 thdt nghiQp nrd cdn bao
gdrn
ci tinh lrang cira
SX &
qui
n6 thu nhAp. Vi€c ldrn
thuQc nh6m nhirng tlai
luong
khd
bi€n
phu
thu6c.
-l.i
llru)et
r
iic ldnr: Xudt
phrit
tir th(Ic te: vi6c linr
tdng. thu nhip tdng. din t6i tlng tierr
dirng & tdng riir kiern. TAng
licu
dirrg chin lrtrn so v<ii
tdng thu nlr{p, ti€u dirng
giirn
tLrong tldi. ciLr co hieu
qud
gidm- qui
m6 SX cr)ng
giini-
girim
vi6c
larn.
gianr
thrr rrlrdp.
Mtr6n klrdc
phLrc phai
co
srr can thiep cia nha nLr6c
thong
qua
r
iec drri tri cdrr
clirr
rrr.
-MtLc
d6 cAn b6ng r"i€c ldnr sF phu
thugu
r,ao
khOi
luo-ng diu tLr hi€n tai. Kh6i luo-ng
diLr tu hi€n tai
sd
phu
thu6c vi.o
srr
ki;lr thrcir cliLr trr. Ma su kich
thich diLr ru sd
phrr
tlruoc rao hidu
qua
gioi
halr
ctia lR & Lii sLlit.
a
)
Khu)
nlr lrrri'rrrg tierr
dirng & tiet kienr.
Khuynh liuorg ti6u dirng phan
inh mdi nrtrng
quarr
giiia
thu nhdp vdi s6 ddnh cho
ti€u dung duo-c rirt la tir thu rrhdp
do.
Nir
phiin
rinh nrcii
trlcng
quan giira
thu nh4p & tieu
dilng. Phtr thLr0c
vdo
cdc nhan to: NlrLr cau.
thLr nhip lra clAn cLr'.
Nhirng
nh6n t6 kh6ch
qLran
c6 Anh huong
t6i thu nhip,
qLridjnh
thu
nh6p thuc td cua cd nhan
(su
thay d6i
vd
chinh
stch
thue.
tha) d6i vd lei suit. gia
ea ;. Nhring nhdn to chir
quan
c6.ir1h huo-ng t6i ti€u dirng. NhIng nhAn
tii
qui
dinh hdnh r i
rret
kienr.
-Klrur
tth lrttr.rtt:l
ttct
kiinr: pltart
ittlt rnoi tuong qrrarr
giria
tlru nlrap & tidt kienr.
(
hia li
I loai: tiet kienr err nlriirr
& tirt
ki6m cua c6c DN,
t6 chiLc nh?r nu6c & doan th6. Ti6t
ki€m cd nhdn do 8 nhin ro
qLri
dinh: than trgng,
nhin xa. tiuh toAn.
thatn vong, tu lip, kinh doanh,
ki€u hdnh, hi ti6n. Ti6t
ki6m cira DN, t6 chfrc nhd nu6c, dodr] th6 do nhring
nhan to lien
quan
d6n
vi6c
KD, hoac xuet
phrt
tir nguyen
tic tai chinh Ia
phii
c6 luqng tidn rn6t
clLr trri nhit tlinh.
-Keyness
cho ring o- rhirng ngu<ri
c6 thu nh6p th6p,
thu lhAp bao
nhieu,
ti6u dung biy nhi€Lr. Khi chuy€n
sang rnfic thrr
nhip cao. cotr nguoi
sC ddnh
ra
I
phin
cho titit kiern,
gia
tang tiCu dirng s€ chirn hon so v6i
gia
tdng thu nhAp.
-l
rong khi
gia
ting ti6u dirng ngal'cing chqrn
thi
g;a
ting ti6t ki€nr
sE ngil c2rng nhanh. Ong dua ra nhimg khdi rri6n
sau.
.Khirl
nh lrrrrrr.:
tir-rr tltrrrg
giiri
lrur
ll
klruy nh huorrg
ca nlrarr co xu huorrg rrruon
plriirr
chia
phdn
thrr
lrhcp tang thinl clro
Li€u dirng thco ti le
giarn
din.
-Khu1'rrh hLrirng ti6r kiem
gi6i
han l?r khuynlr
hLLcrng c6 nh6n mu6n
phin
chia
phAn
thu nhap ting th€rl eho
ti0t kiern therr
ti le tdng dan.
-Nhu vAy, cirng v6i
su
gia
ting cira tlru nhip, ti6u ding
gio-i
h4n s€ ngdy cdng
giirn,
ti6t kiCm
gi6i
han
$ ngi) cang tang.
b)
Lii
sLrit & hi6u
qLri gi6i
han cira tu
bin.
-Phan
biel
nhd
trr
ban & doanh nhin. Nhn 1'B le
ngutri c6 tu bau tiin te & tlem clro
vay
tl€ tluo. c htLcrng
thu
nhap
cin cir
vao
ldi su6t. Doanh nhdn
ld I nhd cliu tu, ddm chip nhfn riri ro rnao hidm
ndn duoc huo-ng thu nhap cAr cir vdo hi€u
quh
g ioi lran r'u:r
trt barr.
-1,6i su6t chinh li khodn ti€u thrrong cho
hdnh vi dim chAp nhin chia li v6i
tei san du6i hinh rhdi tid,n td cua nguoi
co
tiii:n. Lai
sLrAt s€ tlo ludng slr tU nguyen cira nguoi
c6 titin
khong su
dung tidn
mdt
cira hg. ThLLc t6, ngucri c6 ti€n
chi b6
tidn la cho va; khi c6 ldi
suAt cao, con klri ldi su6t thip
thi
khul nh hu6ng r.r'a ehLrong
ti6r mdl se thang. Khuvnlr
huorrg Lra
choQng tien m61 bi chi
ph6i
bdi 3
y;5u
t6: dQng co
giao
dich, du
phdng,
itAu co. M=L(r) Kh6i luqng ti6n t€ M. I-larn
s6 ua
chu6ng ti6n mit L, l6i suAt r. NLu vdy. kh6i
luo-ng ti€n t€ la him sil cira ldi
su6t.
-l
li€u
quri
gitii
han cira
tu bdn:
Phan loi
trien
veng
=
Doanh thu BH
-
Chi
phi
SX. Nhu
v{y,
FIiQu
quA
gi6i
han
'fB
(%) -
Phin loi tri6n vong /
Chi
phi
SX
*
100%.
-[iirng voi
srr
tAns len
c[ra v6n d6u nr. thi hiOu quii gidi
han cLra-fB sE ng]ry cdng
gidnr.
