NGỮ PHÁP TIẾNG ANH THPT

Ngữ pháp cơ bản
1. Simple present:
a) Động từ thường:
I, you, we, they → do
He, she, it → does
Ex: The sun rises in the east
She doesn’t cook every day.
Do they often visit their aunt?
b) Động từ “To BE” :
I → am
He, she, it → is
You, we, they → are

Ex: English is the international language.
She isn’t at home now.
Where are you from?
Dùng để diễn đạt:
 thói quen hiện tại
 câu phát biểu tổng quát, sự thật hiển nhiên, chân lý
 cảm giác trạng thái ở hiện tại
Các trạng từ thời gian đi với thì hiện tại đơn:
Các động từ chỉ trạng thái cảm giác, cảm xúc, giác quan, sở hữu :
1
KĐ: S + V
1
(s /es)
PĐ: S + do / does + not
+
V
1
NV: Do / Does +

KĐ: S + am / is /are + adj ….
PĐ: S + am /is / are + not + adj
…
NV: Am / is / are + S + adj …?
- every (day/ week / month/ year)
- always (luôn luôn)
- usually ( thường xuyên)
- often (thường)
- sometimes = occasionally = at times (thỉnh thoảng)
- seldom (ít khi)
- rarely (hiếm khi)
- normally (thông thường)
- never (không bao giờ)
- all the time (luôn luôn) = at all times
Ngữ pháp cơ bản
Ex: I think you are right. (but: I’m thinking of this exercise)
Your hands feel cold. (but: I’m feeling cold)
At present he has three cars.
2. Present continuous:
Ex: She is studying English now.
They aren’t singing at present.
What are you doing now?
Dùng để diễn đạt:
 Hành động diễn ra ở hiện tại.
 Dự đònh trong tương lai.
Các trạng từ thời gian đi với thì HTTD
Ex: They are visiting their aunt next month.
3. Simple past:
a) Động từ thường:

Ex: Columbus discovered South America in 1492.
We saw him yesterday.
The boy used to play football.

b) Động từ “To be”
2
KĐ: S + am / is / are + Ving …
PĐ: S + am / is / are + not + Ving …
NV: Am / Is ? Are + S + Ving …?
- now : bây giờ
- right now : ngay bây giờ
- at present : hiện tại
- at the moment : ngay lúc này
- this week / month / year : tuần / tháng / năm này
- these days : những ngày này
KĐ: S + V
2
…
PĐ: S + did not + V
1
…
NV: Did + S + V
1
…?
KĐ: S + was/ were + adj
PĐ: S + was/ were + adj
NV: Was/ Were + S + adj…?
feel * (cảm thấy) - seem ( dường như) - look * (trông có vẻ)
be (thì là ở) - think * (nghó là) - have (có) = possess (sở hữu) = own
know (biết) - understand ( hiểu) - forget (quên)

remember (nhớ) - like (thích) - hate (ghét)
Ngữ pháp cơ bản
Ex: It was hot yesterday.
They were on business last week.
Cách dùng:
 hành độâng xảy ra ở thời gian rõ ràng trong quá khứ.
 Thói quen trong quá khứ.
Các trạng từ đi với thì QKĐ:
4. Past continuous:
Ex: She was cooking at 6 pm yesterday.
Cách dùng:
 Hành động xảy ra tại thời điểm trong qúa khứ (thường có 2 yếu tố thời gian)
Các trạng từ đi với thì QKĐ:
Liên từ đi với thì QTĐ: when / while
Ex: My aunt came when we were having dinner yesterday.
They were watching TV while their mother was cooking in the kitchen.
5. Simple future:
Ex: We will go to the zoo tomorrow.
He won’t do that again.
Will he come back in 2010?
Cách dùng:
 hành động sẽ làm trong tương lai.
 Lời hứa, sự quyết tâm, lời yêu cầu lòch sự, sự mong mỏi.
3
- Yesterday : hôm qua
- last week / month / year : tuần / tháng / năm trước
- Two weeks ago : 2 tuần cách nay
- In 1995 : năm 1995
KĐ: S + was /were + Ving …
PĐ: S + was / were + not + Ving …

