SENTENCES AND GRAMMAR

STRUCTURES AND GRAMMAR STRUCTURES AND GRAMMAR

CLAUSES
A clause is a group of words that contains at least a subject and a verb .
* gold is a metal . * because it was raining heavily
1.1 Independent clauses
An independent clause contains a subject and a verb and expresses a
complete thought. It can stand by itself as a sentence.
_ The football match between Liverpool and M.U. couldn’t take place
because it was raining heavily .
_ When I came , the train had left the station .
_ I usually spend my free time listening to music .
1.2 Dependent clauses
A dependent clause begins a subordinator such as when , while , if , that ,
because , who , where , what , … followed by a subject and a verb . It can’t
express a complete thought and can’t stand by itself as a sentence .
_ Jack can't go to school because he is having flu
_ She is the diva who comes from China
_If you leave your car unlocked , it can be stolen .
_When the semester was over , I will go on holiday .
_ Nha Trang is a beautiful city where I used to work .
SENTENCES
A sentence is a group of words that you use to communicate your ideas in
writing or speaking .Every sentence is composed of one or more clauses
and expresses a complete thought .
There are four kinds of sentences : simple , compound , complex and
compound – complex .
1
1 . Simple sentences
A simple sentence is a complete unit of meaning which contains a main

NGUYEN TRAN SANH NHON THANH LOWER SECONDARY SCHOOL NGUYEN TRAN SANH NHON THANH LOWER SECONDARY SCHOOL
STRUCTURES AND GRAMMAR STRUCTURES AND GRAMMAR

clause , followed , if necessary , by other words which make up the meaning .
S+V : A young man walked into the hotel .
S_S +V : A young man and a young woman walked into the hotel .
S+V_V : A young man walked into the hotel and left ten minutes later .
S_S+ V_V : A young man and a young woman walked into the hotel and
left ten minutes later .
A simple sentence can be either brief or rather long .
_ A rain fell .
_ A rain fell heavily .
_ A rain fell heavily in London .
_ A rain fell heavily in London all night .
_ A rain fell heavily in London all night and stopped about twenty minutes ago.
BASIC SIMPLE SENTENCE PATTERNS
1a SUBJECT + INTRANSITIVE VERB
_ A train arrived . _ We all breathe , drink and eat .
_The sun is shining . _ Oil and water don’t mix . _ The moon is rising.
1b SUBJECT + INTRANSITIVE VERB + Adjunct :adverb(phrase)
of time/place/manner
_ A train arrived in Hue two hours ago . _ The sun sets early in winter .
_ Most rivers flow into the sea. _ He jumped into the water.
_ A football match is taking at My Dinh stadium . _ We didn’t go anywhere last week .
_ Umbrellas sell best in winter. _ She entered the office, happier than ever.
_The Huong River flows gently through Hue City.
1c SUBJECT + INTRANSITIVE VERB + Adjunct : prepositional phrase
_ Susan is coming to dinner. _Oil doesn’t mix with water .
_ People are complaining about the traffic. _ It looks like rain .
_ I will go to Dalat by plane. _You can rely on / believe in me .

_ The toys were lying all over the floor . _ He is working as a tourist guide.
_ Water boils at 100
0
C. _ The badges sell at 50 pounds each .
2
2
_ Thank you ! à He thanked me .
_ Happy Christmas ! à He wished me a happy Christmas .
_ Good luck ! à He wished me luck .
_ Congratulations ! à He congratulated me .
_ Liar ! à He called me a liar .
_ The notice said “ Welcome to Wales “
à The notice welcomed visitors to Wales.
3_ Yes _No in indirect speech
_ He said “ Can you swim ? “ and I said “ No “
à He asked me if I could swim and I said I couldn’t .
_ He said “ Will you have time to do it ? and I said “ Yes “
à He asked me if I would have time to do it and I said that I would .
4 _ He said to me “ Hello ! How ‘s work ? “
à He greeted me and asked how work was .
_ My toothache is getting worse .
à She complained that her toothache was getting worse .
5 _ The little boy cried out “ Help me ! Help me ! “
à The little boy cried out for help .
47
B_ REQUESTS : Can / Could / May / Might I / We
1 _ Could I have a cup of tea ? à He asked for a cup of tea .
2 _ May I see Mr John ? à She asked to see Mr John .
3 _ Would you mind lending me 50 dollars ?
à He asked me to lend him 50 dollars.

4_ Would you like to take a seat ? à She asked me to take a seat .
C _ INVITATIONS :
1_ Would you like / Will you a cup of coffee ?
à She offered me a cup of coffee.

NGUYEN TRAN SANH NHON THANH LOWER SECONDARY SCHOOL NGUYEN TRAN SANH NHON THANH LOWER SECONDARY SCHOOL
STRUCTURES AND GRAMMAR STRUCTURES AND GRAMMAR

2_ Would you like to have lunch with me ?
à He invited me to have lunch with him .
D_ ADVICE :
1_ must , ought to , should
_ You ought to plant some trees . à He advised me to plant some trees.
2_ You had better
_ You had better not wait any longer .
à He advised me not to wait any longer .
3_ If I were you , I should / would
_ If I were you , I ‘d buy a car . à He advised me to buy a car .
4_ Why don’t you
_Why don’t you take a holiday ? à He advised me to take a holiday.
5_ It’s time + past tense
_ It is time you bought a new coat .
à He said it was time I bought a new coat .
6_ may / might as well
_ You may as well ask him . à She said I might as well ask him.
E_ SUGGESTIONS :
1_ Let’s ……… . = Shall we …………?
_ Shall we invite Bill ? à He suggested inviting Bill .
2_ Why don’t we = What about = How about
_ Why don’t we meet and discuss it ?

à He suggested meeting and discussing it .
3_ Suppose I / we / you
_ Suppose you offer to pay him .
à he suggested offering to pay him.
F_ EXCLAMATIONS :
1_ What / How à exclaim / say
_ What a dreadful idea ! à He exclaimed that it was a dreadful idea .
_ What a lovely house ! à She exclaimed that the house was lovely .
46
_ It will depend on the weather . _ He succeeded in solving the problem.
_ Do you believe in getting up early ? _ We must send for a doctor.
_ What happened to her ? _ We are waiting for her to come.
_ I rely on you to be discreet. _ She always wishes for everyone to be happy.
_ I ‘ll arrange for a taxi to meet you at the airport .
_ Everyone was longing for the holidays to begin .
_ They advised for a young girl to look after the children .
1d SUBJECT + INTRANSITIVE VERB + Adjunct : adverb particle
_ My hat blew off. _ A visitor came in . _ We must turn back .
_ They went away. _ We eat up. _ He got up .
1e SUBJECT + INTRANSITIVE VERB + Adjunct 1 : adverb particle +Adjunct
2 : prepositional phrase
_ Lucy fell down on the ice . _ The room looked out over farmland.
_ The car has run out of petrol . _ I’m trying to cut down on sugar.
_ The astronomer gazed up at the stars . _ It’s windy. Hold on to your hat .
1f SUBJECT + INTRANSITIVE VERB + Adjunct : noun phrase
_ This box weighs five kilos . _ My watch loses two minutes a day .
_He jumped two meters . _ The book costs ten dollars.
_ This room measures five metres across. _ We waited ten minutes.
1g SUBJECT + INTRANSITIVE VERB + Adjunct : non-finite clause ( to inf )
_ Jane hesitated to phone the office . _ I couldn’t care to go for a walk .

_ We stopped to have a rest. _ He got up to answer the phone.
_ He will live to be ninety . _ He turned to see the sun setting .
_ We went to hear the concert . _ They agreed not to oppose my plan .
_ He glanced up to see the door slowly opening .
_ We all longed to get away for a family holiday .
2 a SUBJECT + LINKING VERB + COMPLEMENT : adjective
_The leaves are turning brown . _ He’s growing old.
_ Her dreams have come true. _ She gets angry.
_ The milk went sour. _ The well has run dry.
3
_ She fell ill. _ Many plants lie dormant through the winter.
_ The fact became more serious . _ She married young.
_ I ‘m feeling fine . _ These roses smell sweet .
_ The soup tastes delicious. _ He remained silent.
_ The beach looks desert . _ This cassette player sounds good .
_ Her eyes are brownish. _ Everything is ready .
_ His happiness seems complete . _ The material is wearing thin .
Note : A complement is also a structure or words needed after
a noun , adjective , verb or preposition .

NGUYEN TRAN SANH NHON THANH LOWER SECONDARY SCHOOL NGUYEN TRAN SANH NHON THANH LOWER SECONDARY SCHOOL
STRUCTURES AND GRAMMAR STRUCTURES AND GRAMMAR

( the invention to invest , full of water , try phoning , down the street )
A linking verb is an intransitive verb .
2 b SUBJECT + LINKING VERB + COMPLEMENT : adjective +
ADJUNCT: preposition phrase
_She is keen on playing the guitar . _ I’m afraid of staying alone here .
_They are successful in learning Chinese . _ She looked surprised at
meeting here.