Boi 2 li do:
Khi
v6n
d6.u tu tang
l€n. luo-ng cLrng vd I IH
sC tang len.
gie
ca HH
giim
tli,
phAn
ldi tri6n vong
giin,
hi€u
qud
gi6i
hqrn TB
giim.
Khi v6n
ddLr
trr tAng l6n cring lim tang chi phi, phdn
ldi tririn
vong gidm,
hi6u
qu6 gi6i
han cua
-fB
gidm.
-Doanh
nhdrr di
vay
tu brirr dd diu tu. Cioi han diu
tu TB = llieu
qud gioi
hqn cua TB
-
Lrii suit. Khi hierr
so
do
la dutrrrg
(tirc
li hi6u
quri gi6i
han cria TB
>
lai suitl, c6 t6c dung khuy6n khich doanh nhdn
vay
l-b
tle diu ttr.'Iheo Keyness, lii
su6r ld c6ng cu tti6u ti6t vi
m6
quan
trerlg. Nhd nLroc
c6 the di6u ti6t mfic ldi suAt chir dQng thich hop vdi tirng
giai
doan
SX. l(D. Khi khung
hoAng, cit
gi6m
hi suAt d6 tang
diu tu. Khi
phdn
th!nh, KT ting trudng. tt€
giim
bot tinh trang
qua
i
.,- l
'.i
;
()ng
cua nen K l. Iar tang lar suat.
c) DAu tu
& m6 hinh s5 nhAn.
-56
nh6n ld
hO s6 khu6ch dai thu thu nhdp.
K
=
dR/dl. Phin 6nh rn6i I
su
gia
tdng cfra diu ttL s€ khLr6ch dai
thu nhip l6n
bao nhi6u ldn.
-
'l
dng d6Lr tu. tdug cdu
b6 sung c6ng nhan, tdng
qui
luong, Ung ti6u ding, t6ng
gi5
cd, tang viec ldrn,
ting thu nhAp,
t6ng
oau tu.
*Vi
sao 116i vdu tld vi€c
linr, th6t nghiQp chi6rn vitri
trung tem toan bQ lithuy6t KT cua Keyness.
-
l heo
Ke,v-nels,
nguyen
lhdn
dAn
d6n
that
nghi€p
ld
do su
gidm
sit c[ra
ciu
c6 hi€u qLr6,
thLr
hep qui
n6
SX.
giam
viec
lzirr
& ddrr
ct€n
thAt
nghi€p.
-Nhimg
gidi
phrip
clua
ra
le tap
lrung
vdo
kich
cAu:
kich
ciLr
cfAu
tLr
& kich
cliu
ti€u
dirng.
Kich
ciu
sE 1116
rgl1g qui
m6
SX-
tiing
r i6c
lzirn.
ch6ng
thit nghi6p.
-'(liluorrg
rlrrrlt
K
I cua
Kelness.
(Li
thu_rit
ve
sq
can
thi€p cria
nha
nLroc
vao
K l.)
- Drroc
l'ilt
la iir
li rhu)
Ot
chuns
r'6 vi6c
lam,
bao
g6nr
4
n6i
dung
co ban
sau:
-
Nhd
ntroc ph/ri
c6
chuong
trinh K-f
dlu
tu trdr) qui
nro lorr
& rh6ng qua
d6 rnd
thLLc
hi€n
sLl
oan
thiQp \,
iio chc que
trinh
K1-
ong
cho ring.
d€ drirr
bio
str cdn
bing
cLia
n€n
KT
thi khong
ttr6
aua vAo
co-
ch€ ttri
tn-rt-rrg
tu
phet
md phii
bdng
s'
can thi€p
ctra
nhii nLr6c
Th6ng qua
nh0ng
h6
hocua
nha nucrc
nhu li
nhong
bi€n phdp
de
duyiri
cau
dau
trf. thdng
qra
nhile
hd tro-
tin
cltrng-
h6 tro-
tiL ngin
s6ch
nha
nu6c,
th6ng qua
he th6ng
c{ic
don
d4r hang
"rn
nha ,,o0",
h€ th6ng-t6Lr
nrLta
ctra
nhii nL|cic
N'ltrc
dich dd
tao la
sLr
6n dinh
vd
rn6i trunng
KD,
drr dinh
thi
trLrong.
R6i
trL
d6 on
clinh v€
lo-i-rrhunn
cho c6c
C'Iy,.
-
Sir
dLrng he
th6ng
tdi chinlr
tin
dung
& luu
th6ug
tidn
tc. O trong
li thuy6t
cLra
Kel
ness,
chirng
e0ng
ld nh0.ng
cdng
cu
qtratr
lrullg. \4tle
dich
dd kich
thiclr long
tin.
tinh lac qr.raI
& tich
ctrc dau
rrr cLia
cdc
doanh
nh,-n. Di
dnr
du.,rJ,n,, di.l,
ndy- 6ng
chu truong
tang
them
kh5i luone
ti6n tlLra
vdo
lLLu thdng.
tang
giri
cri hdng
h6a (n6u
c6c
ydu
ro rlau iao
chLra
klp
dtu
chinh girl).
s€ lArn
ting
phin
loi
tri6n
-vqng,
tdng
hi€u
qui
gioi
han cia TB.
tdng gi6i
han clALr
ttr
'l-8.
Khi khoi
luo-ng
tien clua
vao luu
th6ng
tdng I6n,
cirng
sE din Loi
Iam phdt.
tuy ntrien,
l4m
phet
kh6ng
phrii
lirc
nao cdng
co
hai. nha
nunc
r'o
thi
clru a
ltrg
ta,r
ra larrr phAt.
ldLr kierrr
sodt
duo-c
larn
phat
s€ ldm
gidm
ldi ,u,it.
,ing giui
hal
daLr
Lrr I 13.
'
Dc trarrg
trai rthung
khoan
chi
ti6u cua nha
lrtLcrc,
b
dip nhong
khoan
tham hul
cua ngdn
s6ch
nhd nucrc
& ntri r6ng
clAu
tLr cua rh:i
uLxic.
Keyness
chLl trLro.ug
iu tlr6nr
titin
gi6y.
I
D6 thLLc
hi6n su
di6Lr tiet
K1 Key'ncss
chd truong
terg thu6
d6i v6i ngudi
lao
<16ng. d6
lAm
gianr
di
phin
tiCr ki€nr
cua
dAn
cu. lhttc
chdt nhd
nLroc
di
giirp
ho
chuy6n
khorin
ti6t ki6m sang
dAu tu. Nhung
vin
Ae ta pfra;
lam gidm
str phdn
ilrre
cira
dAn chirng,6ng
chit trLong
tdng vi€c
liinr.
-
D0 rrang
cao t6ng
cAu
& vi6c llnr,
Keyness
chir
truong
mo rQng nhidu
hinh tlr(L diu
tu.
