Phân dạng và phương pháp giải hóa học 11 Phần vô cơ Dành cho học sinh lớp 11 ôn tập và nâng cao kĩ năng làm bài

Phan djing
va
phumg phdp
giii
H6a hpc 11 V6 co - D8
Xuan Hung
2NH3
+
3CuO
—^ N2 + 3Cu + 3H2O
* Dieuche:
+ Trong phong thi nghiem :
2NH4CI
+
Ca(OH)2
CaCl2
+ 2NH3T + 2H2O
+ Trong cong nghiep : long hdp
tuT
niW
va
hidro
N2 + 3H2 , '
2NH3.
p
2.
MuG'i
atnoni
(gom cation
NH4
va anion goc axit)

* Tinh chat hoa hoc :
- Tac dung
vdi
dung djch kicm :
NH4CI
+ NaOH
>
NHjt + NaCl + H2O
NH^ + OH-
>
NHjt +
H2O
- Phan
uTng
nhiet phan :
NH4CI,,,
^
NH3,u,
+ HCl,k,
NH4NO3 N2O
+
2H2O.
III.
AXIT
NITRIC
VA
MUOI
NITRAT
1. Axit nitric
(HNO3)

CTCT: H-O-N^^
* Tinh chat ho a hoc :
+ Tinh axit: Lam quy tim
h6a
do, tac dung vdi oxit
bazcf,
bazd, muoi cua axit
yeu hdn tao ra muoi nitrat.
+ Tinh oxi hoa :
- Tac dung vdi kim loai (trir Au va Pt)
Cu + 4HN03j.^. > Cu(N03)2 + 2NO2 t + 2H2O
Chu y : Fe va Al bj thu dong hoa trong dung dich
HNO3
dac, nguoi.
- Tac dung vdi phi kim :
S + 6HN03j.^, >
H2SO4
+
6NO2T
+
2H2O
- Tac dung vdi hdp cha't:
3H2S +
2HN03,,,,„^
> 3S + 2NO + 4H2O
* Dieu che :
+ Trong phong thi nghiem :
NaN03 +
H2SO4 HNO3
+ NaHS04

+ Trong cong nghiep (qua ba
giai
dotin)
NH3
-> NO ->
NO2
->
HNO3.
2. MuS'i
nitrat
(muoi cua axit nitric)
Deu de tan trong niTdc va la chat dien li manh.
+ Phan iJng nhiet phan :
)
M(N02)„+02t
M(N03)„
) M2O,,
+N02t
+
) M +
N02t
+ 02t
+ Nhan biet ion
NO3
:
Cho them mpt it vun dong v^ dung dich
H2SO4
loang roi dun nong nhe hon
h0p -> dung dich mau xanh, khi NO thoat ra bj oxi hoa trong khong khi tao
NO2

mau nau do.
3Cu +
8H^
+
2NO3
3Cu^^ + 2N0t +
4H2O
(dung dich mau xanh)
2NO
+
O2 > 2NO2
(mau nau do).
IV.
PHOTPHO 1s2 2s2
2p*3s^3p*
* Tinh chat hoa hoc:
+ Tinh oxi hoa : 2P + 3Ca CajPj (canxi photphua)
+
Tinhkhuf:
- Vdi oxi:
4P+302dhii<u)
—^ 2P,03
4P
+502(d.)
—^
2P2O5
- Vdiclo: 2P +
3Cl2(,hic<u)
—^
2PCI3

2P
+5Cl2(da) 2PCI5
+ Tdc dung vdi hdp cha't:
6P
+
5KCIO3
—^
3P2O5
+ 5KC1
* San xudt: Trong cong nghiep, P diTdc san xua't bling each nung hon hdp
quang photphorit, cdt va than coc d 1200"C trong 16 di?n.
Ca3(P04)2
+ 3Si02 + 5C SCaSiOj + 2P + SCO.
61
Phan
djing
phuong
phip
gi5i
H6a hpc
11
VP
cd
- Do
XuSn
Hung
V.
AXIT
PHOTPHORIC
VA

MUOI
PHOTPHAT
+5
1. Axitphotphoric(H3P04)
H-0
^ H-0 ^
CTCT:
H-0-P=0
hoSc
H-0-P->0
H-0
^ H-0 ^
*
Tinh
chat
hoa
hoc:
+
H3PO4
la axit ba nac, c6 do manh trung
binh.
+
Tac dung
vdti
dung dich kiem
(tiiy
theo
lu'dng
chat tac dung), ma tao
ra

muoi
trung
hoa,
muoi axit
hoSc
hon
hdp
muoi.
+
Dung dich
H3PO4
c6
nhiirng
tinh
cha't chung cua axit.
+
Khac
vdi
axit
HNO3,
axit
H3PO4
khong c6
tinh
oxi
hoa.
*
Dieu
che :
+

Trong phong thi nghiem:
P +
5HNO3
(dac)
H3PO4
+
5NO2
+
H2O
+
Trong cong nghiep:
Ca3(P04)2
+
3H2S04(d^c)2H3P04
+ 3CaS04i
Bi
dieu che'
H3PO4
c6 dp
tinh
khie't va nong do cao hdn.
4P
+ 5O2
2P2O5
P2O5
+
3H2O
>2H3P04.
2.
Mud'i

photphat
-
Mu6'i
photphat trung hoa :
Na3P04,
Ca3(P04)2,
-
Mu6'i
hidrophotphat:
Na2HP04,
CaHP04,
-
Muoi
dihidrophotphat:
NaH2P04,
Ca(H2P04)2,
*
Phan
tfng
thuy phan :
Na3P04
+
H2O
->
Na2HP04
+ NaOH
*
Nhan biet
ion
photphat

(PO4")
DCing
bac nitrat ^ ket tua
raau
vang.
3Ag^
+
PO4"
>
Ag3P04i
(mau vang).
VI.
PHAN
BON HOA HQC
1.
Phan
dam :+ phan dam amoni:
NH4CI
)
+
phan dam nitrat:
NaN03
+
ure:(NH2)2CO
2.
Phan
ISn : +
supephotphat
+
phan Ian nung chay

3.
Phan
kali
4.
Phan
hon
hdp,
phan
phuTc
hdp,
phSn
vi
lu'dng
62
p, PHAN LOAI
VA
PHlTdNG
PHAP
GIAI
CAC
DANG
BAI
TAP
Qgna 1.
-
Xac djnh so oxi hoa cua
nItcJ,
photpho
-
Viet phifcJng trinh dieu che cac chdt

BAI TAP
MAU
VA
BAI
TAP NANG CAO
Bai
1-
a)
N6u
mot so hdp cha't trong
do
nitd
va
photpho c6 so oxi hoa -3, +3, +5.
b)
Hay
diTa
ra
nhi^ng
phan
uTng
da hoc c6
siT
tham gia
ciia
ddn chat photpho, trong
d6 so oxi hoa cua photpho tang, giam.
Gidi
a)
MOt

so'
hdp cha't trong
do
nitd
va
photpho :
~3 -3 -3 -3
_
CO
SO
oxi
hoa-3
:
NH3,
Mg.N^,
PH3, Ca^P^
-
CO so
oxi
hoa+3:
N2O3,
NaNOj,
P2O3,
H3PO3
-
c6 sooxih6a+5:
N2O5,
HNO3,
P^O,,
H3P04-

b)
Phan
tfng trong do so
oxi
hoa
ciia
P tang :
0
„ +5
4P
+ 5O2 ——>
2P2O,
Phan
tfng trong do so
oxi
hoa cua P giam:
3Ca+ 2P —^
Ca3P2.
Bai
2.
a)
Nguyen to
nitd
c6 so oxi hoa la bao nhieu trong
cac
hdp chat sau : NO,
NO2,
NH3,
N2O,
NH4CI,

N2O3,
N2O5,
Mg3N2.
b)
Hay cho biet so oxi hoa cua N va P trong cdc ph5n t^ v^ ion sau
day:
NH3,
NH;,
NO2, NO3,
NH4HCO3,
P2O3,
PBrj.
PO^-,
KH2PO4.
Zn3(P04)2.
Gidi
a) NO, NO2, "NH3, N2O.
NH4CI.
N2O3,
N2O5,
Mg3N2.
b)
NH3,
NHt, NO2, NO3,
NH4HCO3.
P,03,
PBrj.
TO^,
KH2PO4,
Zn3(P04)2.

^ai
3. Tir khong
khi,
nirdc,
KCl,
CaCOj. Hay vie't cac phi^dng
trinh
phan ilng
can thiet de dieu che c^c chat sau
:
NH4CI,
KNO3,
NH4NO3,
Ca(N03)2.
63
'han
dgng
va
phuong
phip
gi5i
H6a hgc 11 V6
ca
-
D5
Xuan
Hung
Gidi
Hoa long khong khi, sau do chiTng ca't
phan doan

de lay N2 sau do den
O2.
2KC1
+
2H2O
• ''^V • 2KOH + Hjt + Cl.T
til
ma
ng
nga
n
H2
+
CI2
2HC1
Hoa tan HCl vao niTdc diTdc dung djch HCl
N2
+ HCl . '
2NH3
NH3
+ HCI >NH4C1
.
2H2O
2H2
+
O2
4NH3
+
5O2
4N0 +

6H2O
2N0
+
O2
>
2NO2
4NO2
+
O2
+
2H2O
—>
4HNO3
KOH
+
HNO3
>KN03
+ H20
•
NH3
+
HNO3
>NH4N03
•
CaCOj CaO +
CO2
CaO +
2HNO3
> Ca(N03)2 +
H2O

hay
CaC03
+
2HNO3
>
Ca(N03)2 +
CO2T
+ H2O.
Bai
4.
Viet
phifdng trmh
phan
tfng dieu che cac
oxit
nitcf:
N2O,
NO,
NO2,
N2O3,
N2O5.
Gidi
N2O
(khi
cufcfi)
dinitd
oxit:
NH4NQ3
^^""-''"""S
N2O

+
2H2O
NO
(nitcJ
oxit):
3Cu
+
8HNO3
—^
3Cu(N03)2
+ 2N0 +
4H2O
hoac
4NH3
+
5O2
4N0 +
6H2O
*=
NO2
nitd
dioxit:
CU
+
4HNO3
d^c
m^ng
>
CU(N03)2
+ 2N02 +

2H2O
*
N2O3
dinitd
trioxit
(anhidrit nitd):
N2O3
di/dc dieu che
bang
cich tr6n NO vdi
NO2
theo
ti le the tich
bang
nhau
roi
ha
thap
nhiet dp xuong dirdi-100"C.
*
N2O5
dinitcf
penta
oxit
(anhidrit
nitric):
Trong ph6ng thi nghi^m:
N2O5
tao nen khi khiSr ntfdc ciia axit nitric dac,
loang bkng

P2O5
trong binh kin.
2HNO3
+
P2O5
—>
N2O5
+
2HPO3
(axit metaphotphoric)
hoac
cho clo tdc dung vdi AgNGj (60"C):
54
2AgN03 +
CI2
N2O5
+ 2AgCl + io^.
Bai
5. Hoa tan
CU2S
trong
H2SO4
dac nong
diTtlc
dung dich A va khi B. B Ikm mat
mau nxidc brom, cho
NH3
tac dung vdi dung dich A tdi du". Hoi c6 hien tu'dng gi
xay ra.
Viet

cac phiTdng trinh
phan
tuf va ion dc giai thich hien tUdng tren.
(HVCNBCVT)
Gidi
CU2S
+
6H2SO4
dac
nong
>
2CUSO4
+
5SO2T
+
6H2O
Phtfcfng trinh ion :
CU2S
+ 12H^ + 4S0^-
>
2Cu^\
5S02t
+
6H2O
KhiBlaS02.
S02
+
Br2
+
2H20

>
H2SO4
+
2HBr
Dung dich A la
CUSO4.
CUSO4
+
2NH3
+
2H2O
>
Cu(0H)2i
+ (NH4)2S04
Cu(0H)2
+
4NH3
>
[Cu(NH3)4](OH)2
(dung dich xanh tham)
Cu'*
+ 4NH3
>[Cu(NH3)4]^
Bai
6.
a)
TCf
hidro, clo, nitcJ va cac hoa
chat
can thiet, hay viet cac phifdng trinh hoa hoc

(c6 ghi ro dieu kien
phan
iJng) dieu
che'phan
dam amoni clorua.
b) Tuf khong khi, than, niTdc v^ cac
chat
xiic
tac can thiet, hay lap sd do dieu
che'
phan
dam
NH4NO3.
Gidi
a)
H2
+
CI2
2HC1
N2
+ 3H2 , '
2NH3
p
NH3
+ HCl
>
NH4CI
(amoni clorua).
b) Sd do dieu che
phan

dam
NH4NO3:
KhSngkhi-^^N2
^
pMn
do,„
Xjct^
NO NO2
PI O _ dign ph5n ^ >^ P xt, t
+
O:
+
H:0
NH.,
NH4NO.,
HNO
i
Bai 7.
Viet
phuttng trinh
phan
iJng nhiet
phan
cac muoi sau :
(NH4)2C03,
NH4NO3,
(NH4)2S04,
KNO3,
Fe(N03)3, AgN03.
65

Phan
dang va phUOng phjp
g\i\a hgc 11 Vfl co - B5 Xuan Hifng
(NH4)2C03
—^
2NH3
+
CO2
+
H2O
NH4N03
—^
N20
+
2H20
(NH4)2S04
—^
NH4HSO4
+
NH3
2KN03
2KN02
+
02
2Fe(N03)3
—^
Fe203
+
6NO2
+