NV: Was / Were + S + Ving … ?
KĐ: S + will / shall + V
0
PĐ: S + will / shall + not + V
0

NV: Will / Shall + S + V
0
?
- at 8 o’clock yesterday : vào lúc tám giờ hôm qua
- this time last year : giờ này năm trước
Ngữ pháp cơ bản
Các trạng từ đi với thì TLĐ:
Các liên từ đi với thì tương lai:
o TLĐ as soon as HTĐ / HTHT
o TLĐ until HTĐ / HTHT
6. Future continuous
Ex: My mother will be going to market at 9 o’clock tomorrow.
Cách dùng:
- hành độâng diễn ra tại 1 thời điểm trong tương lai.
- hành động sẽ xảy ra trong tương lai theo như lệ thường.
Các trạng từ đi với thì TLTD:
Ex: This time tomorrow we shall be swimming at the beach.
He will be studying English tomorrow morning.
7. Present Perfect:
Ex: Ms Mai has already finished the work.
We haven’t seen him recently.
Have you ever been to Canada?
Cách dùng:
 hành động xảy ra trong quá khứ và kéo dài đến hiện tại; và có thể tiếp diễn đến tương lai.

 Hành động đã xảy ra trong quá khứ nhưng không rõ thời gian.
 Hành động vừa mới xảy ra.
Các trạng từ và giới từ đi với thì HTHT:
4
KĐ: S + will / shall + be + Ving
PĐ: S + will / shall + not + be +
Ving
NV: Will / Shall + S + be + Ving ?
- tomorrow : ngày mai
- next week / month / year : tuần / tháng / năm tới
- this time next year
- at 8 o’clock tomorrow
KĐ : S + has/have + V
3
PĐ : S + has/have + not + V
3

NV : Has/Have + S + V
3
?
- recently = lately : gần đây
- already :đã
- just : vừa mới
- until now = up to now = up to the present = so far: cho đến nay
- (not) … yet : chưa
- never : chưa bao giờ
- ever : đã từng
- before : trước (đây)
Ngữ pháp cơ bản
8. Present perfect continuous :

Ex: I have been waiting for you for nearly an hour.
Giống như thì HTHT nhưng nhấn mạnh tính liên tục.
9. Past Perfect:
Ex: We had finished school before 1990.
They had studied English before they began to go to work.
Cách dùng:
 1 hành đông chấm dứt trước 1 hành động khác trong quá khứ.
 Hành động chấm dứt trước 1 thới diểm trong quá khứ.
Các từ đi với thì QKHT:
o QKHT + before + QKĐ
o QKĐ + after + QKHT
o QKĐ + as soon as + QKĐ/ QKHT
o QKĐ + until + QKĐ/ QKHT
Ex: He got a job after he had finished high school.
10. Past perfect continuous :

 Giống như thì QKHT nhưng nhấn mạnh tính liên tục.
Ex: The teacher had been teaching for 10 years before you entered this school.
11. Future perfect :
5
KĐ : S + has/have + been + ving
PĐ : S + has/have not + been + ving
NV : Has/Have + S + been + ving ?
KĐ : S + had + V
3

PĐ : S + had not + V
3
NV : Had + S + V

3
?
KĐ : S + had + been + Ving
PĐ : S + had not + been + Ving
NV : Had + S + been + Ving ?
Ngữ pháp cơ bản
Ex: He will have come back by the end of this month.
Cách dùng:
 hành động xảy ra trước hành động khác trong tương lai.
Các từ đi với thì TLHT:
- TLHT + by the time / before + HTĐ
Ex: The boy will have finished his homework by tomorrow.
My mother will have cooked dinner by the time we come back.
12. Future perfect continuous :
Ex: They will have been living in this city for 10 years by next December.
 Giống như thì TLHT nhưng nhấn mạnh tính liên tục.
13. Các biểu đồ sau diễn đạt thì nào:
14. Những cấu trúc cần ghi nhớ trong chia thì:
A. 3 nguyên tắc vàng:
1. Will / Shall + V
0
2. Be + V
3
/ Ving
6
KĐ : S + shall/will + have + V
3
PĐ : S + shall/will not + have + V
3
NV : Shall/Will + S + have + V