'l
heo
6n,e, dau
Lrr
vao
linh
vuc
Irdo
cring ta)t.
midn tao
ra vi6c
lam & tang
thu nhrip.
K6 ca nhirng
hoat tt6ng
tliu tu cho
SX vfr
khi chal
dua vri trang.
qudn
sq hoa ndn
Kl d6
tdng thu nhap.
Vi vriy,6ng
bi nhi€Lr
ph€ phrin.
- Kevness
chir truong
khuy6n
khich
ti€u dirng cd
nhAn dOi voi
moi treng l6p,
kC cA ngudi
lao tl6rg,
doanh nhdn vi
nhi
TB. Nhung nhinrg
bi6n phrip
d6
cia 6ng kli6ng
clat tluoc
mgc dich vi tdng
thui!, chinh
s6ch'u6p
lan tidn luo.ng'.
reng
giri
t
Nhrlng
harr chd c
a Keyncss:
Han ch6 Ion nhdt
ld xem
nhq, bo
qua
vai
trd cira co
ch6 thi
truong. cLia tu
do K l.
eLra
sa1,
sua vtii vai tro
didu chinh
can thi6p
cua nhd nu6c.
flOi
ph6ng
vai trd cua
nhd nu6c.
+Chri
nghla tu
do KT.
-
(
N
trr do Kt ll ciu
lr rhtrlit
K I lruc ltr
sar) coi nen
K'l I B('N
rrhu lir I hd
lholg hoar
dorrg tLr dorrg.
Jo cac clui ltrat
khiirch
quan
tu'phit
dieLr ti6t.'1'u
tuong co bin
cira n6 la
trr do KI). tu do
tharn
gia vdo
thi
truo.ng.
-'frlne
lich sLi. CN
trr do K'l gi0
r,ai tro thons
tri trong
I khodng thoi gian
ddi: cudi
tk l7
d6n ddu nh&ng ndrr
i0
tli 10.
Satr dai khtrng
hoang
K'l' 1929-1933,
CN tu
do KT m6t
di tlia vith6ng
tri & thay vdo d6
ld sp th6ng
rr.i cua li rhu\er
Keyness.
Li thuy6t
Keyncss th6ng
tri hong nhimg
ndm 40
d6n 60 tk 20.
Sang dt5n diLr nhing
nim
70. nhirrg
han ch6
cira
nri ngiy
cdng b6 lo
I c6hc r0
rAng. Ma I
trong nhiing
han ch6
d6 ld Keyness
da
quA
say sua voi
vai trir cia
nhii n Lrtrc rna
bo
qua
vai
trd c a tlr
do KI-, cua
co ch6 thi trtrong.
Vi vdy.
nhirng muc
ti€u trong chinh
sAch K l'cira
Keyness
dd khdng
thuc hi6n
duuc.
'l
ir do xuit hi€n
khuynh hu6ng phrlLi
kh6i
phuc
lai CN tu do
K'I tr6n co-
scr ld oo k€ rlrirx
nlranrg aong gop
cua lithuy6t
Keyness-
Vi vdy,
CN tu do
KT b6y
gio
mang mdu sic moi.
r(lN
tu do
c[:
('frong
n6ng,
CO tliiin ann
(Smith),
T6n
c6 tfien)
phan
d6i nhi nLr6c.
.l-Lithuy6t
Keyness:
d6 cao
vai trd cia nhi
nu6c.
r-ON
tu do rnoi:
ch6p nh{n
sr,r can
thi€p cria nhi
nu6c
6
I mr?c
tl6 nh6t tlinh.
-
CN tu
do nr6i ld I
tlong nhirng
trdo Iuu
tu tu6ng
hi€n
dai tlugc hinh thinh
tfCn co sd
tong ho-p t6t
ci cric
quan
rli€rn
cting nhu
phLrorg
ph6p
lu6n
cia truong
phei
trong thuong,
tu do
c[,
Keyness.
Hinh
thdnh n6n
I h6 tLr.tutrng
nr6i
nhinr
didu
li6t str
rin
tling
cira nAn
KT TBCN.
Md tu ludng
co bin cr'ra n6 ld tLr
do KD, tu do
tl'ram gia vdo
thi tnrirng
& c6 sLr
can thidp
cria nhz\ nLr(rc
ci I nrilc
d0 nhir dinh. Khiu
hi€u chung
dua ra ld'thi
truong nhi€u
hon
& nha nuo.c ri rrlrc
de it
h trn".
+Phdn
bict
CN rLr clo c0
vdi CN tu
do moi.
-G idng:
'l
Lr do l('l
d€u dd
cao tu tuotlg tu
do KD, tu
do tham
gia
vdo
thi truo-ng.
Ndn KT vin
tl6ng lrodn
toan chiu
sLr. ch
i
ph6i
ctia
cdc qui
luit
kh6ch quan.
c[ta co
ch€
thi
truorg.
vi
th6
ndn KT
lLrdn
o tr4ng
rhrii
crin
bing
dong.
-Kh6c:
'l'u
do cir
ltnrr
c6
<1i6n'
KTC] l's
co
clieu) -
phdn
doi
stL can
thi6p
cira nhd
nuoc
vao
KT. Ttr
clo
moi
,
c6 di€'r
khric
bi6t ld
chip
nhin
su can
thi€p
cLia
nhd
nudc
vdo
ndn
K'I'6 I
mfic d6
nhit
dinh.
X6t
trong
nloi
quu,,
he giDa
Xfl
&
nhi rrudc
thilhi
tnr(ing
lhi€u
lro.n.
nlrd rrr.roc
tr rn irc
tl6
it hon.
*CN
tLL
do nr6io-
CHLB
DiLc.
l.Quan
ni€m
v€
ndn
Kl' rhi
truong
XH.
- Nan
KT
thitruong
xH
sd vtra
c6
di6m chung
lar vira
c6 di6rr khdc
bi€r so v6i
c6c ntn
KT
thi rrucrng
di tirlg
t6n
tai. N6
khongphai
la
stl kdt
l:op
co hoc
giita
l
iLr to
thi trrrongcuacNIBroi
ydLr
rri Xll
cLla
cNXH.
Ma li rrerr
rt
riri tnrnLrg
drro-c
th6 hi6n
o
l
che
c16 c6 Druc
ti6u.
tlong
d6 c6
sLr
k6t ho-p
gitia
2 nguydn
rac:
tu
clo & c6ng
bing
xlt
rrcn rhi
1ruo.n,e.
NgLry€n
tdc
tLr do ld
tl6
nhdrn
ph6t
huy
nhfing
dQng
luc,
nhiing drinh
ki6n
cira cri
nhAn. Nguy€n
t6c
cone bing
Xll ]d
da
klrar plrue
ltlrrirrt
tnal trc
cU.c crra
neD KT
thi
tr.uorrg.