^O^
AgNOj Ag
+
NO2
+
^02.
Bui
8.
a) Ngi/di
la
san
xuat supcphotphat
ddn
va
supepholphat
kcp
tijf
qusing pirit
va
apatit
CO
lhanh phan chinh
la
Ca3(P04)2. Viel
cac
phifdng trinh phan ifng
xay
ra.
b)
Hay

giai thich
vi sao khi bon cac
loai phan
dam
NH4NO3,
(NH4)2S04
do
chiia
cua
dat
tang len?
Giai
a) Supcphotphat ddn gom hai muoi
Ca(H2P04)2
va
CaS04
Supepholphat kcp :
Ca(H2P04)2
Cac phan iJng
xay ra
:
4FeS2
+
1IO2
-A
2FC2O3
+
8S0:t
'2SO2
+

O2
2SO3
S03
+
H20^
>H2S04
Ca3(P04)2
+
2H2S04da.
>Ca(H:P04)2
+
2CaS04i
(supepholphat ddn)
Ca3(P04)2
+
3H2SO4
>
2H3PO4
+
3CaS04>l'
Ca3(P04)2
+
4H3PO4
>
3Ca(H2P04)2
(supepholphat kep)
b)
Cac
muoi
NH4NO3,

(NH4)2S04
deu de bi
thiiy phan,
c6 ion NHj c6
tinh axit.
NH4NO3
> NH+ +
NO3-
(NH4)2S04
>
2NH;
+
SO^
NH^ +
H2O
-> NH3
+
H3O*
hay
NH+
> NH3
+
H*
Vay
khi bon
phan
dam
NH4NO3
hay
(NH4)2S04

lam
tang H"" trong
dat
(nghia
la lam giam pH)
do
do
do
chua
cua dat
tSng len.
66
Dang
2.
-
Viet
sd do
plian
(ing
-
Bo
tCic
va
hodn
tlianii
pini/oing
trinh
BAI
TAP IVlAU
IJai 1. Hoiin thiinh

stJ
do chuycn
hoa sau va
viet cac phu'dng trinh
hoa hoc
a) Khi
A
dungdich
A
B
khi A
C
(5) J;"
D
+
H2O
Biet rcHng
A la
hdp chat cua nild.
b) NO2
HNO3 Cu(N03)2 Cu(0H)2 Cu(N03)2
CuO
CUCI2
^ Cu
Giai
a) Khi A :
NH3;
B :
NH4CI;
C :

NH4NO3;
D : N.O
(1)
NH3
+
H2O-> NH4OH
(2)
NH4OH
+ HCl
>
NH4CI
+
H2O
(3) NH4Cl
+
NaOH
>
NaCl
+
NH3T
+
H2O
(4)
NH3
+
HNO3
>
NH4NO3
(5)
NH4NO3

-A
N2O
+
2H2O.
b) (1)
4NO2
+
O2
+
2H2O
>
4HNO3
(2)
2HNO3
+
CuO
>
Cu(N03)2
+
H2O
(3)
Cu(N03)2
+
2NaOH
> Cu(0H)2
+
2NaN03
(4)
Cu(OH):
+

2HNO3
—>
Cu(N03)2
+
2H2O
(5)
Cu(N03)2 CuO
+
2NO2
+
-O2
2
(6)
CuO
+
Hj
^>
Cu
+
H2O
(7)
Cu +
CI2
-
—>
CuCb.
Bai
2. Lap
piiiAJng Irinh
hoa

hoc
cua cac
phan tfng
sau day va cho
biet trong ciic
phan
ufng
nay,
P c6
tinh
khiir
hay tinh
oxi hoa
:
P
+
O2
>
P2O,
PfC!,
>PCl3
P
+
S
-
>
P.S3
P
1-
S >

P2S5
P
+
Mg
>
Mg3P2
P +
KCIO3
>
P2O5
+ KCl.
67
Phan
d?ng va
phuang
phap
giai
H6a hqc 11 VP ca - 05
Xuan
Hung
Gidi
0
0
4P
+ —
->
2R,05
P
linh
khur

2P
+3CI2 ->
2PCI3
P
tinh
khur
2P
+3S-i—>
+3
P2S3
P
tinh
khur
2P
+5S >
+5
P2S5
P
tinh
khijr
2P
+3Mg —
-> Mg;^
P
tinh
oxi
h6a
6P
+5KCIO3
>

3%0, +
5KC1
P-
tinh
khu".
Bai 3. Cho
quang
cancopirit
(CuFeS2)
tac
dung
vdi
dung
dich
HNO3
vuTa du, thu
du'dc
khi A
khong
mau, sau do khi nay
bien
thanh
mau nau
trong
khong
khi
va
dung
dich
B.

Chia
dung
dich
B lam hai
phan
:
- Phan I tac
dung
vdi
khi NH3
dir.
- Phan II tac
dung
vdi
dung
dich
BaClj
cho ket tua mau
trang.
Xac
dinh
khi A
va
cac
cha't
trong
B.
Vie't
cac
phufdng

trinh
hda hoc xay ra.
Gidi
3CuFeS2
+ 32HNO3 -» 3Cu(N03)2 + 3Fe(N03)3 + 17N0 +
6H2SO4
+ IOH2O
* Khi A: NO
2N0
+ O2 > 2NO2
*
Dung-dich
B :
Cu(N03)2.
Fe(N03)3,
H2SO4
- Phan I: Cu(N03)2 + 4NH3 >
[Cu(NH3)4](N03)2
(tan)
Fe(N03)3
+ 3NH3 + 3H20- > Fe(OH)34 + 3NH4NO3
H2SO4
+ 2NH3 > (NH4)2S04
- Phan II:
H2SO4
+
BaClj
>
BaS04i
+

2HC1.
Bai 4. Lap cac
phUdng
trinh
hoa hoc :
a) Ag + HNO3
dac
>
NOjt
+ ? + ?
b) Ag + HNO3 K.a„g > NOT + ? + ?
c) Al + HNO3 > N2OT + ? + ?
d) Zn + HNO3 > NH4NO3 + ? + ?
e) FeO + HNO3
>
NOT + Fe(N03)3 +?
g) Fe304 + HNO3
>
NOT + Fe(N03)3 +?
h)
H2PO4 + ? > HPOl' + ?
i) HPO^~ +? >
H2PO4.
68
KWAwrfiviiiT
Gidi
a) Ag + 2HNO3 > AgNOj + NO2T + H2O
b) 3Ag + 4HNO3 i.,a„g > 3AgN03 + NOT + 2H2O
c) 8A1 + 3OHNO3 > 3N2OT +
8A1(N03)3

+ I5H2O
d) 4Zn + IOHNO3
>
4Zn(N03)2 + NH4NO3 + 3H2O
e) 3FeO + IOHNO3 > 3Fe(N03)3 + NOT + SH.O
g) 3Fe304 + 28HNO3 > 9Fe(N03)3 + NOT + MHjO
h)
H2PO4 + OH- > HPO^ + H2O
i) HPO4" + > H2PO4 .
Bai 5. Viet
phiTdng
Irinh
phan
uTng
thifc
hicn
day
bien
hoa sau :
a)
Quang
photphorit
->
P(,r,ing)
Ca3P2 PH3
P2O5
H3PO4 —
Phan
supephotphat
kep <-

b) Ca3(P04)2 A ^ B C^D
c)
Quang
apatit
^ H3PO4 CaHP04 -> Ca3(P04)2 ->
P(dc,)
->
PCI3
—
H3PO4
<-H3PO3
^
Gidi
a) Ca3(P04)2 + 3Si02 + 5C SCaSiOj + 2P + 5CO
p
ngimg tu ^ p
r
(h<)i) *
r(iriiiig)
3Ca
+ 2P > C'diPi
CajPs + 6H2O > 2PH3 + 3Ca(OH)2
2PH3 + 4O2 >
P2O5
+ 3H2O
P2O., + 3H2O > 2H3PO4
2H3PO4 + Ca(OH)2
>
Ca(H2p04)2 + 2H2O.
b) A : P; B : Ca3P2; C : PH3; D : H3PO4

Ca3(P04)2 + 5C + 3Si02 ) 3CaSi03 + 2P + 5C0
(A) •
2P + 3Ca Ca3P2 (B)
Ca3P2 +
6HC1
>
3CaCl2
+ 2PH3T (C)
PH3 + 2O2 H3PO4 (D).
c)
Quang
apatit:
3Ca3(P04)2.CaF2
3Ca3(P04)2.CaF2 + IOH2SO4 > l()CaS04i + 6H3PO4 + 2HF
H3PO4 + Ca(0H)2
>
CaHP04 + 2H2O
2CaHP04
+ Ca(OH)2 > Ca3(P04)2 + 2H2O
Ca3(P04)2 + 3Si02 + 5C
>
3CaSi03 + SCO + 2P
69
PhSn d^ng phuang ph^p giai Hoa hqc 11 Vfl
CO
-
D5
Xuan Hang
p ng^mg til p
»

hiii * » mini;
Pirang * Pjo
2P
+
3Cl2
>
2PCI3
PCI3
+ 3H2O >
H3PO3
+ 3HC1
H3PO3
+ -O, > H3PO4.
Bai 6.
Hoiin
thiinh
cac phi/cfng
Irinh
phan
ifng
Ihco sd do sail :
NajCO.,
Fc(OH).,i + B + G
,;^,"'\
D
P;t"(4)
>(2) (5X
+ H.O
Fe304
^ FC2O3

Gahi,
(^"f^"""
H -^^§2"^
K,,HO
Bicl
rang phan
tii^
D gom C, H, O, N vdi ti Ic
khoi
lifting
lu'cing
u'ng la 3
:
7 vii
trong
phan
tiV
chi c6 hai
ngiiycn
li'r
nit(J.
Dat
CTTQ cua D :
C,H>0,N,.
Ta c6 :
x:y:z:l=——
: — =
0,25:1:0,25:0,5
=
1:4:1:2

12 1 16 14
::>CTTQ:(CH40N2)„
Vi
D chi CO hai nguyen
tuT
niki
ncn n = 1
=^CTPT
cua D la CH4ON2 hay (NH2)2CO
(iirc).
(1) :
3Na2C03
+ 2FCCI3 + 3H2O > 2Fc(OH)3 + 6NaCl + 3CO2T
(A)
(B) (G)
(2) : 2Fc(OH)3
Fe203
+ 3H2O
(3) :
2Fe203
+ CO 2FC3O4 + CO2
(E)
(4) : CO2 +
2NH3
> (NH2)2CO + H2O
(D)
(5) : (NH2)2CO + 2H2O > (NH4)2C03
(H)
(6) : (NH4)2C03 + H2SO4 >
(NH4)2S04

+ CO,! + H2O
(7) : (NH4)2C03 + 2NaOH >
NiXjCOi
+
2NH3
+ 2H2O
(K)
Bai 7. Lap cac
phiTiIng
trinh
hoa hoc sau :
a) H3PO4 + K2HPO4 > b) H3PO4 + Ca(0H)2 >
1
mol 1 mol 2
niol
3 mol
70
c) NH3
j>f
+ CI2 > NH4CI + d)
(NH4)3P04
—> H3PO4 +
e) H3PO4 + Ca(OH)2 > g) NH3 + CI. > N, +
2 mol 1 mol h) NH3 + CH3COOH >
Gidi
a) H3PO4 + K2HPO4 > 2KH2PO4
1
mol 1 mol
b) 2H3PO4 + 3Ca(OH)2 >
Ca3(P04)2

+ 6H2O
2 mol 3 mol
c) 8NH3 M +
3CI2
> 6NH4CI + N2
d)
(NH4)3P04
^ H3PO4 +
3NH3
e) 2H3PO4 + Ca(OH)2 >
Ca(H2P04)2
+ 2H2O
2 mol 1 mol
g)
2NH3
+
3CI2
,d„
> N2 + 6HC1
h)
NH3 + CH3COOH > CH3COONH4.
Bai 8. Hoan lhanh cac
phifting
Irinh
phiin
ifng
ihco scJ do sau:
Zn
ZnCl2
^

A
(3)
> B,
15)
\ira
A4
^ C
^NznCl
(DH
Vein l.,m:i)
Gidi
A
: Zn(0H)2 B :
[Zn{NH3)4|(OH)2
C : Na:Zn02
(1) : Zn + Cl2
>ZnCl2
(2) : ZnCl2 + 2NH3 + 2H20—^.Zn(0H)2i +
2NH,Cl
(A)
(3) : ZnCl2 + 6NH3 + 2H2O > (Zn(NH3)4|(OH)2 + 2NH4CI
(B)
(4) : |Zn(NH3)4](OH)2 + 6HC1 >
ZnCU
+ 4NH4CI + 2H2O
(5) : ZnCl2 + 2NaOH >
ZnlOH),!
+ 2NaCl
(6) : Zn(OH)2 + 2NaOH —>
Na2Zn02

+ 2H2O
(7) :
Na2Zn02
+ 4HC1 > 2NaCl + ZnCb + 2H2O.
Bai 9.
a) Co the
dung dung
djch bazd nao (NH3 hay NaOH) dc kcl
tiia
Cii(()H)j.
Zn(0H)2,
Fc(0H)2,
AKOH),
iff
dung
dich
muoi
ci'ia cac
kirn
loai
do.
b) Cho hon help gom FcS, CU2S
vc'li
ti Ic mol 1 : 1 lac
dung
vi'fi
UNO,
tiia
dift^c
dung

djch A va khi B. A lao lhanh kcl
liia
Hang V('li BaCI;, dc
lu)ng
khoivj.
7i
Phan
d?ng
va
phuang
ph^p giai H6a hqc 11 VP co - D5
Xuan
Hang
khi,
B chuyen thanh khi mau niiu B,. Cho dung djch A tac dung vdi dung
dich
NH3
tao ra dung djch A, va kcl tiia
A2.
Nung
A2
d nhict do cao difOc
chat ran
A3.
Vie't cac phifdng trinh phan iJng dang phiin
ttir
va dang ion.
Gidi
a) * Vdi dung dich
NH3:

chl tao ket liia
Fc(0H)2
Vix
A1(0H)3.
FeCl2
+
2NH3
+ 2H2O >
Fe(0H)2^
+ 2NH4CI
AICI3
+
3NH3
+
3H2O
> Al(0H)3i + 3NH4CI
Cac hidroxit con lai deu tan trong
NH3
diT
vi tao thiinh hcfp chat
phuTc
tan.
CuCb +
2NH3
+ 2H2O >
Cu(0H)2i
+ 2NH4CI
Cu(0H)2
+ 4NH3 >
lCu(NH3)4l(OH)2

phiJc tan
ZnCl2 +
2NH3
+ 2H2O >
Zn(0H)2i
+ 2NH4CI
Zn(OH)2
+ 4NH3 >
[Zn(NH3)4](OH)2
philc tan
* Vdi dung dich NaOH : c6 the dung NaOH de dieu che bon hidroxit tren,
rieng
Zn(0H)2
va
A1(0H)3
can dung NaOH vifa du.
b)
3FeS
+
3CU2S
+
28HNO3—>
3Fe(N03)3
+ 6CUSO4 + 19N0 + I4H2O
Phufcfng trinh ion rut gon :
3FeS +
3CU2S
+ 28H^ +
19NO3
—^ 3Fc'" + 6Cu'^ + 19N0 + I4H2O