3
?
KĐ : S + shall/will + have been + Ving
PĐ : S + shall/will not + have been +
Ving
NV : Shall/Will + S + have been + Ving ?
1. b1. a
X X X X X X X
X X X
6. b6. a
X
X
3. a 3. b
X
4. b
X
4. a
X
5. a
X X X
5. b
X
2. b2. a
X
Ngữ pháp cơ bản
3. Have + V
3
- Sau “will” cho dù là thì nào ở dạng nào, thì vẫn là V
0
:

Thí dụ : They will take me to the beach tomorrow.
I will be taken to the beach tomorrow.
She will have finished her project by the end of this month.
- Sau “be” không thể có V
1
, hoặc V
2

- Sau “have” không thể có V
1
, hoặc V
2

B. 4 thì cần ghi nhớ: Đó là: Thì hiện tại đơn, quá khứ đơn, hiện tại hoàn thành, hiện tại hoàn thành
tiếp diễn.
Từ 4 thì này ta có thể suy ra các thì khác theo biểu đồ sau (kết hợp với 3 nguyên tắc vàng)

II. Dùng biểu đồ để diễn đạt cách dùng của các thì:

Thí dụ: - I often watch television at night.
- I have studied English for eight years.
- I will go to university next year.
7
V1 (s/es)
am /is / are +
Ving
Have/ has + been
Ving
Have / has +
V3

+
Ving
+ been
Ving
+
V3
will + will + will + will +
1. 2. 3. 4.
X X X X X X X
X
X
9. 10. 11. 12.
X
X
X X
X X
5. 6. 7. 8.
X
X
X X
X
X
Ngữ pháp cơ bản
- I will have left my high school by June.
II. Các quy tắc:
1. Thêm s / es:
a) thêm es : các động từ kết thúc có âm gió: ch, x, z , sh và phụ âm + y / o
Ex: washes, glasses, watches, fizzes,
studies, goes
b) thêm s: các động từ còn lại:

Ex: works, sees, hears, sings, pays
→ The spell: ____________________________________________________________
2. Thêm ing:
a) động từ kết thúc là: phụ âm + e (câm): → bỏ e
Ex: hate → hating, come → coming, change → changing
b) động từ 1 âm tiết kết thúc là: 1 nguyên âm + 1 phụ âm → gấp đôi phụ âm
Ex: sit → sitting, run → running sip → sipping
c) động từ 2 âm tiết, trọng âm ở vần 2 kết thúc là: 1 nguyên âm + 1 phụ âm → gấp đôi phụ âm
Ex: begin → beginning prefer → preferring
d) động từ còn lại: chỉ thêm ing
Ex: meeting, missing, playing, talking, going
c. Qui tắc đọc ‘ed’:
- Các âm: k, p, tS, s, S, (x), f + ed → / t /
- Các âm: t, d + ed → / id /
- Các âm còn lại: m, v, n, a, o, …. + ed → / d /
Ex: washed, stops, laughed, cooked
wanted, needed, hated
climbed, harmed, named, called, tried, played
d. Qui tắc đọc ‘s’:
- Các âm: p, k, t, f , H + s /s/
- Các âm còn lại : + s /z/
Ex: stops, cooks, laughs, months, hats, hates,
learns, lives, plays, needs
e. Đặc biệt: Các âm gió: S, s, tS, z, Z, dZ + s/ es → / iz/
Ex: washes, taxes; watches; changes; ranges
8
Ngữ pháp cơ bản
I. SINGULAR SUBJECT:
Singular subject
Examples

