Luyện giải đề trước kỳ thi đại học 3 miền Bắc Trung Nam Ngữ văn

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L527G

THAN LIEN QUANG
DO THj YEN
(Bien soan va tuyen chpn)

'fi aiai.

RUaC KY THI DAI H C 3 MIEN
O

BAC TRUNG N A M

f7a/ bkn cd sifa chOa bo sung)
e- Danh cho hoc sinh Icip 12 luyen thi Oai hoc - Cao dang
Bien soan theo npi dung va djnh hudng ra de thi mdi cua Bp GD&OT

NHA XUAT BAN TONG HdP THANH PHO HO CHI MINH


r

TRAN LllN QUANG
fi6 THI YEN

(Bi6n soan

tuyen chon)

^ ^ f l C K THI DAI H C 3 MIE

Y
O

BAC TRUNG NAM

(Tii ban cd sCfa chOa bo sung)

I

©p D^nh cho hoc sinh Idp 12 luy^n thi Oai hoc - Cao d^ng
e Bien soan theo noi dung va djnh hi/dng ra de thi mdi cua Bo GD&OT


i
On luyen
Day chinh

la cau hoi ciia khong

it hoc sinh dang hoc cap Trung

thong, nhat la hoc sinh dang hoc Idp 12. Degiup
thong vd Tuyen

Sdch

toi dd bien soan quyen

sinh Dai hoc, chung

Ky Thi Dai Hoc 3 Mien B&c - Trung
bao gom cdc phan

hoc

pho

cdc em gidm bdt phdn ndo lo

Idng vd kho khan trUdc cdc ky thi nhat Id hai ky thi Tot nghiep
De TrU6c

•

nhu the nao de lam tot bai thi mon NgCe van ?

-Nam

Trung

- Phan

A. C A U T R U C D E T H I T O T N G H I E P T H P T - G I A O D y C T H P T "
I. P H A N C H U N G C H O T A T C A T H I S I N H (5,0 D I E M )

Phan V a n hpc Viet Nam

4 : Gidi thieu mot so de thi vd ddp dn.

d nhitng

de bai thitc hdnh

(thugc

nhiCng gcfi y bdi Idm vd (hodc)
them

dugc

bien soan,

tuyen

cap cho cdc em nhieu
on luyen

tren tinh

de viec on luyen

khong

than

3) Nguyen Dinh Chieu, ngoi sao sdng trong van nghe cua dan toe - Pham Van Dong
3). chung

bdi vdn tham

nguon

khdc

vd tuC lieu can thiet.
hudng

toi dua

khdo,

nhau,

dgc
cung

day chi Id

cdc em can

phdi

c6 hieu qua hOn, dgc biet Id Idm tot bdi thi, cdc em

can

dan ciia quy thay co cua

toi rat c6 gang

mao mugi

nhitng

hgn

viec bien

che. Mong

quy

minh.
soan

nhitng

ban dgc

thong

sdch

van

cam

vd

toi

thdnh.

5) Viet Bac (trich) va tac gia To HCru
6) Dat Nu&c (trich Mat duong khdt vong) - N g u y e n Khoa D i e m
7) Song - X u a n Q u y n h
8) DflM ^'/t/fa CMfl Lor-cfl - Thanh Thao
9) Ngudi Idi dd Song Dd (trich) - N g u y e n Tuan
10) Ai dd dat ten cho dong song? (trich) - H o a n g Phu Ngoc T u a n g
chong A Phit (trich) - To H o a i

12) Vg nhat (trich) - K i m Lan
13) Rimg xd nu (trich) - N g u y e n T r u n g Thanh
14) Nhimg dim con trong gia dinh (trich) - N g u y e n T h i
15) Chiec thin/eh ngodi xa (trich) - N g u y e n M i n h Chau

tuyen chgn vdo quyen sdch
"..V.

4) Tdy Tien - Q u a n g D u n g

n)Vg

toi xin chdn thdnh cam On quy tdc gid dd c6 bdi viit md chimg

Chiing

khoi

trong

tgo rieng.

ra

ra,

the trdnh

Igc vd sdng

bdi

nhdm

Tat nhien,

cho viec on luyen,

tiep thu c6 chgn

i

2) Twi/(?« ngon Doc lap va tac gia H o C h i M i n h

2 vd phan

til nhieu

•!*.'

t h e k i XX

hoc

thieu

''<

1) Khai quat van hoc Viet N a m tit Cach m a n g thang T a m t>am 1945 den het

Ngodi

dii chiing

gop y chdn

Nha

chgn

tinh dinh

phdi on luyen theo siC hitdng
Mac

c6 gidi

kien thitc

nhiCng bdi vdn mang

'

phan

'
^

Viet Nam vd tdc gid, tdc pham van hoc nude ngodi.

^ >j

2 : On luyen phdn nghi luan xd hoi
3 : On luyen phdn nghi luan vdn

C a u tnic de thi tuyen sinh dai hpc, cao d i n g mon N g u van

Cau 1 (2,0 d i e m ) : Tai Men kien thitc vegiai doqn van hoc, tdc gid, tdc pham van hoc

1 : Gidi thieu cau true de thi

- Phan

C a u tnic de thi tot nghiep trung hgc pho thong - G D T X mon N g u van

•

pho

NgtC Van.
,

- Phan

•

Giai

sdch Luyen

nhU sau:

- Phan

hoc

C a u tnic de thi tot nghiep trung hpc pho thong - G D T H P T mon Ngir van

.V:

sdch Khang

^--^.li'bi
Viet xin trdn trgng giai thi^

Idng nghe moi y kien donggop,

demon

Phan V a n hpc nuoc ngoai

, . i

ndy.

16) Hon Tnnrng Ba, da hang thit (trich) - L u u Q u a n g V u .
1)

Cdctdcgia
toi Quy

Tan

2) So phan con ngudi (trich) - S6-16-kh6p

doc gid vd xin

sdch ngdy cdng hay hon, botch

T/iM(5c - L 6

hon.

3) Ong gid vd bien cd (trich) - He-minh-ue.
Cau 2 (3,0 d i e m ) : Van dung kien thiec xd hoi vd dai song deviei bdi vdn nghi luan xd
hoi ngdn (khodng 400 tie)

Thu xin gid ve:

1) N g h i luan ve m o t t u t u o n g , dao l i .

Cty T N H H Mot T h a n h V i e n - D i c h V v V a n Hoa K h a n g V i f t.
71, D i n h T i e n Hoang, P. Dakao. Quan 1, TP, H C M

,.

:,; . , ,

2) N g h j l u a n ve m o t hien t u g n g d o i song.
n . P H A N R I E N G (5,0 D I E M )

T e l : (08) 39115694 - 39111969 - 39111968 - 39105797 - Fax: (08) 39110880

Van dung khd ndng doc - hieu vd kien thitc vdn hoc deviei bdi nghi luan vdn hoc.

Ho^c E m a i l :

Thi sinh chi dugc chgn Idm mot trong hai cau (cau 3.a hoqc cau 3.b)



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L C D trU6t KTDH3

mfSn BSC -Trung

- Nam Sj^ii van -Trdn

Cty TNHH MIV DWH

LiSn Quang & B6 Tbf YSn

Kbang

Vi^t

B. C A U TRUC D E THI T O T NGHIEP THPT
Cau 3.a. Theo chuong trinh Chuan (5,0 diem)
Cau 1. (2,0 diem) : Tdi hien kien thitc vegiai doqn van hoc, tdc gia, tac pham van
1) Tuyen ngon Doc lap va tac gia Ho Chi Minh
2) Nguyen Dinh Chieu, ngoi sao sang trong van nghe cua dan tpc - P h ^ Van Dong hoc Viet Nam vd tdc gid, tdc pham van hoc nuac ngodi.
3) Tay Tien - Quang Dung

Phaii Van hpc Vi?t Nam

4) Vfef Bflc(trich) v a t a c g i a T o H i h i

1) Khai quat van hpc Vi^t Nam tir Cach mang thang Tam nam 1945 den het

5) Dat Nuac (trich Mat duang khdt vong) - Nguyen Khoa Diem

o

thekiXX

6) Son^'- Xuan Quynh

2) Tuyen ngon Doc lap va tac gia Ho Chi Minh

7) Dan ghi ta cua Lor-ca - Thanh Thao

3) Tay Tien - Quang Dijng

8) Nguai Idi do Song Da (trich) - Nguyen Tuan

4) Viet Bflc (trich) va tac gia To'Huu

9) Ai dd dat ten cho dbng song? (trich) - Hoang Phii Ngpc Tuong

5) Dat Nuac {trich Mat duang khdt vong) - Nguyen Khoa Diem

10) Va chong A Phu (trich) - To Hoai
11)

fMgiv.

n/jflf (trich) - Kim Lan

13) Nhitng dim con trong gia dinh (trich) - Nguyen Thi
14) Chiec thuyen ngodi xa (trich) - Nguyen Minh Chau
15) Hon Truang Ba, da hang thit (trich) - Luu Quang VQ.
Cau 3.b. Theo chuong trinh Nang cao (5,0 diem)

i * - - ; .

,

8) Ai da dat ten cho ddng song? (trich) - Hoang Phii Ngpc Tuong
9) Va chong A Phii (trich) - To Hoai
10) Va nhdt (trich) - Kim Lan

'

11) Rimg xd nu (trich) - Nguyen Trung Thanh
12) Nhieng diea con trong gia dinh - Nguyen Thi

1) Tuyen ngon Doc lap - Ho Chi Minh

i • >

13) Chiec thuyen ngodi xa (trich) - Nguyen Minh Chau

2) Nguyen A i Quo'c - Ho Chi Minh
3) Nguyen Dinh Chieu, ngoi sao sang trong van nghe ciia dan toe - Pham Van Dong
4) Tay Tien - Quang Dung

Phan Van hpc nuac ngoai

, ; j ji i >

1) T/jMoc - L6 Tan

,f

2) So phan con nguai (trich)-S6-\d-khop

5) Viet Bdc (trich) - To H u u

i'

3) Ong gid vd bien cd (trich) - He-minh-ue.

6) To H i m

Cau 2 (3,0 diem): Van dung kien thitc xa hoi vd den song de viet bai nghi luan xd

7) Tieng hdt con tdu - Che Lan Vien
8) Dat Nitoc (trich Mat ditang khdt vong) - Nguyen Khoa Diem
9) SoM^ - Xuan Quynh

hoi ngdn (khodng 400 tie)
1) Nghi luan ve mot t u tuong, dao l i .
2) Nghi luan ve mpt hien tupng doi song.

10) Dan ghi ta ciia Lor-ca - Thanh Thao
* ')

12) Nguyen Tuan
13)Ai da dat ten cho ddng song? (trich) - Hoang Phii NgQC Tuong
14) Va chong A Phii (trich) - To Hoai

f[

7) Nguai Idi do Song Dd (trich) - Nguyen Tuan

12) Rimg xa nu (trich) - Nguyen Trung Thanh

11) Ngim Idi dd Song Dd (trich) - Nguyen Tuan

6) So«^ - Xuan Quynh

j

f

15) Vcr n/ifl^trich) - K i m Lan
16) Rimg xd nu (trich) - Nguyen Trung Thanh
17) Mot nguai Hd Noi (trich) - Nguyen Khai
18) Nhieng dim con trong gia dinh (trich) - Nguyen Thi
19) Chiec thuyen ngodi xa (trich) - Nguyen Minh Chau
20) Hon Truang Ba, da hang thit (trich) - Luu Quang VQ.

Cau 3 (5,0 diem): Van dung khd ndng doc - hieu vd kien thiec van hoc de viel bdi
van nghi luan vdn hoc

>

-

^,

1) Tuyen ngon Doc lap va tac gia Ho Chi Minh
2) Tay Tieh - Quang Diing
3) Viet Bac (trich) va tac gia To' Hmi
4) Dat Nuac (trich Mat duang khdt vong) - Nguyen Khoa Diem
5) Sd«^> - Xuan Quynh

(>) Nguai Idi dd Song Dd (trich)-Nguyex\TuaT\ '
7) Ai dd dat ten cho ddng song? (trich) - Hoang Phii Ngpc Tuong
8) V(r chong A Phii (trich) - To Hoai

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LGB trtiSc KTDH3

miin Bdc

-Trung

- Nam Ngavdn

-Trdn

LiSn Quang & Do Thf

c r y irsMH

YSn

jniv

LfwnYi.mrng-yT^

C a u 2 (3,0 diem) : Van dung kien thitc xd hoi vd dai sang de'viet bdi nghi ludn xa

9) Va nhat (trich) - K i m Lan

hoi ngdn (khodng 600 tit)

10) Rieng xd nu (tn'ch) - N g u y e n T r u n g Thanh
11) Nhung dua con trong gia dtnh - N g u y e n T h i

1) N g h i luan ve m o t t u t u o n g , dao H.

•

12) Chiec thuyen ngodi xa (trich) - N g u y e n M i n h Chau

2) N g h i l u a n ve m p t hi§n t u o n g d o i song.

'

13) Hon Truang Ba, da hang thit (trich) - L u u Q u a n g V i i .
C. C A U T R U C D E T H I T U Y E N SINH D A I H Q C , C A O D A N G
1. P H A N C H U N G C H O T A T C A T H I S I N H (5,0 D I E M )
C a u 1 (2,0 d i e m ) : Tdi hien kien thitc vegiai doan van hgc, tdc gid, tdc pham van
v

hoc Viet Nam.

1) K h a i quat v a n h Q C Vi?t N a m t u dau the'ki XX den Cach m ^ n g thang T a m

u.. v
'

V"-

I L P H A N R I E N G (5,0 D I E M )
Van dung khd ndng doc - hieu vd kien thitc van hoc viet bdi van nghi ludn van hoc.
Thi sinh chi ditgc Idm mot trong hai cau (cau 3.a hoqc cau 3.b)
C a u 3.a. Theo chuong trinh C h u a n (5,0 diem)
1) Hai dita tre - Thach L a m
2) Chit ngitai tit tu - N g u y e n Tuan

n a m 1945
2) Hai dita tre - Thach L a m

3) Hanh phiic ciia mot tang gia (trich So'do) - V u T r p n g P h y n g

3) Chit ngif&i tie tii - N g u y e n Tuan

4) Chi Pheo (trich) va tac gia N a m Cao

4) Hanh phuc ciia mot tang gia (trich So do) - Vu. T r p n g P h y n g
5) Chi Pheo (trich) va tac gia N a m Cao
6) Vtnh Met dm

Trung Dai (trich Vii Nhu To) - N g u y e n H u y T u o n g

7) Voi vdng - X u a n Dieu
8) Day than VtDa-

:

5) Vinh biet Cieu Trimg Ddi (trich Vu Nhu To) - N g u y e n H u y T u o n g

,|

6) Voi vdng - X u a n Dieu
7) Dfly f/ion Vr Dfl - H a n Mac T u

i!,,?;

8) Trdng giang - H u y Can

H a n Mac T u

9) Trdng giang - H u y C|in

9)

10) Chieu tdi - H o C h i M i n h

10) T i V m / - T o H i > u

11) T i V f l i / - T o H u u

11) Mot thai dai trong thi ca (trich) - H o a i Thanh va H o a i Chan

12) Mot thai dai trong thi ca (trich) - H o a i Thanh va H o a i Chan
13) K h a i quat v a n hoc V i ^ t N a m t u Cach mang thang T a m n a m 1945 den het
the k i XX

Chieu toi - H o C h i M i n h
f

12) Tuyen ngdn Doc lap va tac gia H o C h i M i n h
13) Nguyen Dinh Chieu, ngdi sao sdng trong van nghecua dan toe - Pham Van Dong

14) Tuyen ngon Doc lap va tac gia H o C h i M i n h

14) Tdy Tien - Q u a n g D u n g

15) Nguyen Dinh Chieu, ngdi sao sang trong van nghe ciia dan toe - Pham Van Dong

15) Viet Bdc (trich) va tac gia To Hvni

16) Tdy Tien - Q u a n g DOng

16) Dat Ntcac (trich Mat duang khdt vgng) - N g u y e n Khoa D i e m

17) Viet Bac (trich) va tac gia To H i r u

17) Song - Xuan Q u y n h

18) Dd't Nuvc (trich Mat duong khdt vong) - N g u y e n Khoa D i e m
19) Sdn^>-Xuan Q u y n h

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20) Dan ghi ta ciia Lor-ca - Thanh Thao
21) Nguai Idi do Song Dd (trich) - N g u y e n Tuan

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r

18) Dan ghi ta ciia Lor-ca - Thanh Thao
19) Nguai Idi dd Sdng Dd (trich) - N g u y e n Tuan
20) Ai dd dat ten cho dong sdng ? (trich) - H o a n g Phu Ngpc T u o n g

22) Ai da dat ten cho dong song? (trich) - H o a n g Phu Ngpc T u o n g

2\)Vg chong A Phii (trich) - To H o a i

23) Vg chong A Phii (trich) - To H o a i

22) Vg nhat (trich) - K i m Lan

24) Va nhat (trich) - K i m Lan

23) Rieng xd nu (trich) - N g u y e n T r u n g Thanh

25) Rimg xd nu (trich) - N g u y e n T r u n g Thanh

24) Nhitng dita con trong gia dinh (trich) - Nguyen

26) Nhitng dim con trong gia dinh (trich) - N g u y e n T h i
27) Chiec thuyen ngodi xa (trich) - N g u y e n M i n h Chau
28) Hon Truang Ba, da hang thit (trich) - L u u Q u a n g V i i .

' '
^
Thi

25) Chiec thuyen ngodi xa (trich) - N g u y e n M i n h Chau
26) Hon Truang Ba, da hdng thit (trich) - L u u Q u a n g V i i .

,•


C a u 3.b. Theo chiromg trinh N a n g cao (5,0 diem)
1) Hai dua trc - Thach L a m
2) Chrrngtrai tutu-Nguyen
Tuan
3) Hanh pliuccua mot tanggia ( t r k h Soda) - V u T r o n g P h u n g
4) Cht Phco (trich)

- N a m Cao

5) D(Ti fliiVfl (trich) - N a m Cao

^ ,

•
,

,

•

,

Nghi luan ve mpt hi^n tugng doi song

' - i -

Nghi luan ve mot tu tuong, dao li
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'
A. KI^N THUC C O B A N

6) N a m Cao
7) Vinh biet Cu'u Tritng Dai (trich Vu Nhu T6) - N g u y e n H u y T u o n g
, 8) Voi vang - Xuan Di^u

I.

-'''•'•''<'^''''^'^-

N G H I L U A N V E TU" T L f ^ N G , D A O L I

'.•H^'-k
yiirr-;
...

,

,

1. Cac dang de va each lam

"

N g h j l u a n ve t u t u o n g , dao l i la m p t h i n h thuc ciia kieu bai n g h i luan xa hoi

,, 9) X u a n D i ^ u
10) Day thonVt Da-Han

Mac Tit

,

ma 6 do, bai v a n tap t r u n g giai thich, phan tich, bieu d u o n g nhCrng mat tich

,i

11) Tra«^^/(i«^-Huy C^n

cue, b i n h luan bac bo nhCrng bieu hi^n sai lech x u n g q u a n h van de d u g c ban

. ,

12) Ttfang tu - N g u y e n Bi'nh

luan thuQC ve t u t u o n g , q u a n n i ^ m , van hoa, dao due, l o i song,... ciia con

13) Nhqt ki trong tu - H o C h i M i n h

n g u a i . N o i each khac, nghj luan ve t u t u o n g , dao l i la n g u o i viet van d u n g

U)Chieutdi-m

nhCrng hieu biet va v o n song ve d o i song xa h p i de phat bieu nhOng suy nghi,

Chi

Uinh

quan n i ^ m va c h i n h kien ve van de nghj luan thupc p h a m v i t u t u o n g , dao l i .

I 15) Lai Tan - H o C h i M i n h

Pham v i cua kieu bai nay la ban luan 6 goc dp xa h p i , t u lieu dan c h u n g chu

16) Tit ay - To' H O u
17) Mot thai dqi trong thi ca (trich) - H o a i Thanh va H o a i C h a n

yeu la t u thuc t e c u p c song, t u y nhien d o i k h i n g u o i viet c6 the s u d u n g t u lieu
dan t u n h i r n g tac p h a m van hpc, n h u n g 6 m u c dp lien h^.