Ba'* + SOf
>
BaS04i
2NO + O2 >
2NO2
(B) (B,)
Fe'*
+
3NH3
+
3H2O
> Fe(0H)3i + 3NH;
(A2)
Cu^* +
2NH3
+ 2H2O
>
Cu(0H)2i
+ 2NH;
CU(OH)2
+ 4NHj >
lCu(NH3)4|(OH)2
2Fe(OH)3
Fe203 +
3H2O
(A3)
Bai 10. Sd do phan iJng sau day cho lhay ro vai tro ciia thien nhien va con ngifdi
trong viec chuyen nitd lit khi quyen vao trong dal, cung cap nguon phan dam
cho cay co'i.
N

_/"^ '''' ''''' ^ ^ '^'^'"''^^^
' M 4^ NO ^ NO,
YNH4NO3
Hay viet phiTdng trinh hoa hoc cua cac phan iJng trong
sO
do chuyen hoa tren.
Gidi
(1)
N2
+
02^=5^2NO
X:02
72
KHAIgG VIET
(2) 2NO + O2 >
2NO2
Y : HNO3
(3)
4NO2
+ O2 + 2H2O > 4HNO3
(4) 2HNO3 + CaO
>
Ca(N03)2 + H2O Z : CaO
(5) N2 + 3H2 . "'p'" '
2NH3
M : NH3
(6)
4NH3
+ 5O2 4N0 + 6H2O
(7) 2NO + O2 >

2NO2
(8)
4NO2
+ O2 + 2H2O > 4HNO3
(9) HNO3 + NH3 > NH4NO3.
BAI TAP AP
DgNG
Bai 1. Viet
sO
do phan i?ng tht/c hicn chuoi bien hoa sau :
HNO3 NO2 NaN03 ^02^
P2O5
Ag3P04 <^ Na3P04 ^ H3PO4
Ca3(P04)2 ^
(NH4)3P04
^
(NH4)2HP04
^ NH4H2PO4
Gidi
(1) 4HNO3 + Cu
>
Cu(N03)2 +
2NO2
+ 2H2O
(2)
2NO2
+ 2NaOH > NaN03 + NaNOj + H2O
(3) 2NaN03
2NaN02
+ O.

(4) 5O2 + 4P
2P2O5
(5)
P2O5
+
3H2O
> 2H3PO4
(6) H3PO4 + 3NaOH > Na3P04 + SH.Q
(7)
Na3P04 + 3AgN03
>
Ag3P04i + 3NaN03
(8) NH3 + H3PO4 > NH4H2PO4
(9)
NH4H2PO4 + NH3 >
(NH4)2HP04
(10) (NH4)2HP04 +
NH3
>
(NH4)3P04
(11)
2(NH4)3P04
+
3Ca(OH)2 >
Ca3(P04)2 +
6NH3
+ 6H2O.
^^ai 2. Lap phiTOng trinh hoa hoc cua cac phan iJng oxi hoa
khu"
sau :

a)
KNO2
+ Kl + H2SO4 > I2 + NO + K2SO4 + H2O
b) FeSj + HNO3 + HCl
>
FeCl3 + H2SO4 + NO + H2O
; c) Zn + HNO3 > Zn(N03)2 + N2O + NO + NH4NO3 + H.O
I d)
AS2S3
+ HNO3 + H2O > H3ASO4 + H2SO4 + NO
e) P + NH4CIO4 > H3PO4 + N2 + CI2 + H2O
Phan dgng
va
phuong phAp giSi
H6a hoc 11 V6 ca - D5
Xuan Hang
f) Al +
NaNOj
+
,NaOH
>
NajAlO,
+ NH, + H2O
g) Fe + KNO3 > + N2 + H2O.
Gidi
a) 2KNO2 + 2Kl' + 2H2SO4 > h + 2NO + 2K2SO4 + 2H2O
1 X
2 X
-1
2 I

-> I2 + 2e
N + Ic-
+2
-> N
b) Fcs' + 5HNO3 + 3HC1 >
FCCI3
+ 2H2SO4 +
5N0+
2H2O
+2
Fc
-1
2S
+3
-> Fe + le
S + 14c
+ 3 +h
1 X
FcSj
-> Fe + 2S + 15e
+2
5 X
N
+3c > N
c) 19Zn +
48HNO3
—>
19Zn(NO3)2+2N2O
+ 2NO +
2NH4NO3+20H2O

•
2N +8e
+5
N +3e-
-ts
N +8e-
4-1
-> 2N
+2
-> N
-3
-> N
2 X
19 X
4N + 19c
1-1 +2 -3
-> 2N + N + N
0
Zn
+2
Zn + 2c
d) 3AS2S3 + 28HNO3 + 4H2O > 6H3ASO4 + 9H2SO4 +
28NO
+3 -2
AS2S3 3x
28 X
+ 5 +6
-> 2As + 3S
+28c
+5

N +3e
+2
-> N
c) 8P + IONH4CIO4 > 8H3PO4 + 5N2 + 5CI2 + 8H2O
1) 8A1 +
3NaN03
+
21NaOH
>
8Na3kl03
+ 3NH3 + 6H2O
(1 +5 +3 0
g)
lOFe
+• 6KNO3 >
5Fe203
+ SNj + 3K2O.
Bai 3. Cho NO2 lac
dung
vdi
dung
djch
KOH dir. Sau do lay
dung
djch
ihu
di/dc
cho tac
dung
\6i Zn

sinh
ra hon hdp khi NH, va H2.
Vicl
cac
phifdng
trinh philn
iJng
xay ra.
(TSDH
Can Tho)
Gidi
2NO2
+
2KOH
> KNO3 + KNO2 + H2O
4Zn
+ KNO3 + 7KOH > 4K2Zn02 + NH, + 2H2O
3Zn
+ KNO2 + 5KOH -—> 3K2Zn02 + NH, + H2O
Zn +
2K0H
>
K.ZnOz
+ Hjt.
Bai 4.
Vict
cac
phu-dng
trinh hoa hoc dc
thirc

hicn
cac sd do
chuyen
hoa sau
„ NH, ^ A,„,„ NH, C
i^
D ^ E
+NaOH
H„^,„ ^ G
b)
H,P04<
P^:^ ~^ ^^^^
Ba3(P04)2
PH3
c) NH4NO2 N2 -> NO -> NO2 -> HNO, ->
H,P04
->
(NH4).,P04
AUNOj),
AI2O3 -»
NaA102
Gidi
a) 2NH3 + 3CuO ^ N2 + 3Cu + 3H2O
(A)
N2 + 3H2 . • 2NH,
1". p
4NH3 + 5O2 4N0 + 6H2O
(C)
2N0 + O2 >
2NO2

(D)
4NO2 + O2 + 2H2O > 4HNO3 (E)
HNO3 +
NaOH
—>
NaN03
+ H.O
(G)
2NaN03
2NaN02
+ O2T.
(H)
h) P + 5HNO3 H3PO4 +
5NO2
+ H2O
2P + 3H2 > 2PH3
4P + 3O2 2P2O3
P2O3 + O2 > P2O.,
P2O5 + 3H2O >
2H,P04
I 2H3PO4 +
3Ba(OH)2
>
Ba3(P04)2
+ 6H2O.
g NH4NO2 N2 + 2H2O
75
Nj + 02 2NO
2NO + O2 > 2NO2
4NO2 + O2 + 2H2O > 4HNO3

5HNO3
+ P >
H3PO4
+ 5NO2 + H2O
H3PO4
+
3NH3
>
(NH4)3P04
Al + 4HNO3 > A1(N03)3 + NO + 2H2O
2A1(N03)3
AI2O3 + 6NO2 + -O2
2
AI2O3 + 2NaOH > 2NaA102 + H.O.
Itai 5. Cho sd do
chuyen
hoa sau :
. +ddHN0.,(l) A t° A
-"NHg.t"
^ A
+ddHCU02
, A
-^ddNaOH
A
->-ddNH;,
.
+ddH2S(2)
(4)+A,,t"
A3 A5
Viet

phUdng
Irinh hoa hoc cua cac
phan
iJng xay ra
thco
sd do
chuyen
hoa
tren.
Biet
cac
cha't
tiT A| den Ax la dong va cac hdp
cha't
cua dong.
(TSDH,
ct0 II -
2006)
Giai
A,
: Cu A2:
Cu(N03)2
A3 : CuS
A4:
CuO
As : CU2O Aft:
CuCb
A7:
CuCOH),
Ax:

|Cu(NH3)4](OH)2
(1) 3Cu + 8HNO3 loang >
3Cu(N03)2
+ 2NO + 4H2O
(2)
Cu(N03)2
+ H2S >
CuSi
+
2HNO3
(3)
Cu(N03)2
CuO + 2NO2T + ^O.t
(4) CuO + Cu -A CU2O
(5)
3CuO + 2NH3 3Cu + N2 + 3H2O
(6)
2Cu + 4HC1 + O2 >
2CuCl2
+ 2H2O
(7)
CUCI2
+ 2NaOH > Cu(0H)2i + 2NaCl
(8)
Cu(0H)2 + 4NH3 >
[Cu(NH3)4](0H)2.
iai 6,
Hoan
thanh cac
phU'dng

trinh
phan
uTng
sau :
a) Fe + HNO3 >? + NO +?
b) Fe,0, + HNO3 >? + NO2 +?
c) M + HNO3 >
M(N03)„
+ N2O +?
d) Zn + HNO3 >
Zn(N03)2
+ N2O + NO + NH4NO3 +?
^e) Fe304 + HNO3 > Fe(N03)3 + N.O^ +?
I
f) R + HNO3 >
R(N03)„
+ NH4NO3 + ?
g)
FeS2
+ HNO3 > ? + N2O, + H2SO4 + ?
h) KMn04 + PH3 +
H2SO4
>
K2SO4
+ ? + H3PO4 + ?
Gidi
KWAigfiviirr
a) Fe + 4HNO3 >
FeCNOj),
+ NO + 2H2O

b)
Fe.Oy
+ HNO3 >
Fe(N03)3
+ NOj + H.O
Fe,Oy
+ (6x -
2y)HN03
>
xFe(N03)3
+ (3x -
2y)N02
+ (3x - y)H20
c) 8M +
lOnHNOj
>
8M(N03)„
+ nN.O + 5nH20
d) Zn+ HNO3 >
Zn(N03)2
+ NjO + NO +
NH^NO,
+ H2O
19Zn
+,48HN03
>
19Zn(N03)2
+ 2N2O + 2NO + 2NH4NO3 + 2OH2O
+8/3 +5 +3
+2y/x

e)
FcjO^
+ HNO3 >
Fe(N03)3
+ N^O^ + H2O
(5x -
2y)Fe304
+
2(23x
-
9y)HN03
> (I5x -
6y)Fe(N03)3
+ N,Oy +
+ (23 - 9y)H20
l^f) 8R +
lOnHNOj
>
8R(N03)„
+
nNH^NO,
+ 3nH20
g) FeS2 + HNO3 >
Fe(N03)3
+
H2SO4
+ N2O, + H2O
(10 - 2x)FeS2 + (60 -
6x)HN03
> (10 -

2x)Fe(N03)3
+ (20 -
4x)H2S04
+
+
15N2O,
+ (10-x)H2O
+7 -3 +2 +5
h)
KMnO^
+ PH3 +
H2SO4
>
K2SO4
+
MnSO^
+ H3PO4 + H2O
8KMn04
+ 5PH3 + I2H2SO4 > 4K2SO4 +
8MnS04
+ 5H3PO4 + I2H2O.
Bai7.
a)
Viet
hai
phiTdng
trinh
phan
tfng
chiJng

minh
muoi
nitrat
dong
vai trd oxi hoa
trong
moi tri/cfng
axit
va moi
trufcfng
bazd.
b)
Vie't
day du bay
phiTdng
trinh
phan
xing
theo
scf do sau :
Muoi(X)-
(1)
Riln
(X,) > Rdn (X^) + ^ . X3
•
HSnhdpkhi
>
dd(X,)
X,
Bie't

(X2): mau do; hon hdp khi mau nau do; M la kim
loai.
Gidi
a)
Muoi
nitrat
dong
vai tro
cha't
oxi hoa :
*
Trong
moi
triTdng
axit:
Cu +
2NaN03
+ 4HC1 >
CUCI2
+ 2NO2T +
2NaCl
+ 2H2O
77
Phan
dgng vk phuong ph^p giai H6a hpc 11 V6 cO - B5
XuSn
Hifng
* Trong moi IriTcJng bazd
:
8A1 +

3KNO3
+
5KOH
+
2H2O
>
8KAIO2
+
3NH,T
b)
X :
Cu(N03)2
X,
:
CuO
.
X2
:
Cu M : Ag
Xj: FeCl2
X4 : HNOj X.,: AgNO,
(1)
2Cu(N03)2
2CuO
+
4N02t
+ 02t
(2) CuO
+
H2