- Nhring
tierr
chttart
ctia n6r
KT rhi
truong
ru
do
XH: Dzim
bdo
quyi:n
tqr do ca
nhdn. Dam
bao su
colg b6rrg
XH.
Co
chinh
s6ch
tang tt'uong
Kt ttti tao
ra khu6n
kh6
ph6p
li& k6t c6u
ha tAng
cin
thi6t cho
KT rhi
truo.ng.
co nhtmg
chilh
srich
KT ch6ng
chtr ki.
C6 chinh
s6ch
co c6Lr
thich
lro-p.
Erinr
briLo tinh tuong
hgp cira
thi
truong ddi
v6i tdt
ca hinh
vi cua
ch inh
s6ch
K]'c]A
n6u.
2.( dc
r
irr
to crra ndrr
K f
thi rrrrorrg.
-Cattlt
ttutrll:
Ia
-verr
to giri
r
i tli
lrtrtrg liinr
II()rrg rerr
Kl tlri
rrrrorrg XH.
D6 tlrn
tri carrir
tranh co
lricLr
qrra.
crn
lo1 lrolg
qLr-vdn
tLr chLi.
tLl clo
kinh doarrlr.
Czic chilc
ni.rg
cria
canh tranlr trong
nen KT
thi trrro-ng
Xtl:
Su dLrng cAc
ngLrdn
tdi
rrgLrl0n I
cdch toi
urr. Khuy0n
khich
ti6n b0
ki thuet.
Phan
ph6i
thLr nhrip.
thoa man
nhu ciu
NTt). Dzirrr
bz'rg rirrh Iin6
hoat
cua sLl
didu clrinlr,
ki6m
sodt s[rc manh
K1'&
sirc nianh
chinh tri. Drim
bio
quydn
ni
do lua
chor & hanh
d6ng cLra
rn6i
c6 nhin.
Nhinrg nguy
co
de do4 c4nh
tranh:
tir
phia
c6c DN
gdy
ra, cfing
c6 khi ttl nhd
nu6.c.
Chinh vi
th6
phai
b6o v6
catth
ttanh.
s[r dtlng
2 bierr
phdp:
mang tinh
hanh
chinh &
hirrh su. Co
quarr
dd thLrc
lrien
nhiern vLr
ndl chin6
la Ur
brrr
ch6ng
Caltcn
toan li€n
baug.
-Xi hdi:
Canh tlarlh
chua c6
chfc ndng
dAm brio c6ng
bing XH.
Ma
y6u
t6
XH co I chtLc
ndng:
N6ng cao
thu uhAp
chg
tirlg.lcrp
drin.cLL nghdo.
Il5
tro cho c6c
thinh vidn
cira
XH c6 th6 vuo.t
qua
duo-c
nhlLng kh6
khan li r r vii
ca nhiLlg
rui
ro v6 tinh
th6n trodg
ctr6c
s6ng. NhOng
c6ng cu
<lC thuc
hi6n:
'l-6ng
hudng
KT
(ndn
KT
co tdng rruong
mo-i
c6 nhing
phuong
ti6n vAt
ch6t
d6 thllc hi€n
cdc chfrc r.tdng
cha y6u
tO XH;. Phdn ph6i
thu
nh{p c6ng
bing,
th6ng
qua
cdc
qui
phirc
lo-i.
qLri
bdo tro-,
qui
bAo
hi6m. Cric chich
sach
XH kh6c.
-Vai
trd
cira chinh
phu.
N€n KT
thi truong
XH v5n iit
cAn diln I
chinh
phr)
manh,
nhung
chi n6n can
thi6p o I
muc c10
nhit dirrh
& trong rrlritng
truortg
hop cAn thi6t.
Vai
trd cua chinh
phir
duo.c xAy dung
nhim
phdr
hu1 sarrg kien
cua ca
nherr
& duy tri canh
tratrh c6
hi€u
quA.
Chinh
phrh
s€
chi can thiQp o nhfing
noi. nhtrng lic
canh tranh
to ra kh6ng
c6 hi€Lr
cltrii.
(luarr
di6nt
c[ra ho li thi
trLrdng o rrroi lirc.
moi
nr:i. Cdn chinh
phir
d nhlnrg
nt-r-i, nh0rg lirc
cin tlrieL.
r-Nguv6n
Lic h6
tro-: Chinh phir giLi
vai
tro h5 tro-
nhirn
duy tri oanh tranh co hi6u qui.
dn
dinh ridn t6. T6n
trong
& bzio
vi
scr hrru rrr rrltrrr.
f)iinr bao
arr r:inlr & colg
bAng XH.
rNguy€n
tac ttfong
hop
v6i
thi
truong thd hi6n
thong qua viic
ban hdnh
ciic chinh
sdch: Chinh
sdch srr dung nhirr
c6ng.
Chinh srlLch
ting truong
(th6
hien th6ng
qua
c6c khoiin
h5 trn ctia nhd
nuoc dtii voi
cec nginh, virng
c6
1i
nghia
quan
trorrg
doi
voi
ph6r
rri€n KTt.
Chinh sdch
chu ki
1d€
girim
bor
bi6n do dao tlong rrong
KDt. Chinh
s6ch rhtro.ng rnai
lnhdrn
tlat
toi su c6n
bang trong c6n
can thanh roen).
Chinh
s6ch d6i v6i cic ngdnh,
c6c virng
KT.
*l
rtrong
ph6i
trong ti€n.
M.Friedman.
Li thuy6r v€
chu
ki ti6n t€ & thu nh6p
qu6c
dAn.
- Mric
cung lidn
t€ la nhAn
t6 c6 dnh huong
truc ti6p
d6n c6c bi€n
s6 cia KT vi m6
nhu
gi6
ci,
sdn lugng. vi€c
lanr. Ong
xu6t
ph6t
til
cdng thric
MS*V
:
P*Q crla Fisher.
MS ld milc
cung ti6n t€, V ld
t6c d6 chu chuyiln
cua
ti6n te,
p+e
la sdn
luong qu6c gia.
,
I
,i , . , .
- l-
rredman cho rdng
muc
cung tien te khong
6n dinh vi
no
phu
thu6c viio
cdc
quy€t
dinh chu
quan
cua cdc
co
quan
tien
t€. Vd
h€ th6ng dtr
trir li€n
bang Mi
(FED).
M(Lc cung
tidn tC c6 t6c
d6ng d6n sdn luong
thudng
xay ra o,2 trunng
ho-p:
+'Sin
luo.
ng thgc tti
chua dat d6n
sdn lugng tidm
ning: teng mr?c
cung tiAn t€ s€ lim
siin luong
tdng nhan, gi6
ci ring
chArn.
khons cti
nguy co
din d6n larn phit.