1
Indefinite pronouns: (đại từ bất đònh)
- anybody (any one), anything, anything, nobody (no
one), nothing, everybody (everyone), everything.
- Something is under the armchair.
- Everyone wants to go home early.
2
Uncount nouns: Các chất rắn, chất lỏng, chất khí,
danh từ trừu tượng …
- water, coffee, tea, milk, oil, soup, gasoline, …
- ice, butter, bread, cheese, meat, gold, glass, ….
- steam, smoke, air, oxygen, smog, nitrogen, ….
- rice, chalk, dust, flour, grass, salt, sand, sugar, …
- happiness, pollution, love, health, patience, …
- work, homework, advice, information, time, ….
3
Subjects, sport, languages, natural phenomena,
nations, diseases: (Môn học, thể thao, ngôn ngữ,
các hiện tượng tư nhiên, tên các quốc gia bệnh)
- mathematics, linguistics, statistics, physics, …….
- swimming, gymnastics, athletics, tennis, football,
- Chinese, English, Spanish, German, …
- weather, fog, snow, sunlight, smog, lightning, …
- Mathematics is a basic tool.
- Many people take up gymnastics
because it is good exercise.
- English is an international language.
- The fog was very thick.
4
Số đo lường, lượng tiền, thời gian:

-
- Ten kilometres is a long distance to
walk.
- Two million dollars is a large sum of
money.
- Eight hours of sleep is enough for me.
5
Who/ what làm chủ ngữ:
- Who uses English?
- What has happened to you?
6
That + Clause làm chủ ngữ:
“ Wh” + clause làm chủ ngữ:
- That he is naughty makes his father
sad.
- What he says is unreliable.
7
Some determiners: (Một số đònh từ )
- Each, every, one of,
- A little, little, much, a great deal of, a large
amount of, …
- Either , Neither,
- Each student has a pencil.
- There is a little wine in the bottle.
- They gave a great deal of thought to
their future job.
- Neither student does homework.
- Neither of the students is well
prepared.
8

The + N and + N: một người kiêm 2 chức vụ: - The assistant and secretary is very
busy now.
9
Hỗn hợp:
- bread and butter: bánh mì bơ
- The horse and carriage : xe ngựa
- Bread and butter is my favourite food.
- The horse and carriage is coming
round the corner.
II. PLURAL SUBJECT:
9
Ngữ pháp cơ bản

Plural subject
Examples
1
The + adj :
- The rich, the poor, the disabled, the blind,
- The British, the Vietnamese, the Japanese, ……
- The poor need our help.
- The Vietnamese are very brave.
2
Danh từ luôn ở dạng số nhiều:
- police, cattle, goods, clothes, belongings, wares,
- The police are looking for the missing
child.
3
Some determiners: (một số đònh từ)
- both, many, a few, few, a number of, several, a
great many, a good many, the majority…

III. Các dạng hoà hợp chủ từ và đông từ:

1
Hoà hợp với danh từ sau:
Either ………… or …………… + V ……
Neither ……… nor …………… + V …….
Not only ……… but also …… + V ……
- Either I or John is going to do the
housework.
- Not only the boy but also his friends
like to play football.
2
Hoà hợp với danh từ trước:
- N
1
+ along with + N
2
+ V …
as well as
not
- Miss Hang, along with her friends,
wants to meet the boss.
- Nam, not Tam, has just come.
IV. Dạng danh từ số nhiều có qui tắc và bất qui tắc:

NOUNS Examples
1 Danh từ số nhiều có qui tắc: (thêm s/es)
- Danh từ kết thúc với: (phụ âm) + y / o , ch, s, x, z,
sh → thêm: es
- Danh từ số nhiều có qui tắc còn lại: → thêm “s”

- potato → potatoes , study → studies
- watch → watches, fox → foxes
- pupil → pupils display → displays
- language → languages
2
Danh từ số nhiều bất qui tắc:
- oo → ee
- a → e
- um → a
- us → i
Danh từ số nhiều và số ít không thay đổi:
Sheep : con cừu
Deer: con nai
- tooth → teeth goose → geese
- man → men woman → women
- bacterium → bacteria
- radius → radii (=radiuses)
10
Ngữ pháp cơ bản
Fish: con cá (fishes: các loài cá)
Series: loạt, tập truyện nhiều kỳ
Offspring: (chim, thú) con
11
Ngữ pháp cơ bản
I. PRESENT AND FUTURE:
CONNECT-
ORS
USAGE TENSES EXAMPLES
1
when