Cu
+
H2O
(3)
Cu
+
2FCCI3
>
2FeCl2
+
CuCb
(4)
4NO2
+
O2
+
2H2O
>
4HNO3
(5)
4HNO3
+
3Ag
>
3AgN03
+
NO
+
2H2O
(6)

3CU
+
8HNO3 > 3Cu(N03)2
+
2N0 +
4H2O
(7)
FeCl2
+
2AgN03
> Fe(N03)2
+ 2AgCl4.
Bai 8. Viet cac phiTdng trinh theo sd do sau (moi chiJ cai la mot chat):
NH3
+ CuO A,kM,
+
B +
C
A
_L
n
3000"
c , p,
A +
O2
>
tJ(khi)
D +
O2
>

E(khi)
B
+
CaO
>F
C +
HNO3
> D + B + G
G CuO
+ E +
O2
F +
HNO3
>
Ca(N03)2
+
B.
Gidi
A : N2
B :
H2O
C
: Cu
D :
NO
E : NO2
F
:
Ca(0H)2
G

:
Cu(N03)2
2NH3
+
3CuO
N2
+
3H2O
+
3Cu
N2
+ O2 -^2^ 2N0
2N0
+
O2 >
2NO2
H20
+
CaO
>Ca(0H)2
3Cu
+
8HNO3
>
2N0 +
4H2O
+
3Cu(N03)2
Cu(N03)2
CuO

+
2NO2
+
Ca(0H)2
+
2HNO3
>
Ca(N03)2
+
2H2O.
78
jTgna
3.
- Nhgn biet va
tach
chdt
-
Tinh
Che
cac
chdt
BAI
TAP MAU VA BAI TAP AP DUNG
Lifti y :
Da'u hieu nhan bie't mot so cha't:
* Khi
NH3
: dung quy tim am -> hoa xanh.
* Ion
NH4

: diJng dung djch kicm -> khi
NH3
miii khai.
*
Ion
NO3"
:
dijng vun dong
va
dung dich
H2SO4
loang
-> khi
NO khong
mau hoa nau ngoai khong khi.
* Ion
PO4"
: dung dung dich AgN03 ket tua mau vang Ag3P04.
Bai
1.
Trinh
bay
phiTdng trinh
hoa hoc
de nhan biet
cac
dung dich:
NH3,
Na2S04,
NH4CI

va
(NH4)2S04. Viet phu-dng Irinh hoa hoc cua cac phan iJng
da
diing.
Giai
* Cho dung dich
Ba(0H)2
Ian lU'tft vao bo'n mau ihuf tren.
- Mau Na2S04
CO
ket tua trang xuat hien
Na2S04
+
Ba(0H)2
>
BaS04i
+
2NaOH
(trang)
- Mau VLfa c6 khi miii khai, vtfa c6 kd't tija trang
la
(NH4)2S04
(NH4)2S04
+
Ba(0H)2
>
BaS04^
+
2NH3t
+

2H2O
- Mau chi CO khi mui khai
la
NH4CI
2NH4CI
+
Ba(0H)2
>
BaCl2
+
2NH3T
+
2H2O
- Mau con lai
la
NH3.
Bai 2. Cho mot
it
chat chi thi phenolphetalein vao dung dich
NH3
loang
ta
thu
diTdc dung djch A. Hoi dung dich
A
c6 mau gi? Mau cua dung dich
A
bien
ddi nh\i the' nao trong cac thi nghiem sau
:

a) Dun nong dung dich hoi lau.
b) Them mot so moi HCi b^ng so moi
NH3
c6 trong dung dich A.
c) Them mot it NajCOj.
d) Them
AICI3
tdi
dif.
Gidi
Dung dich
NH3
c6
tinh bazrf
yeu nen khi cho mot it
cha't
chi thi
phenolphetalein vao thi dung dich A c6 mau hong,
a) Khi dun nong dung dich
A
hoi lau thi mau hong nhat dan den khi mat hin
(lijc pH = 7).
'
79
Phan
d^fig va
phuong
ph&p
giai
H6a hgc 11 V6 cd - Pg

XuSn
Himg
b) NHj + HCl > NH4CI
Vi dung djch thu di/dc la NH4CI c6 tinh axit nen dung djch khong mau (pH < 7).
c) Them mot it NajCO., thi m^u hong dam dan len vi NajCOj c6 tinh bazd (pH > 7).
d) Them
AICI3
tdi
diT
thi mau hong bien mat do phan iJng :
AICI3
+
3NH3
+ 3H2O > Al(OH)3i + 3NH4CI
(dung dich c6 tinh axit pH < 7).
Bai 3. Hay chpn mot hoa cha't thich hdp de phan biet cdc dung dich muoi :
NH4CI,
(NH4)2S04,
NaN03, MgCb. FeCb, FeCl3.
A1(N03)3.
Gidi
Dung
Ba(0H)2
Ian iMl v^o tCfng mau
thuf:
- Mauthurcokhimiiikhaim
NH4CI.
2NH4CI + Ba(0H)2 > BaClz + 2NH3T + 2H2O
- Mau thur c6 khi miii khai va ket tija tr^ng la
(NH4)2S04.

(NH4)2S04
+ Ba(OH)2 > BaS04^ +
2NH3T
+ 2H2O
(tr^ng)
- Mau thur xua'l hien ket tua tr^ng la MgCl2.
Ba(0H)2 + MgCl2 >
Mg(OH)24
+ BaCh
(tdng)
- Mau thijr CO ket tda tr^ng xanh h6a nau ngoai khong khi l£l
FeCl2.
Ba(0H)2 + FeCl2 > Fe(0H)2>l' + BaCl2
4Fe(OH)2
+
O2
+
H2O
>
4Fe(OH)3i
- Mau thur
CO
ket tua nau do Ih FeCb.
3Ba(OH)2 + 2FeCl3
>
2Fe(OH)3^
+ 3BaCl2
- Mau thur
CO
ket tiia keo tr^ng tan trong

Ba(0H)2
diT Ih
A1(N03)3.
3Ba(OH)2 +
2A1(N03)3
>
2Al(OH)3i
+
3Ba(N03)2
2Al(OH)3
+ Ba(0H)2
>
Ba(A102)2
+ 41^20
- Mau thur con laiiaNaNOj.
Bal 4. Bkng thi nghiem nao c6 the biet duTdc nitd c6 Ian mot trong nhijrng tap
chaft clo, hidro clorua, hidro sunfua? Vie't phu'dng trinh hoa hoc ciaa cac phan
iJng xay ra.
Gidi
* Cho khi nitd c6 Ian tap chaft clo di qua dung dich kiem NaOH. Dung dich thu
du"dc la nurdc Javen c6 tinh tay mau chuTng to c6 khi clo.
CI2
+ 2NaOH
>
NaCl + NaClO +
H2O
* Cho khi nitd c6 Ian tap cha't hidro clorua v^o niTdc cat thu duTdt dung dich c6
tinh axit, sau 66 cho dung dich AgN03 \ko thay xua't hien ket tua tr^ng
chtfng to
CO

HCl.
AgNOj + HCl
>
AgCli + HNO3
* Cho khi nitd c6 Ian tap chat hidro sunfua vao dung dich
Pb(N03)2
tha'y c6 ket
tua mau den xuat hien chiJng to c6
H2S.
Pb(N03)2 + H2S
>
PbSi + 2HNO3.
Bai 5.
a) Co nam binh difng rieng biet nam khi:
N2,
O2,
NH3,
CI2
va
CO2.
Hay diTa ra
mot thi nghiem ddn gian de nhan ra binh diTng khi
NH3.
b) Trinh bay phu'dng phiip hoa hoc de phan biet cac mau phan dam : amoni
sunfat, amoni clorua, natri nitrat. Viet phiTdng trinh hoa hoc cua cac phan
(Jng da diing.
Gidi
a)
Cho quy lim am Ian lurdt vao nam binh diTng nam khi tren, binh nao lam cho
quy tim am chuyen sang mau xanh thi do la binh diTng khi

NH3.
b) Nhan biet
(NH4)2S04,
NH4CI,
NaN03:
Cho dung dich
Ba(0H)2
Ian lufdt vao ba mau thu":
- Mau
vura
tao ket tua trifng, vira co khi mui khai la (NH4)2S04.
(NH4)2S04 +
Ba(0H)2
>
BaS04>l'
+ 2NH3t + 2H2O
- Mau CO khi miii
khai
la NH4CI
2NH4CI +
Ba(0H)2
> BaCl2 + 2NH3t + 2H2O
- Mau con lai la NaNOs.
Bai 6. Chi diTdc diJng kim loai, hay nhan biet cac dung dich sau day: HCl, HNO3
dSc,
AgNOj, KCl va KOH.
(TSDHYHaNoi)
Gidi
* Cho Cu vho n3m ong nghiem diTng nam dung dich tren.
- Ong nao c6 khi mau nau do bay ra la HNO3 dac.

Cu + 4HNO3 dac > Cu(N03)2 + 2N02t + 2H2O
- Ong nao
CO
dung djch mau xanh lam tao ra la ong diTng AgNOs.
Cu +
2AgN03
>
Cu(N03)2 + 2Ag
- Con lai la HCl, KCl, KOH.
* Cho Mg Ian liTdt vho ba ong nghi?m c6n lai.
- Ong nao c6 hien tiTdng sui bot khi la HCl.
Mg + 2HC1 > MgCl2 + H2T •
- Cho Al vao hai mau c6n lai Ik KCI v^ KOH, ong n^o c6 hi$n tiTdng sfii bot
khi la KOH.
2A1 + 2K0H + 2H2O > 2KAIO2 + 3H2
CbnlaiiaKCl.
f
81
Phan djng
va
phuong phAp
giai
H6a hpc 11 VP ca ^D6
Xuan Hang
. -
Bai 7. Kim loai Cu thtfdng c6 Ian mot It Ag
iiim
loai. Hay tnnh bay hai
phufcJng
phap dieu chd' CuCNOs):

tinh
khiet tif loai Cu noi tren. Viet cac phu-dng tnnh
phan tfng.
(TSDH
N}ioa
i
thumf^)
Gidi
PhiTdngphap 1:
Cho dung dich
HNO3
dam dSc vao hon help Cu c6 Ian Ag tha'y c6 khi mau
nau bay ra.
Cu + 4HNO3 >
Cu(N03)2
+
2N02t
+
2H2O
Ag
+
2HNO3
> AgN03 +
NOjt
+ H2O
Cho Cu vao dung djch thu diTdc gom
Cu(N03)2
va AgNOj c6
phiin
vfng xay ra.

Cu +
2AgN03
>
Cu(N03)2
+ 2Agi
Loc ket tua thu
diTcJc
Cu(N03)2
tinh
khiet.
* PhiTdng ph^p 2 : Dem hon hdp Cu c6 Ian Ag dot
chay
thi chi c6 Cu
chay
2Cu + 02-^
2CuO
Hon
hdp sau khi
chay
gom Ag va CuO, cho dung dich HCl vao thi CuO tan
trong HCl c6n lai Ag khong tan.
CuO + 2HC1 > CuCh + H2O
LOG
bo ket tua Ag sau 66 cho dung dich AgNOs vao thu du^dc dung dich
Cu(N03)2
va ket tua trang AgCl.
CuCl2 +
2AgN03
>
Cu(N03)2

+
2AgCll
Loc bo AgCl thi thu
du'cJc
Cu(N03)2
tinh
khiet.
Bai 8. Chi
dilng
them Cu va mot muoi
tiiy
chpn hay nhan
bie't
cac dung dich
axit sau:
H2SO4
dSc, HCl,
H3PO4
va
HNO3.
Gidi
Cho Cu vao tijrng mau thuf:
- Mau c6 khi thoat ra hoa nau ngoai khong khi la dung djch
HNO3.
3Cu +
8HNO3
>
3Cu(N03)2
+ 2N0 +
4H2O

2N0 + O2 >
2NO2
- Mau CO khi mui h^c thoit ra, c6 dung dich xanh lam tao ra la dung djch
H2SO4
dac.
Cu +
2H2S04dr.c
CUSO4 +
SOit
+
2H2O
Con lai la HCl va
H3PO4.
* Cho dung dich AgNOs vao hai hi thuf con lai.
- Mau nao co ket tiia trang / '
Mat
Men la HCl.
HCl
+ AgNOj >AgCl-! 03
82
Mau
CO
kc't tua vang
Ag3P04
la
H3PO4.
H3PO4
+
3AgN03
—^

Ag3P04>l
+
3HNO3.
p^l
9. Chi
diing
mot axit thong dung va mot
bazd
thong dung hay phan bict ba
hcJp
kim sau :
a) Cu - Ag b) Cu - Al c) Cu - Zn.
Viet cac phu'dng
trinh
phan
iJng
xay ra.
(DHQGTP.HCM)
Gidi
* Dilng axit la dung dich HCl,
bazd
lii dung dich-NH3.
_ Cho dung dich HCl Ian
lu^dt
vao ba hdp kim tren, mau hdp kim nao khong tan
la Cu - Ag, hai mau hdp kim con lai tan mot phan va
siii
bot khi.
2A1 + 6HC1 >
2AICI3

+
3H2t
Zn
+ 2HC1 >
ZnCl2
+ Hjt
- Sau do cho tiep dung dich NH3 Ian
lu'dt
den
du"
vao hai dung dich thu du'dc :
Dung dich nao cho ket tua va khong tan trong dung dich NH3 diT la mau Cu - AI.
AICI3 +
3NH3
+
3H2O
>
Al(0H)3i
+
3NH4CI
Dung dich nao cho ke't tua va tan dan trong dung dich NH3 dtfla mau Cu - Zn.
ZnCl2
+
2NH3
+
2H2O
>
Zn(0H)2i
+
2NH4CI