I
San
lLro-ng thlrc
tii da vuo't rn
ilc sdn lu<rng
tiAm ndng:
vi€c tang muc
cung tidr td sc it
co tdc dong
d6l tdng
sdn lrLong.
ma
gi6
cA lai tdng nhanh,
co nguy
co
larn phiit.
- M rirc ciu ve
ti€n td theo Friedman
co tinh on dlnh
cao. Vi ciLr
ti€n t€ c6 li6n
quan
chit ch€
ddn su vdn tl6ng
c0a cAc
khodn
chi li6u rrd
tru6c ti€n lA
thu nh!p, md
thu nhap
tuong d6i 6n dinh.MD
la cAu danh
nghia v€
riin tc.
yn
li
rhu nhap
qu6c
ddn danh nghia.
MD: f(yn)
ld hdm
s6 cira thu
nh6p
qu6c
d6n
danh nghia.
- lVloi sLr nr6L
idn tltii
giiLa
miLc
cLrng vd ti6n t6
& muc
cdu vd ti€n t6 chfnh
li nguydn nhdu
din diin khung
hoang hoic
lam
phr{l.
MS
>
MD thi lam phAt.
MS
<
MD thi khring
hoing.
Tir d6 6ng tlLra
ra tt€ nghi thuc
ti6n
vd
chu ki
ridn te & thu
nhrip
qu6c
dAn.
Theo d€ nghi
ndy thi mrirc
cung v6 tidn
tC n6n
duoc chti dQng diAu ti6t
thich ung v6i
timg
giai
doan,
chu ki
KD.
Ci
th6: thcvi ki khring
ho6ng n€n
tdng mirc cung vd
tiSn
t6, thdi ki
ph6n
thinh n6n
giAm
mfc cung v6 tiAr:
td. Song
du rdng
hay
giim
thi
tniLc cung v6
ti6n
t€ cirng chi n6n
duoc ttidu chinh
trong lti ld nhdt
dinh l-5% trong
i n6m. Didu
chilh
qu6.
rnanh
sE
gAy
ra nhidu
cir s6c dAn toi
khring hoing
tdi
chinh ti6n t6.
-
Friedman
ciine rAt
quan
tdrn
d6n
v6n
dA 6n dinh
gi6
ci & ch6ng l4m
phdt.
Theo
6ng, lam
ph6t
ld vdn c[e nun girii
cria n6n
K I thi trtrorrg.
(
Ll lhi. rrong
n6n K I luon
tiern drr ngul
co din ddn larn phdt.
X,15
=
1P*Q)
r
V. Mi V:
on dinh,
e:
kho
thar
ddi nen \'1S tic
dting vio P. Do rlirc
crrnq
ti0n t6 v6n kh6ng
6n clinh. n€n
P kh6ng
6n cliuh. nguv
co lalr
ph6t
cao. Vi
vAl l tlorrg
nhring n6i
clung clidu tiet
K I cua rthd
nuoc
phai
dLra
ra ld ch6ng lam phat
(didu
nay.khdc vii.i
Keluess).
-
t-i thu16t
ti6n t€ cira Frieclnran
vin th€ hi€n
ddc tlurg
vd
phLLo-ng phrip
lLrin cira CN
tLr do rniii.
t3oi ong cho
rdng len K I-
TB( N luon
o trurrg trarrg
tltdi cdr bdne
d6ng. Su can
thidp cua nha nucvc
chi n6n o rnrrc
do toi thierr.
Vr
theo urrg.
barr
chat cna
nltd ntroc la doc
doAn & nharn hidm.
chr ndn
can thiep o I mLic
do rrhit dinh.
Moi su can
tlriep rhdi
qLra
se
klrorr3
co loi
cho ndn K'I .
xSo
sdnh trong
ti0n
v6i
trong cAu
cria Keyness:
(Khiic
nhau co.b:in)
-Dic di€nr phuong phrip
lLrdn.
Friedutan
- tLl do mo.i,
Keyness - tld cao vai
tro cLra nhir nuue.
-Friedman
cho ring
mric cung
cia tidn t€ la nhin
t6 truc titip
inh hu6ng t6i c6c bidn
s6 cira Kl- vi
mo. Keyness cho
rdng
chirrh
sdch tai chinh drrh
hLrong ddn Kl vi
rrro.
-l-r'iedrnan:
mitc cdtt
cua riin te ld
nhdn to ngoai sinh
cLra ndn K l.
vi
no
bien thien theo rirrr nlrAp.
Ker ress: rrrrc
cau cua
tidn t€ la nhrin
t6 n6i sinh cria
ndn KT. vi n6
bi6n thi6n
theo
I6i
su6t.
-Nguydn
nhAn
khirng hoing.
Friedman: niLc cung
cria fi6n t6 kh6ng
ttrip ring clir rnftc cAu
cLra tidn t€. din
clen khung
IroAng.
Keyness: nguy€tr
nhdn trtrc tidp li
do srr
gidrn
sut cua criLr c6 hi€u
qui.
S6u xa ld thi€Lr
su can thi€p
cria nhd nu6.c.
-l:riedtrtatt: larrr phdt
la
rdn
d€ ttan
gidi
ctia n€rr
KT thi
trLrong. Kelless: rlr6t nglri6p
Inoi la van
dd
rran gidi
ctia lrerr K I
thi l[rdng.
*l-i
thuy6t trong cung
c[ra A.l-affcr'.
(d6i
lap voi
lithuyilt
trong cAu cua Keyness)
-
Li
thuydt trorrg. eitng xudt
hidn klroang dau nhung
nam 80 o Mi. Sau
I thoi
gian
dai. tal ca cac
li tlruler K1 chr
rap rrurre
vao giai qr116t
linh vlrc
lrnr thorts
& trlortg
quan
currg
cau. Linh vuc
SX duo
g
nhu bi ldng
qtr€n.
CLr6i 1151ing
ni111 197{r.
t6c tl6 tdng
trLr'6ng KT 6- Mlc6
xu hu6ng chAm lai.
Mii nguy6n nh6n ld
do
nhiLng
d6ng lLrc K-|
,
nhiLrrg tlong luc
SX bi
y6u
di.
Li
thtryit trong ct,ng
xuir hidn
voi
rnong mu<jn
ld tim ki6m I con duong.
I
gidi phep
de rhric dri.v rdrrg rrrrone
K I
& tnng NSLD.
*N6i
dung li thuyet
trqng cung:.