- Thói quen ở hiện
tại
S. Present + when + S. Present

- She usually listens to music
when she is stressed.
- Hđ nối tiếp,
S. Future + when + S. Present
- They will send me a postcard
when they arrive in Paris.
- Nhấn mạnh hđ sau
when
S. Future + when + Pr. Perfect
- We will go when we have done
our homework.
2

until
- Hđ sẽ làm cho đến
khi hđ sau xảy ra
S. Future + until + S. Present
- We will wait until he comes.
- Nhấn mạnh mệnh
đề với until đã hoàn
tất.
S. Future + until + Pr. Perfect
- I will come and see you as
soon as I’ve finished my work.
3
as soon as

- 2 hđ kế tiếp
S. Future + as soon as + S.
Present
- Nam will go to university as
soon as I graduate from high
school.
- nhấn mạnh sự hoàn
tất của mệnh đề với
as soon as
S. Future + as soon as + Pr.
Perfect
- The boy will buy a big
dictionary as soon as he has
saved enough money.
4
after
- Thói quen
S. Present + after + Pr. Perfect
- He often brushes his teeth after
he has had lunch.
5
by the time
- Hđ hoàn tất trước 1
hđ khác trong tương
lai.
Future Perfect + by the time +
S. Present
- I will have cooked dinner by
the time he comes.
II. PAST and PAST PERFECT:

CONNECT-
ORS
USAGE TENSES EXAMPLES
1
when
- Hđ hoàn tất trước
hđ khác.
P. Perfect + when + S. Past

- When I arrived, John had gone
away. ( I didn’t see John)
- Hđ nối tiếp,
- Thói quen trong
quá khứ.
S. Past + when + S. Past
When I arrived, John went away.
(John was angry with me, so he
went away when he saw me)
- She spent much money when
she was young.
12
Ngữ pháp cơ bản
- Hđ dài, hđ ngắn
Past Cont + when + S. Past
- They were having lunch when
he visited them.
2
while
- Hđ ngắn, hđ dài
S. Past + while + Past Cont

- He came in while I was singing.
- 2 hđ dài
Past cont + while + Past Cont
- My mother was reading a book
while we were playing football.
3

until
- Hđ trước và kéo
dài cho đến hành
đông của mệnh đề
sau.
S. Past + until + S. Past
- He read the book until he was
dead tired
- Nhấn mạnh mệnh
đề với until đã hoàn
tất.
S. past + until + P. Perfect
- We went on working until we
had finished the job.
4
as soon as
- 2 hđ kế tiếp
S. Past + as soon as + S. Past
- Mary told me the news as soon
as she came to my flat.
- nhấn mạnh sự hoàn
tất của mệnh đề với
as soon as

S. past + as soon as + P. Perfect
- A stranger walked into his room
as soon as he had gone out.
5
after
- Hđ trước, hđ sau
S. Past + after + P. Perfect
- He left after he had written the
report.
- After he had written the report,
he left.
6
before
by the time
- Hđ sau, hđ trước
P. Perfect + before + S. Past
- The man had already finished
the work before he came home.
I. General rule:
1. who:
We meet the man. He is a professor.
We meet the man who is a professor
S
2. whom:
She talked to the boy. We met him in the
zoo.
She talked to the boy whom we met in the zoo.
O
3. which
a. He shouted at the dog. It barked loudly.

He shouted at the dog which barked loudly.
S
NGƯỜI VẬT
Subject WHO WHICH
Object WHOM WHICH
Possessive
adjective
WHOSE WHOSE/
OF WHICH
13
THAT
Ngữ pháp cơ bản
b. The dog barked loudly. He called it.
The dog which he called barked loudly.
O
4. whose + N: thay thế cho tính từ sở hữu (his / her / their )
a. The teacher was angry. The students didn’t pay attention to his lesson.
The teacher whose lesson the students didn’t pay attention to was angry.
O
b. Do you know the woman? Her son has lost.
Do you know the woman whose son has lost?
S
5. That: thay thế cho: Who, whom, which… (that không thể theo sau dấu phẩy hoặc giới từ)
The girl won the championship. She was really talented.
The girl that (= who) was really talented won the championship.
6. of which:
We should throw away the table. The leg of the table was broken.
We should throw away the table the leg of which / of which the leg was broken.
whose leg
7. where: thay thế cho cụm giới từ chỉ nơi chốn hoặc “there”