18) Tuyen ngon Doc lap - H o C h i M i n h

V5n nghi luan ve t u tuong, dao l i c6 dang de rat phong p h u . Tuy nhien, ta c6

19) N g u y e n A i Quoc - H o C h i M i n h
I

20) Nguyen Dinh Chim, ngoi sao sang trong van nghe ciia dan toe - P h ^ Van Dong

f

the phan chia cac dang de theo cac n h o m de tai sau: nhan thuc; tarn hon, tinh each;

21) Tdy Tien - Q u a n g D u n g

22) Viet BSC (trich) - To HCru

quan he gia d i n h ; quan he xa hpi; van hoa ling xu, hanh dpng,... Thong t h u o n g
n h i m g de tai nay dupe the hi^n trong n h i i n g cau noi, cau nhan d i n h ciia n h i j n g
chuyen gia, danh nhan hoac t u ca dao, tuc ngir hoac danh ngon, hoac trong tho,

23) T o H u u
24) 7/(?'n^'/iflf COM f A H - C h e Lan V i e n

van. Sau day xin gioi thieu m p t so dang tieu bieu va v i d u cy the:

'

Nhqn thuc : bao g o m n h i r n g van de ve l i t u o n g , uac m o , m y c dieh song...

25) Dat Nuoc (trich Mat duang khat vong) - N g u y e n Khoa D i e m
i

26) Song - X u a n Q u y n h
27) Dan ghi ta cua Lor-ca - Thanh Thao
28) Nguoi Idi do Song Da (trich) - N g u y e n Tuan|i-

^
•

De bai v i d y : Van hao Nga Lep Ton-xtoi da noi: "Li tuong Id ngon den chi duong.
Khong CO li tuong thi khong co phuang Huong kien dinh, md khong c6 phuong hie&ng

'

kien dinh thi khong co cuoc song". Anh (chi) hay neu suy nghi vevai tro cua li tuong

29) N g u y e n T u a n
30) Ai da d&t ten cho dong song? (trich) - H o a n g Phu N g o c T u o n g
31) V(T chong A Phu (trich) - To H o a i

cua eon n g u o i .

,

32) V(f nhRt (trich) - K i m Lan
33) Rimg xa nu (trich) - N g u y e n T r u n g Thanh

trong cuoc song con

Tdm Hon, tinh each: bao g o m n h i i n g van de ve l o n g yeu nuoc, l o n g nhan ai,

• r

v j tha, bao d u n g , d p l u p n g , t i n h t r u n g thuc, cham chi, can cu, hoa nha, k h i e m

,* .,
*

i

34) Nhimg dua con trong gia dinh (trich) - N g u y e n T h i

ton, t h o i ich k i , ba hoa, v y Ipi... ciia con n g u o i .
De bai v i d y : Suy nghi ciia anhlchi velong dung cam; Suy ngh'i cua anhlchi ve

tinh trung

35) Chie'c thuyen ngodi xa (trich) - N g u y e n M i n h C h a u

Quan

36) Mot nguoi Ha Noi (trich) - N g u y e n K h a i
37) Hon Trucmg Ba, da hang thit (trich) - L u u Q u a n g V u . ^ .

nguai.

,^

thuc;...
he gia

t i n h anh e m , . . .

dinh:

bao g o m n h i r n g v a n de ve t i n h m a u t u , t i n h phy t u ,


H,l>imUL

AlVn

MtHBII

UUL.

-iiung

ift,,..

. . ..j^jj^..

De bai v i d u : Trong bai tha "Con cd" cua nha tho Chelan

—a

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-TTTT

Vien c6 cau. Con dii

Ian van la con cua me/ Di suot dai long me van theo con ". Tif y tho tren, anh (chi) hay
trinh bay trong mot bai van ngan suy nght cua mink vetinh

man tit.

Quan h? xd hgi: bao gom nhijng van de ve tinh dong bao, tinh thay tro, tinh ban...

-

Co the t r i n h bay bai van n g h i luan (bai van n g i n ) theo bo cue va n p i d u n e
tuongungsau:
'
^

"8
Bo eye

Cach thuc - thao tac

Npi dung

thvc hien

De bai v i d y : Tuc ngu Viet Nam c6 can: "Khong thay do may lam nen". Dua vac

Viet m o t doan

cau tuc ngu tren, anh (chi) hay trinh bay ngan ggn trong mot bai van ngan suy nghi

n g h i luan. Dac bi?t phai tn'ch

Van hoa ung xit, hanh dong: bao g o m thar do u n g x u , c u chi hanh d o n g cua
cau : "Khi ta tang ban hoa hong, tay ta con vmng miii huang".

c6

Anh (chi) suy nghi gi

ngin

gpn de g i o i thieu van de can

cua minh vevai tro cua ngitai thay trong xa hoi hien nay.
con n g u o i t r o n g d o i song hang ngay... De bai v i d u : Phucmg ngon Bun-ga-ri

van

M o bai

G i o i thifu hr tirong, dao li car
I
nghiluan.

vey nghia cua cau phucmg ngon tren?

dan n g u y e n v a n npi d u n g the
h i ^ n t u t u o n g , dao l i t r o n g de
bai (neu de cho la m o t cau n o i ,
danh ngon, cau tuc n g i r , . . . ) .

De l a m m o t bai v a n n g h j luan ve t u t u a n g , dao l i n g u o i viet can xac d i n h

N g o a i ra, can dat van de gpi

d i i n g n o i d u n g t u t u o n g , dao l i dat ra trong de bai; can c u vao n p i d u n g d o ma

dan

giai thich, phan tich, b i n h luan de lam sang to van de va r u t ra bai hoc (chii y:

n g u o i dpc sang phan tiep theo

k h i neu bai hoc can chan thuc, tranh ho hao chung c h u n g hoac dao to bua

Van

I o n . . . ) . Bai lam cho dang de nay t h u o n g c6 may noi d u n g chu yeu sau:

1. G i a i thich ve tu tuong, dao li
can nghi luan.

- N e u van de n g h i luan. De neu dugc van de nghj l u a n , n g u o i viet t u dat ra
cau noi nao?

2. L u a n ban ve tu tuong, dao li

- Giai thich v a n de nghj luan. N g u o i viet can giai thich cho n g u o i doc hieu

can nghi luan:

nghia cu the ciia van de nghj luan. N g u o i viet t h u o n g phai giai thich nghia cu

- Phan tich - c h u n g m i n h ,

the cua m o t so t u ngCr, khai niem chua ro; sau do giai thich y nghia ciia toan bo

bieu d u o n g cac mat d i i n g ciia

cau n o i , cau nhan d i n h . O phan nay, n g u o i viet t h u o n g t u dat va tra l o i cac cau
-

van de n g h i luan.
T h a n bai

L u a n ban ve van de. Phan nay bao g o m vi^c phan tich, c h u n g m i n h va

b i n h luan, danh gia ve van de nghj luan:

-

'

dung

su

loi

thao

cuon

tac

giai

thich (c6 the viet trong m o t
doan van ngan) de giai thich

K h ^ n g d j n h chan l i , d o n g

t u o n g , dao l i can nehi luan.
-

Van d u n g ket h o p

thao tac phan tich va

cac

chung

m i n h de lam sang to van de
nghj luan. Can

phai neu

ra

n h u n g dan c h u n g thuc te c6
tinh tieu bieu de tao co

so

thuye't phuc cho bai van. L i le

thoi phe phan, bac bo n h u n g

neu ra phai chan thuc, dam bao

bieu h i f n sai l^ch v d i chan l i do.

+ Phan tich va c h u n g m i n h van de nghj luan. Phan tich va c h u n g m i n h

h'nh khach quan, khoa hpc.

n h a m lam cho n g u o i dpc t i n n h i i n g dieu v u a giai thich 6 tren. Tuc la phai dua
ra nhCrng l i le va v i d u cu the de thuye't phuc n g u o i doc.

tao

cac t u n g u , khai n i e m , hoac t u

va tra l o i n h i r n g cau hoi n h u : D o la v a n de gi? Van de do the hien t h o n g qua

h o i n h u : N o i n h u the nghia la the'nao? Tai sao c6 the noi n h u the?

nham

-

.

Van d u n g thao tac b i n h

luan de neu y kien, quan n i e m ,

+ B i n h luan, d a n h gia van de nghi luan. N g u o i viet can k h a i quat khang

thai d p ca nhan d o i v o i van de

d i n h lai chan l i , boc lo quan d i e m ciia m i n h ve van de n g h j luan, m o rong nang

nghj luan, d o n g t h o i ket h o p

cao y nghia ciia v a n de, t u do c6 the phe phan nhCrng hien t u g n g d o i lap v o i

thao tac bac bo de phe phan

chan l i t r i n h bay 6 tren.

n h i r n g bieu hien tieu cue (trai

-

v o i chan li) trone xa hoi

L i e n h ^ ban than de riit ra bai hgc. N g u o i dpc can phai neu ra bai hpc

Viet m o t doan

nhan thuc dupe t u van de nghj luan va neu hanh d o n g thiet thuc ciia ban than
de gop phan phat h u y n h i i n g chan l i do.

Ket bai

Riit ra bai hpc nhan thuc ve tu
tuong, dao l i va hanh dpng.

van

ngan

neu ro m i n h da hpc d u g c bai

ipc g i t u t u t u o n g , dao l i tren;
m i n h se lam g i t u bay gio.


2. Cac thao tac lap luan chii yeu
E>
Thao tac l^p luan binh luan: Binh luan dua ra quan ni?m cua ban than de
ban bac, danh gia, bai to thai dp (dong tinh hoac phan bac, phe phan) ve doi
tupng. De viee binh luan dupe tot, nguoi viet can phai c6 su am hieu sau sac,
phai chan that trong vifc neu quan nifm ca nhan.

tinh thuye't phuc, nguoi viet can van dung va phoi hgp linh hogt nhieu thao tac
lap luan. Sau day la mpt so thao tac lap luan thuong van dyng:

Vi du : Doi voi de bai tren, nguoi viet phai nhan dinh su diing dan va y
nghla thiet thye ciia cau noi nhan dinh, dong thai neu va phe phan nhiing
nguoi thieu tinh thuong (lira gat chiem do^t tai san nguoi khac, thay nguoi
gap hoan nan ma khong giiip do,...).
3. Yeu cau ve kien thuc va ki nang
•i ; : i

Thao tac lap luan giai thich: Giai thich la vi^c l i giai cho nguoi khac hieu ve
van de ma minh noi deh bSng each dua ra nhung dinh nghia, khai ni?m ve vah
de do. Trong bai van nghj luan ve t u tuong, dao li, thao tac giai thich dugc
thuc hi^n chu yeu la vi^c lam ro cac nghia tudng minh, nghla ham an ciia van
de, hoac neu cac khai ni^m dupe de cap. Vi#c giai thich dupe tien hanh theo

Nguoi viet can nSm dupe ban chat npi dung y nghla ciia t u tuong, dao l i
dong thoi khi luan ban phai biet nhin nhan, soi chie'u van de do tir nhieu

phuong di^n de c6 the c6 cai nhin toan dien, tranh hieu sai, hieu lech va vie't
sai de; t u do bieu duong nhung mat diing, bac bo nhiing bieu hien sai lech,
tranh cue doan, phien dien.

tung buoc, giai thich t u bp phan den toan the, nghia la giai thich nghia cac tu
ngO, khai niem sau do neu nghia toan bp van de. De thuc hien tot thao tac nay,
nguoi viet can tu dat va tra loi cau h o i : Van de dua ra nghj luan la gi? Y nghla
tupng trung ciia van de do la gi ? Nen hieu van de do nhu thenao?
Vi du: De bai: Tinh thitan^ la hanh phuc cm con ngteoi (SGK N g u van 12

Chii y bieu duong hay bac bo deu phai c6 l i le xae dang, c6 co so khoa hpc,
tranh suy dien, ap dat. Nghia la, bai viet phai co nhung l i le va dan chung cy
the, ro rang. Dan chung phai lay t u thuc te doi song, cang xac thuc, cang cy the
cang CO tinh thuye't phyc cao.

chuan, trang 35). Nguoi viet can giai thich cac khai ni?m "tinh thuang"
(sy quan tam, dong cam, giiip do, chia se ciia con nguoi danh cho nhau...),
"hanh phuc" (cam giac dupe quan tam, yeu thuong, sung sudng va thoa man ve
vat chat Ian tinh than...). Noi tinh thieang la hanh phuc cm con nguoi nghla la
song trong tinh thuong yeu ciia nhieu nguoi thi con nguoi se c6 hanh phiie.
Noi each khac, tinh thuong se mang den hanh phiic cho con nguoi.
Thao tac l^p luan phan tich: Phan tich la vi^c chia nho doi tupng ra nhieu
mat, nhieu yeu to de xem xet k i cac moi lien h§ ben trong, ben ngoai hj- do di den
tong hpp danh gia ve ban chat cua doi tupng. Khi phan tich, nguoi viet can dya
vao mpt CO so nhat djnh de chia doi tupng ra nhieu phuong di?n, nhieu yeu to. Co
the chia doi tupng dua vao mol quan h? ben trong ben ngoai, hoac cae mat bieu
hien cua doi tupng, hoac moi quan h$ nhan qua, hoac quan he 16 gic,...

'

Vi du: Doi voi de bai vua neu tren, nguoi viet phai phan tich vai tro,
y nghla ciia tinh thuong trong vi^e mang lai hanh phiic cho eon nguoi. Cu the:
bieu hi^n ciia tinh thuang; y nghla ciia tinh thuong la giiip nhiing nguoi c6
hoan canh kho khan, bat hanh vuon len trong cupe song, la giiip cho xa hpi
them van minh, nguoi gan nguoi hon...
Thao tac lap luan chung minh: Chung minh la dua ra nhCing l i le, nhung v i
dy dien hinh de thuye't phuc nguoi khac tin vao dieu ma minh khSng dinh. Cac
dan chung va li le dua ra phai mang tinh khoa hpc, khach quan va tieu bieu.
V i du: Doi voi de bai tren, nguoi viet phai dua ra l i le, dan chung cy the de
lam CO so thuye't phyc cho nhijng phan tich tren, nhu : tam guong Ho Chi
Minh, cac nha hao tam, cac chuong trinh v i nguoi ngheo tren ti y i . . .

Bai van phai dupe trinh bay vai ke't cau phai chat che, dien dat luu loat;
khong mac loi chinh ta, dung tu, ngu phap. Bai vie't phai dam bao bo cue ba
phan chinh (mo bai - than bai - ke't bai); chia doan theo tung luan diem ro rang.
Trong khi viet bai can phoi hpp linh hoat nhieu thao tac lap luan: phan tich,
so sanh, bac bo, binh luan.
Urn y chung. Sy phan chia cac dang de va each thuc lam bai neu tren ehi la tuong
doi, nguoi viei can phat huy tinh sang tao va su linh hoat khi van dyng viet bai van.
II. N G H I L U A N V E H I E N T l / Q N G D6I S O N G
1. Cac d^ng de va each lam
Nghi luan ve mpt hi#n tupng doi song la ban ve mpt hifn tupng co lien
quan tai ra't nhieu phuong di?n eiia doi song xa hpi. Cu the, bai van nghi luan
ve mpt hi?n tupng doi song tap trung neu ro hi$n tupng, phan tich cae mat
diing - sai, Ipi - hai, ehi ra nguyen nhan va bay to thai dp, y kien ciia nguoi
Viet ve mpt hi^n tupng xay ra trong doi song. Pham vi kieu bai nay la ban luan
6 goe dp xa hpi, t u li^u chii yeu la t u thuc te'cupe song dang dien ra co tinh
chan thuc va khaeh quan. Nguoi vie't can the hi^n dupe su hieu biet ve hi^n
tupng doi song dong thai bpe 16 tinh cam, quan diem, thai dp chan that ciia
ban than. De dam bao yeu eau nay, nguoi vie't can phai thuong xuyen thu thap

nhung t u l i f u, thong tin trong cupe song hang ngay thong qua cae phuong ti?n
thong tin, qua thay eo, ban be... Dong thai, nguoi vie't cung can phai biet each
xu li va van dyng nhOng thong tin, t u lieu thu thap dupe.


De tai cua bai van nghi luan ve mot tiien tugng doi song thuong tap trurrg vao
nhung hien tugng noi bat, c6 tinh thai six, tao dugc su quan tam chii y va tac dgng Ion
deh doi song xa hoi. NhiSng hi§n tugng nay bao gom doi song t u nhien va xa hoi.
N h i i n g hien t u g n g d u g c de cap den trong dang bai nay k h o n g chi la n h i i n g
hi?n t u g n g tich cue, tac d g n g tot den xa hoi ma con c6 n h i i n g hien t u g n g mang
t i n h chat tieu cue, dang bj toan xa hoi len an, phe phan.
Sau day x i n g i o i thieu m o t so' hien t u g n g tieu bieu t h u o n g tha'y t r o n g de

de gop phan han che n h u n g tieu cue trong xa hgi va phat h u y n h u n g mat tich
eye t r o n g d o i so'ng.
" ,,
Co the t r i n h bay bai van nghj luan (bai van ngan) theo bo cue va ngi d u n g
t u o n g u n g sau:
Bo cue

Cach thuc - thao tac

Ngi dung

thuc h i ? n

k i e m tra, de t h i gan day:
Hien tugng xay ra trong gia dinh: bao lue gia d i n h , m a t doan ke't t r o n g gia

M d bai

Viet doan van ngan ggn
G i o i thi|u vai\e can nghi luan.

d i n h , anh em t r a n h nhau tai san, cha m? k h o n g quan t a m hoac bo r o i con cai,
con cai n g u g c dai cha m e , . . .

1. T r i n h bay h i f n tugng

Viet m o t doan

Hien tugng dien ra ngoai xd hgi: tai nan giao thong, 6 n h i e m m o i t r u o n g , to

t u g n g . Van d u n g chii ye'u

v 6 le v 6 i giao v i e n , . . .

thao tac giai thieh de lam ro

N g o a i ra, con rat nhieu hien t u g n g m a n g t i n h chat t h o i s u ehinh t r i khac

hien t u g n g .

n h u : hgc tap va lam theo tam g u o n g dao due H o C h i M i n h , chay m a u chat

2. L u a n ban hi?n tugng

xam, nghia eu t r o n g euge song,...vv...

- Phan tich - ehung m i n h eac

d j n h d i i n g ngi d u n g hi^n t u g n g d o i song dat ra t r o n g de bai; can e i i vao ngi

- Van d u n g thao tac phan

m a t d i i n g - sai, Igi - hai eiia

De l a m m o t bai van nghj luan ve hien t u g n g d o i song, n g u o i vie't can xae

tich va dua ra n h i j n g so lieu,

hi^n t u g n g .

su

d u n g do ma giai thieh, phan tich, b i n h luan de l a m sang to v a n de va r i i t ra bai
T h a n bai

Neu van de nghi luan. De neu dugc van de nghi luan, nguoi vie't t u dat ra va

- C h i ra nguyen nhan
hien t u g n g .

ciia

- Bay to thai do, y kie'n, neu

Trinh bay ro ve hien tugng. N g u o i vie't can giai thieh eho nguoi dgc hieu eu the

bien phap d o i v o i hien t u g n g .

ve hien tugng (eac mat bieu hien, pham v i xay ra, doi tugng gay ra hien tugng...).

tac

dgng tich eye hay tieu eye).
nhan ehu ye'u eua hi^n tugng
(nguyen nhan ehu quan va

ea nhan ve hien t u g n g , neu
cae

n h & n g mat tac d g n g (tich cue hoae tieu eye) eiia hien t u g n g den d o i song xa

bien

hien

h g i . Tue la phai d u a ra n h i r n g l i le va v i d u eu the de thuye't phue n g u o i doe.

phap

tugng

khae

phue

(doi v o i hi^n

t u g n g tieu eye), hoac bien

+ B i n h luan, danh gia van de nghj luan. N g u o i vie't can neu ra nguyen

phap phat h u y hien t u g n g

nhan cua hien t u g n g , dong t h a i de xua't n h i r n g giai phap huu hieu nha't de giai

(doi

quye't hien t u g n g .

voi

hien

tugng

tich

eye).