' lrtrong
phditrong
cung
ph6
phdn quan
di6m cua
Keyness trong di nghi vd
chinh sdch thue
& chinh sach didu khien
cAu. Theo ho,
khdng
phni
v6n
dA 6 ch6 tli6u chinh
c6u md
phAi
tim ra
du-o. c cric
yt5u
t6 kich
thich KT. Bdi nhfng
yilu
t6
kich thich KT ndy
sC lim tdng chi
phi,
rrrd
chi
phi quy€t
dinh
cung,
ting chi
phi
sE lim tdng
cung. Cung
m6i s€ tao ra ciu
nlo. r.
-
Ilo c0ng
ph€ phan quan
tli€m cita
Keyness khicoi
trong tii.it ki€m nhu ld nguy€n nh6n
ldnt
gidm
cau, clan toi linr thu
hep
qui
rn6 SX,
giarn
vi€c
ldm.
gidm
thu nh6p.
Theo ho, nhlrng khoin
tiet ki6nr cua ng?ry
hour nay lai chinh la
thLr nhAp
lrorrg
ltlolg lai. cho n€rr rir
cln
phai
khLry6n khich
ti6t kiem. khLry6n
khich
lao
dorrg. khuy6rr khich
diu rtr. Keyncss
chrr
lrrro ng
littg thuc. tuc la larn
gidtn di
phirr
tidt kiem
cua ddrr cu. Di6u ndy sd larn cho
thrr nhap rrorrg trrorrg
lai sd
giam.
kh6ng c6 cl6ng luc KT. Vi
vdy,
ph6i
trong cung
dua ra
dd
nghi ld
giim
thu6, md c6ng cu
d6
phAn
tich la tto
rhi ifuong
cong [,aff'er.
I
Khi thue
suit bang 00,0. khorrts
co thu nhdp tir thu6.
Khi thu6 suir tang
len. rhu nhdp tir Lhu6
sc rang. NhLrng
ddn I elrilrrg
mqc nhAt
dinh
ndo
d6 thi
t6c d6 ting c[ra thu nhdp
bi chinr lai, khong
tuong xilng
voi
rdc tl6
tdng cLia thuti sLr6t.
tKhi
vLr'or
qLra
gi<ri
h4n thu6 s.r6t
1Vd:
50%) thi t6c
d6 ting
cira
thu nhip
gi6n
ddn. Nguy€n
nhdn ld do
cdc tl6ng luc K'l'
giarn. Kh i
thu6 su6t ld 1 00%.
thu
nhdp
tir thuii
bing 0, ngang vdi vi6c kh6ng
thu thuii.
- Theo ho, I
chinh
phri
kh6n
ngoan thi chi n€n duy
tri thuii suAt t4i I dii3m mi
o d6 thu nhAp cho
phdp
tlat rnirc cao nhit
(tirc
li tl€n 50% lA
birng). Laffer cflng dua ra
nh0ng
khi ndng: Trong khodng
0-50% s€ c6 loi ich
cho ndn KT hon.
Mu6n
c6 thu nhip d A, c6 th6
dat thu6 st6t lit 30Yo hodc
70%'. Thi n€n
chon d m(rc 30o4 hon, v6n
dAm bio thu
nhip, cic hoat
oqnS K I
van
no-p
pnap.
+So
s6nh trong cung
v6i trong
cau cita Keyness.
-Keyttcss
cho ring d6 thtrc
tliy tdng truong & duy
tri su 6n dinh cua KT
thi
phdi
co nlrLirrg kich
eau. liong cLrrrg
cho ring
phai
c6 nhlrng
y6u
t6 kich
thich K'f de lanr tlng
chi
phi,
din toi tdng
cirng
(kich
cLrng).
-Keytress
chc
rdng ti6t
ki€nr Id I nhAn
t6 c6
t6c d6ng
truc
ti6p d€n n6n
KT. l rong
cung lai dd
cao harh vi
ri6t ki€nr.
-Keyness
chir
truong tdng
thu6,
tiLc Ia lAm giirr
di
phin
riilt ki€nr
cr)a dAn cu.
'lrong
cung
dua ra rlii nghi
lai
giam
thLr6.
xDic
di6rrl: cira
trLLdng
ph6i
KT hoc
chinh hi€n
ttai.
Cirng thoi v6i
tr ui:ng
ph:ii
tu
do ff',
Aa; Ui6u ld
Sanruellson,
chi6nr
vi
tri chinh thdng vdo
nhfrrrg
uim 70.
-
I
y
thtrldr
khan hielnr
chi6rn vi
tri trung
tarn trong
todn
bQ hgc thuy6r
KT cria Sanruellsorr.'l
lruc
ra ddc tlidrn
ndy
dtroc
k6 thila
tir trrL<rng
phrii
1'6n c6
diiin. Ngu6n
luc
XH l?r
gioi
han,
->
khan
hi6m
-
Cdng c9 toiin
hoc clng
iluoc
su dung r6ng
rai,
ph6
bi6n
trong hoc thuy6t
cua Samuellson.
-
Th6 hi6n
ra nhu ld
su xich lai
gdn
nhau
giira
2 truong phrii:
Tin c6
di6n A
Keyness, dung
hda 2 truong ph6i.
-
Vai
trd cLla co-
ch6 tlri
trudng tu do
KT & crha
nhd
nu6c duoc
x6c dinh d rnilc
dQ cAn bing nhau
trong
su cli6Lr tiot
su van
r^ i .,-
OOI'P CLI? t]€Il K l.
*1.;i
thLry8t nin
KI h6n
ho-p. Ntn K'f
h6n ho-p
thco
quan
di0nr
cira Samucllson
lir nin KT vdn
dong chiu.LL
cliiu tiil
e Lra
ca 2
1.€u
t5: cir
ch6
thi trrrdng
& nhA nuo-c. I'lai y6u
til n?ry
gtir vai
tro ngang
nhau.
l.
('o
chi thi ltttong.
I-i I hinh
th(rc ttl chirc
K-l'trong
d6 c6 nhdn
NTD & cdc nhd
KD tric
d6ng
qua
lai lin
rrhau thong
qLra
thi tlLldng
d6 giai qLry6t
3 vAn
d6 n.Lrng tdn
cua
td chilc K'I ld SX ra c6i
gi?
ntn'l cho ai?
-
Co chcl
thi ttttdng trtang
ndng
yilu
rti
tu
phrit.
nhrrrrg
lai kh6ng
phrii
ld I sLr
h6n ddn. Md
trdi lai, co clr.r
thi rruirrrg
la I err
ch6
h6t
silc tinh vidd
md
ph6i
ho-p I cach kh6ch quan, ph6i
ho-p I c6ch
khdng tu
gi6c
hoar
d6ug cLia Nl'D
& cric nhd
Kl)
d6
gi6i quytit
v6n
de SX
cai
gi?
ntn? cho ail,
-
'l-hi
truorrg ld I
qLrri
tr)nh ma trong
d6 ngrroi
nrua
& ngLlni ban I tlrrlr hing
h6a tric d6ng
qua
lai lan nhlu tle rac
clrnh gii
cd & san
lLlo-ng hang
lr6a.