Zn(0H)2 +
4NH3
>
[Zn(NH3)4]^^
+ 20H
Bai 10. Hay
trinh
bay sd do
tach
N2 va CO2 ra khoi hon hdp gom cac khi CO,,
N2, O2, CO va hdi
n\idc.
Viet cdc phifdng
trinh
(neu c6).
Gidi
Hon
hdp khi
li)
(hiil H,0)
->
2P2O5
4P + 5O2 -
CuO + CO Cu + CO2
CO2 +
Ca(0H)2
>
CaC03i
+ H2O
CaC03

CaO +
C02t.
83
Bai 11. Co
bo'n
goi hot mau
Ir^ng
: BaO, K2O,
Si02,
P2OS. Chi dung
niTdc
hay
nhan
bicl bon goi bot
Iren.
Gidi
* Cho bo'n goi bot vao bo'n co'c.
* SaudochonU'dclaniirmvaoboncoc.
Coc nao khong tan lii Si02.
Ba coc con isii tan tao thanh ba dung dich Ba(0H)2, KOH, H3PO4.
BaO+
H2O
>Ba(OH)2
K2O+ H2O >2K0H
P2O5
+ 3H2O > 2H3PO4
* Tron cac dung djch thu diTdc vdi nhau tuTng d6i mot.
Mau nao c6 ke'l tua thi mau axit la H2PO4,
m?iu
dung dich bazd la

Ba(0H)2,
c6n lai Ih KOH.
Vay mau axit H3PO4 ihi mau ban dau la P2O5, mau bazd Ba(0H)2 thl mau
ban
dau
m
BaO, mau con lai la KOH thi mau ban dau lii K2O.
2H3PO4 + 3Ba(OH)2 >
Ba3(P04)2i
+ 6H2O
H3PO4
+ 3K0H —> K3PO4 + 3H2O.
Bai 12. Lam the n^o de nhan biet cac ion
sau
:
CP,
NO3,
Ap"^
va
NH4
trong
mpi
dung dich.
Gidi
* Cho dung djch NaOH vao dung djch chiJa bo'n ion tren.
- Thay c6 khi miii khai
bay
ra thi do la
ion
NH4

NH;
+
OH"
>
NH3t
+
H2O
- Tha'y tao thtlnh ket lua keo trang tan trong OH'
dxX
thi
do
la
ion Al^"".
Al'*
+
30H-
>
Al(0H)3l
A1(0H)3
+ OH" > AlO" + 2H2O
Hai ion c6n lai la NO
J
v^ CI".
* Cho dung dich H2SO4 loang v^o dung dich, sau do cho them mot it vun dong
v^o tha'y c6 khi NO bay ra khong mau hoa nau ngoai khong khi 1^ ion
NO3
.
3Cu + 8H* + 2NO3- > Cu^* + 2N0t + 4H2O
2N0 + O2 >
2NO2

* Cho dung dich AgNOs
\ko
dung djch ihafy tao ket tOa trang thi dd la ion CI'.
Ag* + Cr
>
AgCli.
84
KHAWTfi
vurr
Dana
4. Bai tpp N2, NH3,
muoi
amoni
iki
1. Cho
0,448
lit khi
NH3
(dktc) di qua ong sif difng 16 gam CuO nung nong,
I thu du^cJc cha't ran X (gia phan iJng xiiy ra hoan toiin). Tinh phan triim khoi
Itfdng cua cac chat trong hon hdp X.
Gidi
Ta c6: n|^„^ = 0,02 mol; ncuo = 0,2 mol
PiJ: 3CuO +
2NH3
^ 3Cu + N2 + 3H2O
0,03
0,02 0,03
^ 0,2 0,02
Ta thay: — >

ncuOd.r
= 0,2-0,03 = 0,17mol
3 2
Vay hh ran X gdm: CuO
diT:
0,17 mol va Cu: 0,03 mol
0,03.64
%Cu =
100%
= 12,37%
0,17.80 + 0,03.64
%CuOd„=
100% - 12,37% =
87,63%
Bai 2. Can la'y bao nhieu lit khi nittt va khi hidro dc dieu chc difdc 67,2 lil khi
amoniac. Biet rang the tich cua cac khi deu du'dc do trong ciing dieu kicMi
nhi^t do, ap sua't va hieu suat cua phan uTng la 25%.
Giai
N2 + 3H2 :
1 lit 3 lit
33,6 lit 100,8 lit
Vi hieu suat phan uTng la 25% :
100
2NH3
2 lit
67,2 lil
100
VN
=33,6.—= 134,4
(lit);

= 100,8.—= 403,2 (lit).
Bai 3. Tron 200ml dung djch natri nitrit 3M vdi 200ml dung djch amoni clorua
2M roi dun nong cho den khi phan uTng thiTc hien xong. Xac djnh the tich ciia
khi nitd sinh ra
(cl
dktc) va nong do mol cua cac muoi trong dung djch sau phiin
iJng. Gia thie't the tich cua dung djch thay ddi khong dang ke.
Gidi
NaN02 +
NH4CI
NaCl + N. + 2H2O
0,4 0,4 0,4 0,4
Ta CO :
n^^NOj
= 0-2.3 = 0,6 (mol);
n^H^ci
= 0-2.2 = 0,4 (mol)
n
NaNOj
dif
= 0,6-0,4 = 0,2 (mol)
Phan
dang va phucng phap giai Hoa hgc 11 Va
co
-
D5
Xuan Hung
The
tich
dung dich : V = 0,2 + 0,2 = 0,4 (h't)

Nong do mol cac muo'i Irong dung djch sau
phiin
ifng
:
CM
, ,C>,
- = = KM) ;
^
= £ = M ^ 0,5 (M)
Vj,^
=0,4.22,4 = 8,96
(lit).
15ai 4. Hon hdp khi X gom Ni vii
H2
c6 ti khoi so vcJi He
bang
1,8. Dun nong X
mot
tluti
gian trong binh kin (c6 hot Fe lam xuc tac), thu dUdc hon hdp khi Y
CO
ti khoi so vdi He
bang
2.
Tinh
hieu suii't cua
phan
iJng tdng hdp
NH3.
A.

50%. B. .169;. C.40%. D. 25%.
Gidi
Chon so'mol ciia hon hdp la 1.
Goi
so mol ciia Nn la x,
tlii
ciia Hi la 1 - x, so mol
N2
phan
I'rng
la a
N2
+ 3H: , '" • 2NH:,
Ban dau: a
1
- a
Phan
ifng:
x 3x 2x
Sau
phan
ling:
a-x l-a-3x 2x
Hon
hdp X: 28a + 2(
1
- a) = 1,8.4 =^ a = 0,2
Hon
hdp Y
CO

so mol la: a - x +
1
- a - 3x + 2x =
1
- 2x
my
= (1 - 2x)2.4 ma m.x =
my(DLBTKL)
=>
(1 - 2x)2.4 = 1,8.4 x = 0,05.
Hieu
suat
phan
iVng
= ''~xl00 = 25%
0,2
Hiii
5. Mot binh
phan
iJiig
c6 dung
tich
khong ddi, chii'a hon hdp khi N2 va H:
vi'fi
nong do tiTcJng iTng la 0,3 M va 0,7 M. Sau khi
phiin
i'rng tdng hdp NH,
dat trang thai can
bang
d t''C,

H2chiem
50% the
tich
hon hdp thu du-dc.
Tinh
hiliig
so can biuig Kc d t"C ciia
phiin
ling.
A.
2,500
B.
0,609
C.
0,500
D. 3,125
Gidi
-
Ptpi?: N2 +
311,
^
—
2NH,
Bdau: 0,3
0,7
0
Pir: ^
3
X
2x

3
C/b: (0,3 - - )
3
(0,7 - X)
2x
3
KHAyG
VBBT
•
nhhsau = (0,3 - T ) + ("'7 - X) + ^ (1 - ^)mol
•a
3 3 3
_^
%y
=^
!^i2_Zl i00
= 50
=>
X
= 0,3
J _ 2x
3
Vay
d trang thai can
bang
ta c6:
IN2]
= 0,2M;
[H2]
= 0,4M;

[NH3]
=
{),2M
^
[NHJ- _(0^^3,,,
lN2l.[H2f
0,2.(0,4)'
Bai
6. Cho 3 mol N2 va 8 mol H2 vao mot binh kin c6 the
tich
khong ddi chu";
san
chat
xiic
lac (the
tich
khong
dang
kc). Bat tia Wa dien cho
phiin
i'rng
xiiy
ra, sau do diTa ve nhiet do ban dau thi thay ap suii't giam 10%. so vdi ap
suat
ban dau.
Tinh
%
ve the
tich
cua Nj sau

phan
i^ng.
Giai
PhiTdng
trinh
phiin
tfng xay ra:
N2
+ 3H2 ( > 2NH3
Trirdc
phan
u-ng 3 8 0 (mol) •
Phan
iJng x 3x
Sau
phiin
iJng 3 - x 8 - 3x 2x "
So mol khi triTdc
phiin
iing
Ui = 3 + 8 = 11
Sd^ mol khi sau
phiin
iJng
n2
= 11 - 2x
Do
binh kin nen tip suii't ti Ic vdi so mol, ta c6:
n,
P, ^ 11 P 1

'-r=-L,
thay
so:
n,
P, ' ' 11-2X 0,9P 0,9
9,9 = 11 - 2x
=:>
2x = 1,1 => X = 0,55
%VN2=
^-"'-'^-'^
.100% = 24,75%
11-2.0,55
Dang
5. - Bai tap ve
axit
HNO3,
H3PO4
-
Bai tap
tong
hdp
BAI TAP MAU
Bai
1. Khi tron Ian 150ml dung djch NaOH 0,25M vdi 25()ml dung dich
H.,iH)4
0,06M
thu dirdc dung dich A.
a)
Tinh
nong do mol ciia ctic

chat
tan va cac ion trong dung dich A?
b)
Them 0,42g KOH vao dung djch A thu
diTdc
dung dich B.
Tinh
nong do m^i
cua cac ion
Irong
dung djch B,
bicl
rang
khi hoa tan them KOH thi the tu:.
dung djch lhay ddi khong diing kc.
lan
d;ng
va
phiiOng
ph^p
giSi
H6a
hpc
11 VP
co
-
D5
Xuan Hung
Giai
Ta

CO
:
HN^OH
=
0,15.0,25
=
0,0375(mol)
nH,po4
=0,25.0,06
=
0.015
(mol)
2<
'NaOH
»H,P04
0.0375
0,015
=
2,5<3
=>Tao
ra
hai
muoi
NajHPOa
va
Na^POa.
2NaOH
+
H3PO4 )•
Na2HP04

+
2H2O
X
X
-
2
3NaOH
+
H,P04
^
f
X
2
->
Na3P04
+
3H2O
y
3
X
y
Ta
CO
he
phtfdng
irinh
: ] 2 3 " ''^
x
+
y

=
0,0375
Nong
dp
mol
cac
cha't
tan
:
0,0225
C
. = 2 =
0,01875
(M)
'M
(Na,P04)
0,15
+
0,25
0,015
-M(Na,HP04,-oj5^Q25
Na3P04
>
3Na*
+ PO^-
0,0075 0,0225 0.0075
=
0,01875
(M)
(mol)

Na2HP04
0,0075
^
2Na'
+ HPO^
0,015 0,0075
(mol)
Nong
dp
mol
cac
ion
trong
dung
dich
A :
[Na-l=M2?i+M15=0,09375(M,
0,15
+
0,25
[PO^]
=
[HPO^]
=
0,0075
0,4
=
0,01875
(M).
Ta

c6
0
42
HKOH
= =
0,0075
(mol)
56
x
=
0,015
y
=
0,0225
3K0H
+
3Na2HP04
0,0075 0,0075
->
2Na3P04
+
K3PO4
+
3H2O
0,005
0,0025
(mol)
pDung
dich
B

Na3P04
0,0125
K3PO4
0,0025
Na3P04
:
0,005+ 0,0075
=
0,0125
(mol)
KjPO^
:
0,0025
(mol)
3Na*
+ PO
.1-
0,0375 0,0125
3K^
+ POj-
0.0075 0.0025
N6ng
dp
mol
cac
ion
trong
dung
djch
B

:
[Nal
= ^^^^ =
0.09375
(M)
0,4
[K^]=
M2Z^ =
0.01875
(M)
0,4
|POri
=
MiHJ^
=
0,0375
(M).
Bai
2.
Cho 13,5g
nhom
tac
dung
viTa
du
voti
2,2
lit
dung
djch

HNO3,
phan tJng
tao
ra
muoi
nhom
va mot hon hpp
khi
gom NO
va N2O.
Tinh
nong
dp
mol
ctia
dung
dich
HNO3.
Bict
rang
li
khoi
cua
hon hdp
khi doi
v6i
hidro
bang
19,2.
Gidi

->
A1(N03)3
+
NO
+
2H2O
X
(mol)
Al
+
4HNO3
X
4x
8A1
+
3OHNO3
lOy
.
8A1(N03)3
+
3N2O
+ I5H2O
y
(mol)
HAI
=-^
=
0,5
(mol)
Mhh khi

=
19,2.2
=
38,4
Taco:
^^^^^^til^
=38,4
o
30x
+
44y
=
38,4(x
+ y)
x
+
y
o
30x
+
44y
=
38,4x
+
38.4y
<=>
5,6y
=
8,4x
=c>

y = 1,5x
va
x
+ |y =
0,5
(I)
fThey=
l,5x
vao
(I)
x
=
0,l
(mol)
ly
=
0,15
I
So
mol
HNO3:
nHNo,
=
4x
+
lOy
=
4.0,1
+10.0,15
=

1,9
(mol)
Phan dang phuong ph^p gidi Hoa hgc 11 Va ca - S5 XuSn Hung
CM,HNO„=;^
= ^ =
0,863(M).
IJiii
3.
Cho mot liTdng hot ddng diT
vao
dung dich chiJa
0,5
mol
KNO3,
sau do
them liep dung djch chufa 0,2 mol HCl
va
0,3 mol
H2SO4
cho den khi ket
thui;
phiin
u'ng. Tinh the tich khi khong mau bay ra
d
dktc?
Gidi
KNO3
> + NO3
0,5 mol 0,5 mol
HCl

-—> + cr
0,2 mol 0,2 mol
H:S04
>
2H*+S0^
0,3 mol 0,6 mol
PhU'dng
trinh
ion rut gon
:
3Cu
+
8H^
+
2NO3
—>• 3Cu'^
+
2N0
+
4H2O
0,8
0,2 0,2 (mol)
"H*
ban d.u,=
"-2+
<''^>
=
=>%o,
=O,5-O,2
=

O,3 0m,l)
nNo
=
0,2 (mol)
^
VNO
=
0,2
x
22,4
=
4,48 (lit).
Bai
4.
a) A| lii 'muoi
c6
khoi lifting phan lir bang
64 dvC va c6
cong
IhiJc dcfn giiin
la
M,
32
NH2O.
A3
la
mot oxit ciia
nitd
c6 ti 10
—^ —.

