Clauses and phrases and question tags

Clauses and phrases and question tags
1. Khi biến đổi từ mệnh đề sang cụm danh từ thường gặp các
trường hợp sau:
 Noun + be + adj è The/ (her, his, their … ) +
Adj + noun
 Pronoun + be +Adj è The/ (her, his, their … ) +
Noun ( of the adj )
 Pronoun + Verb + (adv) è The/ (her, his, their … ) +
Adj (of the adv) + Noun ( of the verb)
 Pronoun +Verb + (O) è V-ing ( same Subject)
 There be + Noun è The + Noun
A. Clauses and phrases of reason:
Because/ Since/As + Clause ( S+V )
Because of/ Due to/ Thanks to + Phrase ( N
phrase/ V-ing phrase )
B. Clauses and phrases of concession:
Although/ Though/ Even though + Clause
( S+V )
In spite of/ Despite + Phrase ( N phrase/ V-ing
phrase )
 Exercise: Rewrite these sentences:
1. He left school because his life was hard.  Because of
2. John succeeded in his exam because of his hard and
mathedical work.
 Because
3. We didn’t want to go out because of the heavy rain. 
Because
4. Although he had much experience in machinery, he didn’t
succeed in repairing this machine.
 Despite
5. In spite of the darkness, they continued to work.  Though

6. We postponed our trip because the driving conditions were
bad.  Because of
7. The water in most rivers is unsafe to drink because it is
polluted.  Because of
8. We all have received the best of everything because of our
generous parents.
 Because
 Exercise: Choose the best answer:
1. The boys were punished he made many
mistakes.
A. in spite of B. because C. even though
D. as if
2. the liberation of women, women can take part in
social activities.
A. Because B. Thanks to C. While
D. As
3. Despite feeling cold, we kept walking.
A. Although we felt cold, but we kept walking
B. Although we felt cold, we kept
walking
C. However cold we felt, but we kept walking
D. However we felt cold, we kept
walking
4. She decided to leave her job in the company she
could earn a lot of money there.
A. because B. although C. despite
D. since
5. The children laughed a lot because of the funny story.
A. The children laughed because the story is funny.
B. The children laughed because of the story funny

C. The children laughed because it was funny.
D. The children laughed because the story was funny
6. Although he took a taxi, Bill still arrived late for the concert.
A. Bill arrived late for the concert because he takes a taxi.
B. Bill arrived late for the concert because of the taxi.
C. In spite of taking a taxi, Bill arrived late for the concert.
D. Although Bill took a taxi he can’t come to the concert on
time.
7. The flight was delayed the fog.
A. in spite of B. because of C. though
D. since
2. Clauses and phrases of result:
A. Clause of result:
 S - V + SO + adv/ adj + THAT + S - V
 S - V + SUCH + ( a/ an ) + adj + noun + THAT + S
- V
 S - V + SO MANY ( plural countable noun) / +
THAT + S - V
SO MUCH ( uncountable noun )
B. Phrase of result:
 S - V + TOO + adj/ adv + ( for some one ) + TO V
 S - V + ENOUGH + noun + ( for some one ) + TO V
Adj/ adv + ENOUGH
 Exercise: Rewrite these sentences:
1. The weather was so bad that all the flights had to be
cancelled.  It was such
2. The test wasn’t easy enough for them to do.  The test was
too
3. The play we saw yesterday was so difficult that we couldn’t
finish it an hour.

 We saw such
4. These goods are so expensive that they can’t be sold
quickly.  These goods are too
5. He studied too badly to pass his exam. ( enough ….to )
6. My friend is very strong. He can lift up the table by himself.
 My friend is so
7. I ate a lot of sandwiches. I felt uneasy. I ate so many
8. Tom is still too young to join the police.  Tom isn’t
 Exercise: Choose the best answer:
1. She was so busy that she couldn’t answer the phone.
A. She was very busy that she couldn’t answer the phone.
B. She was too busy to answer the phone.
C. She was too busy not to answer the phone. D. She was
very busy so that she could answer the phone.
2. It was that we went for a hike in the mountains.
A. so a nice day b. so nice day C. such nice day
D. such a nice day
3. There are in the universe that we can not count
them.
A. so much stars B. so many stars C. such stars many
D. such stars much
4. He has to do that he can’t go to the cinema with
us.
A. so much work B. so many work C. such much work
D. such a work
5. Faraday’s father was poor to send him to school.
A. too B. much C. so
D. very
6. It is book that just a few people like it.
A. so an old B. so old C. such old