2 c SUBJECT + ACTION VERB + COMPLEMENT
_ We arrived exhausted ( We are exhausted when we arrived )
_ He walked away a free man . _ I came home really tired one evening .
2 d SUBJECT + LINKING VERB + COMPLEMENT : noun ( phrase )
_ Linda is a clever architect . _ Frank became a teacher .
_ That appears the best answer. _The boys remained the best of friends.
_ The girls are the same age . _ She is 37 years old .
_ Seeing is believing . _ He lived and died a bachelor.
_ He fell victim to her charms . _ She will make a good wife .
_ She doesn’t look her age . _ This book is two pounds .
_ This seems a serious matter.
_ To say out of sight seems the wisest thing to do .
Note : A complement can be put in front position .
e.g.:
An advantage is the low cost .
A great attraction are the antique shops in the old part of the town .
2 e SUBJECT + LINKING VERB + COMPLEMENT : present participle
_ She sometimes goes dancing .
_ He lay smiling at me .
_ They came running to meet us .
4
SAY, TELL and alternative introductory verbs
A _ SAY and TELL with direct speech :
1_ SAY can introduce a statement .
_ Tom said , “ I ‘ve just heard the news “
_ “ I ‘ve just heard the news “ Tom said .
_ “ I ‘ve just heard the news “ said Tom .
SAY + to + person addressed
_ “ I ‘m leaving at once .” Tom said to me .
B _ SAY and TELL with indirect speech :

_ He said he ‘d just heard the news .
_ He told me he ‘d just heard the news.
_ He told us how he had crossed the mountains .
_ He told us about crossing the mountains .
IN INDIRECT SPEECH
COMMANDS REQUESTS INVITATIONS
ADVICE EXCLAMATIONS
 The following verbs can be used : tell , ask , invite , request , command ,
urge , warn , encourage , order , recommend , complain , advise .
A_ COMMANDS :
1_ He said , “ Lie down , Tom “ à He told Tom to lie down .
2_ “ Do be quiet , Peter “ he said . à He told Peter to be quiet .
3 a_ “ Let’s leave the case at the station “
à He suggested leaving the case at the station.
à He suggested that they should leave the case at the station .
3 b_ Let’s not say anything about it .
à He suggested not saying anything about it .
à He suggested saying nothing about it .
4a_ Let the government do something about it .
à He said that the government ought to / should do
something about it .
4b_ Let them go to the consul .
à She suggested them /their going to the consul.
à She suggested that they should go to the consul .
à She said that they should go to the consul .
4c_ Let = allow / permit
_ Let him come with us , mother ; I will take care of him .
à I asked my mother to let him come with us and promised to take care of him .
45
E MIGHT , OUGHT TO , SHOULD , WOULD , USED TO

1 _ might
_ Ann might ring today . à He said Ann might ring that day .
but : _ You might post these for me . à He asked me to post them for him .
2_ ought to / should / must
_ You ought to / should / must read the instructions . ( advice )
à Ann advised / urged / warned me to read the instructions .
3_ IF I WERE YOU , I SHOULD / WOULD ( advice )
_If I were you I ‘d wait . à I advised him to wait .
4_ I SHOULD / WOULD BE GRATEFUL IF YOU WOULD ( request )

NGUYEN TRAN SANH NHON THANH LOWER SECONDARY SCHOOL NGUYEN TRAN SANH NHON THANH LOWER SECONDARY SCHOOL
Let him / her /
them / it
STRUCTURES AND GRAMMAR STRUCTURES AND GRAMMAR

_ I ‘d be very grateful if you ‘d keep me informed .
à He asked me to keep him informed .
5_ WOULD in statements .
but : _ I wish you ‘d give me a hand .à He asked me to give him a hand .
6_ USED TO
_I know the place well because I used to live here .
à He explained that he knew the place because he used to live there .
F _ COULD
F1 _ for present ability : _ I can’t / couldn’t stand on my head .
à He said he couldn’t stand on his head .
F2 _for future ability : _ I could do it tomorrow .
à He said he could /would be able to do it the next day .
F3 _ in Type 2 : _ If I had the tools I could mend it .
à He said that if he had the tools he could / would be able to mend it .
F4 _ in Type 3 : à unchanged

F5 _ for past ability :
_ I could read when I was three .
à She boasted that she could / had been able to read when she was three.
F6_ for permission :
_ If I paid my fine , I could walk out of prison today .
à He said that if he paid his fine he could / would be allowed to walk
out of prison that day .
F7 _ COULD in the past can remain unchanged or reported by
WAS / WERE / HAD BEEN ALLOWED TO
_ When I was a boy I could stay up as long as I liked .
à He said that when he was a boy , he could / was allowed to stay up as long
as he liked .
à He said that as a boy he was / had been allowed to stay up as long as he liked.
44
2 f SUBJECT + LINKING VERB + COMPLEMENT : adverbial
_ Your friend is here . _ The meeting is at 2:30
_ Alice is like her father . _ The conference is every year.
_ John lives in style. _ The parcel went by air .
_ I ‘ m on a diet . _ The church is 25
th
century .
_ She is in good health . _ Your memory is at fault .
_ We are all out of breath . _ This poem is beyond me .
_ We are not out of danger . _ Everything is in good order .
_ The letter is for you . _ At last he was at liberty .
_ The question is of no importance .
2g SUBJECT + LINKING VERB + COMPLEMENT : other words
_ It’s me . _ This book is mine . _ The concert was over .
3 a SUBJECT + TRANSITIVE VERB + D.O : noun ( phrase) / pronoun
_ Jack is watching T.V now . _ A small boy opened the door .

_ I love you . _ Nobody answered the phone .
_ You’ve boiled the rice too long . _ She saw the film last month.
3 b SUBJECT + TRANSITIVE VERB + D.O : to inf
_ Jane wants to finish her work by tomorrow . _ I prefer to start early .
_ It started to rain . _ I have never thought to see you there.
_ Do you remember to post my letters ? _ I forgot to lock the door .
_ He promised never to get drunk again. _ She likes to come with us .
3 c SUBJECT + TRANSITIVE VERB + D.O : non-finite clause
(question word + to inf )
_ Jack doesn’t know where to go . _ We couldn’t decide what to do next.
_ Can you tell when to come ? _ Do you know how to make a cake ?
_ I want to know who to see for advice . _ We must know how to live .
_ She can’t decide whether to go or stay at home .
3 d SUBJECT + TRANSITIVE VERB + D.O : non-finite clause ( noun
phrase / pronoun + to inf )
_ The teacher wants us to finish the report by Wednesday .
_ She prefers her children to learn French . _ I ‘ve never known her to tell lies.
_ They helped me to find my son . _ He likes his wife to dress colourfully.
5
3 e SUBJECT + TRANSITIVE VERB + D.O : non-finite clause ( ing-form )
_ The children will still need looking after . _Mr Pike hates working in the garden .
_ She likes playing the guitar. _ It stopped raining fifteen minutes ago .
_ They finished painting my car last week .
3 f SUBJECT + TRANSITIVE VERB + D.O : non-finite clause (noun
phrase/pronoun + ing-form )
_ I don’t like my husband coming home late .
_ She is watching the stars sparkling in the sky .
_ I felt someone touching my shoulder. _ I saw the cat stealing the meat .
_ She smells something burning . _ He noticed a boy entering my room .

NGUYEN TRAN SANH NHON THANH LOWER SECONDARY SCHOOL NGUYEN TRAN SANH NHON THANH LOWER SECONDARY SCHOOL
STRUCTURES AND GRAMMAR STRUCTURES AND GRAMMAR

3 g SUBJECT + TRANSITIVE VERB + D.O : non-finite clause (noun
phrase/pronoun +bare inf
_ I heard someone knock the door . _ They had us cut down the trees on both sides .
4 a SUBJECT + TRANSITIVE VERB + I . O
+ D.O : noun ( phrase) / pronoun
_ Peter gave Daisy beautiful flowers . _ Mr Pike teaches us French .
_ She promised me her help. _ I will read you this letter .
_ Can you find me a copy of that book ? _ He allows himself no rest .
_ She cooked her husband a delicious meal . _ He showed me his photo .
_ She made herself a new dress . _ She usually lends me some money .
_ Would you please call me a taxi ?
But : Jack explained the situation to me .
We can’t say : Jack explained me the situation .( say , describe , introduce , declare )
4 b SUBJECT + TRANSITIVE VERB + I . O + D.O : non-finite clause
( question word + to inf )
_ The teacher showed us how to solve the problem .
_ They told their children what to learn .
_ She advised me who to marry . _ Jim told us where to find it .
4 b’ SUBJECT + TRANSITIVE VERB + I .O : to + noun /pronoun
+ D.O : non-finite clause(question word + to inf )
_ I explained to my daughter how to solve the problem .
_ He described to us how to kill this man .
6
NO TENSE CHANGES
1_ Past tenses sometimes remain unchanged :
A 1_ I loved her . à He said he had loved her .
_ Ann arrived on Monday . à He said Ann arrived / had arrived on Monday.

B 2_ We were thinking of selling the house but we have decided not to .
àShe said they had been thinking the house but they had decided not to .
_ When I saw them they were playing tennis.
à He said that when he saw them they were playing tennis .
C 1_ Past / Past continuous in time clauses :
_ When we were living / lived in Paris …………
à He said that when they were living in Paris ………………
The main verb of such sentences can either remain unchanged or become
past perfect .
_ When we were living / lived in Paris we often saw Paul .
à He said when they were living / lived in Paris , they often saw/ had seen Paul.
2_ A past tense used to describe a state of affair which still exists when the
speech is reported remains unchanged.
_ I decided not to buy the house because it was on a main road .
à She said that she had decided not to buy the house because it was on a
main road .
D 1_ Unreal past tenses after WISH , WOULD , WOULD RATHER / SOONER and
IT IS TIME
_ I wish I didn’t have to take exams.
à Tom said he wished he didn’t have to take exams.
_ “ Bill wants to go home alone” , said Ann , “ but I ‘d rather he went with a
group “
à Ann said Bill wanted to go alone but that she ‘d rather he went with a group .
_ It is time we began planning our holidays .
à He said that it was time they began planning their holidays.
2 _ HAD BETTER
_ The children had better go to bed early .
à He said that the children had better go to bed early .
3 _ TYPE 2 and 3
_ If my children were older I would emigrate .

à He said that if his children were older he would emigrate.
43
_ Whose novel will win the prize ?
à He asked me whose novel would win the prize .
_ Which piece fits in this puzzle ?
à I want to know which piece fits in that puzzle .
TO-INFINITIVE in INDIRECT SPEECH
1) Imperative:
_ Keep a record of your expenses.
à I told him to keep a record of his expenses .
_ Remember to switch off all the lights .
à She reminded me to switch off the lights .
_ Wait for me .
à He says I am to wait for him .

NGUYEN TRAN SANH NHON THANH LOWER SECONDARY SCHOOL NGUYEN TRAN SANH NHON THANH LOWER SECONDARY SCHOOL
STRUCTURES AND GRAMMAR STRUCTURES AND GRAMMAR

à I have been told /was told to wait for him.(passive)
_ Don’t make a mess .
à She told / asked / warned him not to make a mess.
_ Keep me informed about development .
à He asked to be kept informed about development .
_ May / Can I speak to the manager ?
à I asked to speak to the manager .
2 ) Infinitive after question words :
¤ Direct suggestions /requests for advice and information .
(Shall I ?, Should I ? ,Do you want me to … ?
_ Shall I phone her ?
à He wanted to know if / whether he should phone her.