-
Su vau
hirnh cua c<r
ch6 thi truong.
rY6u
t6 giir
ci: Giri
cA chirh li
phuong
ti€n
ph6t
tin
hi6u, n6 c6 chfc ndng
th6ng tin. Moi
sLL
pli6n
tich dinh
gi6
tinh hinh
cua thi trudng
bit dAu tu
gi6
ce. Th6ng
qua
su vdn tl6ng
cria
gi6
ci tr6n thi
trudng md c6c
nhd KD tu dinh huong
cho
rninh h'ong vi€c
giii
quy6t
c6c v6n dd
SX crii
gi?
ntn?
cho ai? NTD cing th6ng
qua
su vin
d6ng cira
gi6
ca mi
dua ra
nh0ng
quy6t
dinh lua
chgn. Hai 6ng vua
th6ng tri ndn
KT thi truong:
ong
vua
th(r nh6t le
NTD. Bdi
Nl'D n6m trong
tay
c6ng
cu,
phttong
ti6n
clta trao d6i. Nm
bao
gid
cfrng
6 th6 chrl ttQng & co
qLrydn
ltra chon. Ong vua
thir 2 la ki
thuir.
Bdi ki thuel
co dnh hucrng lnrc
ti6p t6i ndng sudt,
chit Iuong, chi
phi.
hinh thrLc.
nriu nrd
SP
Md
trong niin KT
thi
tludne.
ciic
lrdng
canh lranh vtii uhau
bArtu gid ca.
mAu md. Ki thuat
c6 dnh huong truc
ti6p d6n nAng lLrc canlt
tranl] c1a
cec DN tfen thi
truring. Cac DN
phiii
chay
theo NTD, phni
ddi m6i ve ki thudr.
'1.r.'-i
rrhu4rr: ducrc rdc
dinh Iir dr-'rrg lrrc
lrtrc ti6p cua
cdc nha KD.
Vi
loi nhudrr.
cde nha KD
sin sanB e ung cip
& SX bar
ki loai SP nao
md thi trtrong
co nhu cdu. Cing vi
no rni ho thrLo-ng xuyen
phai
lao vdo canh
rranh dc doi nrii ki rhudt.
hi6n drii h6a
SX. Trong n6n KT
thi trur:ng, c6c nhd
KD lu6n
phii
dirng loi
nhuin, dnng 16 lAi
d6
giai
quy'er
3
c6u hoi.
-l-Canlr
tt'arrh li d6ng luc
cia n6n KT thitruong.
Canlr
tranh cring tlLroc xem ld m6i truong
cila n6n KT thi trLLong.
l'hdng
qua
canh tranh thi cAc DN
c6 thd trtLong thdnh l€n
md cfrng c6 th6 thdt
bai. Song ndn K f sd tro n€n
co t10ng hor, linh
hoat hon. c6 khd
ndng thich ring
cao hon. Canh tranh
tluo. c chia ra lim 2
loai: canh tranh hoirn
hdo & kh6ng hoan
hAo.
C4nh tranli kh6ng hodn
hrio ld tinh trang
canh tranh
trong tl6 c6 s$ kh6c nhau vd kh6i
luong hang
hoa brin ra. kh6i
luo-ng
hang
h6a mua vio
gifta
nhting ngudi b6n & rnua.
Nguoi
ndo chi6m thi
phdn
lon thi
sC co khe nang
chi
ph6i
v€
giri
ci.
-
Uu di€rn crla co ch€
thi truong. M6t
ndn KT v{n tldng
theo co chti thi truong
se
cho
no dat duoc nhrirrrg
thanh ruu to lon
v6
tang tru6ug
&
phrit
tri6n, vA
th6a man nhu ciu, v6
tinh co d6ng
&
linh
hoat cira n€n KT.
Mi nhirng thdnh
tUu ndy kh6
c6 th6 dat duoc
6 trong I nrin KT
kh6ng
phai
ld thi
trudng.
-
fuy nhidn. co chi thi
tnrong cDng co nhring khuy6t
tAt.
rNo
co rtr
htLong din toi nhirng
hiu
quri
kh6 trdnh.
D6 ld khirg
hoang. thdr nghi6p. larn
phdt,
phin
hoa giau
rrgheo.
+Nen
K'l'thi tnLdrg
161, canh
tranh ldnr dQng luc,
song c4nh tranh lai c6 xu hr-Long
chuy6r: h6a
thdnh mit tt6i lap
v6i nc ld
tl6c t1uy6rr. t)oc
quydn
lai ld I
harr
cn6
OOi
vOi
canh
tranh, tuc ld han ctrti
A6i vOi tt6ng luc
phrit
tri6n KT.
rN6n
K'I
vdn
d6ng theo
co ch6 thi trtLdng c6
xu huong kich tlrich viQc sri
dung tdi nguy€n I c6ch
bira bdi, tin
phA
m6i
trrrdng. nloi
sirrh &
phd
hoai
sr,L
cil
bang sinh rhdi.
2.Vai trd crla nhd
nr"L6c trong
KT thi truong.
-
4
Muc ti€u KT vi m6:
t4ng truong. hi6u
quA,
6n dinh & conB bAng.
- 4
Chilc
ning:
+Thi€t
lap khu6n kh6 phdp
luAt. Chinh
phir phii
ban
hdnh dLro. c
qui
t6c trd choi KT,
y6u
cdu cri
chinh
phri,
DN.
NTD
phai
tuin rheo. Nhirng qui
t;c trd choi
K l- thuc ch6t
li hQ th6ng
ph6p
ludt
KT.
+Sira
chia rrhfrrrg thAt
bai oua thi trLlong. Tr'ong
chric
ndng ndy, nhd nu6c
c6
4
nhi€m vu. Blo v€
canh tranh
& ehong clcrc
quydn.
Han ch6 & ng6n ngira nhiing
inh hudng
b6n ngodi din d6n
tinh kh6ng hi€u
quA
cira hoat tl6ng
KT thi trtLong.
SX
& KD
hing l:5a
ccrng cong.
DAnh
thu6:
nrgi
cd nhin.
DN phai
dat l6n vai
minh
tr6ch
nhigm.
nghia
vu
r d thLre
doi
vri.i
chinh
phLr.
Song
nguric
lai. ho
lai
duoc ti€u
dirng
nhimg
hdng hira
c6'g
cQ.g cho
chinh phi
c'ng
cap.
r
orr dinh
K.l- vi
md: rruc
dich
nharn giinr
b6r
nhing
bi5n
ct6ng thangir.inr
i.ong I
chu ki
KT.