D. such an old
7. He spoke too for us to understand.
A. quick B. slow C. quickly
D. slowly
8. “ She came too late to see off” or we can say:
A. She came so late to see him off. B. She
didn’t come early enough to see him off
C. She came early enough to see him off D. She
didn’t come late enough to see him off
9. Which sentence is correct?
A. It was such a hot tea that I couldn’t drink it.
B. It was such hot tea that I couldn’t
drink
C. Tea wasn’t too hot to drink
D. Tea was so hot that I couldn’t drink it
10. “ Nobody could move the piano. It was
too heavy.
A. The piano was so heavy that nobody couldn’t move
B. The piano was too heavy to move
C. It was such a heavy piano that nobody could move it
D. It was such heavy piano that nobody could move it

3. Clauses and phrases of purpose:
 Clause: S - V + so that / in order that + S + can/
could/ will/ would + V ( bare – infinitive)
 Phrase:  Khaúng ñònh: S - V + to/ so as to/ in order to +
V(bare-inf.)
S - V + in order for some one to +
V(bare-inf.)
 Phuû ñònh: S - V + so as not to/ in order not to +

V(bare-inf.)
 Exercise: Rewrite these sentences:
1. We lower the volume of the radio. We don’t want to bother
our neighbors. ( clause of purpose )

2. Please shut the door. I don’t want the dog to go out of the
house. ( phrase of purpose )

3. He climbed the tree in order to get a better view. ( clause of
purpose )

4. I am going to be very careful so that I won’t have an
accident. ( clause of purpose )

5. I wore boots because I didn’t want my feet to get wet.
( phrase of purpose )

 Exercise: Choose the best answer:
1. She locked the door
A. so that to go to bed
B. in order to be disturbed
C. to enter the house
D. in order not to be disturbed
2. The boy always does his homework before class

A. so as not to be punished by the teacher B. so as to be
punished by the teacher
C. so that he will be punished by the teacher D. in order to
be punished by the teacher
3. I got up early in order not to be late for school.

A. I got up early so as not to being late for school.
B. I got up early so that I won’t be late for school
C. I got up early so that I wouldn’t be late for school
D. I got up early for me not to be late for school
4. They whispered. They didn’t want anyone to hear them.
A. They whispered to make anyone hear them. B. They
whispered so that no one could hear them.
C. They whispered so that everyone could hear them. D.
They whispered in order not to hear them.
5. He wore glasses and false beard so that no one could
recognize him.
A. He wore glasses and the false beard in order not to
recognize him.
B. He wore glasses and the false beard in order to
recognize him.
C. He wore glasses and the false beard in order to be
recognized.
D. He wore glasses and the false beard in order not to be
recognized.
6. I try to learn English well. I want to get a good job.
A. I try to study English well so that I can get a good job.
B. I try to study English well so as I can get a good job.
C. So that I can get a good job, I try to study English well.
D. I try to study English well for me to get a good job.
7. You may put money in a small coin bank
A. in order to keep it safe B. so as not to
keep it safe
C. so that to keep it safe D. to keeping it
safe
8. The schoolboys are in a hurry they will not be

for the meeting.
A. so as to B. to C. in order that
D. for
9. Which part is not correct in English?
Sound is carried from (A) the eardrum to (B) the nerves so
as (C) to we can hear it. (D)
10. He was (A) tired so that (B) he could
not (C) continue his (D) work.
I. Conditional clauses, Wish and if only
A. Conditional Clauses:
Loại If – clause Main clause
 Future
Possible
Present: S +
V(s/es)
Future: S + Will +
V(bare)
 Unreal
Condition
Past simple: S +
Ved/2
Would + V(bare)
 Past Unreal Past perfect: S +
Had + Ved/3
Would have +
Ved/3