à He wanted to know whether to phone her .
_ You ‘d better not drink the water .
à She advised / warned us not to drink the water.
¤ Requests , … with question words can also be reported in 2 ways .
_ How shall I prepare the sauce ?
à He wanted to know how he should prepare it .
à He wanted to know how to prepare it .
INDIRECT SPEECH with INSIST _ SUGGEST
_ You really must let me pay the bill
à Andrew insisted on paying the bill .
_ Why don’t we go sailing ?
à Diana suggested they should go sailing .
à Diana suggested going sailing.
_ Really ? Daisy exclaimed .
à Daisy was amazed when Tom told her that she had won a lottery.
42
4 c SUBJECT + TRANSITIVE VERB + I . O + D.O : to inf
_ We told Peter to see a doctor . _ My parents advised us to work hard
_ She asked me to tell the truth _ She taught me to play the guitar .
_ We can’t allow him to do that . _ They persuaded me to marry him .

5 a SUBJECT + TRANSITIVE VERB + D.O : noun ( phrase) / pronoun +
COMPLEMENT : adjective
_ I find this song interesting . _ Susan prefers her coffee black .
_ Peter has a tooth loose . _ She made me angry .
_ I want to see you happy . _ He painted the wall white .
_ We like the soup hot . _ He considers this important .
_ The rain gets my books wet . _ I thought him rather unlucky .
_ He left the door open . _ Open the door wide .
_ I want the soup thick . _ Push the window open .

_ I can’t eat fish raw. _ Keep vegetables fresh .
5 b SUBJECT + TRANSITIVE VERB + D.O : noun ( phrase) / pronoun +
COMPLEMENT : past participle
_ I must have my hair cut . _ She will get her photo taken .
_ They had the program changed .
5 c SUBJECT + TRANSITIVE VERB + D.O : noun ( phrase) / pronoun +
COMPLEMENT : noun
_ We made him chairman . _ They declared Thuy Hien the winner .
_ I call him my love . _ She named me John .
5 d SUBJECT + TRANSITIVE VERB + D.O : noun ( phrase) / pronoun +
COMPLEMENT : as + noun / adj
_ The police didn’t accept the story as genuine.
_ They regard David Beckham as a world - class player.
_ I described him as really clever . _ I consider this book as my soul .
5 e SUBJECT + TRANSITIVE VERB + D.O : noun ( phrase) / pronoun +
COMPLEMENT : to + inf
_ The extra- money helped him to be independent .
_ The reporter pressed her to answer his questions.
7
5f SUBJECT + TRANSITIVE VERB + D.O : noun ( phrase) / pronoun
+ COMPLEMENT : ing-form
_ We left the children playing in the garden . _ The driver kept his engine running .
_ The smoke started her coughing . _ I found my son walking on the grass.
5g SUBJECT + TRANSITIVE VERB + D.O : noun ( phrase) / pronoun
+ COMPLEMENT : bare inf
_ She helped us organize the party . _ Music makes me love the life .
_ Don’t let the children play in the street.

6 a SUBJECT + TRANSITIVE VERB + D.O : noun ( phrase) / pronoun
+ ADJUCNT : prepositional phrase

_ The lecturer confused your name with mine . _ I prefer tea to coffee.

NGUYEN TRAN SANH NHON THANH LOWER SECONDARY SCHOOL NGUYEN TRAN SANH NHON THANH LOWER SECONDARY SCHOOL
STRUCTURES AND GRAMMAR STRUCTURES AND GRAMMAR

_ We congratulated him on his success. _ They accused him of stealing the jewels.
_ He spends a lot of money on books . _ Don’t waste your time on that nonsense.
_ What prevented you from coming earlier ? _ Compare the copy with the original .
_ She asked too much of you . _ They use this knife for cutting meat .
_ They make tea with boiling water.
6 b SUBJECT + TRANSITIVE VERB + D.O : noun ( phrase) / pronoun
+ ADJUNCT : adverb particle
_ Put your shoes on . _ Take your coat off .
_ Please bring them in . _ Please turn the television on .
_ Don’t throw my hat away . _ We wake the neighbor up .
6 b’ SUBJECT + TRANSITIVE VERB + D.O + ADJUCNT 1 : adv. Particle
+ADJUNCT 2 : prepositional phrase
_ We won’t let anyone else in on the secret . _ Diana has taken us on our invitation .
6 c SUBJECT + TRANSITIVE VERB + D.O : noun ( phrase) / pronoun
+ ADJUNCT : time, place , manner
_ Please put the milk in the fridge . _ Don’t get that girl into trouble .
_ I followed her all night . _ We met her by chance .
_ We kept the car in the garage . _ The man put the coat over his arm.
_ He got the screw into the hole . _ I wrapped the parcel carefully .
_ We’ll finish the job next week . _ They charge 200 pounds for a room .
_ The school provided the visitors with tea
= The school provided tea for the visitors.
8
INDIRECT YES_NO QUESTIONS
1_ Are you ready ? à He asked ( me ) if / whether I am / was ready .

_ Have you finished ? à He asked ( me ) if/ whether I have / had finished.
_ Do you play chess ? à He asked ( me ) if / whether I play / played chess.
_ Can I have it ? à He asked ( me ) if / whether he can / could have it .
_ Did he go home ? à He asked (me) if / whether he went / had gone home.
2_ Reporting Yes_ No questions :
_Do you play chess ?
_Don’t you play chess ? He asked ( me ) if / whether I play /
played chess.
_You don’t play chess , don’t you ?
_You play chess , don’t you ?

3_ if and whether
_ ask , want to know , wonder if / whether
_ discuss whether ( conveys slightly greater doubt )
_ whether is usually preferred where there are alternatives
e.g. : He asked me whether I wanted tea or coffee.
4_ Reporting Yes_ No questions with or not :
_ Do you want any dinner or not ?
à He wants to know if / whether we want dinner or not .
He wants to know whether or not we want dinner . ( not if or not )
5_ Indirect Yes_ no questions with reporting verbs other than ask . Many reporting
verbs can be used other than ask , want to know ,…
_ He didn’t tell me if / whether he would be arriving early or late .
_ He didn’t say if / whether she was coming to lunch .
_ I don’t know if / whether I have passed my exam yet .
_ I wonder if / whether they ‘ ve heard the news yet .
INDIRECT question-word QUESTIONS
_ Where are you going ? à He asked me where we were going .
_ When did you give it to John ? à He asked me when I gave it to John.
_ When must I be there ?

à He asked me when he must be / had to be there .
INDIRECT SUBJECT QUESTIONS
_ Who is in charge ?
à He asked me who was in charge .
_ Which film makes these parts ?
à He asked me which film makes / made those parts .
_ What caused the accident ?
à He asked me what caused / had caused the accident .
41
¤ We use the term DIRECT SPEECH to describe the way we represent the
spoken word in writing .
C actual spoken statement : I’m waiting .
C direct statement in writing : “ I’m waiting “ John said .
C actual spoken statement : When did you arrive , John ?
C direct statement in writing :
“ When did you arrive , John ? “ Mary asked .
.

NGUYEN TRAN SANH NHON THANH LOWER SECONDARY SCHOOL NGUYEN TRAN SANH NHON THANH LOWER SECONDARY SCHOOL
Form with reporting verb in the past
Direct speech Reported speech
1_ present
2_ present perfect
3_ past
4_ modal present
past
past perfect
past perfect
conditional / past
&The past / conditional modal doesn’t change in indirect speech .

D: I would complain if I were you.
I : She said she would complain if she were me.
STRUCTURES AND GRAMMAR STRUCTURES AND GRAMMAR

40
2. Compound sentence
The compound sentence is the one which contains two or more main clauses . The main clauses are
always joined in one of three ways .
1_ Two main clauses may be joined by a commas and one of the conjunctions . We
use conjunctions to show :
+ addition ( and ) : The taxi stopped at the bank , and two men got out of it .
+ contrast (but, yet ) : I want to live in the city , but my parents prefer to live in the country
+ choice ( or ) : The letter has been lost , or the postman has delivered it to
the wrong address .
+ result ( so ) : Linda went away , so I left a massage .
+ reason ( for ) : We seldom stay in hotels , for we can’t afford it .
+ continuation ( and then ) : Jack washed the car and then he polished it .
2_ Two main clauses may be joined by a semi-colon .
_ The taxi stopped at the bank ; two men got out of it .
_ I want to live in the city ; my parents prefer to live in the country .
3_ Two main clauses may be joined by a semi-colon and a transition . The transitions
are followed by a commas .
_ I want to live in the city ; however , my parents prefer to live in the country .
# Common transitions :
_ besides , furthermore , further , moreover , also
_ consequently , as a result , therefore
_ however , nevertheless , on the other hand ,
_ finally , next , then
_ instead , meanwhile , accordingly , still
_ otherwise

_ for example , for instance
e.g. : We have no coffee . Would you like tea instead ?
e.g. : Mary may stay at home or she may come late .
3 . Complex sentence
The complex sentence is the one which contains one main / independent clause
and one or more subordinate clause . The main clause can be taken out of the sentence so
that it can stand on its own, but the subordinate clause can’t .
e.g. : The pianist sat down at the piano . He played a melody which he had written recently .
è
When the pianist sat down at the piano , he played a melody which he had written
recently .
Subordinate clauses can be classified under three headings : noun clauses ,
relative clauses and adverbial clauses .
9
3.1 _ Noun clauses
e.g. : He told me about his success . ( noun phrase ) He told me that he had succeeded .
( noun clause )
# A clause which does the same work as the noun is called a noun clause .
3.1.1 _ Noun clauses derived from statements
• subject : 1_ That money doesn’t grow on trees should be obvious.
( Money doesn’t grow on trees . This is obvious)
2_ That everyone got back safely was a great relief .
* empty subject :
1_ It is obvious that money doesn’t grow on trees .
2_ It was a great relief that everyone got back safely.
3_ It is a fact that the world is round.
• direct object :
1_ She told me that she wouldn’t come . 2_ I believed that he will succeed .
3_ Everyone knows that money doesn’t grow on trees. 4_ I noticed that the door was open .