Xac dinh
cong
thi'rc phan ti'r
MA,
23
ciia A|
va
A3.
b) Hoan lhanh siJ do phan u'ng:
A,
N. ^ A, ^ A3
-11^
A4 A3 -A A3.
(DfJ
KHTN
TP. HCM)
Gidi
a) A|
:
cong
thuTc ddn giiin
NH2O
A|
:
cong
ihifc nguyen
c6
dang
(NH2O),,.
Ta CO

:
32n
=
64 => n
= 2
=>
CTPT
:
N2H4O2
hay NH4NO2 (amoni nitrit)
Vay
A,
CO
CTPT
:
NH4NO2.
MA,
32 23
—^
= — =^
M,.
=
—.64
-
46
A3
la NO
M,
23 32
b) A, :

NH4NO2
A2 : NO A3 : NO. A4 :
HNO3
A, : Cu(N03)2
NH4NO2
N2 +
2H2O
N2
+ O2 -A 2NO
2NO
+ O2 >
2NO2
3NO2
+ H2O >
2HNO3
+ NO
3Cu
+
8HNO3
>
3Cu(N03)2
+
2N0
+
4H2O
2Cu(N03)2
2CuO
+
4NO2
+

O2.
Bai 5. Khi cho 3 gam hon help Cu
va
AI tac dung vcti dung djch
HNO3
dac diT, dun
nong, sinh
ra
4,48 lit khi duy nha't
la
NO2 (dktc).
Xac
dinh phan tram khoi
li/ilng
ciia moi kim loai trong hon hdp.
Gidi
Cu +
4HNO3
> Cu(N03)2 +
2NO2
+
2H2O
a
2a
AI +
6HNO3
>
A1(N03)3
+
3NO2

+
3H2O
b
3b
4,48
„ ^ ,
Ofjo
= = 0,2 mol
N02
22,4
Ta CO
:
a
=
0,026
(mol)
b
=
0,049
64a
+
27b
=
3
2a
+
3b
=
0,2
Thanh phiin

%
khoi
liTcIng
moi kim loai
:
%cu =
100%
=
55,47% %A1
=
44,53%.
3
Bai
6.
Cho
I8,5g
hon hdp
Z
gom Fe,
FC3O4
tac dung vdi 200ml dung dich
HNO3
loang dun nong
va
khuay deu. Sau khi phiin u"ng xiiy
ra
hoan loan thu
diWc
2,24 lit
NO

duy nha't (dktc), dung dich
Z, va
con lai l,46g kim loai.
a)
Viet
cac
phUdng
trinh phan u'ng xiiy ra.
b) Tinh nong do mol// ciia dung dich
HNO3.
c) Tinh khoi liTcIng muo'i trong dung dich Z\.
(TSDHTP.HCM.
khoi
A)
Gidi
Fe +
4HNO3
Fc(N03)3
+ NO +
2H2O
(1)
X
4x X X
3Fe304
+
28HNO3
>
9Fe(N03)3
+
NO

+
I4H2O
(2)
28y
- y
y
—- 3y -r
^3
'3
'hSn
dang
va
phuang
ph^p
giSi
H6a hpc
11 Va
CO
- D5
Xuan
Hung
Fej^
+
2Fe(N03)3
x
+
3y'
3Fc(N03)2
(3)
(X

+
3y)
-(x
+
3y)
Theo phirctng
trinh
(1)
va
(2): np^(No,),
=
x
+
3y
(mol)
2
24 V
n^o =-—
=
0,lmol=:>x
+ ^ =
0,l =>
3x + y = 0,3 (I)
22,4
3
1,46
So mol
kirn
loai
con lai:

npc
= ——
(mol)
56
So mol Fc ban dau :
nFehanJiiu
= x +
x
+
3y
^
l,46_3x
+
3y
^ 1,46
mhhz
=
rnpc
+
^fc^o^
— 56.
=>84x
+
316y=
17,04
Ta CO
he
phiTdng
trinh
:

3x
+
3y
^ 1,46
56
^)
"HNO,
(HNO,)
=
4x
+ ^ =
4.0,09
+
2
(11)
3x
+
y
= 0,3
84x
+
316y
=
17,04
28.0,03
56
2
+
232y
= 18,5

56
x
= 0,09
y
= 0,03
(mol)
3
n
^ 0,64
V
~ 0,2
=
0,64
(mol)
=
3,2(M).
;)
Dung dich Z,
:
Fe(N03)2
mFc(N03,3
=
|(x+
3y).
180
=
1(0,09+
3.0,03). 180
=
48,6

(g).
Bai
7. Cho 6 gam
P2O5
vao
25ml dung djch H3PO4
6% (D = 1,03
g/ml).
Tinh
n6ng
dp
phan tr3m
cua
H3PO4
irong dung djch
tao
lhanh.
Giai
P2O5
+ 3H2O —>
2H3PO4
142
(mol) 2.
(mol)
142
Taco: n„o,
= —
(mol)
Kho'i
lifdng

dung djch
sau
phan
tfng
:
mjj
=
25.1,03
+ 6 =
31,75
(g)
Kho'i
lirong
H3PO4
:
mH,po,
=25.1,03 ^4-2 ^.98
=
9,827
(g)
Nong
do %
dung djch
tao
lhanh
:
C%
=
100%
=

.^i^.
100%
=
30,94%.
31,75
m
Bai
8. So
sanh
the
tich
khi
NO
thoat
ra
trong hai tru'dng
hdp sau :
a) Cho 6,4g Cu
tac
dung vdi 120ml dung dich HNO3 IM.
b)
Cho 6,4g Cu tac
dung
vdi
120ml dung dich
hon hdp
HNO3
IM va
H2SO4
0,5M

loang,
c6 can
dung dich tru"dng
hdp (b) thu
diTdc
bao
nhieu
gam
mu6l
khan?
(CAc phan
uTng
xiiy
ra
hoan toan,
cac
khi
do
ciing
nhiet do,
ap
sual).
Gidi
6,4
a) Taco: Ucu
=
—
=
0,l(mol);
UHNO,

=0.12.1
=
0,12
(mol)
64
3Cu
+
8HNO3
0,045
0,12
->
3Cu(N03)2-f 2N04H2O
0,03
=^ ncudu
= 0,1 -
0,045
=
0,055
(mol)
VNO
=
0,03.22,4
=
0,672
(lit),
b)
Phi/dng
Irinh
ion
:

HNO3
> + NO3
0,12
0,12 0.12
H2SO4
>
2H*
-I-
SO^-
0,06
0,12 0,06
So
molHNOj:
nn^o, =
0,12.1
=
0,12
(mol)
So mol
H2SO4:
nH^so4
=
0,12.0,5
=
0,06 (mol)
n„^ =0,12+ 0,12
= 0,24 (mol)
Phifdng
trinh
ion

rut
gon
:
3Cu
+
8H^ -f
2NO3-
Bandau:
0,1 0,24 0,12
Phanu-ng:
0,09 0,24 0,06
Saup.ur:
0,01 0 0,06
>
3Cu^*
-I-
2N0
+ 4H2O
0,09
0,06
0,09
0,06
The
tich
NO
:
VNO
=
0,06
x

22,4
=
1,344
(lit)
Tir
(1)
va
(2)
=>
The
tich
NO
triTdng
hdp (b)
> (a)
Hay VNO (b)
=
2. VNO
(a)
Dung
dich thu di/dc
sau
phan
tfng
gom
c&c
ion
Cu^+
:0,09 mol
NOj-

:0,06 mol
SO^:0,06
mol
=>
Kho'i
lurking
mu6'i khan
:
niniurti
=
m^^2.
+
+ m^^j,
=
0,09.64
+
0,06.62
+
0,06.96
=
15,24
gam.
N05
'so?
93
• •
-T
-
Bai
9.

a) Hoa tan 8,32g Cu vao 3
lit
dung dich
HNO3
thu difdc dung dich A va
4,928
lit
hon
hdp khi NO va
NO2
(dktc).
Hoi cJ dktc, 1 lit hSn hop hai khi nay nang
bao nhieu
gam?
b)
Cho 16,2g nhom phan u'ng he't vdi dung djch A tao ra h6n
hcJp
NO, N2 va
dung dich B.
Tinh
the
tich
NO, N2 irong hon hdp biet ti
khoi
cua hon hdp khi
doi
v6i hidro la 14,4. (Bo qua phan
lifng
giiifa
Al

va dong
nitrat).
Gidi
8,32
a) ncu =
64
•
= 0,13(mol)
3Cu
+
8HNO3
>
3Cu(N03)2
+
2NO
+
4H2O
X
3
—
X
2
3
—
X
2
Cu
+
4HNO3
>

Cu(N03)2
+
2NO2
+
2H2O
1
I
2 2
Taco: -x + ^ = 0,13
2 2
4,928
„
x
+ y = -^ = 0,22
'
' 22,4
TH
(I) va
(II)
ta c6 he phiTdng
trinh
:
y
(I)
(II)
-x
+ - = 0,13
2 2
Khoi
liTdng

1 lit hon hdp hai khi:
30x + 46y 30.0,02 + 46.0,2
m
=
4,928 4,928
x+y
= 0,22
=
l,98(g)
16 2 ^
b)Tac6:
HAI
=—^ = 0,6(mol)
27
Dung djch A
Cu(N03),
:-x + ^ = 0,13 (mol)
HNO3
duf
Al
+
4HNO3
>
A1(N03)3
+ NO +
2H2O
a mol a mol
IOAI
+
36HNO3

>10Al(NO3)3
+ 3N2
+I8H2O
10b
•mol
b
mol
x
= 0,02
y
= o,2
(mol)
94
2A1
+ 3Cu(N03)2
10b
Ta
CO
:
2A1(N03)3
+ 3Cu
a +
-^—
= 0,6 (III)
Mhh
khi
-
30a+28b
a + b
^14,4x = 28,8

Hay
30a + 28b = 28,8(a +
,b)
o 1,2a - 0.8b =^ b = 1,5a
The b = 1,5a vao
(III)
ta c6 : a = 0,1 mol
ri>
b = 0,15 mol
VNO
= 0,1.22,4 = 2,24
(lit);
= 0,15.22,4 = 3,36
(lit).
IJai
10- Cho 26,5g hon hdp gom ddng, sat va nhom
ttic
dung vdi dung dich
HNO3
dac, nguoi thi thoat ra 8,96 lit khi
(dktc).
Ncu cho hon hdp trcn tac
dung vdi dung dich
H2SO4
loang diT thu du-dc 12,32 lit khi
(dktc).
Xac dinh
th^nh
phan %
khoi

lu'dng moi kim
loai
trong hon hdp dau.
Gidi
Cu:
X
mol
Hon
hdp gom Fe: y mol
Al:z
mol
*
Hon hdp tac
diing
vdi
HNO3
dele, nguoi :
Cu
+
4HNO3
—^
Cu(N03)3
+
2NO2
+
2H2O
X
mol 2x mol
8,96
22,4

=
0,4
(mol)
2x = 0,4
X
= 0,2 (mol)
Hon
hdp tac dung vdi dung djch
H2SO4
loang dif:
Fe
+
H2SO4
> FeS04 +
H2
y
mol y mol
2A1
+
3H2SO4
>
Al2(S04)3
+ 3H2
z mol
—zmol
2
^12^^
=^y + -z = 0,55
22,4 2
va nihh = 64x + 56y + 27z = 26,5

hay 64.0,2 + 56y + 27z = 26,5 o 56y + 27z = 13,7
Ta
CO
he phifdng
trinh
:
y
+ -z = 0,55
56y + 27z = 13.7
Khoi
liMng
moi kim
loai:
mcu = 0,2.64 = 12,8 (g)
I,
=
0,1.56
= 5,6 (g); n^i =
0,3.27
= 8,1 (g)
y
=
o,i
z = 0,3
95
%Cu
= -^^.100% = 48,3% ; %Fe = -^.100%:
26,5
21,13%
26,5