Notes: a. Unless = If …… not
Ex: If you don’t study hard, you’ll fail the exam. 
Unless you study hard, you’ll fail the exam.

b. Ta có thể diễn tả câu điều kiện loại 2 và 3 bằng cách
đảo ngữ mà không cần dùng If
Ex: If I were rich, I would travel around the world. 
Were I rich, I would travel around the world.
B. Wish and If only:
Loại Wish or if only
 Ước cho tương lai S + wish + (that) + S + would +
V(bare)
 Ước điều trái với
hiện tại
S + wish + (that) + S + Ved/2
 Ước điều trái với
quá khứ
S + wish + (that) + S + had + Ved/3
could have +
Ved/3
 Exercise: Rewrite these sentences:
1. Hurry up or we will be late for the last bus.  If
2. I regret that you didn’t give me a change to tell you the
truth.  I wish
3. It was very cold yesterday, so we couldn’t go swimming. 
If
4. You talk more than you work. The teacher wants you to
work more than to talk.
 The teacher wishes
5. He had a flu because he went out in the rain last night.  If
6. Ellen didn’t have much money in the bank, so she was very
worried.  If
7. Stop talking or you won’t understand the lesson.  Unless
8. Why don’t you study hard?  If

9. I’d like to buy this book but I don’t have money to buy it. –
If only
10. She can’t buy the dictionary because she doesn’t have
enough money.  If
 Exercise: Choose the best answer:
1. Are we lost? I think so. I wish we a map with us
today.
A. were bringing B. brought C. had brought
D. would bring
2. These figures are too complicated to work out in your head.
Yes, a calculator.
A.I wish we would have B. if only we had
C. if only we had had
D. I wish we have
3. If Jake to go on the trip, would you have gone?
A. doesn’t agree B. didn’t agree C. hadn’t agreed
D. wouldn’t agree
4. If energy inexpensive and unlimited, many
things in the world would be different.
A. is B. will be C. would be
D. were
5. Unless you all of my questions, I can’t do
anything to help you.
A. answered B. answer C. would answer
D. are answering
6. Had you told me that this was going to happen, I
it.
A. hadn’t believedB. don’t believe C. can’t believe D.
would never have believed
7. My feet are killing me. I wish I more

comfortable shoes.
Year, me too. I wish I that we were going to
have to walk this much.
A. had worn/ knew B. am wearing/ had
known C. were wearing/ would know D. wore/ had
known
8. interested in that subject, I would try to learn
more about it.
A. If I am B. Should I C. I was
D. Were I
9. If I had enough money,
A. I will buy that house B. I am buy that
house C. I can buy that house D. I could buy that
house
10. Had I had time, I to the beach
with you this weekend.
A. will come B. would come C. will have come
D. would have come
11. If he that she was in the
hospital, he to see her.
A. knows/ will come
B. knew/ would come
C. had known/ would have come D. has known/will
have come
12. If everything is all right, we
our work on time.
A. complete B. are completing C. have completed
D. will complete
13. If I were you, I would work hard.
A. You would rather not work so hard B. You should work

harder
C. You should work with me.
D. Do not work so hard.
14. We didn’t visit the museum because we
had no time.
A. If we have time, we will visit the museum.
C. If we had had time, we would have visited the museum.
B. If we had time, we would visit the museum.
D. If we had had time, we will have visited the museum.
15. I have time, I will go with you.
A. If B. Unless C. So
D. So that
16. harder, you would have
passed the exam.
A. If you studied B. If had you studied C. Had you studied
D. Were you studied
17. If the police hadn’t saved me, I
at that time.
A. will die B. would die C. will have died
D. would have died
18. at 4 o’clock, we would have
missed seeing Bob.
A. If we had gone B. Had we gone C. because we had
gone D. A and B