NGUYEN TRAN SANH NHON THANH LOWER SECONDARY SCHOOL NGUYEN TRAN SANH NHON THANH LOWER SECONDARY SCHOOL
Pronoun changes
D: I will send you a card , Sue. ( by Ann )
I : Ann told Sue she ‘d send her a card . ( by someone else )
Ann told me she ‘d send me a card. (by Sue )
I told Sue I ‘d send her a card . ( by Ann )
Direct speech Reported speech
I , me , my
we, us , our
he/ she ,him /her , his/ her
they , them , their
Other changes
Direct speech Reported speech
now
ago
today
tonight
tomorrow
yesterday
last night
this ( time )
here
come
bring
this / these ( determiner )
then
before
that day
that night
the next / following day

the day before
the night before
that
there
go
take
the
STRUCTURES AND GRAMMAR STRUCTURES AND GRAMMAR

• complement :
1_ The result is that she can’t come here .
2_ The problem is that we haven’t a lot of money .
• after adjectives :
1_ I am afraid that we’ve sold out of tickets .
2_ We are worried that she will fail the exam .
3_ I am certain that I posted the letter .
4_ She is glad that you are able to come.
5_ I am sorry that your father died .
6_ The tourists found it strange that no one would ask for tips .
• after nouns :
1_ The news that two planes crashed into two towers in New York came as a terrible shock .
2_ The fact that everyone got back safely was a great relief.
3_ You can’t deny the fact that you received the message .
4_ Her behaviour gave me the idea that I can stay .
5_ The fact that Susan married John surprised me .
3.1.2 _ Noun clauses derived from yes-no questions
e.g. : Do you like her ? è I want to know if / whether you love her .
By putting if / whether in front of it and changing the word order, we
turn it into a subordinate clause.
• subject : Whether you love her is not important .( not if )

• complement after be : The question is whether you love her . ( not if )
• object : I want to know if / whether you love her .
• after a preposition : I am concerned about whether you love her.( not if )
10
DIRECT SPEECH _ INDIRECT SPEECH /
REPORTED SPEECH
¤ You want to tell someone else what Tom said .
There are two ways of doing this.
1_ You can repeat Tom’s words. ( D.S)
Tom said “ I’m feeling ill “
2_ You can use reported speech. ( I .S )
Tom said that he was feeling ill .
NOTE:
1) When we use reported speech , we are usually talking about the past . So
verbs usually change the past in reported speech .
2) It is not always necessary to change the verb when you use reported
speech . If you are reporting something and you feel that it is still true,
you do not need to change the tense of the verb.
D.S : Tom said “ New York is bigger than London “
I .S : Tom said New York is / was bigger than London .
3) MUST, MIGHT, COULD , WOULD, SHOULD, OUGHT TO ,COULD / MUST HAVE
stay the same in reported speech.
4) Tom said to me that he didn’t like Mary .
Tom said that he didn’t like Mary
Tom told me that he didn’t like Mary .
( Tom told us about his trip to America. )
( We can’t say : Tom told about his trip to America . )
The doctor told me to stay in bed for a few days .
( We can say : The doctor said to stay in bed for a few days.)
( We can’t say :The doctor said me to stay in bed for a few days. )

5) Conditional statements:
Type 1 :_ If you pass your test , I will buy you a car ( D )
He said that if I passed my test , he would buy me a car . ( I )
_ If you don't refund the money , I won't have the service again.(D)
I made it clear that if he didn't refund the money , I wouldn't ….
Type 2 : _ If you passed your test , I would buy you a car, ( D )
He said if I passed my test , he would buy me a car . ( I )
Type 3 : _ If you had passed your test , I would have bought you a car . ( D )
He said that if I had passed my test , he would have bought
me a car . ( I )
39
_ Everything is ready , aren’t they ?
_ Somebody will do it , won’t they ?
_ All can’t speak English , can they ?
• When the subject of the statement is this , that ,
nothing we use the pronoun it as subject of the tag :
_ This is expensive , isn’t it ?
_ Nothing is good , is it ?
D. Used to + Tag questions
_ He used to live in London , didn’t he ?
E. Let
+ Tag questions
_ Let’s go to the cinema , shall we ?
_ Let me lend you a hand , shall I ?
F. Imperative + Tag questions :

NGUYEN TRAN SANH NHON THANH LOWER SECONDARY SCHOOL NGUYEN TRAN SANH NHON THANH LOWER SECONDARY SCHOOL
STRUCTURES AND GRAMMAR STRUCTURES AND GRAMMAR

1_ positive imperative + positive tag

_ Turn off the television , will / would / can / could you ?
2 _negative imperative + will you
_ Don’t forget , will you ?
3. negative tag : expressing greater feeling .
_ Keep silent , can’t / won’t you ?
4. Invitation / offer + Tag questions : will / won’t you
_ Sit down , won’t you / will you ?
_ Have a chocolate , won’t you / will you ?
5. In warnings and good wishes , won’t you after a positive imperative
and will you after a negative imperative :
_ Have a nice holiday , won’t you ? _ Don’t forget your key , will you ?
G. Groups of words + Tag questions
_ Nice day , isn’t it ? _ Beautiful girls , aren’t they ?
 expressing annoyance / impatience : will / won’t / can’t you ?
Stop fiddling with that T.V , will / won’t / can’t you ?
 making a request : can / could / would you ?
Post this letter for me , can / could / would you ?
38
3.1.3 _ Noun clauses derived from question word questions
3.2 _ Relative clauses
_ We like the red team . _ We like the team in red .
_ We like the team wearing red. _ We like the team which were wearing red .
11
3.2.1 _Defining clauses
( providing essential information about the subject / object )
_What kind of flower smell sweet ?
_ What kind of flower do you like ?
_The flower which has a white colour smells sweet .
_ I like the flower which has a white colour .
3.2.1.1 _Relative pronouns as subject

_ He is the man who / that lives next door .
_That is the photo which / that shows my house .
_ He is the man whose daughter won the gold medal .
_ I have the chair whose leg is broken .
3.2.1.2 _Relative pronouns as object
_She is the woman who / whom / that I met at the bank yesterday.
_She is the woman who / whom / that I gave some money to
_She is the woman to whom I gave some money .
_This is the photo which / that I took in London last year .
_This is the pan which / that I boiled the milk in .

NGUYEN TRAN SANH NHON THANH LOWER SECONDARY SCHOOL NGUYEN TRAN SANH NHON THANH LOWER SECONDARY SCHOOL
• indirect object :
_You should give whoever answers the phone Mary ’s message .
_She often asks whoever she meets strange
questions .
_You should send it to whoever pays the bills .
• after a preposition :
She agreed with what I suggested .
We had a decision about who should be invited .
She was worried about where you went last night .
It depends on when he did it .
I am interested in when you do it .
The result is different from what I asked .
• complement after be :
The question is where you went last night .
The fact is that what you did .
• subject :
Why he left is a mystery to me .
Where he went last night is a mystery .

What he said was true .
Whoever phoned just now was very polite .
Whatever you want is fine with me .
Whichever date you choose will be convenient for some of us .
What we refer to as taste is really a composite sense made up of both taste and smell .
* object :
She will give what she bought in New York to whoever she likes .
I want to know where you went last night .
I don’t know who lives there .
He asked me what I did last night .
She couldn’t find what he wanted .
I told you who I love .
She showed me how I can make a cake .
Can you tell me when you come ?
We couldn’t decide what we had to do next .
STRUCTURES AND GRAMMAR STRUCTURES AND GRAMMAR

_This is the pan in which I boiled the milk .
_He is the man whose house I bought two months ago .
_This is the house whose walls I painted brown .
_This is the house the walls of which I painted brown .
WHOSE + NOUN with a preposition
_He is the man from whose house the pictures were stolen .
_He is the man whose house the pictures were stolen from.
3.2.2 _Non-defining clauses
Relative clauses with either commas or dashes or brackets are called
non-defining clauses. They provide additional information which can be omitted .
3.2.2.1 _Relative pronouns as subject
_Shakespeare , who was an English playwright , wrote thirty-six plays
_The Thames , which is now clean enough to swim in , was polluted for over a hundred years .

_Mr Pike , whose wife died yesterday , is my teacher.
3.2.2.2 _Relative pronouns as object
_The director of the film “ Yesterday “ , who / whom I met at the party last week , is going to
work in Viet Nam .
_ Two Towers in New York , which the Japanese architect designed , collapsed on September
11
th
2001.
_Mr Smith , whose collection of famous pictures many people like , died last week .
12
TAG QUESTIONS
A. Negative statements + positive tag questions
_ You didn’t see him , did you ?
_ Ann can’t swim , can she ?
_ Tom doesn’t like you , does he ?
B. Positive statements + negative tag questions
_ Peter helped you , didn’t he ?
_ Mary was there , wasn’t she ?
_ I’m late , aren’t I ?
C. Statements with neither , no , none , no one , nobody, nothing ,
scarcely, barely , hardly , hardly ever , seldom , never , little , few
+ positive tag questions
_ No salt is allowed , is it ? _ Nothing was said , was it ?
_ They did nothing , did they ?
_ He could hardly stammer a reply , could he ?
_ He went nowhere else , did he ?
_ There is no one in the house , is there ?
_ It’s no good , is it ?
_ He is by no means , is he ?
_ Very little progress has been made , has it ?

_ There is little water left , is there ?
but : _ A little progress has been made , hasn’t it ?
_ Few people knew the answer , did they ?
but _ A few people knew the answer , didn’t they ?
* When the subject of the statement is anyone , no one ,
nobody , none , neither , everyone, somebody , everything , all
* we use the pronoun they as subject of the tag :
_ I don’t suppose anyone will volunteer , will they ?
_ No one would object , would they ?
_ Neither of them complained , did they ?
_ Everybody is happy , aren’t they ?
37
37_ Active forms with a passive meaning
37.1_ Gerund : The windows need painting .
37.2 _ To-infinitive :
37.2a _ I have these windows to paint .
( subject : agent )
_ These windows have to be painted .
( subject : not the agent )
_There are a lot of windows to paint / to be painted .
( after the subject there )
_There are lots of exciting things to do here .
( no passive infinitive for leisure activities )
37.2.b _ This machine isn’t safe to use .
_ The piano is too heavy to move . ( adjective + to-infinitive )
_The piano is too heavy to be moved by one person .
( to-infinitive before by + agent )
=The piano is too heavy for one person to move .