Ngoai ra, 6 phan luan ban van de, n g u o i vie't can bgc 16 quan diem, cam xiic

Viet mot doan van de khai

eiia m i n h ve van de nghj luan, t u do eo the phe phan n h i r n g bieu hi§n tieu eye,
nhan thuc d u g c t u van de n g h i luan va neu hanh d g n g thie't thuc cua ban than

dot v o i d o i song (mat

- Bay to thai dp, y kien

+ Phan tich va ehung m i n h van de nghj luan. Phan tich va ehung m i n h

Lien h§ ban than de rut ra bai hgc. N g u o i dgc can phai neu ra bai hgc

minh

nguyen nhan khaeh quan).

L u a n ban ve van de. Phan nay bao g o m vice phan tich, c h u n g m i n h va

b i n h luan, danh gia ve van de nghj luan.

-

de chung

- Neu ra n h i i n g nguyen

tra loi nhjing eau hoi n h u : D o la van de gi? Van de do eo dugc xa hgi quan tam?

-

kien...

mat tac dgng cua hien t u g n g

hgc (chii y: k h i neu bai hgc can chan thuc, tranh ho hao c h u n g ehung hoac dao

-

de

eac mat bieu hi^n eiia hien

Hien tugng dien ra trong hgc duong: h i f n t u g n g quay cop, bao luc hoc d u o n g ,

-

van

t r i n h bay ro ve thye trang -

chue bao t r g tre em, giai quye't m a u thuan bang bao luc, nhau nhet,...

to biia I o n . . . ) . Bai l a m eho dang de nay t h u o n g c6 may ngi d u n g ehii ye'u sau:

de g i o i thieu ve hien t u g n g
can nghj luan.

K^tbai

K h i n g dinh van de, nit ra bai

quat lai van de^ n i t ra bai hgc

hgc nhan thuc va hanh dong.

nhan thuc t u van de nghi luan
va hanh dgng eiia ban than.


LGD trU^

KTDH 3 miin Bdc^^Ti-ung

^ainWgWv^n

-Trffn Lien QUatlg

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Cty TNHH MTV DWH

Vn

Bai van phai dugc t r i n h bay vod ket cau phai chat che, d i l n dat l u u loat;

2. C a c thao tac lap luan chii yeu
Thao tac lap l u | n giai thich:

Khang

D i i n g l i le de giai thich, t r i n h bay ro cho

khong mac 16i chinh ta, d i i n g t u , n g i i phap. Bai viet phai d a m bao bo' cue ba

n g u o i khac hieu ve hien t u g n g m i n h dang n g h i luan la g i . 6 day, n g u o i viet

phan chinh ( m o bai - than bai - ket bai); chia doan theo t u n g luan d i e m ro rang.

can giai thich ngSn g p n hien t u g n g dang xay ra n h u the nao? Tai dau? N g h i e m

T r o n g k h i viet bai can p h o i h g p l i n h hoat nhieu thao tac lap luan: phan tich,
so sanh, bac bo, b i n h luan.

trgng? Phobien?...

Ltm y chung: Su phan chia cac dang de va each thiic lam bai neu tren chi la tuong

V i d u : K h i ban ve hi?n t u g n g bao luc hgc d u o n g (de bai ban luan ve nan
bao luc hgc d u o n g ) , n g u o i viet can giai thich ngan ggn y sau: H i ^ n t u g n g bao
luc hgc d u o n g la each c u x u bang hanh v i tho bao, n g u y h i e m hien dang xay ra
6 nhieu t r u o n g hgc v o i t i n h chat ngay m o t phuc tap va n g h i e m trgng.

doi, nguoi viet can phat huy tinh sang tao va su linh hoat khi van dung viet bai van.
B. H U D M B DAIM L U Y E N T A P

I.

D o i t u g n g c6 hanh v i v i p h a m nay da phan la hgc sinh.

NGHI LUAN V E T l / T l / O N C D A O Li
'

Thao tac lap luan phan tich: Phan tich la vi^c t i m hieu, x e m xet d o i t u g n g
6 nhieu goc dg, nhieu p h u o n g d i ^ n theo m g t hoac nhieu tieu chi nao do, t u do
CO the d a n h gia d u n g dan h o n ve ban chat ciia d o i Ui-gng.

Del:

''•') ii

Nha van Phap D i - d o - r o da nhan dinh: "Neu khong c6 muc dtch, anh khong

lam. duocgi cd. Anh cung khong lam dugc cdi gi vi dai neu muc dich tarn

I

thumg".

H a y viet m o t b a i van ngan ban luan ve nhan d i n h tren.

V i d u : D61 v o i de bai tren, n g u o i viet se phai phan tich cac mat tac hai ciia
Gaiybdildfn

h i f n t u g n g , n h u : anh h u o n g xau den viec hgc, t u o n g l a i ; them ganh nang cho
•

xa h o i ; mat trat t u xa h g i ; . . . T u su phan tich do, n g u o i viet d a n h gia ve m u c do

i';

M o bai

Gio-i thicu van de: Thanh bai trong cugc song cua con n g u o i la d o nhieu nhan

n g u y hai ciia bao luc hgc d u o n g .

Thao tac lap luan chung minh: C h u n g m i n h la dua ra n h i i n g l i le, n h i i n g

to. T r o n g do, m o t trong n h u n g yeu to quan trgng la muc dich song. N h a van

v i d u de xac thuc cho nhi>ng dieu da neu. Cac l i le va d a n c h u n g phai chuan

Phap D i - d o - r o t u n g nhan ctjnh: "Neu khong c6 muc dich, anh khong lam dugc gi

xac, khach quan va tieu bieu.

cd. Anh Cling khong lam dugc cdi gt vi dai neu muc dich tam thuang".

V i d u : D o i v o i de bai tren, de d a m bao t i n h thuyet phuc cho n h i i n g phan

Vay, vai tro y nghTa ciia muc dich la gi?

tich tren, n g u o i viet phai neu ra l i le va nhat la dua ra dan c h u n g cu the ve

•

n h u n g v y bao luc hgc d u o n g , n h i i n g thiet hai cu the (so v u , d o i t u g n g v i

1. Cidi thich van de:

pham, b i phap luat x u li).

Muc

-

Thao tac binh luan: Binh luan la ban bac, neu quan niem ca nhan ve hien
tugng nghi luan. N g u o i viet dua ra nhung
voi thuc tien cugc song.

y kieh ca nhan n h u n g phai p h u hgp
;

V i du: D o i v o l de bai tren, nguoi viet phai neu ro thai do, y kieh ve t^ nan bao
lye hgc duong, dong thoi de xuat giai phap ma m i n h thay la hieu qua thiet thuc...

Than bai

dich (Cai vach ra l a m dich nham dat cho dugc): la dich nham toi ma

m i n h dat ra de phan dau dat dugc truoc k h i lam m g t vi^c gi do, no g i u p ta bie't
dieu g i can thie't phai l a m va lam n h u the nao. M u c dich c6 vai tro djnh h u o n g
cho v i f c l a m cua ta.
2. Luan ban van de:
-

M y c dich c6 v a i tro la k i m chi nam d i n h h u o n g cho hanh d o n g va dan

3. Y e u cau ve k i e n thuc va k i nang

con n g u o i den v o i nhiJ-ng thanh cong, l i t u o n g trong cugc song. T u y nhien, neu

N g u o i viet can n a m d u g c ban chat cua hien t u g n g , d o n g t h o i k h i luan ban

m y c dich tam t h u o n g t h i ta chi dat dugc n h i i n g cai tam t h u o n g , tham chi

phai bie't n h i n nhan, soi chieu van de do t u nhieu p h u o n g dien de c6 the c6 cai
n h i n toan d i f n, tranh hieu sai, hieu lech va viet sai de; t u do khang d i n h n h u n g
mat d u n g , bac bo n h i i n g bieu hien sai lech, tranh cue doan, phien dien.
L i le d u a ra phai xac dang, c6 co so khoa hgc, v i d u phai cu the, tranh suy
dien, ap dat. D a n c h u n g phai lay tir thyc te d o i song, cang xac thuc, cang cu
the cang c6 t i n h thuyet phuc cao.

khong dat ba't c u dieu gi ca.
- M y c d i c h song c6 vai tro quye't djnh chat l u g n g cugc song cua con n g u o i ,
do vay ta can phai dat ra cho m i n h nhi>ng m y c dich song va m y c dich do phai
d?p va CO y nghTa tich cue.
Phe phan n h u n g doi tupT[g'S&m~kfiQr^p^mm
hoac muc dich ca nhan, tam tt ijuMi^ . .
uong.

•

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• Ketbai
- Khang dinh van dc: quan ni^m ciia D i - d o - r o da xac dinh diing dan vai tro
tich cue ciia myc dich song cua con nguoi trong mpi thoi dai.
- Bai hoc nhqn thi'i'c va hanh dong: biet song phai c6 myc dich, biet vuon len
de dat muc dich; hpc tap hay lao dong cung phai xac djnh dpng co, myc dich
cua vi^c minh lam.
Bai van tham khdo
Trong cupc song ciia chiing ta, mpi thu doi voi ta deu rat quan trpng,
nhung dieu quan trpng nha't doi nguoi chinh la muc dich, la l i tuong song, no
se quyet djnh su thanh bai doi voi moi nguoi. D i i lam bat cu vi^c gi, chiing ta
cung phai biet muc dich ciia vi^c lam do la g\ Nha van Phap D i - d o - r o da
nhan djnh : "Nc'u khong co muc dich, anh khong lam dugc gi ca. Anh cung khong lam
dwgc cdigi vi dai neu muc dich tam thuong".
Cau noi tren mac du nguoi noi dung dai t u xung ho la "anh" nhung no
huong den tat ca chiing ta. That vay, muc dich doi voi moi con nguoi la dieu

rat quan trpng. Vay muc dich la gi? Muc dich la cai ma ta vach ra lam dich
nham dat cho dupe. Noi each khac, myc dich la dich nham den ma minh dat ra
truoe khi lam mpt viee gi do de phan da'u dat dupe. No giiip ta biet dieu gi can
thiet phai lam va lam nhu the'nao. Muc dich co vai tro djnh huong, dpng vien
cho hanh dpng ciia ta. Vi the con nguoi co myc dich, se la con nguoi co
phuong huong trong cupc doi. Va muc dich quan trpng nhu the'nao?
Cau noi ciia D i - d o - r o hoan toan diing: "Neu khong co muc dich, anh khong
lam dwgc dieu gi ca". Dieu nay co nghia myc dich co vai tro la kim chi nam djnh
huong cho hanh dpng va dan con nguoi den voi nhijng thanh cong, l i tuong
trong cupc song. Qua that, du song hay lam bat cu vi^c gi ma ta khong co myc
dich thi cupc song se tro nen v6 nghla, chiing ta se khong lam dupe gi va cOng
khong biet se lam gi, ta se mat niem tin voi chinh ban than minh. T u do, ta se
b| xem nhu la mpt thanh phan thua, thanh phan xau trong xa hpi, phai song
suot doi lao dao, Ian dan, song khong biet ai, chet eiing chang ai hay. Va ngupe
lai, nhirng nguoi cong thanh danh toai thuong la nhirng nguoi co myc dich va
li tuong Ion lao. Hp luon dupe mpi nguoi ton kinh va ne phyc. Dien hinh la vj
lanh ty vT dai, vj cha gia dan tpe Ho Chi Minh dam hi sinh ca doi minh, co'
gang phan da'u chi vi myc dich, li tuong duy nha't - Da'u tranh gianh dpc lap
dan tpc, dem lai hanh phiic cho hang van nguoi dan.
'
Va tat nhien, "Anh cung khong lam dugc cai gi vi dai neu muc dich tarn thudmg".
Dieu nay co nghla neu myc dich tam thuong thi cupc doi ta chi la nhiing cai
tam thuong. "Muc dich tam thuong" no hoan toan trai ngupc voi myc dich binh
dj, gian don. Nguoi nao hanh dpng ma chi nghl den Ipi ich ca nhan ma quen di
Ipi ich chung thi co the xem myc dich ay tam thuong. Neu song qua ca nhan

MTV

DWH

Khang

Vi^t

thi ban se tro thanh mpt con nguoi vi ki, myc dich ciia b^n se tam thuong hoa.
Dong thoi, muc dich ma khong dem den Ipi ich chan chinh thi do ciing chi xem
la myc dich tam thuong. Mpt khi muc dich ciia ban tam thuong thi mpi nguoi
se khong ling hp ban, tham chi xa lanh ban.
N h u vay, myc dich song co vai tro quyet djnh chat lupng cupc so'ng va
phan anh nhan each ciia moi con nguoi. Do vay, ta can phai dgt ra cho minh
nhirng myc dich song va myc dich do phai d?p va co y nghla tich cue. Myc
dich song ciia ta phai luon la myc dich vi Ipi ich chung. Boi le "song la cho, dau
chi nhan rieng minh". Tu nhung von tri thue, sy quyet tam va nghj lyc co dupe,
ta phai dat cho minh nhung myc dich Ion lao hoae it ra cung "khong tam
thuong". Dong thoi, ta nen phe phan nhiSng nguoi co loi song buong tha, bai
tru nhirng nguoi co myc dich "tam thuong", co the gay anh huong nghiem
trpng den Ipi ich, con duong phat trien ciia dat nuoe.
Cau noi eiia Di-do-ro nhu mpt loi thue tinh nhijng nguoi dang say voi
nhirng thu vui sa dpa ma khong quan tam den myc dich doi minh. No ciing la
loi dpng vien cho nhirng ai muon thanh cong, co chi vi cupc doi. La tuoi tre,
chiing ta phai dat cho minh nhirng muc dich cao dep de gop phan thiic day phat
trien dat nude va cung dimg quen phai trau doi tri thiic va ren nhan each, vi
khong ren luyen tu duong ban than thi myc di'eh cung chi la v6 nghla ma thoi!
(Ngo Thi Kim Chi)
Del: A n h / chi hay tra loi cau hoi sau ciia nha tha To H m i :
"Oil Song d?p Id the'nao hoi ban?" (Mgt khuc ca)
• M o bai

>

Gai y bai Idm

Gioi Ihieu van de: Song dep la loi song ma nhieu nguoi vuon toi. Nha each
mang, nha tho To Hiru da tirng tran tro: "6i, song dep la the nao hoi ban?".
Vay theo ban, the nao la "song dep"?
• Than bai
1. Cidi thich van de:
Song dep: song co myc di'eh, l i tuong; song biet hi sinh va biet yeu thuong
nhau... Cau hoi ciia nha tho To Hiru mang tinh khoi gpi va nhSe nho mpi
nguoi huong den mpt 161 so'ng tot d^p va huu leh.
2. Lugn ban van de:
- Cae phuong dien bieu hien ciia so'ng dep: l i tuong cao d?p, t r i tu? sau
rpng, tam hon phong phu trong sang va hanh dpng Hch cue...
- Song dep bao gio ciing dupe su thanh than, khong day diit luong tam va dupe
nhieu nguoi quy trpng. Muon song dep truoe het phai biet gSn Ipi ich ban than voi Ipi
•ch cua cpng dong, khong ngimg phah da'u vuon len va da'u tranh cho le phai.

^^^^


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Phe phan n h u n g quan n i f m va l o i song k h o n g d^p t r o n g d o i song:

song v i I g i ich ca nhan, ich k i , thieu t i n h thuong, tham lam...
•

lai cang kho hon. V i vay, k h i v u p t qua nhijng cai kho do ban se hoan thi?n ban

- KMng dinh van de: Song dep la p h u o n g cham song tich cue, l a m con n g u o i
-

tich cue, l u o n g t h i f n de song d?p. N o se giiip ban h i f n thuc hoa l i tuong, tarn hon,
tri tue von co cua m i n h . Hoc l i thuyet da kho ma van dung, hanh dong sao cho tot

Ket bai

gan nhau h o n ,

"Moi pham chai cua due hanh la d trong hanh dong", nen ban can co hanh dong

CUQC

song dep hon.

than m i n h . Cac ban hay song dep v o i m p i nguoi, v o i cuoc d o i cung chinh la song
dep v o i ban than v i "tang nguoi hoa hong tay ta van con vucmg ntui thom".

Bai hoc nhan thuc va hanh dong: T u o i tre can phai xac d i n h d u n g dan l o i

song dep; k h o n g n g u n g ren l u y ^ n nhan each de song c6 ich do'i v o i xa h p i .
Bai van tham khdo

Song dep bao g i o cung dupe s u thanh than, k h o n g day d u t l u o n g tam va
dupe nhieu n g u o i q u y trpng. T h o i nao cung co nhOng tam g u o n g "song dep"

, ,^ .

Song dep la 161 song ma nhieu n g u o i v u o n toi. T u xua den nay, m p i hoat dgng
van hoa - xa hoi deu n h a m h u o n g con n g u o i den loi song c6 ich, song dep gop
phan thiic day su giau m a n h va van m i n h cua dat nuoc. Ve dieu nay, nha each
mang, nha tho To H i r u da t i m g tran tro: "Oi, song d?p la the nao hot ban?".

de ta n o i theo. T r o n g t h o i dat nuoc co chien tranh, l i t u o n g song ciia con n g u o i
t h o i ay do la "quyei tie cho Toquoc quyet sinh". Co biet bao n g u o i con anh d u n g
da h i sinh, da nga x u o n g cho cupe song hoa b i n h ngay nay. Va t r o n g t h o i dai
m o i nay, hang ngay, hang g i o co biet bao nhieu chien sT bien p h o n g dang canh
gac noi bien cuong, hai dao. Bao chien sT c6ng an da tham lang h i sinh trong

Vay theo ban, the nao la song dep?
Co the hieu, song dep ma nha tho To Hwu m u o n noi k h o n g phai la d?p ttr

mat tran dau tranh chong tpi p h a m . Cac sinh v i e n sau k h i tot n g h i ^ p dai hoc

trang phuc den dau toe, k h o n g phai la ve dep ben ngoai m a dep 6 day la dep

sSn sang c6ng tac o v i i n g sau v u n g xa x6i cua To quoe. N h u n g bac sT, giao

ve tarn hon, ve t u t u o n g , t i n h cam, t r i tu? cua m p t con n g u o i . N o i khai quat,

vien, hay nhCrng k i su... s i n sang tix bo n h i m g co hpi vi^c l a m v o i n h i i n g t h u

song d?p 6 day la song c6 ich cho xa hoi va dupe m o i n g u o i q u y trpng.

nhap cao 6 thanh p h o Ion, de den v o i n h u n g v u n g dat ngheo k h o n o i xa xoi

Vay, bieu h i ^ n cua song dep la gi?

heo l a n h . . . D o c h i n h la n h i i n g con n g u o i dang hang ngay, hang g i o gop xay

N g u o i C O 161 song dep truoc het phai la n g u o i c6 If t u o n g cao d
cupe d o i bang le song d?p ciia m i n h . . . H p la n h i j n g chien sT tien p h o n g trong

N g a Lep T o n - x t o i da t u n g noi "Li tifong la ngon den chi duang. Khong co li timng

thoi k i d o i m o i . Va con nhieu lam nhij-ng con n g u o i dang tran t r p n g n h u the

thi khong co phuong huong kien dinh, ma khong c6 phuang huang kien dinh tht khong

quanh ta. V a n de la 6 ch6 ta co noi g u o n g theo hp dupe khong?