=> %Al = 30,57%.
Biii
11. Mot
loai phan
supephotphat
kep co chiJa 69,62%
muo'i
canxi
dihidrophotphat,
con lai gom cac
chat
khong
chiJa
pholpho. Tinh
do
dinh
difdng
ci'ia
loai phan hin
nay.
Gidi
Sddo:
Ca(H2P04)2
>
P2O5
234g
142g
69,62%
x%
Suf dung quy

tac
lam
sua't
x =
142.69,62
234
=
42,25%
Bai
12. Cho 3,024 gam
mot kim loai
M tan het
trong dung dich
HNO3
loang, ihu
dirdc
940,8 ml
khi NxOy (siin pham khiV duy
nhat,
d
dktc)
c6 ti
khoi doi vdi H.
b^ng
22.
Tim khi N,Oy
va
kim loai M.
Gidi
Ta

c6: d^^^^ = 22 =>
M^^o,
= 44
N,0, la N^O.
Mat
khac:
n^ Q=
0,9408
22,4
=
0,042 mol
Qua
trinh
nhsin
e:
2N
+
8c-^N2
0
0,336
0,042
Qua
irlnh
nhu'cTng
c:
M
-
0,336
M"
+

nc
0,336
Ta
cd:
.MM
= 3,024 =>
MM
= 9n
n
=> cap
nghiem
phil
hcJp
1^
n = 3 va
MM
= 21 =>
Al.
B^i
13. H6a tan ho^n
toan
8,862 gam hon hcJp gom Al va Mg v^o
dung dich
HNO3
loang,
thu
difdc dung dich
X v^ 3,136 lit (d
dktc)
hoh hdp Y gom hai

khi
khdng mau, trong
d6 c6
mot khi
h6a nau
trong khong khi. Kho'i lufdng
cua
Y
la 5,18 gam. Cho
dung dich NaOH (dir)
v^o X va
dun
n6ng,
kh6ng
c6 khi
miii
khai thoit ra. Tinh th^nh phan
trim
kho'i
li/dhg
cua
Al trong hon
hcJp ban
d^u.
96
icifAigflin^
Gidi
2
khi khong mau
2

khi
do chi c6 the la:
N2, N2O, NO.
Trong
66 c6
mot khi
hoa nau
trong khong khi khi
66 Ih
NO.
Ta
c6:
n^.y
=
3,136
22,4
=
0,14 mol
U
5.18 „
MY
= = 37
0,14
khi
con
lai
la
N2O (M
= 44)
Ta thay:

MNO
= 30 <
My
= 37 <
Mkhr,|„
i,,,
Goi
HNO
=
X
mol;
so
mol N2O
= y
mol
j.x
+ y = 0,14 fx = 0.07
l30x
+ 44y = 5.18
'^iy
= 0.07
Goi
nAi = a
mol; nMg
= b
mol.
Cho dung djch NaOH (diT)
vao X va
dun nong, khong
c6

khi miai khai
thoat
ra
=>
trong dung dich
X
kh6ng
c6
muo'i
NH4NO3
Qua
trinh
nhiTdng
e:
Mg
-> Mg
a
Al
-> AP*
b
+
2c
2a
+
3c
3b
Qua
trinh
nhan
e:

+5
+2
N
+ 3c ^ NO
0,21
0,07
2N
+
8c->N2
0
0,56 0.07
Ap
dung djnh luat
h&o
toan
c ta c6 : 3a + 2b = 0,21 + 0.56 = 0.77 (1)
Mat
khac:
27a + 24b = 8.862 (2)
TCr
(1),(2)
a = 0,042; b = 0,322
Vay:
%m^, = ^:9^_ioo% = 12,8%
8,862
i
14. Hoa tan
hoan
loiin
12,42 gam Al

bhng dung djch
HNO3
loang (du").
thu
diTcJc
dung dich
X v^ 1.344
lit
(d
dktc)
hon
hdp khi
Y gom hai
khi
la
N2O
va
N2.
Ti
kho'i
cua hon
hdp khi
Y so v(Ji
khi H2
la 18. Co can
dung djch
X. thu
diTcJc
m gam
cha't

r^n khan. Tinh
m.
Gidi
Ta c6: nAi = 0,46 mol;
M^,^,^,M
= 18.2 = 36 ; nnn = 0,06 mol
Goi so' mol
cua
N2O
va
N2
Ian
liTcJt
la x
mol
va y
mol.
Phan
dgng
\ih
phimng
ph^p g\i\a hpc 11 VP
CO
- D5
XuSn
Hung
Ta CO
h0 :
44x
+

28y
=
36
x
+
y
L
x + y = 0,06
Qua
trinh nhU'dng e : Al
0,46
Al
'
44x + 28y = 36.0,06
. X
+ y = 0,06
+
3e
X
= 0,03
y
= 0,03
1,38
Qua
Irinh
nhan c :
+5
2N
+ 8c
0,24 0,03

+
lOe
0,3 0,03
+s
2N
+
1
0
N2
=>
Tdng so mol e nhan = 0,54(mol)
Ta
thay:
ne„hu ,ng
>
nc„h.)n
=> con phan urng lao
NH4NO.,
+5
N
-3
N H4NO3
+
8c -)•
(1,38-0,54) 0,105
Vay: m^^g,
=
m,,,o.,„
+
m,„,,o,

=
0,46.213
+ 0,105.80 = 106,38(g)
Bai
15. Nhi?t phan hoan to^n 34,65 gam hon
hcJp
gom
KNO.,
va
Cu(N03)2,
thu
dircfc
hon hdp khi X (li
khoi
cua X so vdi khi hidro b^ng 18,8).
Tinh
khoi
lifcfng
Cu(N03)2
irong hon hdp ban dau.
Gidi
Gpi n„^o,
= "lo'-
ncu,No,,,
= y mol
=>
iOlx
+ 188y = 34,65 (1)
KNOj
KNOz+^Oz

1
CU(N03)2
y
CuO
+ 2N02+ -O2
2y
1
2'
Tac6: M x = 18,8.2 = 37,6
^^•^y-^^^•^^
+
y^
= 37.6 ^x-5y = 0(2)
0,5x+2,5y
Tir
(1),(2) =>
X
= 0,25 ; y = 0,05 =>
mc^.No,,^
=
0,05.188
= 9.4 (g)
Bai
16. Nung 2,23 gam hon hdp X g6m cac
kirn
loai
Fe,
Al,
Zn, Mg trong oxi.
sau mot

thdi
gian th(j
diTdc
2,71 gam hon hdp Y. Hoa tan hoan toan Y vao V
ml
dung dich
HNO3
2M vCra u, thu
duTdc
0,672
lit
khi NO (san pham
khuT
duy
nhat, d dktc).
Tinh
V.
Gidi
Ta
c6: = 0,03 mol
Ap
dung
DLBTKL
ta c6:
mo,
= 2,71 - 2,23 = 0,48 gam n^^ = 0,015 mol
+5
So'mol
e cua kim
loai

nhu"dng cho oxi va nito ( N ) nhan :
+3 +5 +2
Fe
+ 3e N + 3e -> N O
0
Fe
X
3x
0 +3
Al
-)• Al + 3c
y
0
Zn
y
3y
+2
Zn
+ 2c
+
3c ->
0,09 0,03
O2
+ 4c -
0,015 0,06
-2
20
z z 2z
0 +2
Mg

-> Mg + 2c
t
t 2t
Ap
dung dinh luat bao toan electron ta c6:
3x
+ 3y + 2z + 2t = 0,09 + 0,06 = 045 mol
So mol
HNO3
= so mol N (trong muoi) + so mol N (trong NO)
=
3x + 3y + 2z + 2t + 0,03 = 0.18 mol
VHNO,
=0.18/2
= 0.9 lit = 900 ml
Bai
17. Nung m(g) bpt Fe trong
O2
thu di/dc 3 gam hon hdp cha't dn X. H6a tan
het X trong dung djch
HNO3
dir. thoat ra 0.56 lit khi NO (dktc) (san
phiim
khijr
duy nhat).
Tinh
m.
Gidi
Fe la chat
khuT.

O2 vii
HNOj
1^
chat oxi hoa.
Ta
c6: m^,, = 3 - m (g) =>
no^
=
0,56
3-m
32
(mol)
"NO
=
22.4
=
0.025
mol
m
n^-
= — (mol)
32
Qua
trlnh
nhifdng electron:
0
•I
Fe-
rn
56

+3
Fe 4-3c
3m
56
99
Phan
dgng
va phuong phiip g\&\a hpc 11 VP co - D5 Xuan Hung
-
Qua
trinh nhan electron:
0
.> -2
02
+ 4e
>
20
3 —m
3 —m
~32
8~
+5
+2
N
+ 3c
>
N
0,075 0,025
-
Ap

dung dinh luat bao to^n electron:
3m 3
—m _ ^ , ^
—
=:
+
0,075 m
=
2,52
(g)
56
8
BAI TAP AP
DUNG
Bai 1. Dot chay hoan loan 6,2g photpho trong oxi dif. Cho san pham tao thanh tac dung
vira du vdi dung dich NaOH 32% tao ra muoi NaaHPO*.
a) Viet cac phUdng trinh hoa hoc.
b) Tinh khoi luTcJng dung dich NaOH
da
dung.
c) Tinh nong dp phan trim cua muoi trong dung dich thu difPc.
Gidi
a) 4P + 5O2
2P2O5
0,2 mol 0,1
mol
P2O.,
+
4NaOH
—'->•

2Na2HP04
+
H2O
0,1 mol 0,4 mol 0,2 mol
Hp
=
= 0,2
(mol).
31
b) Khoi
lurpng
chat tan NaOH : m,, = 0,4.40 = 16 (g)
Khoi
lirpng
dung dich NaOH : mjd
=
^^'^^^^ = 50
(g).
32%
c) Khoi
liTdng
chat tan Na2HP04 :
m,.,
= 0,2.142 = 28,4 (g)
Kho'i lifPng dung dich sau phan uTng
:
nidd
=
mp^o,
+

nijj
NaOH
= 0.1
•
142 + 50 = 64,2
(g)
28
4
Nong dp % muoi tao thanh
:
C%
=
—^.100%
=
44,24%.
64,2
Bai 2,
Hoa tan
8,65g
hon
hdp
X
gpm
Al va Zn
vap 200ml dung djch
HNO3
thi tbu
diTPc
3,36 lit bpn hPp khi A gpm NO va
N2O

(dktc). Ti khpi cua A sp vdi heli la 8,665.
De
trung
boa
he't axit trong dung dich
thu
dtfPc
sau
phan ilng da diing
bet
400ml dung
dich
KOH 0,5M.
a) Tinh % theo the tich moi khi trong A. b) Tinh khoi liTdng moi kim loai trong X. 100
c) Tinh nong dp mol dung dich HNO., ban dau.
Gidi
D&l
a la so
mol NO,
b la so
mol
N2O.
a
+ b= ^ =
0,15(mol)
(1)
Ta
CO
22,4
MA

=
8,665
x
4 =
34,66
30a
+
44b
- .
= 34,66
(2)
a
+ b
o 30a +
44b
=
34,66(a
+ b)
=>
9,34b
=
4.66a r=>
a =
2b
The
a =
2b vao (1) =>
b =
0,05 mol =>
a =

0,1
mol
0
1
22 4
Thanh phan % the tich cac khi:
%VN()
=
' " '
3,36
=>
%V,^o =33.33%.
b) Al
+
4HNO,
>
A1(N0.,)3
+
NO
+
2H2O
8Al(NO,h
+
3N2O
+
I5H2O
>
3Zn(NO,)2 +
2N0
+

4H2O
->4Zn(NO,)2
+
N20
+
5H20
8A1 + 30HNO, -
3Zn + 8HNO,-
4Zn+ lOHNO.,-
PhiTPng trinh cho nhan electron
:
+
5
+2
N
+3e > N (NO)
0,3
0.1
+5
ti
2N
+8e > 2N (N2O)
0.4
0.05
Tdng
.SP
mol electron nhan
:
0.3 + 0,4 = 0,7 (mol)
.100%

=
66,67%
(I)
(2)
(3)
(4)
0
Al
—
X
mol
0
Zn
-
->
Al + 3e
3x mol
+2
-» Zn + 2e
y mol
2x
mol
Tdng
so'
mol electron cho
:
3x + 2y
f3x
+
2y

= 0,7
Ta
CO
hO phiTdng trinh
:
x
= 0,2
y
=
0,05
(mol)
27x
+
65y
=
8,65
Khoi liTdng moi kim loai trong X:
=
0,2.27
=
5.4 (g); iii/,,
^
3,25 (g).
c) HNO,
+ KOH > KNO, + H2O
0,2 mol
0,2
mol
HKOH
= 0,5

X
0,4 = 0,2 (mol)
Theo cac phiTdng trinh (1), (2), (3),
(4):
101
Phan
dgng
vk
phuong
phip gi^i H6a hpc
11 VP
ca
- D5
Xuan
Hung
"HNOaptr
=
4nNo + lOnn^o = 4.0,1
+10.0,05
= 0,9 (mol)
=>nHN03band4u
= 0,9 + 0.2 = 1,1 (mol)
Nong do mol HNO3 ban dau :
CM
=
==
5,5 (M).
Bai 3. Cho 44g NaOH vao dung djch chtfa 39,2g axit H.,P04, c6 can dung dich.
Hoi
nhOfng

muo'i nao dUdc lao nen va kho'i li/dng bao nhicu?
(DH Y DU(/cTP.HCM)
Gidi
44 39 2
Ta CO
:
nNaOH
= = '
("^"0;
n^^^m^
=
= ^^'4 (mol)
TacolilO: 2<-!^^^ = -^ = 2,75<3
nH,ro4
0.4
=>Tao hai muoi Na2HP04 va NaiPOj.
H3PO4
+
2NaOH
>
Na;HP04
+
2H2O
(1)
0,4 mol 0,8 mol 0,4 mol
NaOH
+
Na.HPOa
>
Na,,P04

+
H.O
(2)
0,3 mol 0.3 mol 0,3 mol
nNaOH<ip.r(:)=
1,1 -0,8 = 0,3 (mol)
^
"N.^HPO,
o.n i,i = 0.4 - 0,3 = 0,1 (mol)
Na2HP04 :0,1 mol
Na3PO4:0,3 mol
Khoi lifcJng moi muoi: mNa^HPOj = 0,1.142 = 14,2 (g)
mN.,P04
= 0,3.164 = 49,2 (g).
Bai 4.
Trong
mol binh kin dung tich 56 lit
chita
N2
va
H2
thco li le the tich 1:4c}
nhiet dc) 0"C vii 200 aim va mol it cha't xuc Lie. Nung ncMig binh mc)t thcii gian,
sau do diTa ve
0"C
ihay ap suaft trong binh giiim 10% so
vc'Ji
ap suii't ban dau.
a)
Tinh hiOu

suaft phan uTng dieu che
NH3.
b) Neu lay
^
liTc^ng NH., iren ihi dieu che diMc bao nhieu lit dung dich
HNO1
70% (d = 1,41 g/ml) hieu suat qua trinh dieu che la 85%
c) NS'u lay
^
lifcfng
NH3
ihu diTcJc
d
iren thi dieu che diWc bao
nhiCni
lit dung
dich
NH3
25%) (d = 0,91 g/ml).
\m
Vay cac muoi tao lhanh
Gidi
a) N2
+
3H2
?
a mol 3a mol
PV 200.56
nhhkhi
-