NGUYEN TRAN SANH NHON THANH LOWER SECONDARY SCHOOL NGUYEN TRAN SANH NHON THANH LOWER SECONDARY SCHOOL

STRUCTURES AND GRAMMAR STRUCTURES AND GRAMMAR


36
3.2.3_Relative clauses of time , place , reason
3.2.3.1 _ Time defining :
_2003 was the year when / that / in which the 22
nd
SEA Games took place in Viet Nam.
_ Time non-defining :
_The summer of 1969 , (the year) when / in which men first set foot on the moon , will never be
forgotten .
3.2.3.2 _ Place defining :
_This is the village where / that / in which I was born .
_This is the village which I was born in .
_ Place non-defining:
_The Tower of London , where / in which so many people lost their lives , is now a tourist attraction .
3.2.3.3 _ Reason defining :
_That is the reason ( for which ) he dislikes me .
_That is ( the reason ) why he dislikes me .
_ Reason non-defining ;
_My success in business , ( the reason ) for which he dislikes me, has been due to hard work .
_My success in business , the reason why he dislikes me , has been due to hard work .
NOTE : that is possible in place of when , where , why but only in defining clauses .
3.2.4 _ Other uses of relative pronouns
3.2.4.1_ that after all , etc and superlatives :
a) that ( not which ) is normally used after words like all , any , anything , everything , a few ,
the only one when they do not refer to people and nobody ( for people )
_All that remains for me to do is to say “ Goodbye”
_Everything that can be done has been done .

_I’ll do anything (that ) I can.
b) who is used after all , any , and a few when they refer to people .
_All ( those ) who wish to apply must do so in writing .
c) that is also common after superlatives. It is optional when it refers to the object .
_This is the most beautiful song that I’ve ever known .
but not optional when it refers to the subject .
_Mozart is the greatest composer that / who ‘s ever lived.
_”War and peace” is the longest book that I’ve ever read.
_Khanh Ly is the best singer that / whom I’ve ever known.
3.2.4.2_ Which in place of a clause.
_Susan married John , which / this / that surprised me.
=(The fact ) that Susan married John surprised me.
3.2.4.3_ There be with relative clauses
_There are many people working in World Trade Towers in New York .
_ There is a car parked outside the bank
_There was a noise that woke me up.
_There ‘s a small matter which we need to discuss.
13
3.2.4.4_ Who , That in cleft sentences
_When a relative clause comes after an expression like It is / was me / I there are
two possibilities .
a) Object form + that ( very informal )
_ It’s me that need your help .
_ It’s was him that told the police.
b) subject form + who ( very formal )
_ It’s I who need your help.
_It’s he who told the police.
3.2.4.5_ Sentences with two meanings
The use or omission of commas round relative clauses can sometimes affect
the meaning .

_ My wife , who is in Paris , will return tomorrow .
_ My wife who is in Paris will return tomorrow .
NOTE: Without commas , this could suggest that
I have another wife who is ( or other wives who

NGUYEN TRAN SANH NHON THANH LOWER SECONDARY SCHOOL NGUYEN TRAN SANH NHON THANH LOWER SECONDARY SCHOOL
STRUCTURES AND GRAMMAR STRUCTURES AND GRAMMAR

are ) somewhere else .
_ My brother who is in Canada is an architect .
3.2.4.6_ but ( relative pronoun )
_ There ‘s nobody but wishes to help you .
= There ‘s nobody that doesn’t wish to help you .
_ There ‘s no man but feels pity for starving children.
= There ‘s no man who doesn’t feel pity for starving children .
3.3 _ Adverbial clauses
_ It always rains in winter . ( adverbial of time )
_ It always rains when winter comes ( adverbial clause of time )
3.3.1 _ Clauses of time
3.3.1.1_ We form an adverbial clause of time with a conjunction when , while , as ,
as soon as , before , by the time , since , until / till , once , no sooner … than ,
immediately , immediately after , just as , every time , the first / last time .
_Mozart could write music when he was only five.
_ Mr Pike phoned me while I was having dinner.
_I’ll come and see you as soon as I ‘ve finished work .
_ Once you ‘ve learnt to swim , you’ll never forget .
_Have some coffee before you go .
14
26b _ I expect people to invite me to the party .
è I expect to be invited to the party .

26c _ He likes his wife to dress carefully .
è He likes his wife to be carefully dressed .
27_He doesn’t want anyone to know that he’s going away .
è He doesn’t want it to be known that he’s going away .
_ He let people know he was about to resign .
è He let it be known he was about to resign .
28_ They didn’t let us speak .
è We weren’t allowed to speak .
29_It is impossible to cut down a lot of the trees on both sides .
è A lot of the trees on both sides can’t be cut down .
30_It is possible to predict what will happen .
è What will happen can be predicted .
31_No one has used this dictionary before .
èThis dictionary hasn’t been used before .
32_ You / One can’t do anything about it .
è Nothing can be done about it .
33_ People used to think the sun traveled round the earth .
è It used to be thought the sun traveled round the earth .
è The sun used to be thought to travel round the earth .
34_We do not allow / permit smoking / people to smoke in the kitchen .
èPeople aren’t allowed / permitted in the kitchen .
èSmoking isn’t allowed / permitted in the kitchen .
35_Police advise drivers to use an alternative route .
è Drivers are advised to use an alternative .
è Drivers are advised that an alternative route should be used .
36_ Smoke filled the my room .
è My room was filled with smoke .
_ Paint covered the lock .
è The lock was covered with paint .
_ Water is covering the field .

è The field is being covered with water .
35
16_ Verb of perception + O + ing-form
_People heard her giving orders . è She was heard giving orders .
17_ Verb of perception + O + bare inf
_People heard her sing a love song . è She was heard to sing a love song.
_We saw him go out . è He was seen to go out .
18_Verb + O + full infinitive
_I told my sister to open the window .
è
My sister was told to open the window .
_I asked him not to do it . è He was asked not to do it .
19_ It + passive verb + to – infinitive
_ The committee agreed to support the idea .
è It was agreed to support the idea .
20_ The agent with verbs of reporting
_ The committee agreed to support the idea .
è It was agreed by the committee to support the idea .
21_ Verb + O + ( to be ) + adjective

NGUYEN TRAN SANH NHON THANH LOWER SECONDARY SCHOOL NGUYEN TRAN SANH NHON THANH LOWER SECONDARY SCHOOL
STRUCTURES AND GRAMMAR STRUCTURES AND GRAMMAR

_ We prove him wrong . è He is proved wrong .
_ They painted the walls brown . è The walls were painted brown .
_ I found the box empty . è The box was found empty .
_The sun keeps us warm . è We are kept warm by the sun .
_We elected him chairman . è He was elected chairman .
22_ Verb + preposition
_Mrs Young looks after our children when we are away .

è
Our children are looked after by Mrs Young when we are away .
23_ Verb + gerund
_At that time , scientists began discovering Pluto and its satellites .
è At that time , Pluto and its satellites began being discovered .
24_Phrasal verb
_A gust of wind blew the tent down . è The tent was blown down by a gust of wind.
_We have done away with the old rules . èThe old rules have been done away with .
25_Preparatory THERE
_People think that there are more than 3,000 different languages in the world .
è
It is thought that there are more than 3,000 different languages in the world .
è
There are thought to be more than 3,000 different languages in the world .
26a _ I hate people laughing at me . è I hate being laughed at .
34
_ Susan changed completely after she got married .
_Many things have happened since I last saw you.
_ Please wait until she comes .
_ I can go whenever I like.
3.3.1.2 _ We can use gerund after before , after
_ I always have a shower after taking exercises
_ Have some coffee before leaving .
3.3.1.3 _ We can use a participle after when , while , once , until
_Take care when crossing the road .
_Mike hurt his hand while playing ping-pong .
_Please wait until told to proceed .
We can use a participle without a conjunction . _ Take care crossing the road .
3.3.1.4 _ When the time clause refers to the future , we normally use the simple present
after as soon as , by the time , after ,immediately , the moment , till / until , when

but will can be used after when in noun clauses .
_ They want to know when we will leave tomorrow morning .
3.3.1. 5 _ By the time + S + present simple , S + future simple
_ The present perfect is often used after once and now that .
_The past simple is often used after since and the present perfect is often used
before since .
_ The past perfect is used with no sooner … than
_ Martin had no sooner sat down than the phone rang .
= No sooner had Martin sat down than the phone rang.
3.3.2 _ Clauses of place
We form an adverbial clause of place with a conjunction where , wherever ,
anywhere , everywhere
_You can go where you like .
_You can’t camp wherever you like these days .
_I can go wherever / anywhere / everywhere I like.
3.3.3 _ Clauses of manner
We can form an adverbial clause of manner with a conjunction as , ( in )the way (that ) , how
/ the way , as if / as though / like
_ Do it in the way that I showed you . _This steak is cooked just how I like it.
_This fish isn’t cooked as I like it . _It looks like it’s going to rain .
_You look as if you ‘ve seen a ghost . _She acted as though she were mad.
Adverbial clauses of manner can also be introduced by the conjunctions as if / as though
after the verbs be , act , appear , behave , feel , look , seem , smell , sound , taste
_ I feel as if I am floating on air . _ It sounds as though it’s raining.
15
3.3.4 _ Clauses of reason
We form an adverbial clause of reason with a conjunction because , as , since,
now ( that ) , seeing ( that )
_He succeeded because he worked hard .
_Since I haven’t much money , I can’t buy a car

_As he worked hard , he succeeded .
_Seeing that it’s raining , you ‘d better stay indoors.
_Now that we’ve finished the course , I have to look for a job .
In comparison with the clause of result : _He worked so hard that he succeeded.
# We can also use the prepositions because of, due to , in view of, on account of, owing to
_ You had better stay indoors because of rain .
# We can use a participle clause. _Working hard , he succeeded .
# due to is usually used after be , due to can be used after a noun .
_His lateness was due to the very heavy traffic
= He was late due to / owing to the very heavy traffic .
_Accidents due to driving at high speech were very common that weekend .

NGUYEN TRAN SANH NHON THANH LOWER SECONDARY SCHOOL NGUYEN TRAN SANH NHON THANH LOWER SECONDARY SCHOOL
STRUCTURES AND GRAMMAR STRUCTURES AND GRAMMAR

3.3.5 _ Clauses of result
We form an adverbial clause of result with a conjunction so…( that ), such …( that )
_ It is so hot that I can’t sleep .
_We were so tired that we went to bed early .
_He ran so quickly that I can’t catch him
_He’s such a fool that he believes anything.
_ He has so many friends that he can’t remember all of their names.
_There was such a lot of rain that we couldn’t go out .
_There was so much to lose that we couldn’t take any risks .
_ Her anger was such that she burst into tears.
_ The damage was such that it would cost too much money to repair .
NOTE : 1) so + adj / adv + as + to inf
too + adj / adv ( + for + noun / pronoun ) + to inf for result
adj / adv + enough + to inf
_She is too young to understand .