CO cuoc song". Tat nhien, l i t u o n g do k h o n g phai chi v i ban than ma con v i I p i
ich c h u n g cua cong d o n g xa hpi va h u o n g den n h i j n g gia t r i Chan, T h i ^ n , MT.
"Song la cho, dau chi nhan rieng minh". Ban d i m g hoi xa h p i da l a m gi cho ban,
ma hay hoi ban da l a m gi cho xa h p i . Dieu do m o i c h u n g to ban co l i t u o n g
d u n g d a n va cao dep. L i t u o n g cung k h o n g phai la cai gi xa x o i t r u u t u o n g ma
bang ngay nhij-ng hanh d o n g cu the, thiet thyc d o n g gop cho gia d i n h va xa h p i
bang c h i n h con t i m , k h o i 6c cua m i n h .

*°* "

N g o a i ra, tarn h o n lanh manh nhan hau luon q u y t u ve cai dep, cai thien va
tranh xa cai ac, cai xau. D o cung la bieu hien ciia song d?p. N o i each khae, chiing
ta phai biet dau truoc noi dau cua n g u o i khae, v u i n i e m v u i chung. Song lanh

Ben canh n h u n g n g u o i "song dep" san long h i sinh cho cupe d o i , ngay nay con

kh6ng ft n h i i n g n g u o i song lech lac. D o la nhiing thanh nien sinh ra trong
n h u n g gia d i n h giau co d a n g lao vao nhCrng cupe 3n choi thae loan, quay
cuong t r o n g n h i i n g h o p d e m hoae d u a xe gam ru tren d u o n g pho

nhu

n h i i n g h u n g than. H a y n h i i n g can bp thoai hoa bien chat d a n g song trong
n h u n g lya, t r o n g n h i j n g can hp cao cap, thira m u a n h u n g t i ^ n n g h i dat tien.
Hp con t i m d u m p i m a n h l o i thii doan de t h a m n h u n g tien bgc ciia nha
nuoc, a i a nhan d a n . . . t r o n g k h i do nhieu gia d i n h eon dang s6'ng trong
n h u n g can nha d o t nat, bua no, biia d o i . H p k h 6 n g n h i i n g la chua "song dep"

manh nhan hau se l a m ban thoai mai, yeu d o i va quy trpng nhiJng gi ma d o i ban

ma con la n h i i n g tpi nhan, n h i i n g ke dang t u b o i den cupe d o i m i n h va boi

tang. H a y tha t h i i n h i m g 16i lam cua n g u o i khae va xoa b6 n h i m g an oan h | n

xau xa h p i that d a n g len an va phe phan.

thii t h i trong mk b ^ n cupe song nay se t u o i d?p biet n h u o n g nao!

Cau t h o ciia T o H u u "Oi, song dep la the nao hai ban?" m a i la n i e m b a n

Song dep cung can co t r i t u ^ sang suot. Can phai t h u o n g xuyen t r a u d o i t r i

k h o a n t r a n t r o , la d i n h h u o n g cho ta suy n g h l ve l o i s o n g d i i n g d a n ciia

thuc va v a n d u n g n h u n g t r i thuc m o t each thiet thuc vao cupe song. C h i co t r i

m i n h . C a m a n nha t h o da de lai cho d o i m p t van t h o d?p, m o t le song d?p va

thuc m o i bien n h i r n g uoc m o , l i t u o n g tro thanh hien thuc. V i vay, ngay t u k h i

l^hai sang cho n h i i n g ai chua nhan ra dupe le s6'ng d?p tren d o i .

ngoi tren ghe nha t r u o n g ban can phai ren l u y ^ n due t i n h tot d?p de k h i buoc
vao d o i ban se v i r n g t i n h o n va u n g x u v o i d o i t6't dep h o n .

(Ngo T h i K i m Chi)

21


duoc chan hoa giiia tinh thuong ciia mpi nguoi. Noi each khac, tinh thuong

De3: Tinh thuong la hanh phuc cua con ngwoi.

chinh la ngpn nguon ciia hanh phiic. Vay, tinh thuong da "tqo" ra hanh phiic cho

G(ri y bai lam

con nguoi. Qua thuc chiing ta se khong the trong cay 6 noi thieu anh sang va

• Mdbai
Gidi thieu van de: Ban ve hanh phiic c6 rat nhieu y kien, khai ni^m khac
nhau. Co nguoi cho rang hanh phiic la khi dat duQ-c uoc mo, c6 nguoi cho rang
hanh phiic la khi ta dugc ton vinh... Dac biet, c6 rat nhieu y kien cho r^ng
"Tinh thuong la hqnh phuc cua con nguai".
• Than bai

1. Giai thich van de
- Tinh thuang la su quan tarn, giiip do va chia se ciia con nguoi danh cho
nhau. Hqnh phiic la niem phah khoi, sung suong khi dat duoc nhung dieu
minh mong uoc, du^c yeu thuang.
- N o i "tinh thuang la hqnh phuc cua con nguai" nghla la con nguoi song c6
hanh phiic khi dug-c chan hoa giua tinh thuong ciia mpi nguoi.
2. Luqn ban van de

hanh phiic. M o i khi ban lam mot viec tot xuat phat t u long thuong ciia ban

- Tinh thuong c6 nhirng bieu hi^n: dong cam, chia se, giiip do nhau... nhat

nhu giiip do mpt cu gia d i qua duong, cho nguoi hanh khat phan qua sang

.{.f} - Y nghia va tac dung Ion lao ciia tinh thuong trong cugc song: giiip nhiing
manh doi bat hanh vuot qua gian kho ; huang con nguoi den nhung tinh cam

thuong cam. Do la chan li vTnh hang. N h u vay, tinh thuong la hanh phiic. Muon
hanh phiic thi phai biet yeu thuang. Bai nhiing le rat don gian do la:
Tinh thuong mang lai hanh phiic cho nguai nhan no, giiip hp c6 them nghi
luc de vupt qua mpi thii thach, kho khan; la dong luc giiip hp ngay cang hoan
thien hon. Trong Nhimg nguai khon kho (V. Huy-go), tinh thuong v6 bo ciia
Giang Van - giang doi voi nhiing nguoi khon kho da c6 y nghia Ion lao, thay
doi so phan va giao hoa con nguoi. Tinh thuong ay cho di ma khong can nhan
lai. Chi mot dieu rat that, do la dem hanh phiic den cho nguai khac.
Khong chi voi nguoi nhan, su trao di tinh thuang ciing la dieu mang lai

ban cam thay thenao? Cau tra loi nam trong tim ban, c6 phai ban dang vui...?
The CO nghia la ban dang hanh phiic day. Trao d i yeu thuong mpt each tu
nhien, chiing ta se nhan lai hanh phiic xiing dang.

trong sang, lanh manh; moi nguoi duoc dong day hanh phiic...
Phe phan nhiing nguoi song v6 cam, thieu tinh than tap the tham chi

Vang, tinh thuong chinh la spi day lien ket tinh than, giiip con nguai gan lai
nhau hon. Truoc nhat, y nghia thieng lieng ciia tinh thuong la giiip nhi>ng

nhan tarn voi noi dau ciia nguoi khac.
•

cam tho o voi cupc doi. Hanh phiic chi thuc su tran day khi tim ta giau long

ciia ban, hay xach mpt tiii do nang giiim cho chi phu nu dang mang bau...

la khi hoan nan.

-

nguon nude. Cling nhu ta khong the cam nhan dupe hanh phiic khi ta song v6

manh doi bat hanh vupt qua gian kho, vuon len trong cupc song. Da c6 khong

Ketbai

- Khang dinh van de: quan n i | m "tinh thuang la hqnh phuc ciia con nguai" la
mpt quan ni^m tien bo va mang tinh triet li, nhan van sau sac.
- Bai hoc nhan thiec va hanh dong: mpi nguoi can nhan thiic diing dan vai tro, y
nghia to Ion ciia tinh thuong; tich cue hoat dong va san sang giiip do nguoi khac.

it tre em co nho, lang thang, "Khong ao cam, cu ha cii bat" (noi theo each ciia nha

tho To Hiju) dupe nhiing mai am tinh thuong nhan bao trp va cac em da vuon
len song tot, tro thanh nguoi huu ich. Hi^n nay ciing co rat nhieu quy bao trp
tre em, ehuong trinh nhan ai dang hoat dpng ma cac bao dai thuong xuyen

Bai van tham khdo

dua tin nhu: Chuong trinh Vupt len chinh minh, Trai tim nhan ai, Mai am

Con nguoi sinh ra la de huong hanh phiic ciia cupc doi, ma hanh phiic dau

nghia tinh, Thap sang uoc mo... Ngoai ra, tinh thuong con co tac dung huong

tien ta dugc huong chinh la tinh thuang ciia con nguoi danh cho nhau. Boi, tinh

con nguoi den nhiing tinh cam trong sang, lanh manh, xa hpi them van minh

thuong la yeu to quan trpng tao nen gia tri, y nghia ciia

giau dep hon. Khong phai ngau nhien ma cha ong ta co cau "Ddnh nguai chqy

CUQC

song... Vi vay,

nguoi ta da nhan xet va khSng dinh "tinh thuang la hqnh phiic cua con nguai".
Vay, tinh thuang la gi? Tinh thuang la su quan tam, giiip do va chia se ciia

di chu ai ddnh nguai chqy Iqi". Do chinh la tinh thuang doi voi nhiing nguoi lam
loi biet hoi cai ma dan toe ta da tiep noi tir truyen thong ngan dai nay. Ngay

con nguoi danh cho nhau. No la mot pham chat cao dep va trong sang giua con

nay voi quan diem cam hoa, cai tao eon nguoi la chinh, Nha nuoc ta luon c6

nguoi voi con nguoi, giua con nguoi voi muon loai cay c6, giiia con nguoi voi

chinh sach khoan hong doi voi nhiing tpi pham biet siia doi... N h u vay, tu

que huong, dat nuoc, xom lang... Con Hqnh phiic la gi? Do chinh la niem phah

nhiing phan tieh tren, ta thay du xem xet 6 goe dp hay phuang dien nao thi

khoi, sung suong khi dat duoc nhung dieu minh mong uoc, duoc yeu thuong.

tinh thuang van co dich huong toi la mang lai hanh phiic cho con nguoi.

Noi "tinh thuang la hqnh phiic cua con nguai" nghia la con nguoi c6 hanh phiic khi

•


T i n h t h u a n g c6 y nghia rat to Ion doi v o i cupc song con n g u o i . Song c6 t i n h
t h u a n g nghia la biet quan tarn, chia se, d p n g vien, givip d a t h i

CUQC

song ngay

se cang t u o i d^p, than thi^n va xa hoi se t r o n g sach h o n , vmg

m a n h han. Trai

2. Luan ban van de^
- M y c dich t r u a c nhat ciia vi^c hpc la "hoc debiei", tiic hpc de tiep t h u kien
thuc t r o n g qua t r i n h hpc tap.

l ^ i , song k h o n g c6 t i n h t h u o n g t h i k h o n g c6 hanh phuc. N h O n g loi song ich k i ,

- Muc dich khac ciia vi^c hpc la "hoc de'lam, hoc de'chung song, hoc de'khang dinh

v y l a i , hay v6 cam, nhan tarn... chi dem den cho con n g u o i cai "ao giac cua

minh", tiic hpc de thuc hanh, van d u n g kieh thuc, tung buoe hoan thien nhan each...

hanh p h i i c " k h i ho dat dupe muc dich tarn t h u o n g ma t h o i . D o k h o n g phai la

- Phe phan n h u n g n g u o i c6 thai d p l o la trong vi^c hpc, hpc ma k h o n g xac

hanh phuc thuc su. H p se bj m p i n g u o i xa lanh va k h i n h ghet. H p se song
trong CO dpc, b u o n t u i . D u n g tham lam, d u n g d o i hoi qua nhieu, hanh phuc rat
b i n h d i va 6 ngay q u a n h ta. H a n h phuc a ngay trong trai t i m giau t i n h t h u o n g
cua ban. H a y cho d i t i n h t h u o n g de nhan ve hanh phiic. H a y chat chiu t u n g

•

' a--'

bai

'V^t.:-

•!•<•• •

•

hpp v o i m p i thai dai ma con la mot djnh huong tich cue cho ca nganh giao due.
Bai hoc nhan thicc va hanh dong: T u o i tre can phai d j n h h u o n g hpc tap ro

rang h o n ; hpc tap p h a i "hoc di doi vai hanh".

Cam on dai moi s&m mai thuc day
Ta CO them ngay nm deyeu

Ket

- Khang dinh van de. M u c dich hpc tap do UNESCO de x u o n g khong n h i i n g p h i i
-

n i e m yeu t h u a n g trong m o i ngay ban nhe.

'

d i n h d i i n g dan m y c dich, d o n g c& ro rang.

thuang

Bat van tham

(Nguyen Nhat Anh)

khao

T r o n g t h o i dai khoa hpc tien tien n h u hi^n nay, giao d y e d o n g vai tro v6

T o m lai, cupc d a i nay c6 rat nhieu le de yeu t h u a n g . K h o n g v i cai gi xa xoi,
kho t i m k i e m ca. D o n gian chi la v i "tinh thuang la hanh phiic cua con

nguai".

H a y n h i n cupc d a i bang anh m i t ciia t i n h t h u o n g va l o n g nhan ai, cupc song

cung quan t r p n g . Hpc tap la van de dupe toan xa h p i quan t a m . Vay, hpc h o i de
lam gi? Tra l o i cho cau hoi nay, U N E S C O da de x u o n g muc d i c h hpc tap:
"Hoc debiei, hoc de'lam, hoc de'chung song, hoc detu khang dinh minh".

cua ban se thanh thien han. Trai t i m ban k h i ay se day niem hanh phiic ngpt

M u c dich hpc tap ma UNESCO de ra khong chi phii hpp v o i thoi dai ma eon la

ngao. Cupc song ciia ban se t u a i dep va c6 y nghia h o n . That day, ngay bay gia

myc dich rat nhan van. M u c dich hpc tap phai dap u n g hai yeu cau : tiep thu kien

ban hay san se yeu t h u a n g cho gia d i n h , n g u o i t h u a n g , ban be ciia ban. N e n

thuc va yeu cau thuc hanh, van d u n g kieh thiic, t u n g buoe hoan thi^n nhan each.

n h a rang "Song la cho dan chi nhan rieng minh". Cho d i t i n h t h u o n g nhan ve

Truoc het: "hoc de'biet". Bai hpc dau tien ciia m o i hpc sinh la hpc c h i i cai, con s o r o i

hanh phiic. That tuy^t v o i !

each Viet, each dpc. Chinh tir nen tang co ban nhat ay da dan h i n h thanh nen he

De 4: Hay phat bieu y kien a i a minh ve muc dich hpc tap do U N E S C O de
xuong: "HQC de'biet, hqc de'lam, hoc de'chung song, hoc de'tu khang dinh
Gai y bai
•

minh".

lam

thong kieh thiic toan dien 6 m i i c pho thong. Hpc 6 day la qua trinh tiep nhan kieh
thiie do n g u o i khac truyen lai va \AX m i n h lam giau von kieh thiic cho m i n h . Qua
vi^c hpc, ehiing ta biet dupe n h u n g quy luat van dong eiia t u nhien, n h i i n g quy
tac chuan m y c ciia xa hpi, each song va hieu han ve gia trj cupc song. Thu nhan
kieh thuc c6 the noi la myc dich hpc tap co ban nhat. Hpc tap trau doi t r i thiic cho

M6bai

Giai thieu van de) 6 t h o i dai khoa hpc cong nghe va hpi nhap, giao due d o n g

con n g u o i va lam cho t r i t u ^ con nguoi sang rang ra.

vai tro v 6 cung quan trpng va dupe toan xa hpi quan tarn. Cau h o i "hoc de'lam

T u y nhien, ong cha ta quan niem: "Tram hay khong bang tay quen". N e u n h u

gi?", k h o n g phai ai ciing xac d i n h loi dap d i i n g dSn. Tra l o i cho cau hoi nay,

chi cham hpc l i thuyet ma k h o n g chju thuc hanh thi k h i l a m vi^e k h o n g tranh

U N E S C O da de x u o n g muc dich hpc tap: "Hoc debiei, hoc de'lam, hoc

khoi nhCing k h o khan, tham chi la that bai. M o t v i d y de tha'y rang: t r o n g cupc

de'chung

song ciia c h i i n g ta, k h o n g it n g u o i hieu rpng biet nhieu n h u n g kha n i n g thuc

song, hoc detu khang dinh minh".
•

T h a n bai

'

'

1. Giai thich van de
Hoc tap la qua t r i n h ren l u y f n ban than n h a m dat hai m u c dich ca ban: tiep
t h u t r i thiic ciia nhan loai va van d u n g nhii-ng dieu m i n h biet dupe vao d o i
song, d o n g t h o i t u n g buoe hoan thi^n nhan each. M p i n g u o i hpc deu can phai
biet va d^it d u p e hai m y c d i c h nay.

hanh lai rat kem. N g u p c lai, tai sao n h i r n g n g u o i n o n g dan "chan lam tay

bun"

suot ngay "ban mat cho dat, ban lung cho trai" k h o n g dupe hpc hanh, dao tao qua
t r u o n g l o p nao ma tay nghe lai tai gioi, xua't s^c n h u vay? V i n h u o n g "Than
roi n g h i . N h u n g nam 21 t u o i , ong da la m p t t h p xay d u n g lanh nghe co nhieu
suy n g h l va y t u o n g tao bao. Co the ke den cac eong t r i n h d i d o i rat ah t u p n g


M^ij'

ma o n g thirc h i ^ n t r o n g t h a i gian gan day n h u : l u i 30m, nang cao 70cm
m i e u ba C h i i a X u 6 A n Giang nang 200 tan; chong thang B u u T h a p 6 A n Giang
cao 1 0 m . . . Va, cong T a m quan chiia VTnh N g h i e m la cong t r i n h t h u 201 ma
ong N g u y e n Cam L i j y d i d a i thanh cong. D o la kha nang quan sat, due r u t

iiynn

All y UVVH

Khang

Viet

De 5: Viet mpt bai van nghn ban I u ? n ve cau noi sau: "Duong di
khong kho vi ngan song each nui ma kho vi long nguai ngai nui e
(Nguyen Ba Hgc).