* N (place) + where + clause
a) This is the town. I was born in the town.
Adv of place
This is the town in which I was born.
This is the town where I was born.
b) Do you know the village? He lived there.
Do you know the village where he lived?
Ghi chú: trường hợp dưới đây phải dùng “which”
Ex: This is the town. I like it best.
O
→ This is the town which I like best.
8. when: thay thế cho cụm danh từ chỉ thời gian hoặc “then”
National day is the day. Our nation was completely liberated on that day.
National day is the day when our nation was completely liberated.
9. why : thay thế cho cụm từ “ for the reason”
Does he know the reason? He left for that reason.
Does he know the reason why he left?
10.It’s _______ that / who + clause: chính là (cấu trúc nhấn mạnh)
a) Peter must clean the window
It’s Peter who / that must clean the window.
b) Your dog bit the old man.
It was your dog that bit the old man. (không được dùng which trong trường hợp này)
c) They were captured because he was incompetent
It was because he was incompetent that they were captured.
14
Ngữ pháp cơ bản
1. Tính từ ngắn và tính từ dài:
a) Tính từ ngắn:
- tính từ đơn âm: long , short, big, hot, fat
- tính từ có hai âm kết thúc là: er, le, ow, et , phụ âm + y.

Ex: happy, clever, simple, narrow, quiet, …
b) Tính từ dài: là tính từ có hai âm trở lên:
Ex: careful, beautiful, hard-working, careless…
2. Types:
Equal S
1
+ V + as + adj / adv + as + S
2
+ aux
S
1
+ negative V + as + adj/adv + as + S
2
+ aux
so
Comparative S
1
+ V + more + adj / adv(dài) + than + S
2
+ aux
S
1
+ V + adj / adv(ngắn) + er + than + S
2
+ aux
Superlative S + V + the most + adj / adv(dài)
S + V + the + adj / adv (ngắn) +est
Ex: She is as beautiful as her mother (is).
She isn’t so careful as her mother (is).
He drives more carefully than his friend (does).

Tam studies the hardest in his class.
My Thuan bridge is the longest one in Vietnam.
Who is the most beautiful in your class?
3. Special:
Less + adj / adv + than : ít hơn.
Ex: This book is less expensive than that one
4. Double comparison:
a)
The more + adj + S + V,
(dài)
the more + adj + S + V
(dài)
The + adj + er + S + V ,
(ngắn)
the + adj + er + S + V
(ngắn)
Ex: The more beautiful she is, the happier she becomes.
The harder he studies, the wiser he becomes.
b)
S + V
twice
three times
four times
half
as + adj / adv + as ….
as + much (N) as …
as + many ( N) as …
Ex: She swims twice as fast as I (do).
He earns half as much as his wife (does).
c) More and more + adj (dài) : càng nhiều

Adj (ngắn) + er and adj (ngắn) + er : càng ….
15
Ngữ pháp cơ bản
Ex: Life in the city is more and more stressful.
They work harder and harder.
5. Tính từ bất qui tắc:
SSB SSH SSN NGHĨA
1 bad/ badly worse worst Tệ, dở
2 good/ well better best Giỏi
3 much /many more most Nhiều
4 little less least ít
5 far farther
further
farthest
furthest
Xa (k.cách)
Hơn (t. tin)
6 old older
elder
oldest
eldest
Lớn (chung)
Lớn (anh ,chò)
Ex: Ms Anh is better at cooking than Ms Nhung.
My elder brother is 2 years older than I.
I. General rule:
S + V + O + …
S + BE + V3 …. by + O.
(chia theo thì của câu chủ động)
Ex: - She usually takes my car.