_ He ran too quickly for me to catch him .
_We were so fortunate as to be in Paris on Bastille Day .
=We were fortunate enough to be in Paris on Bastille Day.
2) An active participle after the main clause can express result.
_They pumped waste into the river , killing all the fish.
_The film star made a dramatic entrance , attracting everyone’s attention.
16
9_Active sentence with adjunct preceded by a noun
9.1_ Columbus discovered America in 1492.
è America was discovered by Columbus in 1492.
9.2_Someone has stolen the drum in the temple . ( modifies noun )
è The drum in the temple has been stolen .
9.3_Someone found this wallet in the street. ( modifies verb )
è This wallet was found in the street.
10_ Modal verb + bare infinitive
_People can hear the fishing fleet from afar .
è The fishing fleet can be heard from afar .
_ The students must do this exercise in class .
è This exercise must be done by the students in class .
11_ Passive infinitive
_They began to beat wooden drums .
è Wooden drums began to be beaten.
_Our teacher is going to punish those students .
è Those students are going to be punished by our teacher.
_They have to sign these documents .
è These documents have to be signed .
12_ Imperative
_ Write your name on this pieces of paper .
è Let your name be written on this pieces of paper .
_ Don’t let Nam tease you . è Don’t let yourself be teased by Nam .

_He let people cheat him . è He let himself be cheated .
13_ Non–finite clause
_They showed him how to do it . è He was shown how to do it .
_ She told him when to start . è He was told when to start .
14_ Finite clause
_ People treat her as if she were a servant . è She is treated as if she were a servant .
_We warned him that he would be late . è He was warned that he would be late .
15_ Verb + O + ing-form
_She kept me waiting . è I was kept waiting .
_We found him working until midnight . è He was found working until midnight .
33
P
P
ASSIVE VOICE
ASSIVE VOICE
1_Positive sentence
_Shakespeare wrote Hamlet . è Hamlet was written by Shakespeare.
2_Negative sentence
_The police will not easily capture that robber.
è That robber will not be easily captured by the police .
3_ Yes – no question
_ Did your mother make this cake ? è Was this cake made by your mother ?
4_WH question
4.1._Who repaired your bicycle ?
è Who(m) was your bicycle repaired by ?
è By whom was your bicycle repaired ?
4.2._What plays did Shakespeare write ?
è What plays were written by Shakespeare ?
4.3._ Where will they build the road ?

NGUYEN TRAN SANH NHON THANH LOWER SECONDARY SCHOOL NGUYEN TRAN SANH NHON THANH LOWER SECONDARY SCHOOL
STRUCTURES AND GRAMMAR STRUCTURES AND GRAMMAR

è Where will the road be built ?
5_ Active sentence with a conjunction THAT , AFTER , BEFORE , SINCE
_ He told me that his dog bit his child .
è I was told ( by him ) that his dog hit his child
è He told that his child was bitten by his dog .
è I was told (by him ) that his child was bitten by his dog .
6_Active sentence with a relative pronoun (subject)
_The man who beat the dog last week had drawn this picture.
èThis picture had been drawn by the man who beat the dog last week .
èLast week the dog was beaten by the man who had drawn this picture .
èThe man by whom the dog was beaten last week had drawn this picture.
èThe man by whom this picture had been drawn beat the dog last week .
7_ Verb with two objects
_ John gave me an English book .
èI was given an English book by John .
è An English book was given to me by John .
8_ Tag question
_ Your brother found the key , didn’t he ?
èThe key was found by your brother, wasn’t it ?
32
3.3.6 _ Clauses of purpose
We form an adverbial clause of purpose with a conjunction so that , in order that
, in case , lest , for fear ( that )
_You should keep milk in the fridge so that it stays fresh.
_I wrote it in my diary in order that I won’t forget.
_Take an umbrella with you in case it rains .
NOTE : 1) When the verb in the main clause is in the present , present perfect or future , so

that , in order that can be followed by may , can , will .
_ I ‘ve arrived early so that I can meet him .
2) so that , in order that may also be followed by the present
_Let ’s spend a few moments in silence so that we remember what happened last night .
3) When the verb in the main clause is in the past simple , past continuous , past perfect so
that , in order that are followed by should , could , might , would .
4) After so that , in order that , we can use the negative shouldn’t , wouldn’t , mightn’t
but not couldn’t.
5) should , might or the present must be used after in case when there is a future
reference.
_I’m taking a raincoat with me in case I need / should need / might need it .
6) for fear is usually followed by might , but the same idea can be expressed more easily
with in case + past tense
_I bought the car at once for fear that he might change his mind .
= I bought the car at once in case he changed his mind.
7) We can sometimes use to avoid or to prevent rather than a negative clause with so
that
_He kept his shirt on so that he wouldn’t get sun burnt .
= He kept his shirt on to avoid getting sun burnt .
8) When that is used alone may and might are preferred to can and could .
_They died that we might live .
3.3.6.1_ We can use a to-infinitive clause to express purpose . ( = non-finite clause of
purpose )
_I wrote it in my diary so as not to forget . _ She went to the post-office in order to post a letter.
_I come here to talk with you . _Give me something to eat .
_ We need somewhere to past time . _She wants someone to look after .
_In order to become a good singer , you must work hard .
3.3.6.2 + We can use for + noun to express the purpose of an action .
_We went out for some fresh air . _We work hard for success.
+ We can use for + gerund to express the purpose.

_We use a hammer for knocking in nails .
_A saw is a stool for cutting wood.
17
+ We can use to – infinitive ( to / so as to / in order to ) to talk about a
specific need or action .
_We need a saw to cut this wood .
_I got the scale out to weigh the letter .
( not I got the scale out for weighing the letter.)
@ After use there can be either for + gerund or to-infinitive .
_We use a ruler for measuring / to measure things .
= We use a ruler with a view to measuring things.
+ We can use for + S + to inf ( for + noun / pronoun + to inf )
_I stopped aside for her to enter . = I stopped aside so that she might enter .
3.3.7 _Clauses of comparison
_He is as tall as his sister ( is )
_He answers as quickly as his sister ( does ) .
_His sister is taller than he ( is )
_He moves more slowly than his sister ( does ).
_It rains more and more heavily .
_She becomes more and more beautiful .

NGUYEN TRAN SANH NHON THANH LOWER SECONDARY SCHOOL NGUYEN TRAN SANH NHON THANH LOWER SECONDARY SCHOOL
STRUCTURES AND GRAMMAR STRUCTURES AND GRAMMAR

_My father is older and older .
_ These days more and more people are learning English .
_The warmer the weather ( is ) , the better I feel .
_The earlier we leave , the sooner we will arrive .
_ The more expensive the hotel (is ), the better the service ( is ).
_ The more electricity you use , the higher your bill will be .

_ The more you have , the more you want .
_ The sooner the better.
_ The bigger the better.
_The more you practise , the better you get .
_English cars are less expensive than Japanese ones.
_ He doesn’t have so/ as much money as they think
_ I like him more than she ( does ) _I like him more than ( I like )her .
NOTE : half , nothing , like will often combine with as / so
_She didn’t sell half as / so many videos as he thought he would .
just , twice will combine only with as
_You’ve made just as ( not so ) many mistakes as I have .
_The population of Mexico is twice as big as the one of Norway .
18
6_ An adverbial particle in front position
_The bell rang , and the children ran out .
è The bell rang , and out ran the children .
_Another bus came along five minutes later
è Five minutes later along came another bus .
_The first runner , closely followed by the second , came in .
è In came the first runner , closely followed by the second.
but : The bell rang , and out they ran . ( no inversion when the subject is a pronoun )
7_ Exclamations
_ Am I mad ! _How beautiful are the flowers ! ( old fashioned style )
_ He was so good a speaker !
8_ After AS , THAN . SO
_She was very religious , as were most of her friends .
_City dwellers have a higher death than do country people .
_ So ridiculous did she look that everybody burst out laughing .
_ He believed , as did all his family , that I succeeded .
_An earthquake can destroy one part of a city while leaving other parts untouched , as

happened in Mexico in 1986 .
31
_We seldom had any time to ourselves. è Seldom did we have any time to ourselves.
_It’s only hot enough to sit outside in summer .
è Only in summer it’s hot enough to sit outside.
_He won’t do it . è No way will he do it .
_They can’t go there. è No way can they go there.
_I had hardly started work when I felt a pain in my back .
è Hardly had I started work when I felt a pain in my back .
_You shouldn’t sign the document on any account .
è On no account should you sign the document .
_He little realized the danger he faced .
è Little did he realize the danger he faced .
_Jack hadn’t come back to the village since his childhood.
è Not since his childhood had Jack come back to the village .
_She didn’t say a single word .
è Not a single word did she say .
_He had no sooner arrived than he was asked to leave again .
è No sooner had he arrived than he was asked to leave again.
_The papyrus was so old , we didn’t dare to touch it .

NGUYEN TRAN SANH NHON THANH LOWER SECONDARY SCHOOL NGUYEN TRAN SANH NHON THANH LOWER SECONDARY SCHOOL
STRUCTURES AND GRAMMAR STRUCTURES AND GRAMMAR

è So old was the papyrus , we didn’t dare to touch it .
_She looks so intelligent that everyone admires .
è So intelligent does she look that everyone admires .
_World Wars have happened twice within my life .
è Twice within my life have World Wars happened .
but : Not far from here , you can see foxes .