; H

r

!

kho,
son^'

. ,

Gai y hai lam

k i n h n g h i e m t r o n g lao d o n g cvia ho. N h i r n g n g u o i hay n o i ma k h o n g hay l a m

•

ia n h i r n g n g u o i v 6 d u n g . D o la nhOng con n g u o i chi biet trang t r i ban than c h u

M6bai

Gidi thieu van de: T r o n g cuoc song, de thanh cong trong cong viec, con n g u a i

k h o n g biet ren l u y e n ban than.
N h u vay "hoc" thoi chua d u ma con phai "di doi v&i hanh" nCra. Tat nhien,

phai d u a vao nhieu yeu to khac nhau. T r o n g do, yeu to y chi, n g h i luc la m p t

chiing ta khong nen nghieng phien d i e n ' m p t phia: "hoc" quan trpng hem hay

trong n h i j n g yeu to rat quan trong. Cau n o i : "Ditang di kho, khong kho vi ngan

"hanh" quan trpng h o n ma can biet dieu hoa ke't hop giua hai yeu to tren. Trong xa

song each nui ma kho vi long nguai ngqi nui e song" ciia N g u y e n Ba H p c g i i i p

hoi ngay nay, t r i thuc la tien de quan trpng. De hoan thanh dxxgc cong vi^c c6 k i

chiing ta hieu t h e m ve v a i t r o ciia y chi va nghj luc.

thuat cao can phai nam v f m g If thuye't de van d u n g cho p h u hop. Cong nghe hien

•

dai khac nhieu vai viec cay cay, luan phien mua v y ciia nong dan tren dong

1. Gidi thich van de

ruong. L i thuye't gan v o i thuc hanh se tao ra nang sua't cong vi^c cao hon.
Qua day, ta thay dug-c tac dong hai chieu giOa "hoc" va "hanh", "bieV va "lam",
chiing bo sung, t u o n g tac v a i nhau, la hai mat cua mot qua trinh.
Ben canh vi^c de cao giira thu nhan kien thuc va thuc hanh, U N E S C O da

T h a n bai
,3;\

N h i r n g k h o k h a n tren d u a n g d o i {duvng di) k h o n g do ban chat cua su vat,
hi§n t u p n g {ngan song each nui) ma chii yeu do 6 y chi, nghj luc - y e i i to' chii
quan ciia con n g u o i (long ngifoi ngai nui c song).

chi ra: "hoc dechun^ song, hoc dctit khang dinh minh". Day chinh la m u c dich hoc

2. Luan ban van de

tap rat nhan van. H o c tap g i i i p ta hieu h o n ve the g i a i x u n g quanh, lam cho

-

n h u n g trang thai tam h o n ta t r a nen l i n h hoat h o n , da d a n g p h o n g p h u han.
Ta da biet m i m c u a i truoc n i e m v u i ciia n g u a i khac, biet dau truoc n h i i n g noi
dau cua con n g u o i , biet g i i i p da, chia se, cam thong va t i m d u o c c h i n h m i n h .
T r i thuc t u no da la sue m a n h g i i i p cho con n g u a i r p n g l u g n g han, v j tha han
va t u t i n h a n t r o n g cuoc song.
N g a y nay, cuoc song h i ^ n dai da tac d o n g nhieu den suy n g h l con n g u a i .
M o t bo phan hoc sinh, sinh vien thai nay da khong xac d j n h d i i n g dan muc dich

quan, tiic do c h i n h ban than m i n h cam nhan. D o do, thanh bai t r o n g cong viec,
trong d u o n g d o i hay k h o n g la t u y thupc rat nhieu vao y chi, n g h j luc.
- T h u c te cho thay, n h i r n g n g u o i thanh dat deu la n h i r n g n g u a i c6 n g h j luc
rat cao, nen muo'n thanh dat thi ta phai biet v i r n g chi, biet no li^c k h o n g ngirng.
•

nghla v u , trach nhiem khong the choi bo doi v o i cha me, thay c6. H p hpc cho

-

quen d i I p i ich ciia viec hpc. Thiet nghl, ne'u n h u ca xa hpi nay coi hpc tap chi la
nghla v u bat bupc va chi d u n g lai 6 m i i c d p biet thi m o i ca nhan se k h o n g phat
huy dupe tai nang, ca tinh sang tao ciia ban than va v 6 tinh k i m ham su phat
trien xa hpi. V i vay, viec xac d j n h muc dich hpc tap la rat quan trpng.
M u c d i c h hpc tap ma U N E S C O de x u o n g rat d i i n g d3n, nhan van. Qua do
ta d j n h h u o n g hpc tap de dang h o n , viec hpc t r o nen h i ^ u qua va h i i u ich hon.
T r i thiic n h u m p t cai thang dai v6 tan, buoc qua m o t bac thang ta c6 t h e m hanh

trang de t u t i n b u o c len bac ke'tiep. Hpc van lam d ^ p con n g u a i . La hpc sinh,
chiing em se co gang cham chi hon, l u o n thuc hien tot hpc d i d o i v a i hanh va
m u c d i c h v u o n t o i t r o n g hpc tap phai la "Hoc de'biel, hoc de lam, hoc
song, hoc dH'khang dinh minh".

di;'chung

(Suu tam)

Phe p h a n n h i r n g n g u o i song ma k h o n g c6 nghj lyc, de dang b u o n g x u o i

truoc kho khan, de dau hang truoc hoan canh.

hoc tap ciia m i n h . H p miet mai trong hpc tap n h u cai may, coi viec hpc n h u
bang cap, cho su nghiep cong danh ma ho t r o nen thuc d u n g t r o n g viec hpc va

K h i l a m viec, m i i c dp kho khan ciia cong vi^c t i i y thupc vao yeu to chii

Ket bai

^

Khdng dinh van de: Cau n o i tren cua N g u y e n Ba Hpc the hien quan niem

tien bp, k h a n g d j n h con n g u o i la nhan to'chii yeu lam nen cupc song.
- Bai Iwc nlwn thuc va Imnh dong: Ben canh nang luc ban than thi yeu to tinh than
cung gop phan quyei dinh su thanh bai ciia con nguoi; trong hpc tap hay lao dong,
truoc he't phai ren luy^n cho ban than mpt ban Unh kien cuong va y chi de v u o n len.
Bai van tham khdo
Trong cupc so'ng, de thanh cong trong cong viec, con nguoi phai biet tan d u n g

nhieu yeu to'. Trong do, y chi va nghj luc la mpt trong n h u n g yeu to quan trpng de
buoc den thanh cong. C i i n g v o i suy nghl tren, Nguyen Ba Hpc da t i m g noi:
"Du&ng di kho, khong kho vi ngan song each nui ma kho vi long ngifoi ngai nui e song .
Cau noi ay cang g i u p chiing ta hieu them ve vai tro ciia y chi va nghi l u c


Cty TNHH

Tren b u o c d u o n g ciia m o i con n g u o i , k h o n g ai lai k h o n g m o t Ian gap phai
k h o khan, t h u thach, n h u n g con n g u o i c6

VLrQ-t

qua du(?c hay k h o n g con p h y

DeS:

MTV

DWH

Khang

Vi^i

H o C h i i t i c h da n o i : "Co tai ma khong c6 due la nguoi v6 dung. Co

thuoc vao y chi va n g h i luc ciia ban than ho. Boi le (theo N g u y e n Ba Hoc),

due ma khong co tai thi lam viec gi cung kho". A n h / c h i hay v i e t m p t b a i van

n h i r n g k h o khan tren d u o n g d o i (duang di) khong do ban chat ciia s u vat, hien

ngan n e u y k i e n ciia m i n h ve cau n o i tren.

t u g n g {ngan song each niti) ma chu yeu do 6 y chi, n g h i luc - ye'u to chu quan
ciia con n g u o i {long ngitai ngai nui e song).
K h i l a m viec, m i i c do kho khan cua cong vi?c t u y thuoc vao yeu to chii
quan, tuc do c h i n h ban than m i n h cam nhan. ChSng han, k h i chuan b i cho k i
t h i t u y e n sinh dai hoc, cao dMng, ta c i i n g h i t h i dai hoc la rat kho, rat i t n g u o i
do dugc nen ta de nan chi k h i gap kho khan va k h o n g d i i nghj lye, kien nhan
de on l u y e n . Tat nhien, ket qua la ta khong the vugt qua d u o c k i t h i nay.
N g u o c lai, neu ta c6 n i e m t i n , bie't no luc t h i d u k i t h i c6 k h o k h a n ta van c6 the
v u g t qua. Bac H o k i n h yeu ciia dan toe ta cung da t i m g day:
, ,

Khong CO viec gi kho
Chi sa long khong hen
Dao niiiva lap hien
Quyet chi at lam nen.

Va N g u o i c h i n h la tarn g u a n g sang nhat cho chiing ta n o i theo, cho ta bie't
d i den thanh cong bang con d u o n g ciia y chi va n g h i lye. T r o n g cuoc song va

Bai van tham khdo
De t r o thanh n g u o i co ich cho xa hoi, chiing ta can co n h u n g p h a m chat nao?
Co t r i tue sieu vi?t hay la phai co dao diic cao ca? Trong m o t cuoc noi chuyen v o i
hoc sinh, n h i i n g n g u o i dang ra siic ren l u y ^ n de t r o thanh cong dan co ich cho xa
hpi. H o C h i i tjch da noi: "Co tai ma khong co due la nguoi vd dung. Co diee ma khong
CO tai thi lam viec gt cung kho". Cau noi ciia H o C h u tich da k h ^ n g d i n h gia t r i co

ban cua m p t con n g u o i la "tai" va "diee".

•';';

•

T r o n g y kien ciia Bac, "tai" chinh la tai nang, la kien thiic, la hieu bie't, la k l
nang, k l xao, la k i n h n g h i e m song de con n g u o i co the hoan thanh cong viec
ciia m i n h m o t each tot nhat; dac biet la trong n h i i n g hoan canh kho khan,
n h i i n g t i n h h u o n g p h i i c tap. "Diee" chinh la dao diic, la t u each tac phong, la
l o n g nhiet t i n h , la n h i i n g khat v o n g Chan - T h i ^ n - M I . . . N g u o i co "diee" bie't
ton t r o n g va bao ve chan l i , d a m dau tranh v o i sai l a m , san sang h i sinh quyen
Igi ca nhan cho quyen Ipi cua tap the.

nhat la t r o n g hgc tap, ye'u to t i n h than nay ciing rat quan trong. Q u a day, ta c6

"Tai" va "diee" la n h i i n g pham trii khac nhau n h u n g gan bo chat che khong

the thay rang thanh bai trong cong viec, trong d u o n g d o i hay k h o n g la tiay

the tach r o i . Co "tai ma khong co diir la nguoi vd dung", b o i v i tai nang khong duoc

thuoc rat nhieu vao y chi, n g h i luc.

sif d u n g de phyc v u nhan dan ma chi de m u u cau Ipi ich cho ca nhan thi ciing

Cuoc d o i k h o n g p h a i liic nao cung "thuan huom xuoi gio" n h u ta n g h i ma

t r o thanh v 6 ich. N g u o i ta khong the song m p t m i n h , cang khong the tach roi gia

m o i t h u deu "van su khai dau nan". D u o n g d i nao cung "ngan song each nui" ca.

dinh, ban be, giai cap, dan tpc va dong kiai. Gia t r i ciia m p t con n g u o i dupe xem

M u o n v u o t qua d u o c n h i i n g "ngan song each nui" ay, t r u d c nhat ta phai c6 t i n h

xet tren co so n h i i n g d o n g gop h u u ich doi v o i cpng dong. N g u o i ich k i la n g u o i

than v u n g ben. T u do, ta m o i c6 the sang suot, d i i n g h j l y c va y chi de d i tren
con d u o n g ciia m i n h da chon. Thuc te da c h i i n g m i n h n h i i n g n g u o i thanh cong
t h u o n g la n h i i n g n g u o i c6 y chi, n g h i luc rat cao. Vgy, m u o n t h a n h dat t h i phai
bie't v i i n g chi, bie't no luc k h o n g n g u n g . Song, k h o n g phai t r o n g xa h p i nay ai
Cling y t h i i c d u o c dieu do. N h i i n g n g u o i t h u o n g nan l o n g truoc n h i i n g k h o
khan hien tai t h i thanh cong d o i v o i ho la dieu rat vien v o n g , k h o n g khac
"mo kirn day hien". N h i i n g ca nhan n h u vay that tam t h u o n g va dang che trach.
Cau n o i tren ciia N g u y e n Ba Hoc da the hien m o t quan n i e m tie'n bp ve
c h u y ^ n thanh bai t r o n g cuoc d o i , va khSng d i n h con n g u o i la n h a n to c h i i yeu
l a m nen cupc song. D o n g t h o i , quan n i ^ m ay da g i i i p ta nhan t h i i c ro h o n vai
tro ciia ye'u to t i n h than t r o n g

CUQC

song va n h u m p t k i n h n g h i ^ m q u y gia cho

n h i i n g ai chua that s u dat d u o c thanh cong t r o n g d o i m i n h . T r o n g hpc tap hay
lao d o n g , ta can phai ren l u y e n cho ban than m i n h m p t ban l i n h kien cuong
"Dii ai noi ngd noi nghiengl Long ta van viing nhie kieng ba chan".

khong quan tam den quyen Ipi ciia n g u o i khac. N e u co tai, hp cung chi t i m each
sao cho CO Ipi cho m i n h . N g u o i co tai ma phan bpi To quoc, d i nguoc lai Ipi I'ch

cua nhan dan thi chang n h i i n g "vd dung" ma con co tpi. N g u o i cang co tai ma
kem dao d i i c t h i tac hai gay ra cho gia d i n h va xa hpi cang Ion.
N h u n g neu chi "co diee ma khong co tai thi lam vice gi ciing kho". "Co diee" tiic
l a c o khat v o n g hanh d p n g , cong hien v i Ipi ich ciia m p i n g u o i n h u n g kien thiic
it 6i va nang luc k e m t h i n h i i n g y d j n h d i i tot den dau cung k h o Iro thanh hien
thuc. Tai nang g i i i p cho con n g u o i lao d p n g co hieu qua. Thieu tai nang, n g u o i
ta phai lam vi§c rat vat va ma chat l u p n g cong vi^c lai k h o n g cao.
R6 rang la gia trj cua con nguoi phai bao gom ca "tai" va "diee". "Diee" va "tai"
bo sung, ho t r p cho nhau de con n g u o i tro thanh toan dien, dat h i ^ u qua cao trong
qua trinh lam vi^c va cong hien. N h u n g trong y kien cua H o Clru tich, ro rang v i
tri a i a "diee" dupe coi la hang dau, la ye'u to quye't djnh. C h i n h v i the; thie'u "diee"
con n g u o i t r o thanh "vd dung", thie'u "tcii", nguoi ta "Wm vice gi cung kho".

I


LGB trttOc KTBH

3 mijn Bdc - Trung -Nam

NgS vdn - Trdn LiSn Quarts & oS

ThjYen

Cach n o i cua Bac rat gian d i va cu the, g i i i p ta nhan thuc d i i n g dan t i o n ve
v a i tro quan t r p n g ciia "due" t r o n g p h a m chat cua m o i con n g u o i . De t r o thanh
cong dan hmx ich, chu nhan x u n g dang cua dat nuoc t r o n g t u o n g lai, ngay tir
t u o i hoc sinh, c h i i n g e m phai k h o n g n g i m g hoc tap, t u d u d n g . N h u vay m o i c6
d u "dii'c" va "tai" - tieu chuan cua con n g u a i m o i n h u Bac H o hang m a uoc.
(Tir Internet)

De7:

A n h (chi) hay binh luan cau noi sau:

"Trong mat nguai khdc ban c6 the thai bai vdi ba Idn, nhung voi ban than
ban khong duoc phep tro nen mem yeii, vi day la su that bai tham hai nhai".
(Trich Lai co cay - Ban vethdn phan con nguai trong cuoc dai, Marai Sador)

Bai van tham khdo
A i t r o n g cuoc d a i cung t i m g i t nhat m o t Ian ganh chiu that bai. K h o n g ai c6
the v u a n den thanh cong ma k h o n g phai nem trai cam giac that bai. Sau m o i
that bai lai la m o t Ian ta c6 them dugc n h u n g k i n h n g h i e m t r o n g cuoc song va
t r u a n g thanh h o n . T u y nhien, c6 m o t su that bai k h o n g the tha t h u dupe v i no

Cty TNHH MTV DWH

Khang

Vi^t

hay thanh cong chi trong tich tac cuon hiit khien cho ho co the danh mat ban chat
tot dep cua m i n h neu khong co duoc tam l i va ban ITnh vQng vang. Trong m o i
vi?c, ta phai luon l u o n che n g u ban than, khong dugc phep de cho m i n h tro nen
m e m yeu v i k h i ay ban ITnh cua ta se dugc t h u thach. Lan ranh m o n g manh giCra
tot va xau co the bien mat bat c u liic nao neu khong biet lam chu ban than.
Vao m o t ngay nang dep, k h i ra duong, ban nhat dugc m o t cai v i v a i rat nhieu
tien ben trong. Trong ban, phan ac dang cuoi bao: "Cie lay di, c6 ai biet dau! Lay di
de con mua sdch va, do chai, quan do". The n h u n g , phan thien ra sue k h u y e n ban
khong nen l a m n h u vay. Ban se nghe theo ai? N e u n h u ban de cho n h i i n g ham
m u o n vat chat lan at che n g u l i t r i , ban se nghe theo phan ac. D o chinh la su

m e m yeu v a i ban than. T r o n g g i o k i e m tra, gap m g t cau hoi kho, t r o n g long
ban t u dat ra cau h o i : "Co nen ma tai lieu ra xem khong?". Day la liic t i n h t r u n g
thuc ciia n g u o i hgc sinh d u g c t h u thach. Ban k h o n g the de cho cai d i c h diem
so bien ban t r o thanh m g t hgc sinh v6 k i luat dugc. Ban k h o n g d u g c coi tai lieu

d o n g nghia v o i s u sup do hoan toan: m e m yeu v o i c h i n h ban than m i n h . C h i n h

vi n h u vay ban da de cho ban than chien t h i n g m g t "ban" qua m e m yeu. K i e m

v i vay t r o n g cuon Lai co cay - Ban ve than phqn con nguai trong cuoc dai, tac gia

tra lan nay k h o n g tot la do k h o n g on bai k l t h i lan sau con co the go lai dugc,

M a r a i Sador n g u o i H u n g a r y da t u n g n o i : "Trong mat nguoi khdc ban co the that

con danh d u va dao due ciia m g t n g u o i hgc sinh k h i da bj vay ban b a i cai ham

hai vai ba Ian, nhung vai ban than ban khong dugc phep tra nen mem yeu, vi day la su

m u o n tam t h u a n g v i d i e m so t h i rat kho co the rua sach. Phai chien thang

that bai tham hai nhat".

chinh m i n h , sau do m o i chien t h i n g d o i t h i i t r o n g cac cuoc t h i , do la nguyen

That bai la m o t t u khong co gi la lam trong cuoc d o i m o i con nguai. N h i e u
nguoi giai thich that bai la su thua cuoc. D u n g n h u n g chua d i i , chua bao quat toan
bo van de. That bai con la viec khong the dat duac, khong the v u a n t a i mpt cai
dich nao do ma ban than da dat ra t u truoc: quyen luc, tien tai, danh vong, su
n g h i e p . . t h u a trong m o t tran da'u, mot cuoc thi hay d o n gian chi la ket qua khong

t i c . K h o n g d u g c phep t r a nen m e m yeu v a i ban than. Gia s u ban t h a m d u m g t
cugc t h i dau the thao. V i n h quang va danh v g n g cung phan t h u a n g co gia trj
li?u CO the bien ban thanh m g t ke t h u doan, bat chap ta't ca de gianh chien
thang? Van d o n g vien k h i buoc ra san thi dau l u o n phai m a n g trong m i n h tinh

tot ciia m o t bai kiem tra. That bai vai t u n g nguoi cijng khac nhau. V o i mot van

than chai dep, d i i n g t i n h than the thao, dau\c6 thua cung van k h o n g d i i n g den

dong vien the thao, se la that bai neu nguai ay khong the chien thang doi t h i i ; v a i

thii doan. N e u ban la m g t van d o n g vien chan chinh, c h i c c h i n ban se t h i dau

n g u o i k l su xay d u n g , se la that bai neu n h u n h i m g cong trinh ciia anh khong dat

bang ta't ca kha nang va no luc ciia m i n h , khong bao gio d i i n g den thii doan de

duoc su v u n g chac, an toan va do tham m l can thiet; v a i n g u o i hpc sinh, that bai la

gianh thang Igi. D o la liic ban khong that bai dau co thua d i chang nxxa v i ban da

viec khong the v u a t qua m o t k i thi het sue quan trong nao do hoac chi d a n gian la

chien t h i n g ban than, k h o n g t r o nen m e m yeu truoc n h i r n g cam do.

ganh dua het sue m i n h cho vj t r i hang nhat de roi cuoi cung phai ngam n g u i ve
nhi. That bai la het sue can thiet cho con n g u o i v i sau m o i Ian that bai ta se phai
biet d u n g day de lam t u dau, de co g§ng nhieu hon nua sao cho t u o n g lai khong
con phai nhan trai dang. Quan trong hon ca la sau m o i Ian that bai, ta lai co them

kinh nghiem de khong mac sai lam Ian nira.
T u y nhien, m e m yeu v o i ban than la mot that bai hoan toan khac. D o co the coi
la su dau hang v a i n h i j n g ham muo'n, cam do ciia ban than hoac sau m o i Ian that
bai thi tro nen sup do, yeu d u o i den muc khong the dxjng day dug-c nxxa. Con
n g u a i l u o n l u o n b i n h i i n g cam do, am anh ve n h i i n g gia t r i vat chat, sy giau sang

M e m yeu v a i ban than con la khong the d u n g day dugc sau nhCrng that bai.
That bai la dieu khong the tranh khoi tren con d u o n g v u a n t o i thanh cong. N e u
n h u sau m o i lan tha't bai ban tra nen mem yeu, sup do hoan toan, cam giac n h u ca
the gioi tran ngap bong toi va khong the d i i n g day dugc nua, do la liic ban that bai
tham hai nha't: that bai v o i chinh m i n h , vai nhCrng n g u o i yeu men va hi vgng vao
nunh. D i i a tre ba tuoi lan dau tap d i chic c h i n phai nga, vay no van kien t r i tap
tiep cho den ngay co the d i b i n g hai chan c h i i khong con phai bo nxxa. Bac
^^guyen Nggc K y lan dau tap vie't bang chan dau co the t r a n tru ngay dugc.