RT 0.082.273
2NH3
2a mol
= 500 (mol)
= lOOmol
va
n^, =400mol
=> So' mol hem hdp sau phiin iJng :
n = (100
-
a) + (400
-
3a) + 2a = 500
-
2a
VI trong
Cling
dieu kicn, nhiet dc), the tich => ap suii'l ti le vc'Ji sc) mol ta cc)
:
"hh Jill
_
PjJu
p „
500
'hh sau
200
500-2a
180
=> a = 25 (mol)
25

=> Hieu sua'l phan i?ng di6u che' NH,: H% =
j^-100%
= 25%.
b) Lay
-
liMng NH,:
n^H,
=-^ = a(mol)
Sa 60 dieu che HNO3 liT NH.,
NH3
>
NO
>
NO2 > HNO,
a mol a mol a mol a mol
Khoi \Mng HNO3 v(3i hieu sua'l qua Irinh 85%
:
m
=
a.—.63
= 25.—.63 = 1338,75 (g)
100
100
UNO,
Khoi
luTdng dung dich HNO,:
n,.,.ioo%jm7 ia».^,^
C%
70%
The tich dung djch HNO3:

1912,5
1.41
1
= 1356,38 (ml) =
1,35638
(lil).
c)
Khoi
lirc^ng
NH3
(vc^i
-
liTcJiig
NH3):
m^H,
=25.17 = 425(g)
Khoi lirctng dung dich
NH3:mjj
= ^^-^-'00%
^
j^y^,
. The lich dung dich
NH3:
V =
25%
d
0,91
Bai 5. De dieu che
5
tan axil nitric mmg dc) 60%, can dung bao nhicu Ian

amoniac?
Biel
rang sifhao hut amoniac Irong qua irinh siin xual la
3,89{.
103
Gidi
4NH3
+ 5O2 4NO +
•6H2O
(mol) (mol)
21 21
2N0 + O2 > 2NO2
_(mol) -^(mol)
4NO2+
O2 +
2H2O
>
4HNO3
(mol) (mol)
21 21
Khoi liTdng HNOj nguyen chat:
^ 60 ^ ^, 3.10' 10" , „
n^HNo,
=5. = 3 tan;
nuMn
= = (mol)
HNO,
HNO, 63 21
m^H,
=

—.17 = 0,809.10'(g) = 0,809 tan
Vi trong qua Irinh san xuat hao hut 3,8% ncn khoi lifdng
NH3
la :
m = 0,809.— =0,841 (tan).
96,2
Bai 6. Nung 6,58g
Cu(N03)2
trong binh kin, sau mot thcJi gian thu du"ac
4,96g
cha't ran vii hon hdp khi X. Hap thu hoan toan hon hdp X viio nu^dc, difcrc
300ml dung djch Y. Viet phufttng trinh hoa hoc ciia cac phan iJug xiiy ra vii
linh pH ciia dung dich Y.
(Trick
TSDH.
Hat I)
Gidi
Taco:
nc„(N03)2
=-^ = 0,035 (mol)
Cu(N0,)2
CuO +
2NO2
+ -O,
2 '
a mol a mol 2a mol
4NO2
+ O2 +
2H2O
>

4HNO3
2a mol 2a mol
NO2
O2
Hon hdp X
Dung dich Y : HNO,
Cu(N0.,)2
dir: 0,035 - a
104
KHAJgG VBET
=> Khoi Ming cha't ran : m =
mc„o
+
mcuiNo,);
dir
o4,96 =
80a + 188(0,035 - a)
=>
a = 0,015 (mol)
n
HNO3
= 2.0,015 = 0,03 (mol)
HNO3
> H^ + NO3
0,03 0,03
=^[H1
= Y^ = 0,1M =>pH = -lg[Hl=-lgO,l =
1
=^pH= 1.
Bai 7. Hoa tan 2,095g hon hdp X gom Fc vii m()t kirn loai R (R c6 hoa trj khong

doi) trong dung dich HCl diT, thu diTdc 0,784 lit khi
H2.
Ncu hoa tan ciing
lifcJng hon hdp X trcn trong dung djch
HNO3
diT thu du^dc 1,12 lit hon help khi
gom NO va
NO2
c6 ti khoi so vdi hidro lii 19,8. Xac dinh kim loai R.
Gidi
Goi
X,
y Ian liTdt lii so mol ciia NO,
NO2.
Ta c6: X + y =
1,12
22,4
Mhh khf = 19,8.2 = 39,6
30x + 46y
= 0,05 (mol) (1)
x + y
Giiii(l) vii (2)
= 39,6
x = 0,02
y = 0,03
(2)
(mol)
Phifdng trinh cho nhan electron khi cho hon hdp kim loai tac dung vdi
HNO3:
0

Fc
a mol
R
b mol
Fc + 3c
3 a mol
+11
R + ne
(n la hoa trj ctia R)
nb mol
Tong so electron nhufdng : 3a + nb (mol)
+2
^ N
+5
N + 3e
0,06 mol 0,02 mol
|, +5
i N + le
+4
N
f o;()3mol 0,03 mol
:, Tdng so mol electron thu
:
0,06 + 0,03 = 0,09 (mol)
I => 3a + nb = 0,09 (I)
Phu'dng trinh hoa hoc khi cho hon hilp kim loai tiic dimg v6i HCl d\i:
105
Phan
dang
va

phuong
phap
giai
H6a hqc 11 V6 co - D5
XuSn
Hang
Fe + 2HC1
a mol
R +nHCl
b mol
nb
-^FeClr+H.
a mol
n
RCln
+ - H2
nb
mol
0,784
= 0,035
22,4
Mat khdc ta c6: 56a + bR = 2,095
fa = 0,02
(II)
(III)
Giiii (I), (II) va (III) ^
b = 0,015
n = 2
R = 65
Vay kim loai R la Zn.

Bai 8. Mot hon hdp A gom hai khi
N2
va
H2
theo ti le mol 1 : 3. Tao phan iJng
giffa N2 va H2 cho ra NH3. Sau phan iJng thii
diTOc
hon hdp khi B. Ti khoi hdi
cua A doi vdi B la dA/B = 0,6.
a) Tinh hieu suat cua phan
itng
long
hdp NH3.
b) Cho hon hdp khi B qua
niTdc
thi con lai hon hdp khi C. Tinh ti khoi hdi cua A
doi
vdti C.
(Trich TS DHQG, dot I)
Hon hdp A
Nj
:
X mol
H, :3x mol
N,
+ 3H2
Giai
•
nA = 4x (mol)
2NH3

Ban dau :
Phan urng :
Sau p.u":
Hon hdp khi B
X mol 3x mol
a mol 3a mol 2a mol^
(x - a) (3x - 3a) 2a mol
N2:
(x - a) mol
H2
:(3x-3a) mol
NH,: 2a mol
nij = X - a + 3x - 3a + 2a = 4x - 2a (mol)
M/
Ivl
»
Theo de
:
dA/i,
= 0,6 o ^ = 0.6
MB
(I)
MA =—^; MB =•
(Theo djnh lual biio loan kho'i liTdng :
mA
=
niB)
Tiy(I) => ^ = 0,6 o ••• ""=0,6 =>a = 0,8x
Jl^
= 0,6 0^:^ = 0,6

n^ 4a
Hieu sua't phan iirng : H% = 100% = -^.100% = 80%.
X X
NH3 + H2O -> NH4OH
N2:(x-a)
mol = 0,2x (mol)
H2:(3x-3a)
mol = 0,6x (mol)
r=>nc = 0,2x + 0,6x = 0,8x (mol)
— 28x + 6x 34 — 28.0,2x + 2.0,6x „^
MA = = — = 8,5; Mc = 8,5
4x 4 0,8x
Hon hdp khi C gom
Ti khoi hdi cua A
doi
vdi C:
dA/c
=
^'^
= — =
1
o
dA/c
= •
Mc 8,5
Bai 9. Nung 9,4g muoi nilrat cua kim loai X Irong binh kin c6 dung tich 0,5 lit
chdra khi nitd. Nhiel do va ap suivt trong binh
ivM&c
khi nung la 0,984 aim va
27"C.

Sau khi nung muoi bj nhiel phan he't con lai 4g exit kim loai X du'a ve
>
27"C, ap suat trong binh la P,.
Xac djnh kim loai X vti tinh ap suat P|.
Lay
1^
li/dng khi Ihu duTdc cho hap thu hoan loan vao nu'dc thanh 0,25 lit
dung djch A.
- Tinh pH cua dung dich A.
- Dung djch A c6 the phan i?ng toi da vcti bao nhicu gam oxit kim loai X c6
hoa Iri lhap nhat va bao nhicu lit khi NO tao ra (dktc)?
Gidi
a) Dill cong ihuTc muoi nilrat kim loai X lii X(NO.0n-
2X(N03).,
X2O,,
+ 2nN02
+^03
9,4
'x(No,>„-j^_^g2n
"x,o„ =•
2X + 16n
Theo phifdng irinh :
n,„,„-H
=
2n.,xii
9,4 ^ 4
= 2
X + 62n 2X + 16n
=> X = 32n =>
n = 2

X = 64
107
Vay
X la Cu.
0,05 mol 0,1 mol
0,025
mol
Cu(N03)2
CuO +
2NO2
+
4
ncuo=— = 0,05 (mol)
80
PV
0,984.0,5
n„
= — = • • = 0,02
(mol)
RT
0,082(27 + 273)
So mol hon hdp khi sau khi nung :
nhh
= +
nN02
+ "o, = 0.02 + 0,1 +
0,025
= 0,145
(mol)
Vi

trong
Cling
dieu kien nhict do, ap
suat,
la co : .
^
=
il^
P, = Pj. = 0,984.^^ = 7,134 (atm).
P, n, n, 0,02
b) So mol khi ihu diTdc (vdi ^
liTdng
khi)
n^o,
= 0,01
(mol);
no^ =
0,0025
(mol)
4NO2
+
O2
+
2H2O >4HN03
0,01
0,0025
0,01 (mol)
=> "HNO,
=0.01 mol
HNO,

> +
NO3-
0,01 mbl 0,01 mol
=>1H1=
^ =
0,()4(M)
pH
=
-lg[Hl
= -lgO,04 = l,4
VaypH=
1,4.
3CU.0
+ 14HN0,
>
6Cu(N03)2
+ 2N0 +
7H2O
1.0,0,
0,0, Ml
14 7
mc„^o=^-144
=
(),3(g);
V,o = ^ .22,4 =
0,032
(Hi).
^
14 7
Bai

10. Hoa lan 0,368g hon hdp gom Al va Zn dung
viTa
dii 25 lit dung dich
HNO3
CO
pH = 3. Sau phan
rfng
la chi ihu diTdc ba
muoi.
Tinh
thanh phan %
thco
khoi
liTdng
moi kim
loai
irong hon hdp.
Gidi
pH
= 3
=>IH^]
= 10-^M
ins
=>
[HNO3]
=
lO-'M HHNO,
=25.10"-' =0,025 (mol)
Vi
Ihu dtfdc ba mu6'i n6n san pham lao thanh la

NH4NO3.
4Zn
+
IOHNO3
>
4Zn(N03)2 +
NH4NO3
+
3H2O
a mol 2,5a mol
8A1
+
3OHNO3 >
8A1(N03)3
+
3NH4NO3
+
9H2O
u
. 30b ,
b
mol mol
8
Ta
c6 h^ phiTdng
trinh
:
65a + 27b =
0,368
Thanh phtin %

theo
khoi
liTdng
:
2,5a+ — =
0,025
fa = 0,004
8
(mol)
b
= 0,004
%mz„
= -^^^^^.100% = 70,65% =>
%mM
= 29.35%.
0,368
B^i
11. Cho hon hdp A gom FeCOj va FeSj. A tac dung vdi dung dTch axit
HNO3
63%
(khoi
lifdng
rieng 1,44 g/ml)
theo
cac phan
tfng
sau :
FeC03
+
HNO3 >

mu6'i X +
CO2
+
NO2
+
H2O
(1)
FeSz
+
HNO3 >
muoi X +
H2SO4
+
NO2
+
H2O
(2)
difdc
hon hdp khi B va dung dich C. Ti
khoi
ciia
B doi vdi oxi bkng
1,425.
De
phan
tfng
vilfa
het vdi cac chS't trong dung dich C can
diing
540ml dung dich

Ba(0H)2
0,2M. Loc hfy ket tua dem nung den
khoi
liTdng
khong doi dufdc
7,568g cha't r^n (BaS04 coi
nhU"
khong bi nhiet phan, cac phan
tfug
xay ra
ho^n
loan).
a) X Ih mu6l gi? Hoan thanh c^c phiTdng tnnh phdn
tfng
(1) va (2).
b)
Tinh
khS'i
liTdng
tijfng
chat trong hon hdp A.
c)
Xac dinh the
tich
dung djch
HNO3
da
diing
(gia thiet
HNO3

khong b| bay hdi
trong
qua
trinh
phan uTng).
Gidi
FeCOa +
4HNO3 >
Fe(N03)3
+
CO2
+
NO2
+ 2H2b
a 4a a a a
FeS2
+
I8HNO3 >
Fc(N03)3
+
2H2SO4
+ 15N02 +
7H2O
b
18b b 2b 15b
a) X la muoi Fe(N03)3.
b)
Hon hdp khi B gom
CO2:
a mol

NO2
:(a + 15b) mol
de^oj =1.425
MB
=
1,425x32
= 45,6
109