( no inversion with expressions of time / place )
5_ Inversion with SHOULD , WERE , HAD
_If the pictures were genuine ,it would be worth thousands of pounds.
è Were the pictures genuine , it would be worth thousands of pounds.
_If it weren’t for your help , I would still be homeless.
èWere it not for your help , I would still be homeless.
_If you should fall ill , we will pay your hospital expenses .
è Should you fall ill , we will pay your hospital expenses .
_If we should not succeed , the consequences would be disastrous
èShould we not succeed , the consequences would be disastrous.
_If you had taken a taxi , you would have come here on time .
è Had you taken a taxi , you would have come here on time.
_If he hadn’t come late , he would have met her .
è Had he not come late , he would have met her .
30
3.3.8 _Clauses of concession
3.3.8.1_We can introduce contrast with conjunctions like although , though , even though ,
even if , considering ( that ) , for all
_I’m going to buy a computer even though I haven’t got much money .
3.3.8.2 _however + adj / adv
_I want to buy a computer however much it costs .
_However old he is , he can still work .
3.3.8.3 _Adj / adv + as
_Young as she is , she wants to get married .
_Much as I like you , I couldn’t live with you .
_Try as he would / might , he couldn’t open the door .
= However hard he may try , he ………………………………………………….
3.3.8.4 _ No matter whether / what / who / when / how
_They ’ll find him no matter where he is hiding.
_No matter what I did , no one paid any attention .

_No matter how hard I tried , I couldn’t manage it .
_ No matter how much they pay us , it will never compensate us .
_No matter how many cards I sent , I always receive more .
_I never stop no matter who calls me .
_No matter whether you agree or not , I ’ll pay him the price he asks .
_ I never stop no matter whom I meet
_She is always late for class no matter when she gets up .
_That teacher loves every student no matter where they come from.
3.3.8.5 _What / who / when / where / how + ever
_Whatever he tells you , don’t believe a word he says .
_You can travel however you like .
_Whenever I phone Susan , she ‘s never there.
_Whoever comes to the door , tell them I’m out .
_Whatever you do , I’ll always love you .
_Keep calm , whatever happens .
_Wherever you go , you’ll find unhappiness.
_Whoever directed this film , it’s not much good .
_Whoever you marry , make sure he can cook .
_Whichever room you use , make sure you clean it up afterwards .
# We can also use the prepositions : despite , in spite of , regardless of ,
heedless of , for all , with all
19
3.3.9_ Clauses of condition
We form an adverbial clause of condition with a conjunction like if , unless,
if …not , only if , even if , providing ( that ) , provided ( that ) , in case ( that ) ,
as / so long as , suppose / supposing ( that ) , on condition ( that )
Type 1 Conditionals
1a : If + present simple + simple future
_ If it rains heavily , I ‘ll stay at home . _If I have time , I ‘ll help you .
1b : If + present simple + present simple

_If you heat iron , it expands. _Water freezes if the temperature goes below 0
0
C.
NOTE: The present simple is used in the result clause to express a habitual activity or situation(e)
Either the present simple or the simple future is used in the result clause to express
a predictable fact ( f )
( a ) ( b ) the simple future is used in the result clause when the sentence concerns a
particular activity or situation in the future .
1c: If + present simple + modal verbs
_ If she finishes early , she can phone me. _If It ’s fine tomorrow , we can go out
1d: If + should + imperative
_If you ( should ) see him , please give him my regards .

NGUYEN TRAN SANH NHON THANH LOWER SECONDARY SCHOOL NGUYEN TRAN SANH NHON THANH LOWER SECONDARY SCHOOL
STRUCTURES AND GRAMMAR STRUCTURES AND GRAMMAR

=Should you see him , please give him my regards .
NOTE: If + should instead of if + present , makes the condition more doubtful ;
_If he calls , tell him I ‘ll ring back. ( normal Type 1 )
_If he should call , tell him I ‘ll ring back .
The main clause is not necessarily always an imperative .
_If I should see him , I’ll ask him to ring you. = Should I see him , I’ll ask him to ring you .
If + should + imperative in the main clause is used especially when we want to
make polite requests or suggestions or to tell people what to do .
_If you should write to her , send her my love .
Imperatives can also be used in ordinary Type 1 :
_Cancel the match if it rains heavily . _ If you drink , don’t drive .
1e: Imperative + conjunction + main clause
Request : Stop shouting or you ’ll wake up the baby .
Threat : Stop eating sweets , or you won’t get any dinner.

Comment : Provide the materials and we’ll do the job .
Advice : Take a taxi , otherwise you’ll miss your train.
Request : Tell us what to do and we’ll get on with it .
NOTE: The difference between imperative + or and imperative + and in threat .
_Drop the gun , or I ‘ll shoot you ( If you don’t drop it )
_Drop that parcel , and I ‘ll kill you . ( if you drop it )
20
INVERSION
1_ An adverbial in front position
Time : For a week after this , life was like a restless dream .
Truth : Presumably , she had been changed on to a later shift.
Linking : The path was stony . Despite that we made good progress.
Comment : The car was a complete wreck . Incredibly , no one was hurt
Place : It was warm and comfortable in the little cottage . Outside , it was getting dark .
Manner : Slowly the sun sank into the Pacific .
Frequency : Everyone shops at the big supermarket now . Quite often , the little is empty for
half an hour at a time .
2_ An object or complement in front position
2.1.a._ Dogs I love , but cats I can’t stand .
2.1.b _ Jackson deals with the post every morning . The routine letters he answers himself .
The rest he passes onto the boss.
2.2.a _ They enjoyed the holiday . Best of all was the constant sunshine .
2.2.b _ The scheme has many good points . An advantage is the low cost .
3_ Inversion after an adverbial
1_Outside the house was a furniture van . 2_On the table lay a newspaper .
3_ Here is an announcement . 4_ There he goes .
5_Here they are .( When the subject is a pronoun , there is no inversion )
4_ Subject _ auxiliary inversion
4.1 _ In additions with so and neither / nor
_I saw the man and so did Paul .

_Barbara can’t drive and neither can her husband .
4.2. _ After a negative phrase in front position ( no , never , neither , nor , seldom , rarely ,
hardly , only )
_The company did not break the law at any time .
è At no time did the company break the law .
_You should not travel alone under any circumstances
è U nder no circumstances , should you travel alone .
_I have never seen such extraordinary behaviour in my life .
è N ever in my life , have I seen such extraordinary behaviour.
_She had scarcely entered the room when the phone rang .
è S carcely had she entered the room when the phone rang .
_There wasn’t any electricity either .
è Nor was there any electricity .
29
Joining two or more SUBJECTS
1_The boss and his secretary are flying to London .
2_Both the boss and his secretary are flying to London .
3_The boss , but not his secretary , is flying to London .
4_Susan and Mary go sailing at weekends .
5a_Either the boss or his secretary is flying to London .
5b_ Either my sister or her neighbours are looking for after the dog.
6a_ Neither the boss nor his secretary is flying to London .
6b_Neither Jack nor his parents enjoy playing badminton .
7a_Fish and chips is a popular meal in Britain .
7b_ Bread and butter is my favourite meal .
8a_ Fish and chips make a good meal .
8b_Wheat and maize are exported .
9_The Rose and Crow is that old pub by the river .
10_The house between the two bungalows is empty .
11a_George , together with some of his friends , is buying a race-horse.

NGUYEN TRAN SANH NHON THANH LOWER SECONDARY SCHOOL NGUYEN TRAN SANH NHON THANH LOWER SECONDARY SCHOOL
STRUCTURES AND GRAMMAR STRUCTURES AND GRAMMAR

11b_Susan , as well as Mary , likes learning Chinese .
12_Opening presents is exciting .
13a_Not only George but also his friends enjoy football .
13b_ Not only George but also Jack enjoys football .
14_A great attraction ( complement )are the antique shops ( subject ) in
the old part of the town .
Reference to THE ONE …THE OTHER ,
THE FIRST …THE SECOND , THE FORMER …THE LATTER
e.g. : You shouldn’t get Botticelli and Boccherimi mixed up . The one is a painter
and the other is a composer .
(= The first is a painter and the second is a composer .
= The former is a painter and the latter is a composer . )
e.g. : Beans and peas are good value . The former / The latter are cheap .
( The former and the latter can have a plural verb )
INDEFINITE PRONOUNS (someone , anyone ,no one ,everyone )
_Everyone knows what they have to do , don’t they ?
_Everyone knows what he has to do ,doesn’t he ? (traditional rule )
28
Type 2 Conditionals
2a: If + past tense / could + would / should
_If I had lots of money , I would travel round the world .
( I can’t travel round the world because I haven’t a lot of money .)
_If Phil lived nearer his mother , he would visit her more often .
_I’d tell you the answer if I knew what it was .
_If you went by train , you would get there earlier .
# Giving advice

_If I were you , I ‘d accept her invitation .
= Why don’t you accept her invitation ?
= I advise you to accept her invitation .
= You should accept her invitation .
# Explaining why something has / hasn’t happened .
_If it weren’t for your help , I would still be homeless.
= Were it not for your help , I would still be homeless.
= If it were not for the fact that you helped me , I would still be homeless.
= Were it not for the fact that you helped me I would still be homeless.
2b: If + past + modal verb
_If he knew / could get the facts , he could / might tell us what to do .
_If he were here , he could help us ( ability )
_If he were here , he might help us . ( possibility )
Type 3 Conditionals
3a: If + past perfect + would / should have done
_If it had rained , we would have stayed at home .
_If I ‘d left sooner , I would have been on time .
# If I had been you … _If I had been you , I ‘ d have accepted her invitation .
# If it hadn’t been for … _If it hadn’t been for the rain , we would have had a good harvest .
3b: if + past perfect + modal verbs
_If he had known / could have got the facts , he could / might have told us what to do .
_If he had been here yesterday , he could have helped us .
OTHER USES OF IF AND SIMILAR CONJUNCTIONS
1 When if …not and unless are interchangeable :
_If you don’t change your mind , I won’t be able to help you .
=Unless you change your mind , I won’t be able to help you .
21
2 When an unreal condition comes before the main clause , we can not use unless
_The horse fell . If it hadn’t fallen , it would have won the race .
but we can use unless after the main clause , as an afterthought .

_The horse won easily . No one could have overtaken it , unless it had fallen .
We don’t use unless when we talk about a feeling which would result from something
not happening .
_Alice will be upset if you don’t come to the party .
_I shall be very surprised if it doesn’t rain .
3 in case and if
_I ‘ll draw some money out of the bank if I need it = I ‘ll draw it out at the time when I need it .
_ I ‘ll draw some money out of the bank in case I need it .
= I ‘ll draw it out because if I might need it later .
4 unless and or
_Go away or I ‘ll scream . = Unless you go away , I ‘ll scream .
_ Touch me and I ‘ll scream . = If you touch me , I ‘ll scream .