→ My car is usually taken by her.
- He has sent his son to another school.
→ His son has been sent to another school.
II. Active → passive:
1 V
1
am / is / are + V
3
2 V
2
was / were + V
3
3 am/ is / are + Ving am/ is /are + being + V
3
4 was / were + Ving was / were + being + V
3
5 has / have + V
3
has / have + been + V
3
6 had + v
3
had + been + v
3
7 will / would
can / could + V
0
may / might
must
will / would

can / could + be + V
3
may / might (nguyên mẫu)
must
8
be going to
have to + V
0
used to
like
continue
be going to
have to + be + V
3
used to (nguyên mẫu)
like
continue
16
Ngữ pháp cơ bản
9 have + sb + V
0
+ sth have + sth + V
3
+ +(by +sb)
10
get + sb + to + V
0
+ sth
ask
tell

get + sth + V
3
+ + (by sb)
(chỉ được dùng ‘get’)
11
give
bring
buy + sb + sth
lend
show
given
brought
sb + be + bought + sth
lent
shown
12
give
bring
buy + sth + prep + sth
lend
show
given
brought
sth + be + bought + prep +sth
lent
shown
13
see
hear + O + Ving
smell

seen
s+ be + heard + Ving
smelt
14
see
hear + O + V
0
smell
seen
s + be + heard + to + V
0
smelt
15
make + O + V
0
s + be + made + to + V
0
16
let + sb + v
0
+ sth sb + be + allowed + to + V
0
17
sb + need + to +V
0
+ sth sth + need + ving
want
18
People + say + (that) + S’ + V …. : nói rằng
think : nghó rằng

believe : tin rằng
report : thông báo
rumour : đồn đại
assume : thừa nhận
It + be + said + (that) + S’ + V ….
thought
believed
reported
rumoured
assumed
S’ + be + said + to + V
0
(tương đồng, xảy ra sau)
thought to + have + V
3
( xảy ra trước)
believed
reported
rumoured
assumed
Ex: - People say that he is a spy. → It is said that he is a spy.
17
Ngữ pháp cơ bản
→ He is said to be a spy.
- They think that Peter died. → It is thought that Peter died.
→ Peter is thought to have died.

I. STATEMENT: Câu phát biểu (thuộc dạng câu khẳng đònh và phủ đònh)
SAID
TOLD + O

(THAT)
+ V (đổi thì)
Ex: - He said, “I like football.”
→ He said that he liked to play football.
“Tom will fly to Paris next week,” said Miss Hoa.
→ Miss Hoa said that Tom would fly to Paris the following week.
II. COMMANDS & REQUESTS: Câu yêu cầu (thuộc dạng mệnh lệnh hoặc yêu cầu)
Imperative form: V
0
+ ……. Request: Would you like ………… ?
(mệnh lệnh) Don’t + V
0
……

(yêu cầu)

Could / Can you + V
0
……… ?
Why don’t you + V
0
……………?
S
TOLD
ASKED
BEGGED
ORDERED
URGED
ADVISED
O

to + V
0
not + to + V
0
Ex: She said to him, “Come in, please” → She told him to come in.
“Don’t make noise, Tom” said the mother. → The mother asked Tom not to make noise.
III. QUESTIONS: (Dạng câu hỏi)
S +
ASKED + O
WONDERED
WANTED TO KNOW
if / whether
(yes/ no question)
S + V (đổi thì)
“Wh” / how
(wh-question)
Ex: She said to me, “Will she come?” → She asked me if she came.
“Where do you live?” asked the foreigner. → The foreigner asked me where I lived.
IV. Các dạng khác:
1. Let’s + V
0
…. // Why don’t we + V
1
… // What about + Ving ….→ S + suggested + Ving ……
Ex: He said, “Let’s have a drink.” → He suggested having a drink.
Timmy said, “ Why don’t we go on a picnic” → Timmy suggested going on a picnic.
2. Why don’t you + V
1
………. ? // S + should + V
0