Chinh
Phu
phAi
ban
hdnh
nhfrrg chinlr
sach Kl'thich
Llrrg
r'6i tinrg giai
doan
cira
chu ki
th6ng
qua
nhirng
quy€n
luc vd
ai chinh.
riin ti
eua
nha
nrrdc.
Co so v6
ly rhuy6t
tl6
hinh
thdnh
quyAn
luc v,i
tdi chinh
cira
nhd nu.6c
ldlira l1r
thLry€t
Keyness.
Con
co so ve
ly
thLry6r
dd
hinh thdnlr qLry6n
luc v€
ti6n tc
cua
nhi nuoc
la
cira lli thuytit
ti€n t6 cua
Frieclman.
Vi
vAy,
chinh srich
v6
tiiln
t€, tai chinh
co the
noi long
hodc
thir
chdr la
ru),tlng giai
tloan
KD.
t-Dim
bdo
stL cdng
bdng XH:
theo
Samuellson
chi
c6
nha n u6c
moi co
chric
ning ndy.
'fhi
trudng
khring
co chirc
ning
c6ng
bing xfl.
De
thuc hi6n
c6ng
bing
XH thi
phii
sri dung
nhimg c6ng
cu, chinl
sacn lra
tnue,inr6
ttrir
nhap.
tlLr6
tt-iv
tiiln thdng qua
c6c khoiin
h6
tro crla
nhd nu6c,
th6ng qua
c6c qui
bdo
hGm, phuc
loi.
-
C6ng cLr:
thu€, ciic
khoin
chi ti€u,
nhirng qui
dinh,
luit lp,
hoat ttQng
ki6m so6t
c[ia nha
nuoc.
Nhung trong qu6
rrinh
thL[c
hi6n vai
trd
KT, chinh
phir
phii
tlua ra
nhrng quyt5t
ttinh lua
clign.
Lqa chon
cira nhd
nu6c
goi
ld nh0ng phuong
6n
lua chon
c6ng cong. phiii
dtra tr6n
co
so nhiLng
phuong
6n lLra
chon c6 nhdn.
Tr€n
thuc t6,
kh6ng phrii
lirc
ndo nhA nu6c
ciing
lua chgn
dfrng.
Didu
tl6 chrlnrg
t6 vai
tld KT cla
nhd nuoc
ciing c6
nhirng
gicii
han.
D6 b6
surg. khic phuc
nhirlg
gioi
han
niy thi vai
trir KT
cira nhd rrLL6c
cAn
drroc
k€t hop v6i co
ch6 thi
frurlng
xl i
thuy6t ciri
'roug
lLrin
qLrdn"
&
cfr huj.ch
tir b€n
ngoai cua
Samuellson.
'Satnttcllst'rt
clro
tAng I
rlttoc gia
rnuLrrt dal
(hrLIc
toi
su larg
lrlrong & plrdr
tri6rr
cdn
phii
co 4 lrhArr
tir: rrhan lue.
rrr
nguv€n.
ttl sdn. hi thLr{l.
lrong
dk cu th6
cria cic qu6c gia
nghdo
thi ci 4 nhdn
t6 ndy d6u
6 n.ong
tinh rrqne khan
hi6rn
&
chAt luo-ng
thAp.
.
rV€
nhin lLLc.
O cic
nrroc nghdo.
tu6i tho
TB thip.
ti
l€ nguoi bidt
chu thip. m rilc
s6ng thAp,
chi so lJLrl thip.
Lao
dong
tap
trtrng
qLrh
nhi6u
6 trong
ngdnh
ndng nghi6p,
tinh
trang thir nghi€p
trri hinh cao. Vi
vAy. nhiing
nu6c
nav cin phai
dAu
tLl
cho he thong y
t€
giho
duc, rla dang
hoil vi€c
ldm
o n6ng th6n
dd khic
phuc
tinh trang
thit nghiep rra
hinh.
+VC
tdi nglryen.
O cAc nLlijc
ngheo,
tdi nguy€n
cring
nghdo. lai
phin
chia
cho ts6
aan OOng auc,
khd naulg phal
huy
clLr.o-c
hietr,qtrri K l'ctla
tdi nguydn
l?r rit thip. Tdi
ngLrydn quan
trorg
nhdr ddi voi
nlr0ng nuoc
nay la rai
nguyin ddr nong
nghi€p. Vi v6y,
cin c6
chi! d6 canh
t6c & sir
dung hop
li dit
dai.
Phii
c6 ttiu tu nu6c
ngodi
tt6 khai rlrac nhirng
nguon
rdi
nguy€n
ti6m ndng.
+Vd
tu brin. Nhin
chung,
c6c nu6c
nghdo it
hr ben.
Mu6n c6 ting
trudng thi
phAi
c6
dALr tu, mu6n
co tlau tu
phai
co ru
ban. E6
dep Ing nlilng
nlru ciu vd
v6n diu tu
thi trudc
tt6y cric nu6c nghdo
thuong di vay.
Nhung
trong dk hi6n
rai thi
h6u hiit cfc
nu6c nghdo
ddu ld nhfrng
con no
kh6ng 16,
kha nang vay v6n
ld kh6 khan.
Dii d6p r?ng
nhu ciu ddu
ru, cac
nu6c nghdo chi
con I
gi6i phap
la thLr
hirt v6n ddu
tu tftrc ri€p
uu6c ngodi
(FDI).
I
VA ki
thuat. Cldc nuoc
ngheo
cirrg cr trong tirh
h'ang lac
hAu v€ ki thuet,
nhurrg lai
co lo. i th6 cua I
nucrc di sau.
N€n c6
th6
tranh thu thAnlr
tuu cia c6c
nu6c tli rruoc
d6 tirn
tlu o c nhirng co- hdi
di t6t, ti6n tliu.
-
Samue llson cho
rdng cdc qu6c gia
nay tlang
d trang
c6i vong lLrAn
qu5n:
Ti6t ki6rn
& rlSu tu
th5p d t6c d6
tic6 lu.,-
r6n
th6p a nhrtg
suAt thAp ir thu
nh6p binlr
qurin
thdp a ri6r
Li€rn & d6Lr tu thip
Ldc rruoc nghdo
klrong rlrii
tu rlruir
ra
kh6i c6i vdng ludn
quAn
nay,
phii
co I cLi hullch
tu
bdn ngodi. Cri hujch
c6 tinh d6t
ph6
nd1 li cir hulch
dAu ru FDI
NguonbdiVi6ttir:h1t}r:l1.)jnlr:,i'-'|i]].gu!!!il],1 9.'q
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