NGUYEN TRAN SANH NHON THANH LOWER SECONDARY SCHOOL NGUYEN TRAN SANH NHON THANH LOWER SECONDARY SCHOOL
STRUCTURES AND GRAMMAR STRUCTURES AND GRAMMAR

IMPLIED CONDITIONALS
µ Type 1 : _ With luck , we ‘ll be there by tomorrow . (= If we are lucky , …. )
_Given time , they ‘ll probably agree . (=If we give them time , … )
µ Type 2 :
_To hear him talk , you ‘d think he was Prime Minister .
( = If you could hear him talk , … )
_I would write to her , but I don’t know her address . ( = If I knew her address , … )
_But for his pension , he would save . ( = If he didn’t have his pension, … )
µ Type 3 :
_We ’ d ‘ve been on time except for / but for the new . ( = if not )
_Without your help , I couldn’t have done it . ( = If you hadn’t helped )
_In different circumstances , I would have said yes .(= If circumstances had been different … )
IF with meanings other than PROVIDED THAT
1_ If = when :

_ If it rains heavily , our river floods. _If you boil water , it turns / will turn into steam .
2_ If = although : _ I ‘ll finish this report if it kills me .
3_ As if : in exclamations : _ As if I care whether she’s offended .(=I don’t care )
_As if it matters . (=It doesn’t matter )
4_ If =whether : _He wants to know if he can stay to dinner.
22
_Her offspring is like her in every aspect . ( one child )
_The youth of today is / are better than we used to be .
_ Her offspring are like her in every aspect . ( more than one )
NOTE : _ Youth is the time for action ; age is the time for repose .
COLLECTIVE NOUNS + plural verb
_Some people are from Canada .
_The police have surrounded the building .
_The cattle are in the streets in New Deli
_The Chinese have an interesting history .
_The poor have many problems .
_The dead are not forgotten .
but : Chinese is her native language .
NOUNS with plural forms + singular verb
_The news is interesting .
_The United States is big .
_The Philippines consists of more than 7,000 islands.
_Sears is a department store .
_Mathematics is easy for her .
_Billiards is becoming more and more popular .
but : a plural verb is sometimes possible . ( only illnesses )
_Mumps is / are fairly rare in adults .
Some plural form nouns can be regarded as a singular unit ( + verb in the
singular ) or collective ( + verb in the plural )
_This species of rose is very rare .

_There are thousands of species of butterflies .
_All means have been used to get him to change his mind .
_One means is still to be tried.
NUMBERS and their plurals
1_ Dozen(s) , hundred(s) , thousand(s)
_Hundreds of people are going to the demonstration .
2_A whole amount + singular verb
duration : Three weeks is a long time to wait for an answer .
 money : Two hundred pounds is a lot to spend on a dress.
 distance : Forty miles is a long way to walk in a day .
27
16_No pupils have failed the test .
17_I don’t know if either of these batteries is /are any good .
18_ Neither of them is / are happy.
19_Neither restaurant is expensive .
20_Both restaurants are very good.
NOTE : After none of, neither of, either of, any of + plural noun takes
either a singular or plural verb .
21_The number of students in the class is fifteen .
22_A number of students were late for class.
23_A large amount of money was collected .
24_ Large amounts of money were collected .
25_Three quarters of a potato is water .
26_Almost half the plants were killed.
27_Which of these shoes goes best with my trousers ? _This one , I think .
28_ Which of these shoes go best with my trousers ? _ These ones , I think .
29_Half of his students don’t understand a word he says.
30_Most of us have experimented sorrow in our lives.
31_Most of our steel is imported .

NGUYEN TRAN SANH NHON THANH LOWER SECONDARY SCHOOL NGUYEN TRAN SANH NHON THANH LOWER SECONDARY SCHOOL
STRUCTURES AND GRAMMAR STRUCTURES AND GRAMMAR

32_Many of the tourists are from Japan .
THERE BE
1_There is a book on the shelf .
2_There are some books on the shelf.
3_There’s lots of cars on the roads these days .
4_There’s a man and a dog in our garden . ( 3,4 : informal )
NOUNS with the same singular and plural forms
( deer , grouse , mackerel , plaice , salmon , sheep , trout ,craft )
_ This sheep is from Australia . _These sheep are from Australia .
_The craft was sunk . _You ‘ll see kinds of fishes in the fish market .
_All the craft were sunk . _ Arts and crafts are part of the curriculum .
_He is a Vietnamese . _The Vietnamese are noted for their crockery.
_My goldfish has died . ( one ) _ My goldfish have died . ( more than one )
COLLECTIVE NOUNS + singular or plural verb
# Collective nouns having plural forms ( audience , class, club , company , crowd ,
family , government , group , staff , team , union , crew ) + singular / plural verb
_Arsenal is / are playing away on Saturday .
# Collective nouns not having plural forms :
_Give the public what it wants / they want .
26
3.4 _Participle clauses
3.4.1_ Structures :
_There’s a woman crying her eyes out over there .
_Most of the people invited to the reception were old friends.
_Not knowing what to do , I telephone the police .
_Served with milk and sugar , it makes a delicious breakfast.
COMPARE :

 Simple sentence : I found the front door locked and I went round the back.
 Complex sentence : When I found the front door locked , I went round the back.
 Participle clause : Finding the front door locked , I went round the back.
 Simple sentence : You want to order a vehicle . You have to pay a deposit .
 Complex sentence : If You want to order a vehicle , you have to pay a deposit .
 Infinitive clause : To order a vehicle , you have to pay a deposit .
 Participle clause : When ordering a vehicle , you have to pay a deposit .
 Complex sentence : The man who is serving at the counter is helpful .
 Participle clause : The man serving at the counter is helpful .
3.4.2_ After nouns , reduced relative clauses
_In came the first runner , closely followed by the second .
_Half of the people invited to the party didn’t turn up .
_I found him sitting at a table covered with papers .
_The woman looking after you is my mother.
3.4.3 _ Adverbial clauses
_Putting down my newspaper , I walked over to the window.
_It rained for two weeks on end , completely running our holiday.
_Cut above the right eye , the boxer was unable to continue.
_Having waited an hour , the crowd were getting impatient.
_Not wishing to continue my studies , I decided to become a dress designer .
_Knowing her pretty well , I realized something wrong .
3.4.4 _Subjects ; misrelated participles
_My wife had a long talk with sally , explaining why she didn’t want the children to play together .
( correct )
_Looking out of the window of our hotel room , there was a wonderful range of mountains .
( incorrect )
3.4.5 _Participle clauses with their own subjects
_Nobody having any more to stay , the meeting was closed.
_All the money having been spent , we started looking for work .
_Hands help high , the dancers circle to the right.

_The lights having gone out , we couldn’t see anything.
23
IRREGULAR: _A car roared past with smoke pouring from the exhaust .
_With Peter working in London , and Lucy traveling most of the week , the
house seems pretty empty.
3.4.6 _ Participle clauses after conjunctions and prepositions
_After talking to you , I always feel better .
_After having annoyed everybody , he went home.
_Depress clutch before changing gear .
_She’s been quite different since coming back from America.
_When telephoning from abroad , dial 865, not 0865.
_Once deprived of oxygen , the brain died.
_Leave it oven until cooked to a light brown colour.
_Once being introduced , British people often shake hands .
_They left without saying goodbye.
_She struck me as being a very nervy kind of person .
_Let’s listen to music instead of watching T.V.
_By making mistakes , we all learn something.
3.4.7 _Object complement
_I saw a small girl standing in the gold fish pond .
_Have you ever heard a nightingale singing.
_I found her drinking my whisky .

NGUYEN TRAN SANH NHON THANH LOWER SECONDARY SCHOOL NGUYEN TRAN SANH NHON THANH LOWER SECONDARY SCHOOL
STRUCTURES AND GRAMMAR STRUCTURES AND GRAMMAR

_We ‘ll have to get the car repaired before Tuesday.
_We ‘ll soon have you walking again .
_I saw someone stealing your bike.
USE OF Participle clauses

# Time : _Walking along the street , I saw an accident .
_Having finished my work , I went home.
_Viewed from the distance , the island of Nepenthe looked like a cloud
_I’ve spent an hour looking for that letter.
# Reason : _The restaurant having closed , there was nowhere to eat .
_Not feeling very well , Susan described to lie down.
_Having lost my passport , I have to apply for a new one .
_Being rather busy , I completely forgot the time.
_My friend , having been invited by someone else , couldn’t come to my party.
_He died at thirty , struck by a rare disease.
# Result : _They pumped waste into the river , killing the fish .
_ The film star made a dramatic entrance , attracting everyone’s attention .
# Conditions : _All being well , we should be home about six .
24
_We plan to eat outside , weather permitting.
_Taken daily , vitamin pills can improve your health .
# Manner : _You can leave a message , by pressing SPLASH key .
# Concession or contrast : _ Admitting he is right , I don’t like it .
_ Built in the 11
th
century , the church looks modern .
_Loving Jack , I couldn’t live with him .
AGREEMENT
BASIC SUBJECT _VERB AGREEMENT
1_My friend lives in London .
2_My friends live in London .
3_That book on political parties is interesting.
4_The ideas in that book are interesting.
5_My brother and sister live in London .
6_Every man , woman and child needs love .

7a_Each book and magazine is listed in the card catalogue .
7b_The pupils each have to take a test .
8_Growing flowers is her hobby.
9_Many pop stars have been ruined by drug.
10_Many a pop star has been ruined by drug .
SUBJECT _VERB AGREEMENT: using EXPRESSIONS OF QUANTITY
1_Some of the book is good .
2_Some of the books are good .
3_A lot of the equipment is new .
4_A lot of my friends are here .
5_A lot of rice is exported .
6_A lot of people are waiting for the train.
7_Two-thirds of the money is mine.
8_Two-thirds of the pennies are mine .
9_One of my friends is here .
10_Each of my friends is here.
11_Every one of my friends is here.
12_None of the boys is here. ( formal )
13_None of the boys are here. (informal )
14_ None of the pupils has/have failed the test .
15_No pupil has failed the test .
25

NGUYEN TRAN SANH NHON THANH LOWER SECONDARY SCHOOL NGUYEN TRAN SANH NHON THANH LOWER SECONDARY SCHOOL