LCD trttcic KTBHSmicn

Biic -Trung -Nam Ngavan -Trdn Lien Quang & oS Thf Yen

vay ma bay gio bac viet bang chan d^p khong thua gi chiing ta viet bang tay.
l#Jhung vi du tren cho thay khong the diing day sau that bai cung la mot svt mem
yeu vol ban than. Nhung ai da vugt qua cai mem yeu ay chi'nh la vugt len dugc s\
that bai tham hai nhat, de c6 co so thanh cong trong moi vi?c minh lam.
Chengu dugc ban than khong bao gio la mot dieu don gian. Bat cu mot con
nguoi nao doi luc cung vi nhung ham muon, cam .do tam thuong khie'n cho
minh tro nen phan van nhu dung truoc nga ba duong. Chinh vi vay, de khong
phai nhan cai that bai tham hai nhat la mem yeu voi ban than, ta phai that su
hieu dugc chinh minh, phai bie't kiem che nhung ham muon do lai, phai luy^n
ren ban ITnh cua minh qua nam thang de tro nen cung cap hon trong cugc

song, CO the doi dau dugc voi nhirng thu thach kho khan ay mot each duong
hoang, t u tin. Khong it nguoi da vuong vao tgi loi, da khong the chien thang
nhCrng ham muon ich ki va hep hoi cua ban than chi vi hg qua thieu ban ITnh.
Chiing ta phai luon co gang het sue minh trong mgi vi^c de du cho c6 thanh
cong hay that bai, ta van cam thay nhe nhang va thanh than vi da lam bang tat
ca kha nang cua minh. Dong thoi, dieu nay cung giiip ta tranh dugc nhQng am
anh day diit ve viC'c su dung nhung each khong tot de gianh thang Igi. Ngoai
ra, sau moi Ian va'p nga, ta phai bie't tu dung day, riit ra bai hgc kinh nghi^m
cho ban than va co gang nhieu hon nua trong tuong lai.
Cau noi cua Marai Sador rat sau s^c va y nghla! Cau noi nh^c nho chiing ta
ve viec phai luon bie't the hien ban ITnh ca nhan trong nhirng hoan canh thii
thach kho khan nhat ciia cugc song, nhat la trong boi canh cugc song ngay
cang tro nen phiic tap, nhung cam do, ham muon ngay cang nguy hiem va kho
luong. Phai giCr gin nhan each that tot va khong ngung co gang, phan dau
trong mgi viec de vuon toi thanh cong mot each xiing dang, do la dieu ma toi
riit ra dugc t u cau noi ciia Sador. Chiing ta phai biet lam chii ban than minh!
Khong dugc dau hang hay mem yeu voi ban than! Gia su sau nay toi va ban eo
doi dau nhau trong mot cugc thi, hay cung chien thSng ban than chiing ta
truoe da ban nhe!
(Bach Vu Minh Diic - Lop 12A1 - T H Thue hanh - DHSP TP. Ho Chi Minh)
De8: Dan tpc ta co truyen thong "Tm su trong dao". Theo anh (chi), truyen thong
ay con dang tie'p noi hay khong trong thuc te cugc song xa hpi ta hi^n nay?
Gai y biii Idm
'

•:• M o bai
Gi&i thicu van dc: Do quan ni^m "an theo thua, a theo thoi" ma ngay nay nhieu
gia tri truyen thong da bj chiing ta danh mat dan, trong do co truyen thong
"ton sie trong dqo". Vay, theo ban de song cho "hap thai" thi truyen thong ay con
dang tie'p noi hay khong trong thuc te'cugc song xa hgi ta hi^n nay?

•:• Than bai
1. Gidithichvd'nde

'.. - 4f^jii

•

- Ton su: thai dg ton kinh, nghe l o i day bao, nho on, cham lo thay
ciia nguoi hgc tro.
- Trgng dao: tran trgng, giu gin va phat huy nhiing dao li, dao due con
nguoi ma thay da truyen day minh va ca doi voi truyen thong dao li 6 doi.
- "Ton sif trgng dqo" da tro thanh truyen thong ciia dan tgc Vi^t Nam ta.
2. Luqn ban van de
- D i i thoi ki Ijch su nao, du xa hgi nao, phuong Dong hay phuong Tay,
"Ton su trgng dqo" van la truyen thong v6 ciing tot d?p va v6 cung can thiet,
can dugc tie'p tyc phat huy va gin giir.
- "Ton su trgng dqo" la yeu to quan trgng lam nen nen tang dao due ciia xa
hgi van minh.
- Phe phan nhCrng hgc sinh xiic pham thay co giao, sao nhang vi^c hgc.
• Ket bai
- Khang dinh van de: d i i trong thoi dai nao di nxxa thi truyen thong "ton su
trgng dqo" van rat can dugc tie'p noi.
- Bdi hgc nhan thuc va hanh dgng: Ton trgng nguoi thay la bieu hi^n ciia tinh
yeu tri thiic, ciia long ham hgc hoi, cua y chi va khat vgng vuon len cugc song
to't d?p hon; chiing ta ngay cang phai chii y den chuy^n hgc hanh, tie'p thu tri
thiic va nhat la bie't "ton su trgng dqo".
Bdi van tham khdo
Do quan ni§m "an theo thua, a theo thai" ma ngay nay nhieu gia tri truyen thong
da bj chiing ta danh mat dan, trong do co truyen tho'ng "ton su trgng dqo". Vay,

theo ban de song cho "hap thai" thi truyen thong ay con dang tie'p noi hay
khong trong thuc te'cugc song xa hgi ta hif n nay?
"Ton su trgng dqo" co the hieu nom na
doi voi nguoi thay (sit) da co cong day
truyen day minh va doi voi truyen tho'ng
ta, "ton su trgng dqo" khong chi la van de
van hoa v6 cung tot d?p tu ngan doi nay.

la thai dg ton kinh ciia nguoi hgc tro
minh, doi voi nhiing gi ma thay da
dao l i 6 doi. Doi v o i nguoi Vi?t Nam
dao due ma con la mgt truyen tho'ng

Khi nao cugc song con can kie'n thuc, con nguoi con van minh thi nguoi thay
con dugc ton vinh. V i the^ du thoi ki Uch su nao, du xa hgi nao, phuong Dong
hay phuong Tay, "Ton su trgng dqo" van la truyen tho'ng v6 cung tot d?p va v6
ciing can thiet, can dugc tie'p tuc phat huy va gin giix... Ngay xua, khi cho con
den theo hgc nha thay, cha m? co mgt "le mgn", mang tinh chat "long thanh"
dang len thay. To long thanh kinh "ton su trgng dqo", nhieu gia dinh con gui
gam con minh theo hgc va 6 luon ben nha thay. Thinh thoang, gia dinh tro lai
gui bieu thay it gao ne'p, hoac mo rau, con ca nhu mgt thong di?p bay to sy
bie't on sau sic toi cong lac to Ion ciia thay. Thoi gian 6 nha thay, hgc tro ^


khong chi hpc chu nghia ma quan trgng phai tu duang ban than, ren nhan each
song theo guong thay... Co the noi, dao tro xua khong chi rat khiem nhucmg,
ton kinh nguoi thay cua minh, ma con c6 trach nhiem, nghia v u rat Ion lao...
Ngay nay, mac du cong ngh# thong tin phat trien, hpc sinh c6 them nhieu co hpi
tu hoc; dong thai, su doi moi giao due lam cho phuong phap day hoc c6 nhieu thay
doi, song cung khong lam mat di vai tro cua nguoi thay. Vay, dao tro - thay ngay

nay van dugc va can dugc giu gin. "Mong mot tei dm, mong hai tet me, mong ha tei
thay" -da tit lau tro thanh net d?p trong vanhoa nguoi Viet. Nhuda thanh thong 1?
CO gia tri nhan van sau sac, cii vao dip dau xuan moi, hay Ngay 2 0 - 1 1 , cac the h^
hpc tro lai no niic n i nhau toi tham hoi, chiic sue khoe gia dinh thay...
Co the noi, "ton su trong dao" la yeu to quan trpng lam nen nen tang dao
due cua xa hpi van minh. Chinh v i le do ma cha ong ta da truyen day rat nhieu
bai hpc ve dao tro - thay: "Muon sang thi bac cau Kieu I Muon con hay chu thi yeu
kinh thay"; "Khong thay do may lam nen"; "Nhd't tu vi su, ban tu vi su"... Nhung
cau noi ay vira ton vinh nguoi thay, vua nhac nho eon nguoi phai biet song
cho phai dao lam nguoi ma den nay van eon nguyen gia tri.
Tuy nhien, ben canh nhiing hpc sinh cham chi ngoan ngoan, thuc hi^n
diing dao lam tro, kinh yeu va ton trpng thay eo giao, da c6 khong it ban lo la
viec hpc, trot quen di dao nghia thay tro ma xue pham, v6 le, tham chi hanh
hung thay eo giao. Ta that khong kho khan gi khi muon tim kiem tren mang
internet nhiing video clip ve nhiing nguoi tro da hanh hung, nhue ma chinh
nguoi thay ciia minh. Co ca nhiing vu an day phan no khi hoc tro da cam dao
gie't chet c6 giao cua minh chi v i bi c6 qua phat khi pham loi. Nguyen nhan thi
nhieu ca phia gia dinh, nha truang, xa hpi trong viec giao due mot con nguoi.
Nhung thiet nghl nguyen nhan chii yeu la do chinh ban than nhirng eo cau hpc
tro ay. Hp da khong kiem che dupe ban than. Hp da quen mat dao lam tro. Hp
da quen mat cong lao trai be cua nguoi cho ta tri thuc, cho ta le song dep o doi.
Nhiing gipt nuoc mat, hoi han an nan... tat ca da muon mang. Hanh v i cua hp
da lam vay bim len dao l i dep ngan doi ciia dan toe. Co ra't nhieu nhiing ban
an thich dang cho nhiing tpi loi ciia hp. Nhung ban an cao nhat do la ban an
lucmg tam. Hp se song trong su dan vat, day v6 ciia chinh luong tam ciia minh.
Vay de gop phan gin giii ban sac van hoa dep ciia dan toe Viet, ta hay bat dau
tu chinh truyen thong "ton su trong dao". Neu tre em la to giay trang thi nguoi cam
cay biit viet len nhiing to giay trang ay nhiing trang thing hang ro net, ro chii va
y nhi nhat chinh la thay eo giao. Ton trpng nguoi thay la bieu hien ciia tinh yeu
tri thiic, ciia long ham hpc hoi, aia y chi va khat vpng vuon len cupc song tot

d?p hem. De xa hpi ngay cang van minh, chiing ta ngay cang phai chii y den
chuy?n hpc hanh, tiep thu tri thiic va rJia't la biet "ton su trong dao".

Dl9: Viet mpt bai van ngan phat bieu y kien cua anh/ chi ve tac diing ciia
vi^c dgc sach.
Got y bai lam
• Mdbai
;;-,.>;-,i'Sv-•
Gi&i thieu van de: De nang cao trinh dp hieu biet, con nguoi c6 the hpc tap va
ren luyen bang nhieu each khae nhau. Trong do, dpc sach la mpt trong nhiing
each thiic quan trpng nhat trong hanh trinh di tim tri thiic ciia nhan loai.
Vay, vi?c dpc sach eo nhiing tac dung gi?
• Than bai
»
1. Gidi thich van de
Sach la san pham tinh than ciia eon nguoi; la kho tang tri thiic v6 tan ve mpi
linh vuc ciia nhan loai.
2. Luan ban van de
- Dpc sach CO nhieu tac dung: mo rpng, nang cao trinh dp hieu bie't tren
nhieu ITnh vuc; boi duong tam hon, tinh cam, le song them tot dep; dap ling
nhu cau giai tri lanh manh, thiet thuc... cho con nguoi.
- Phe phan hien tupng luoi doe sach, xem thuong viec dpc sach va doe
sach thieu su lua chpn.
• Ketbai
- Khang dinh van de: Sach c6 vai tro rat Ion va khong the thieu doi voi con nguoi.
- Bai hoc nhan thuc vd hanh dong: Can hinh thanh thoi quen dpc sach va biet
lua chpn sach de dpc.
Bai van tham khdo
""
M . Go - ro - ki tung noi "Moi cuon sach la mot bac thang nho ma khi huac len,

toi tdch khoi con thu dedi tai gan con nguoi". Nhan xet nay da khai quat mpt each
chinh xac vai tro ciia sach doi voi cupc song nhan loai. Moi cuon sach ma ra
truoe mat eon nguoi nhiing chan troi moi.
Sach la san pham ciia xa hpi van minh, su ra doi ciia sach chiing to mpt
budc tien quan trpng ciia xa hpi loai nguoi. Truoe day khi chii viet, giay viet
chua ra doi, con nguoi chi eo the giao tiep voi nhau bang loi noi, cii chi va
hanh dong. Hinh thiie giao tiep ay chi c6 the dien ra trong pham vi hep,
khoang each ngan, hep ve thai gian va khong gian. Khi chii viet, giay vie't va
nhat la ki thuat in ra doi, xa hpi loai nguoi da dupe tan huong mpt thanh tuu
v6 cung quy gia ciia khoa hpc ki thuat. Chiing ta c6 the ghi lai nhirng dieu
Chung ta nghi va c6 the truyen no den cho ra't nhieu nguoi thupc nhieu the h$
khac nhau. Sach ra doi nhu vay va da mang den nhieu Ipi ich cho eon nguoi.
Thii tuong tupng the gioi chiing ta dang song khong c6 mpt cuon sach nao.
Chiing ta se tim hieu va luu giii von kien thiic khong 16 ciia loai nguoi o dau?
1^
hpi loai nguoi se lai chim trong mong mupi va u toi.


Cty TNHH MTV DWH

Tat nhien, sach khong phai la phuang ti§n duy nhat de ghi lai va truyen d^t
thong tin tir nguoi nay sang nguoi khac, t u the h^ nay sang the'hf khac. Ngay
xua, cha ong ta da dung hinh thuc truyen mieng. Tuy "Tram nam bia dd thi mdn
- Ngdn nam bia mieng van con tra tra" nhung hinh thuc truyen mi^ng bao gio
cung CO di ban theo quy luat "tarn sao thai ban"... V i the, cac tri thuc ve lich su,
thien van, khoa hpc t y nhien va xa hpi deu xay ra su mat mat, sai hut, thie'u
chinh xac. Khi nhirng tri thuc ay dug-c ghi lai bang van ban va duoc gin giu
mpt each c6 y thuc thi nguoi doi sau se nhan dupe nhung tri thuc chinh xac do
the h$ trudc truyen lai. Ngay nay, chung ta c6 truyen thanh, truyen hinh va cac
phuong ti^n thong tin dai chiing khac, song tat ca deu khong the thay the dupe

sach. M o i phuang ti^n truyen thong tin c6 nhung uu, nhupc diem rieng va
chiing khong the thay the nhau. Cung mpt npi dung cot truyen nhung xem
phim va dpc tieu thuye't lai mang lai hai ke't qua cam nhan khac nhau. Doi di^n
vai trang sach, nguoi dpc dupe hoan toan dpc lap va t y do phat huy tuang
tupng va suy luan ciia minh. Sach giiip con nguoi phat trien tri tuang tuong,
tu duy sang tao va dpc lap suy nghi. Moi trang sach se mang den cho nguoi
dpc nhiing tri thuc thii v i . Ngoi truoc trang sach la nguai dpc dang thuc hi^n
cupc doi thoai voi tac gia. Voi hinh thuc ngon ngii chvr viet - phuang ti?n giao
tiep quan trpng nhat - sach giup nguoi dpc c6 dieu ki^n nghien ngam, suy
nghi va tiep nhan chinh xac, day dii npi dung thong tin. Han the niia, sach la
phuong tien c6 kha nang truyen dat thong tin rpng rai va tien Ipi nhat boi hiiJi
thuc tiep nhan thong tin don gian la dpc.
Du xa hpi c6 phat trien den dau, c6 them nhieu hon nua cac phuong ti$n
truyen dat thong tin hien d^i, nhung sach van giu vai tro v6 cung quan trpng
doi voi cupc song. Dpc sach la mpt hoat dpng c6 tinh chat van hoa ciia nguoi
dpc. Dpc sach gi va dpc nhu the nao cung la mpt phuang dien ciia van hoa ma
chiing ta van gpi la vMn hoa dpc. Ngay nay, vi c6 qua nhieu va qua san nhung
hinh thuc tiep nhan thong tin rien Ipi va hi?n dai dan den vi^c nhieu nguoi coi
thuong vai tro ciia sach. Do la mpt thyc te dang buon. Tha a voi sach se dan
den nhung 161 song thu huong, buong tha, nhirng tam hon ngheo nan va can
coi. Lam dung cac phuong tien tiep nhan thong tin qua ti^n dung nhu bang
hinh, phim anh, con nguoi de roi vao tinh trang tiep nhan thong tin thu dpng.
A i cung CO the de dang nhan thay vai tro v6 cung quan trpng va khong the thay
the ciia sach doi voi doi song hif n dai. Vi vay, moi chiing ta can phai biet quy trpng
nhung trang sach, boi do la noi ke't tu tam hon, tri tu? va tam huyet ciia bao nguoi
thupc bao the hf. Khi viet len moi trang sach, nguoi viet da gui gam vao do tat ca
tinh cam va tri tu? ciia minh. Hay tran trpng nhiing trang sach "minh mong tri tuf
ciia nhan loai, sach se mang den cho cac ban nhung mon qua v6 gia.
1
(Hong Mai)

Khans V>

Be 10 : Tuc ngu V i f t Nam c6 cau: "Khong thay do may Idm nen". Dya vao
cau tyc n g i i tren, hay viet mpt bai van ngan trinh bay suy nghi ve vai tro ciia
nguoi thay trong xa hpi hi?n nay.
j
Bai van tham khdo
Toi rat tam dac voi mpt cau tho ciia ai do: "Ldng song sau con sao dai do dugc.
Long nguai dua do ai do dugc su bao la". Qua thuc khong c6 mpt thuoc do nao do
dupe sy "bao la", cong on troi be ciia thay doi voi moi chiing ta. V i the^ tir xua
den nay, trong dan gian c6 rat nhieu cau ca dao, tyc ngu ca ngpi ve cong due
nguoi thay va khang dinh vai tro quan trpng ciia nguoi thay trong xa hpi. Ong
ba ta cung day rang: "Khong thay do may lam nen".
"Khong thay do may lam nen", cau tuc ngii c6 y nghia nhu the nao? Khong
can diing hinh anh v i von, khong noi bong bay va kho hieu, cau tyc ngir de cao
vai tro ciia nguoi thay doi voi sy thanh dat ciia moi con nguoi. Va ngupc lai,
cau tyc ngu cung la loi khuyen ve long biet on ciia moi nguoi doi voi thay giao
da truyen dat kien thiic cho minh.
Ngay xua, cac si t u muon di thi de ra lam quan giiip doi deu phai den nha thay
de "nau su soi kinh". Trong lang c6 viec gi quan trpng thi mpi nguoi deu den xin y
kien ciia thay. Dan gian xua c6 cau "nhal tu vi su, ban tu vi su". Trong quan h? le
giao phong kien thi nhting nguoi c6 vai tro quan trpng la "Quan - Su-Phu". Dieu
do cho ta thay v i t r i ciia nguoi thay cung het sue dupe tran trpng. Day la
truyen thong tot d?p ciia dan tpc Vi?t. Da eo rat nhieu tam guong nguoi thay
di vao trang su ve vang ciia dan tpc ta. Trong do, khong the khong nhae den
thay giao Chu Van An, voi tam niern: "Hqnh phuc Ian nhat la dugc nhin thay hoc
tro ngay cang vugt minh". Va xua nay, bat cii mpt nguoi nao muon thanh tai,
muon tro thanh mpt bac sT, hay mpt ki su, ho|c mpt nguoi cong nhan hay
nguoi thp binh thuong eiing phai can den sy day bao ciia thay. Da c6 khong it

tam guong nguoi thay dupe mpi nguoi ca ngpi, phong danh Nha giao nhan
dan. Va rat nhieu hinh anh nguoi thay in sau vao tam tuong, vao niem ton
kinh ciia moi hpc tro trong chiing ta. Do chinh la thay c6 ciia chiing ta dang
hang ngay can man eho do cho ta qua song ma khong he phai "luy do".
Trong xa hpi phat trien ngay nay, hpc sinh c6 nhieu co hpi t y hpc. Hpc qua cac
phuang tifn thong tin dai chiing, sach vd va ca mang Internet. Mac dii khoa hpc k l
ihuat, cong ngh? c6 phat trien den dau thi eiing khong lam mat di vai tro ciia
nguoi thay. Boi mpt le rat gian don, nguoi thay con chinh la nhiing "ki su tam
hon". Thay khong chi truyen thy eho ta kien thuc tien bp eiia nhan loai ma eon ren
cho ta nhCrng Id nang song. Khong phai nhiing dieu khong c6 6 sach v6 hay m ^ g
Internet. Tham chi c6 rat nhieu cuon sach, hay trang web chi cho nguoi ta nhung
each song, each cu xu 6 doi. The nhung ben canh mat tich eye ay c6 rat nhieu


tf

Yen

nhung loai thong tin ngoai luong, de khien con nguoi ta bi sa nga. Trong khi do
nguoi hpc (dac bi^t la thanh thie'u nien) phan Ion la chua c6 nhieu kinh nghi^m
song de CO the chpn Ipc, tie'p thu nhimg cai hay cai d^p. Do vay ta rat can den thay
CO giao djnh huong va diu dat cho ta vung buoc tren duong doi muon nga re nay.
Cam on thay c6 da cho em mgt le song dep. Em hpc khong 6 dau xa, khong chi
trong bai giang ciia thay tren lop, ma chinh thay, 161 song gian dj diing dan hang
ngay, y chi, nghj luc, long ham hoc... cua thay la bai giang huu hi^u nha't cho em
noi theo. Thuc diing la "khong thay do may lam nen".
Kinh thay, trong chu nghia la truyen thong d?p cua dan tpc. Y thuc sau sac

i.iy intijH

JVii VIJVVII

Kbang

ViSt

Cau tuc ngu tren c6 ve nhu rat dan gian nhung y nghia giao due rat sau
sac. No giiip moi nguoi tv suy ngam va tri an ve nguoi thay, khSng djnh vai
tro ciia nguoi thay d mpi thoi dai. Nha't nua la trong thai dai ngay nay, ta cang
can phat buy hon niia vai tro toa sang ciia nguoi thay. Toi da bat gap rat nhieu
nhung cau khau hieu tuong t u nhu cau tuc ngu tren ciia cha ong: "Moi thay
giao, CO giao la ta'm guong sang vedqo due va tinh than tu hoc cho hoc sinh noi theo".
Do la bieu hi#n ciia truyen thong dan tpc van dang tie'p tyc dupe phat huy.
Dell:

Tir cac bai tho Day than Vt Da (Han Mac Ixx), Day mua thu ten, Tho

ve cong lao troi be ve nguoi da kien tao nen cuoc doi moi con nguoi ciia nguoi

duyen (Xuan Di^u), Tranggiang (Huy Can), Chieu xudn (Anh Tho)... hay viet

thay. Xa hpi tri an nguoi thay. Co rat nhieu nghla cu the hi?n tinh cam ay. V i

bai van trinh bay quan n i ^ m ciia anh (chi) ve long yeu que huong.

dy tieu bieu nha't la ngay 2 0 - 1 1 hang nam, Ngay Hien chuong cac Nha giao

Bai van tham khdo

Viet Nam. Day la ngay de lop lop hoc tro dang la hoc sinh, hay da truong

Da CO thai trong xa hpi chiing ta quan niem mpt each don gian ve long yeu que

thanh, ke ca nhirng nha chinh khach, nhirng nguyen thii quoc gia bay to long
biet on cua minh do'i voi nguoi thay da day cong day do minh. Boi day la
"nghecao quy nha't trong cac nghccao quy".
Nhung ngay nay do dong xoay ciia cupc doi, ben earth nhung thay c6 day
rthiet huye't, nhirng nguoi thay tai nang due do, la ta'm guong sang cho hpc
sinh noi theo da c6 mot bp phan thay c6 giao danh mat di than tupng trong con
mat cua hpc tro. Do la mpt hi^n tupng nhiing "con sau lam ran noi canh". Th^t
tinh CO nhieu Ian em muo'n noi "Thay ai, Co ai, hay cho em mot niem tin yeu

huong chi gan vai tinh cam cong dan, y thuc trach nhi^m doi voi To quoc. Vi vay
nhimg bai tho lang man trong phong trao Tho mdi dupe xem la tie'ng noi tinh cam
ca nhan liy mj, tieu cue. Tuy nhien, ciing voi nhimg thanh qua doi moi dat nuac,
nhiJTig tac gia tac pham lang man dupe dua vao trong chuong trinh pho thong. Tie'p
xiic vai cac tac pham ciia Han Mac Tu, Xuan Di^u, Huy Can, Anh Tho, chiing ta
chpt nhan ra long yeu que huong c6 npi dung phong phii da dang hon nhieu.
Nhung bai tho gan vai tie'ng noi ca nhan van an ben trong mpt tinh cam
yeu nuac kin dao, bpc Ip qua tinh yeu vai con nguoi, canh vat, que huong.
Hinh anh que huang dat nuoc hien len trong cac bai tha dem lai nhirng cam

nguyen ven". Em muon lam, thay la ta'm guong cho em noi theo. The nhung c6

nh^n rat rieng nhung lai rung cam bao the h^ dpc gia. Mpt dia danh thon \ di

khi chi- vi tien ma thay phai tim mpi each "di" hpc tro de phai di hpc them

vao noi nha, gan ke't an tinh vai x i i Hue trong Day thon VT Da ciia Han M^c Tir,

nhieu. Em se hpc each de noi nang, giao tie'p cho lich sii nha nhan khong khi

lam ta yeu han cai trong treo nang hang cau, cai huyen ao cua ben song trang,

hang ngay len lop, em chi thay thay chau may roi chui hpc tro bang nhirng loi

cai bang khuang suong khoi ma nhan anh cua manh dat c6' do. Khong gian aia

le rat tho tuc. Hoac c6 nguoi thay giao due hpc tro bang each "thuang cang chan

buoi chieu thu cho doi liia tim den nhau trong Tha duyen ciing khien ta cam

hq cang tay"... Do la nhiic ma chu khong phai la giao due thay oi! Hay de cau
tuc ngi> thuc su con gia trj nguyen ven "Khong thay do may lam nen".
CGrtg do cupc song c6 qua nhieu chao dao, c6 mpt bp phan hpc sinh vi long
ich ki, v i su nong noi, bong bpt, hp da vi pham dao lam tro, dao lam nguoi.
Tren cac phuong tien thong tin dai chung, bao, dai, Internet... ta rat phart np
khi bat gap nhCing video dua tin, hinh anh nhirng hpc tro cai, chui lai thay.
Tham chi c6 hpc sinh cam dao gie't che't c6 giao ciia minh. Khong the tudng

nhan sac thai thien nhien hoa hpp quan quyt tren cay c6, chim muong, tren con
duong nho nho, sac nang tro chieu, mau may bie'c va bang khuang voi "con cd
tren ruong canh phan van". Ta ngo ngang khi phat h i f n nhirng vui buon cua con
nguoi giri ca vao trong sac thai miia thu a Daymiia thu toi, mpt rang lieu, mpt
sac "do mo phai det la vang", "nang trang tu ngan nga", nhirng hinh anh miia thu
rat quen va rat la dupe noi len qua hon tho say dam ciia Xuan Di?u. Que
huong con hi?n len qua noi buon mang tarn voc vii tru, ciia chang thi sT Huy C ^
dung tren que huong ma van cam thay "thieii que huong", chuyen tai bao tam sy

tupng tai sao hp lai lam dupe nhu v^y? Thay nhu cha, c6 nhu m?, vay ma...

noi niem cua nguoi dan mat nude, khi doi difn Trang giang: noi "sau tram nga"

That dang che trach. f i o i nhiing ke loi dao ay c6 nghe khong loi ong cha ran

Ian toa tren song nude, con thuyen, canh cui, canh beo, "song dai troi rang ben cd

day "Khong thay do may lam nen".

lieu" ke't Igi thanh noi niem "long que d?n dgm voi con nuoc - khong khoi hoang hon


Cfy TNHH MTTV DVVH Khang

Del2: C h u a n b i ho so d u thi dai hpe, Hpe hoi S i n h : C ^ u chpn n g h l gi?
Sinh: tat nhien, chpn nghe lam ra nhieu tien. C o n c^u?
H Q C : M i n h muon chpn nghe m i n h yeu thich!

ding nha nha" g(?i d^y t i n h yeu giang son To quoc. Que h u o n g con d^p gian d i
trong Chieuxuan

Vi^t

cua A n h Tho, lang que Vi?t N a m d^p m p t each nao long trong

CO xanh, m u a xuan, d a n bo d u n g d i n h , c6 yem t h a m . . . qua n h u n g r u n g cam

A n h (chi) hay viet mpt bai trao doi cung hai ban Hpe va S i n h ve quan
diem chpn nghe ciia m i n h .

trong treo ciia t a m hon thieu n u . Tat ca n h u n g bai t h o ay viet ve con n g u o i , canh
v^t, lang que... deu gap nhau 6 m p t diem: t i n h cam yeu nuoc k i n dao.

Bai van tham khao

T u nhu-ng bai tho ay, ta c h p l hieu ra yeu que h u o n g truoc het phai la yeu

,f

Nha tho To H u u da tung viet:

thuong gan bo v o i m a n h dat - con n g u o i que huong, biet r u n g d p n g truoc jnhihig

Ne'u la con chim, chiec Id

ve d^p cua thien rihien dat nuoc, v u i buon-voi van menh dan tpc. T m h yeu que

Thi con chim phai hot, chiec Id phai xanh

huong bat dau t u n h i r n g dieu nho nhat hang ngay, n h i i n g t i n h cam d o i liia, t i n h
yeu, sy gan bo v o i gia d'mh, lang que, do la tinh cam trong sang nhat, cao ca va
gop phan lam thanh Ipc tam hon con nguoi. D o cung la t i n h cam gMn ke't ca n h a r l
voi cpng dong, tao nen su dong cam, su lang dpng sau sac va t h u o n g true trong

?
Le nao vay md khong c6 trd:

Song Id cho, dau chi nhan rieng

minh.

D u n g vay, song tren d o i dau chi nhan ma k h o n g cho. C h u n g ta da dupe
nhan qua nhieu t u t i n h t h u o n g cua ba, s u cham soe ciia me va t u eupc song

trai t i m con n g u o i . C h i n h sy gSn ke't ay lam nen sue mai\ doan ke't dan toe, thanh

nay... G i o day, k h i sSp t r u o n g thanh ta bit dau san se n h i i n g g i m i n h c6 cho

y chi bat khuat, sue m a n h chien dau, quyet tam bao v$ dat nuoc, danh d u o i ngoai

eupc d o i , gop m p t p h a n nho be de no ngay m p t tot d^p h o n . Cupc song v o i

xam, y thue xay d y n g dat nuoc dang hoang hon, to dep hon.

cong v i f c yeu thich eiing l o n g d a m me va trai t i m day n h i ^ t huyet hay d o n

Ne'u chi hieu d o n gian yeu que h u o n g la t i n h cam cong dan, v o i y thue

gian chi la m p t cong viee l a m ra nhieu tien? Ban chpn each nao? Day qua la

trach n h i e m dat len hang dau m a k h o n g quan t a m giao due t i n h yeu ay bat dau

mpt eau hoi Ion cho c h u n g ta, no k h o n g n h u n g the h i f n ban la n g u o i n h u the

t u n h i r n g dieu n h o nhat t h i t a m h o n con n g u o i se t r o nen chai s^tn biet bao.

nao ma eon quye't d i n h true tie'p t u o n g lai va s u nghiep ciia c h i n h bgn.

Chua ke rang, eo n h i r n g ke ho hao khau hi#u, n h u n g t h y c te lai song gia tao.
K h o n g the yeu dat nuoc, yeu d a n tpc ma k h o n g xuat phat t u t i n h cam yeu

H a i quan d i e m d u a ra: C h p n nghe nhieu tien, hay chpn nghe yeu thich?
Ca hai deu c6 hai m a t d o i lap: tieu cue va tich cue.

; , ,,

men, gan bo v o i n o i chon n h a u eSt ron, gia d i n h , lang x o m , yeu n h i r n g con

T h i i nhat, ban chpn nghe c6 nliieu tien! D o la quan d i e m khong hoan toan sai

n g u o i gan g u i q u a n h ta. D i i n g n h u To H i i u noi: "Oi To quoc ta yeu nhit mdu thit

trai, nhat la trong thoi buoi nen k i n h t e t h i t r u o n g n h u hi^n nay. Ban d i hpe roi ra

- Nhu me cha ta, nhu vg nhu chong", m o r p n g ra t i n h cam ay eon la t i n h yeu d o i

truong, cai dieh cuoi ciing la mpt cong vi^c on d m h hr cham lo cho eupc song ciia

Ilia, la C O so de "nguai yeu ngu&i, song de yeu nhau". T i n h yeu ay k h o n g han chi

m i n h va de d o dan m p t phan nao cho bo m?. D o la n h u eau chinh dang a i a m o i

the hi?n qua hanh d p n g d u n g len danh lai ke t h u , ma t r u o c tien phai xuat phat

con nguoi. N e i i chpn nghe lam ra nhieu tien ban se de dang dap l i n g n h u eau do,

t u n o i d a u b u o n k h i n u o c m a t nha tan, noi uat ngh?n k h i que h u o n g bj ke t h i i

hon the ban eo the tao cho m i n h mpt su nghiep v i r n g chac. N h u n g dieu quan

giay xeo. K h o n g the c6 t i n h yeu d a n tpc chung chung ne'u k h o n g xuat phat tir

trpng la ban c6 chpn dupe nghe p h i i hpp v o i kha nang eiia m i n h hay khong?

t i n h yeu eon n g u o i eu the. T u n h a n thue den t i n h cam, t u suy n g h l den hanh

Ban eo d i i sue de theo d u o i no? Co de dang den voi thanh cong khong k h i ban

d p n g l u o n t h u o n g t r y e tinh cam yeu que h u o n g dat nuoc.

khong CO long yeu nghe ma d o n gian do chi la mpt quye't d i n h mang tinh doi pho

*

Ban than m o i hpe sinh chung ta cung phai luon xac d i n h quan n i ^ m d u n g dan ve
long yeu que huong, bang each l u o n trau doi tu d u o n g n h i m g tinh cam nhan van,
phai song d^p v o i m p i nguoi, biet rung dpng truoc cai d?p eupc so'ng quanh ta. K h i
con la hpe sinh, biet yeu men eon nguoi va manh dat ma ta dang song, dang tiep xiie
hang ngay, bieh tinh cam thanh hanh v i l i n g x u hang ngay, c6 mue dieh, eo hoai bao
vun trong tai nang de sau nay cong hien cho dat nuoc, thiet t u o n g cung la u o m
m a m cho long yeu que h u o n g da't nuoc ngay cang phat trien ben v i i n g hon.
(Tran H a N a m - Q u y N h o n , B i n h D j n h )

voi noi lo com ao gao tien? Giua ban va cong vi^c khong eo m o i lien ket v o i nhau
thi chang khae g i ban dang d i qua song tren n h i p eau d i i t gay. Ne'u may man cong
vi?c ciia bcin se suon se dau xuoi d u o i Ipt thi khong sao n h u n g k h i trae tro ban lay
gi de v u p t qua no? De den v o i thanh cong ban phai vu(?t qua bao nhieu kho khan
va t h i i thaeh. N h u n g lieu rang, khong eo long yeu nghe ban eo vuqft qua no dupe
khong? ChSc han ban se that bai. Roi chinh quyet d j n h do dua ban vao ngo cut,
khong n h u n g khong hoan thanh mue tieu ma eon c6 nguy co thai nghiep. Va ban

mai CO the ban d u n g ben nay song de m o ve thanh cong 6 bo ben kia ma thoi!
rang each lua chpn nay rat nguy hiem, no r i h u vi^c danh b^c v o i chinh t u o n g
•ai ciia b^in. Dupe an ca, nga ve khong!

, ' :,

i


LGDtrUScKTnn

3 mien Rife - I fling

^nvanr lygu vun

- x •„„

I.J^-T,

CT-

w

j uf

Cty TNHH

MTV DWH

Khans

ViSt

Quan diem t h i i hai, ban chpn nghe theo so thich a i a m i n h . C h i c6 ban mod biet

C h i i n g ta la n h u n g hpe sinh dang n g o i tren ghe nha t r u o n g , ngay bay g i o

sue m i n h den dau, nghe do that su p h i i hop v o i ban Idiong? Neu chpn chiinh xac

hay d j n h h u o n g cho m i n h m p t nghe nghi?p thich hpp. H a y suy n g h i c h i n chan

mpt nghe p h u hpp v o i m i n h thi c6 nghia rang ban da thanh cong m p t nua. Ban den

de dua ra quyet d i n h d i i n g dan. D u n g de d i r o i ban m o i phat hi§n rang m i n h

v o i nghe la ca m p t qua t i i n h lau dai. T u liic be tho ban m o uoc. Ion h o n mpt chiit
b ^ . b i e t phah dau va k h i truong thanh ban nhan thay m i n h khong the thieu no! N o
da gan ket v o i cupc doi ban ngay h o m qua, horn nay va khong c6 l i do gi ngay mai

da d i sai d u o n g , liic do quay lai eung se k h o n g k i p . T o i t h i n h u vay, eon ban t h i
sao? Ban chpn nghe n h u the nao? Ban hay eung toi trao d o i de eo m p t quyet
d i n h d i i n g dan cho nghe nghiep t r o n g t u o n g lai, ban nhe!

no khong gSn ket v o i t u o n g lai ciia b ^ . Chat keo v6 h i n h ay da lam bgn v u n g t i n

Le T h i T h u H i e n

hon vao quyet d i n h a i a minh, giiip ban t u tin hon tren con d u o n g da chon.

,

%

^

( L o p 11C4 - T H P T Tieu La - Thang B i n h - Q u a n g N a m )

H i e n nhien, tat ca cac con d u o n g dan den v i n h quang k h o n g bao g i o dupe
trai bang tham do hay m p t t h u g i t u o n g t u n h u the, no t h u o n g day chong gai va

Be 13: "Nhu mot thu a-xit

v6 hinh, thoi v6 trdch nhi$m a moi ca nhan c6

t h u thach. De d i den cuoi con d u o n g , ban phai c6 y chi, lap t r u o n g v u n g vang va

the an mdn ca mgt xa

d u n g bao g i o n g h i den chuyen bo cupc. C h i n h n h i i n g liic kho khan nhat la long

Tif y kien tren, anh/chi hay viet mpt bai van ngan trinh bay suy nghi ciia
minh ve tinh than trach nhif m va thoi v6 trach nhi^m ciia con nguoi trong
cupc song hi?n nay.

yeu nghe se thoi thiic ban v u p t qua tat ca, se cho ban sue m a n h p h i t h u o n g , do
se la cay cau v i i n g chac nhat de den v o i bo ben kia. N i e m t i n vao ban than se la

hoi".

dpng luc g i i i p ban v u p t qua t h i i thach. Va da c6 khong i t n g u o i thanh cong n h u

Got y hai lam

the. C h p n nghe theo each nay se "an loan" h o n cho t u o n g lai ciia ban. Ban se l a m

• Mo bai

vi^e hieu qua h o n v o i l o n g yeu nghe va trai t i m day nhiet huyet.

Ciai thieu van de: M o i ca nhan m u o n hoan thanh tot cong vi^c, xay d u n g dupe
N h u n g neu cho rang, chi can chung do yeu to la eo the den v o i thanh cong
thi ban da hoan toan sai lam. C o n n g u o i ta khong con song m p t m i n h m a t h u o n g
hoat dpng t r o n g chuoi cac m o i quan he phiic tap. Nghe n g h i f p ciia hp can phai
p h i i h p p v o i hoan canh gia d i n h , boi canh xa hoi va dac b i | t la ca nhan hp.
Gia d i n h ban ngheo, n h u n g ban m u o n theo d u o i nganh hpe ciia m i n h den ciing

hanh phiie d o i m i n h thi tat phai no luc het m i n h v o i tinh than trach nhiem cao. Xa
hpi eung vay, m u o n ben v u n g va phon v i n h thi doi hoi eon n g u o i phai neu cao
tinh than trach n h i e m trong cong vi^e. Bang ngupc lai, "Nhu mot thu a-xit vb hinh,
thoi v6 trdch nhiem a moi ca nhan c6 the an mdn ca mot xahoi".

de CO nghe nghi^p yeu thich, trong k h i chi p h i cho m p t khoa dao tao n a m n a m la

• Than bai

n a m trieu d o n g t h i lieu ban va gia d i n h c6 d i i kha nang? Ban b i benh huyen

1. Gidi thich van de'

suyen n h u n g ban lai m u o n t r o thanh giao vien, lieu ban c6 chju d u n g dupe

-

Ve n o i d u n g , y k i e n nay de cap den m o i n g u y hai n g a m n g a m rat can

n h i i n g con ho truoc anh mat ai ngai ciia hpe sinh? Va eung eo t r u o n g h p p

canh giac ciia thoi v6 trdch nhiem; no xuat phat tir m o i ca n h a n n h u n g lai gay

m p t anh ehang sau k h i hpe dai hpe va d i d u hpe n u o c ngoai t r o ve x i n vi^c

hau qua to I o n d o i v o i toan xa h p i .

n h u n g t r o treu thay tien l u o n g ciia anh ta khong d i i tien an sang noi chi la trang
trai cho cupc song gia d i n h . N o i n h u the de thay rang, k h i chpn nghe, ngoai vi?e
p h u h p p v o i ban than can phai quan tam den hoan canh gia d i n h , t i n h h i n h xa
hpi, che dp u u dai nhan tai trong t u o n g lai va m p t so yeu to khae niia.
Theo toi, k h i chpn nghe ta phai quan tam den haj yeu to eo b a n : t h i i rJia't la muc
dich nghe nghiep trong t u o n g lai ciia ban va t h i i hai la kha nang eua ban eo p h u hpp
v o i nghe do hay khong? Neia hpi tu hai yeu to nay thi ban se de dang chpn lua cho
m i n h m p t cong vife tot. Chpn nghe la mpt cong viec quan trpng va khong he de

-

Ve thuc chat, y k i e n nay la su canh bao ve m p t van nan dao due m a n g

tinh t h o i su: t h o i vd trdch nhiem va hau qua k h o n l u o n g ciia no.
2.
-

Luanbdnvdhde

Tinh than trdch nhiem:

•

*

'"

+ Tinh than trach nhiem la y thiic v.a no luc nham hoan thanh tot n h i i n g phan
sy ciia minh. N o dupe bieu hi^n cu the^ song dpng trong ba moi quan h f ca ban : giiia
ca nhan v o i gia dinh, ea nhan v o i toan xa hpi va ca nhan v o i ban than minh.

dang mpt chiit nao. K h i d u n g truoc eo hpi, ban phai suy n g h i that k i de chpn cho

+ T i n h than trach n h i ^ m la m p t p h a m chat cao d?p, m p t thuoc do gia t r i

m i n h m o t nghe p h i i hpp v o i ban than de dap u n g ca n h u eau ve vat chat Ian tinh

con n g u o i ; la eo so de xay d u n g hanh phiie ciia m o i gia d i n h ; d o n g t h o i t i n h

than. D o m o i that su la cong viec tot. K h i do ban se c6 the yen tam danh het nhift

than trach n h i e m ciing gop phan quan t r p n g tao nen quan h § xa h p i tot d?p,

huyet vao cong vi^e. Chinh no se giiip ban nhan ra y nghIa ciia cupc song.

thiic day s u phat trien ciia xa h p i .


LGB trtaSt ICTBH3

miin Bdc -Trung

-Nam

NgavaS -Iran

Lien (Juang

-

Thai v6 track nhiem:
+ Thoi v6 trach nhi?m la mQt bieu hien aia loi song phi dao due, the hi^n 6 y
thiic va hanh dpng khong lam tron phan su ciia minh doi vol xa hpi, gia dinh va ban
than, gay nen nhung hau qua tieu cifc. Hi^n nay, do nhieu nguyen nhan khac nhau,
161 song ay dang kha pho bien, tro thanh mpt van nan trong xa hpi.
+ Tac hai ciia thoi v6 trach nhi|m : lam bang hoai dao diic con nguai;
gay ton hai hanh phiic gia dinh; gay ton that cho cpng dong, kim ham sv phat
trien va tieh bp xa hpi.
• Ketbai

moi ca nhan ma con gay ra nhiing hau qua khong nho cho nguoi than va toan
xa hpi. De xay dung hanh phiic, con nguoi can phai neu cao va thuc hi?n tot
tinh than trach nhiem trong bat cii moi truong cong vi^c nao.
+ Ban than can nhan thuc sau sac tinh than trach nhi^m la thuoc do pham
gia con nguoi; khong ngimg nang cao y thiic trach nhi^m ciia minh trOng mpi
llnh vuc doi song.
+ Can y thiic ro tac hai va c6 thai do kien quye't dau tranh voi mpi bieu hien
cua thoi v6 trach nhi^m trong xa hpi.
De 14: Co y kien cho ring: "Cdi chei khong phai la dieu mat mat Ion nhat

sonf.

Hay viet mpt bai van ngSn ban luan ve y kien tren.
Ggi y bdi lam
• Mdbai
Gi&i thieu van dc: Mpt con nguoi chet di se de lai khong it dau don cho nguoi
than, nen nhieu khi ta tuong chung cai chet la su mat mat Ion nhat ciia con
nguoi. Nhung khong, c6 y kien cho rSng: "Cdi chei khong phai Id dieu mat mat l&n
nhat trong cuoc dai. Su mat mat l&n nhat la ban de'tdm hon tan lui ngay khi con song".
• Than bai
1. Gidi thich van de
'K--^'^'}
Con nguoi chet di nghla la con nguoi ay khong con ton tai, nguoi than aia hp
se rat kho tam. Nhung neu song ma de tam hon tan lui thi doi khi hf than con
nguoi do con dau kho hon, nguoi than khong nhiing kho tam ma con kho xac.
2. Luan ban van de'
Song ma de cho tam hon kho can, thieu vang tinh thuong ciia con nguoi

hole song khong uoc mo, khong l i tuong thi cupc song tro nen v6 v i . Khi ay,
con nguoi cam thay mat mat Ion nhat.

Vicl

- Tuy khong diing voi mpt so' nguoi, nhung y kien tren cung the hien mpt tu
tuong tieh bp, rat y nghia khi ma xa hpi c6 khong it nguoi chay theo vat chat ma
quen mat tam hon va luong tam con nguoi. Phe phan nhung nguoi v6 cam, tho o
voi nhiing manh doi kho cue hoac song ma khong uoc mo, khong chi huong.
• Ketbai
Khang dinh van de: Nhan djnh tren diing voi nhieu truong hop va c6 y nghia

tieh cue trong giao due 161 song cho con nguoi, nhat la the'h? thanh thieu nien.
-

Bdi hoc nhan thuc vd hdnh dong: Doi song tinh than rat quan trpng, phai

luon boi dap tam hon; hpc tap de tro thanh nguoi c6 "tdi" Ian "diec".
Bdi van tham khdo
Sinh li tii bi?t la quy luat ciia cupc song. Biet la the^ nguoi ta van cau mong tuoi

- Bai hoc nhan thuc va hanh dong:

trong cuoc dai. Sumat mat Ion nhat la ban de'tdm hon tan lui ngay khi con

Kbang

- De cupc song c6 y nghia, chiing ta phai biet dung hoa cac moi quan h$,
song biet thuong yeu, hi sinh va luon boi dap tam hon minh phong phii hon,
cang trong sang hon.

-

"

- Khang dinh van de: Thoi v6 trach nhiem khong nhung gay tac hai doi voi

* -

Cty TNHH MTV DWH

gjjg ThiJ[en^

thp keo dai. Vi rat nhieu le, de hp thuc hi?n cho he't uoc mo hoai bao ciia minh, de
yeu doi, yeu nguoi hon niia... Va nhieu lam, moi nguoi mpt le de thoa niem ham
song ciia minh. Boi mpt le thuong tinh ai cung biet, chet la he't, ta se chang the lam gi
dupe ca khi ta kh6ng con tren the gian. Va nhu the; chei la mpt noi mat mat Ion
trong cupc doi ciia moi con nguoi. Thenhung lif u do da phai la su mat mat Ion nhat

chua khi c6 nhieu nguoi noi "Cdi chei khong phai Id dim mdi mdt l&n nhdi trong cuoc dai.
Su mdi mdt l&n nhdi la ban de'tdm hon tan lui ngay khi con sang".
Chei nghia la ke't thiic mpt doi nguoi, cham dut mpt su song. Mpt nguoi chei di
nghia la con nguoi ay khong ton tai mxa (ve the xac). Do la cupc chia li vinh vien voi
cupc doi, voi nguoi than yeu. Cupc chia li do de 1^ bao noi dau buon cho nguoi than
ciia hp. Nhung nhung nguoi than yeu se van nho, van thuong, van nhac ve hp voi
tinh cam nguyen ven nhat. Va the nghia la, hp van song trong ki lie, trong tinh cam
ciia nguoi 6 lai. N h u vay chei la mpt noi mai mat Ion nhung chua phai la Ion nhai ma
cai mai mat Ion nhai do chinh la de "tam hon tan lui" ngay khi so'ng. "Tam hon tdn lui"
la tam hon ciia mpt nguoi kh6ng biei mo uoc, song kh6ng li tuong, thie'u di
hnh thuong con nguoi. S6'ng nhu vay chi la mpt sy ton tai v6 nghia ciia the xac ma
tam hon thi da chei lui ngay frong cupc doi nay roi. Khong c6 mpt mai mat nao Ion
hon la ta chei ngay khi dang con song.
Van de dat ra 6 day la ta phai song sao de "khi ta mai sinh ra, ta khoc con mpi
nguai cuai". Do la tie'ng khoc chao doi ciia mpt con nguoi va niem hanh phiic
cua nguoi than yeu don chao mpt c6ng dan moi. Song va truong thanh trong
niem yeu thuong ciia doi nhu vay ta phai song sao de "Khi ta chei di moi nguai
khoc con rieng ta, ta lai cuai". Do la tieng khoc thuong tie'c, dau don v6 bo ciia
nguoi than va nu cuoi man nguyen ciia ta khi ta da song het minh, cong hien


LGB trutic KTDH 3 mid,, li.i,

I >„ng -NamSgavan

-TranLiSn

Quan^WoS

ThfYSn_

t r p n v ? n cho cupc d a i , cho n g u o i than yeu. K h i do cai chet den v a i ta n h u mQt

kho nhuc nha. H p dang t u h i i y di#t tam hon ciia m i n h ma khong biet. Cupc d o i

q u y luat tat yeu ciia cupc d o i . The'nen c6 rat nhieu n g u o i ra d i m p t each thanh

len an, m p i n g u o i xa lanh. Cho den mpt ngay quay lai, hp da rvhan ra m p t mat mat

than. H Q k h o n g coi do la n o i mat mat Ion nhat ma v a n l u o n n g h l cho n g u o i 6

Ion nhat do la tam hon hp tan l u i ngay k h i song. N h u n g tat ca da m u p n mang,

Igi, dan do con chau n h u n g dieu tot d^p nhat. N o i den dieu nay, c h i i n g ta van

chi con lai m p t niem tiec n u o i an han ma thoi.

ghi n h o cong lao cua v i Cha gia H o C h i M i n h , "Nguai khong con ma c6 trieu

Y kien tren la quan n i e m rat tien bp, c6 y nghia trong m p i thoi dai. Ngoai ra, do

con". Mac d u N g u a i da ra d i each day ca nua the k i n h u n g t u t u o n g cua N g u o i

con la m p t bai hpc k i n h nghiem mang tinh nhan sinh sau sac, c6 y nghia thiet thuc,

van con song m a i t r o n g su nghiep each m a n g cua dan tpc. H a y nhCrng l o i anh

giao due con n g u o i ve v i f c tu d u o n g dao due, de cao l i t u o n g song, hoan thien

T r o i t r u o c k h i h i sinh van dan lai v o m i n h "bqc them nha minh cao lam, em c6

nhan each va boi dap tam hon them phong phii. La the he chii nhan t u o n g lai ciia

xdch nuac tam thi xach thiing vai thai". L o i ciia anh "Dang Cong sdn Viet Nam quang

dat nuac, cac ban hay trau doi von t r i thiic cua m i n h de gop phan phat trien dat

vinh muon nam. Ho Chi Minh mudn nam..."

nuac va eung d u n g quen t h u a n g xuyen boi dap tam hon m i n h cho that d?p nhe!

den ngay nay ta van con xuc dpng.

Va nhieu l a m nhOng n g u o i da k h o n g coi cai chet la sy mat mat I o n nhat cua hp.
K h o n g d a m so sanh v o l cac bac vT nhan n h u n g ta hay t u dan m i n h song sao
d u n g de tam hon tan lui ngay k h i song. Boi v i dupe song, d u p e yeu t h u o n g ,
dupe hpc tap, lao d p n g va cong hien la n i e m hanh p h i i c Ian nhat ciia con
n g u o i , "Cam an dai moi sam mai thiec day. Ta c6 them ngay nua deyeu

thuang".

Cha m? cho ta d o i mat de n h i n n g a m cupc d o i , cho d o i tay de lao dpng, trai t i m

De 15: B a i hpc cupc song nit ra tu l a i tam s u ciia n u n h a van M I Helen
Keller: "Toi da khoc vi khong c6 giay de di cho den khi toi nhin thay mot
nguai khong c6 chan de'di

giay"
Bai van tham khdo

'

Cupc song qua that rat k i la. Co nhii-ng con n g u a i sinh ra d u p e h u o n g day

de biet yeu t h u o n g . Vay d i m g de d o i mat, d o i tay ta thua thai v 6 ich va nhat la

d i i m p i u u ai vat chat va t i n h than. N h u n g lai c6 nhCrng n g u o i bat hanh mat d i

d u n g de con t i m ta chai san v 6 cam. H a y m a l o n g m i n h ra d o n nhan m p i n i e m

mpt phan u u ai do. Va t r o treu thay k h i n h i i n g n g u o i c6 day d i i m p i t h i i lai

yeu t h u o n g cua cupc d o i va dap tra lai bang n i e m yeu t h u a n g , s u se chia, y chi,

t h u o n g cam thay k h o n g thoa m a n k h i thie'u d i m p t t h u vat chat thong t h u a n g

nang luc, t a m huyet ciia ban de d u n g xay cupc d o i . D o chinh la each tot nhat

nao do. H p c i i m a i n g h l ve ban than m i n h ma k h o n g biet rang x u n g q u a n h con

de ban l a m "song", k h o n g chi the ma con them "gidu c6" cho t a m hon ciia ban.

CO biet bao nhieu n g u o i con kern may m a n h o n m i n h rat n h i e u . N i i nha v a n M i

Vay, de cupc song c6 y nghia, chiing ta phai biet d u n g hoa cac m o i quan he,

Helen Keller da t u n g n h u the cho den m p t ngay ba chat n h a n ra n h u n g may

song biet t h u o n g yeu, h i sinh va l u o n boi dMp tam hon m i n h p h o n g p h i i han,

man ma m i n h d u p e h u o n g , ba tam su: "Toi dd khoc vi khong c6 giay de di cho den

trong sang h o n . T r o n g cupc song, con n g u a i phai song that nang d p n g , lanh

khi toi nhin thay mot nguai khong co chan de'di giay". L o i tam s u chan thanh do da

m a n h , c6 y chi, biet bao d u n g , vj tha, c6 long nhan ai, c6 nghj luc va t r i t u f ,

danh thiic biet bao cam xiic t r o n g trai t i m m o i n g u o i .

h a m cong hien, san sang h i s i n h . . . t h i m a i x i i n g dang v a i nhCrng g i ma cupc

Khong de cap true tiep deh van de hay neu ra bai hpc, chi bang mpt cau ke rat

d o i ban tang. M o n t a i g n e da t u n g noi: "Toi thich ren luyen tam hon toi han Id trang

thuc n h u n g chiia d u n g nhieu y nghia sau xa, Helen Keller da khieh m p i nguai phai

diem no". That vay, de t r a thanh m o t con n g u o i chan chinh, c6 y nghla t h i truoc

suy ngam, phai n h i n nhan lai n h i i n g gi m i n h dang c6 de tran trpng, de giir gin.

tien c h i i n g ta phai biet ren l u y e n tam hon, hoan thien nhan each ciia ban than

roi hay d e m t i n h n g u o i de dap lai tinh n g u o i .
Thuc te trong cupc song ngay nay ben canh n h i i n g n g u o i dang t u l a m giau c6,
phong p h i i cho tam hon ciia m i n h , dang tranh thii t u n g giay p h i i t quy bau de

"Toi dd khoc vi khong co gidy de di" do la m p t l a i t h i i nhan rat chan thanh,
t r u n g t h v c b o i le d o i v a i n h i i n g n g u a i song t r o n g d i i day, quen co d i i m p i t h i i
thi se cam thay b u o n , thay chan nan k h i k h o n g co "gidy"

hay co the n o i la

n h i i n g p h u k i ^ n vat chat can thiet de l a m d?p cho m i n h , l a m m i n h

t i n . Toi

cong hien cho d a i t h i con c6 mot so n g u a i dang song ... "dai thita". D o la n h i h i g

da thay nhieu co be, cau be, nhieu ban hpc sinh - n h u n g n g u o i sinh ra dupe

nguai song ma khong he c6 l i tuang, udc mo. Nhat la m o t bp phan thanh thie'u

nhan t i n h yeu t h u a n g ciia bo m^, dupe song hanh phiic, am no... t r o nen

nien khong quan tam den hpc hanh, ren luyen nhan each cho m i n h ma quang

b u o n g b i n h , gian d o i hay khoc v i bo me k h o n g dap l i n g n h i i n g n h u cau ciia

m i n h vao n h i j n g tro tieu khien n h u : hiit chich, ghien game, an choi sa dpa, dua xe

i n i n h , t h a m chi co n h i i n g n g u o i nong noi v i gian bo m? m a bo nha d i hay l a m

lang lach tren d u o n g pho^ t r p m cap cuop giat... hoac c6 n h u n g n g u o i song tho a,

bat c i i v i f c g i de d u p e t h i i m i n h m u o n . The n h u n g , hp d a u biet rang 6 ngoai xa

v6 cam, khong biet yeu t h u a n g quan tam g i i i p d a m p i n g u a i . . . D o la n h u n g "tam

hoi, a x u n g q u a n h c h i i n g ta hay t h a m chi ngay canh nha ban lai co n h i i n g canh

hon tan lui ngay khi sang". L o i song ciia hp de lai cho nguai than yeu ciia hp noi dau

d o i bat hanh, t o n tai biet bao con n g u o i "khong co chan de'di gidy". H i n h anh
rat t h y c ay n o i ve n h i i n g n g u o i khuye't t^t hay n o i r p n g ra la n h i i n g n g u o i