………… → S + advised + O + to + V
0
Ex: She said to him, “ Why don’t you go to the doctor?”
→ She advised him to go to the doctor.
3. Cấu trúc liên quan đến tường thuật:
- remind sb to do sth : nhắc nhở ai làm gì
18
Ngữ pháp cơ bản
- threaten to do sth: đe dọa
- scold sb for (doing) sth : la rầy, trách mắng (nhất là đối vói trẻ em)
- reproach sb for (doing) sth: khiển trách
- warn sb of/about sth : thông báo, cảnh báo
- accuse sb of (doing) sth
Notes:
1. Converting tenses and adverbs of time, place:
DIRECT INDIRECT DIRECT INDIRECT
- V
1
(s/es) → V
2 /ed
- V
2
→ had + V
3
- has/ have + V
3
→ had + V
3
- am/ is/ are + Ving → was / were + Ving
- can → could + V

0
- will → would + V
0
- may → might + V
0
- must → (must) / have to
- have to → had to
- had + V
3
→ had + V
3
- yesterday → the previous day
the day before
- last night → the previous night
the night before
- two years ago → two years before
- today → that day
- tonight → that night
- tomorrow → the following day
the day after
the next day
- next year → the following year
- this → the year after
- these → those
- here → there
- now → then
2. Các trường hợp không đổi thì:
a) Khi động từ tường thuật ở hiện tại hoặc tương:
Ex: My mother says to me, “you are my little pet.”
→ My mother tells me that I am her little pet.

b) Câu trưc tiếp diễn đạt một chân lý hoặc sự thật hiển nhiên:
Ex: Galileo said, “ The earth goes around the sun.”
→ Galileo said (that) the earth goes around the sun.
c) Thì quá khứ đơn đã rõ thời gian:
Ex: Tom said to me, “ My grandfather died in 1990.”
→ Tom told me that his grandfather died in 1990.
d) Câu điều kiện loại 2, 3 và cấu trúc “used to”:
Ex: “ If I had much money, I would have travel around the world.” Said the boy.
→ The boy said if he had much money he would travel around the world.
I. Động từ đi với gerund:
admit : thừa nhận
* allow : cho phép
anticipate : liệu trước
involve : bao gồm, liên quan
keep : giữ
mention : đề cập
19
Ngữ pháp cơ bản
* advise : khuyên
appreciate : đánh giá cao
avoid : tránh
be worth : đáng (được)
can’t help : không thể tránh
complete : hoản thành
consider : xem xét, can nhắc
defer : hoãn lại
delay : trì hoãn
deny : phủ nhận
dislike / detest : không thích
dread : sợ

encourage : khuyến khích
enjoy : thích
escape : thoát khỏi
fancy : thích
finish : hoàn thành
forgive : tha thou
encourage : khuyến khích
imagine : tưởng tượng
miss : bỏ lở
not mind : không ngại
* permit : cho phép
postpone : trì hoãn
practise : luyện tập
resent : phật ý, oán
recollect : hồi tưởng
risk : liều lónh
spend : dùng, trãi qua
suggest : gợi ý, đề nghò
* teach : dạy
tolerate : chòu đưng, tha thou
understand : hiểu


Ex: She admitted stealing his money.
This job involves meeting people.
Do you enjoy going to the beach?
II. Độâng từ theo sau là Ving hay to-infinitive: (Không thay đổi nghóa)
begin / start : bắt đầu
can’t bear : không thể chòu đựng
can’t stand : không thể chòu đựng

continue : tiếp tục
dread : kinh sợ
hate : ghét
like : thích
love : yêu
neglect : lơ là
prefer : thích hơn
Ex: She began working / to work on the project.
III. Đông từ theo sau là Ving hoặc to-infinitive: (thay đổi nghóa)

Forget: quên Don’t forget to send me a postcard. (quên để làm)
I will never forget working with you. (quên đã làm)
Remember: nhớ Remember to do your homework. (nhớ để làm)
Do you remember meeting the president last year? (nhớ đã làm)
Stop: ngưng He stopped to smoke when he was driving. ( ngưng để làm)
Try + to-inf : cố gắng
Try + Ving : thử
We tried to win the game, but we failed.
Have you ever tried windsurfing?
Mean + to-inf: muốn
Mean + Ving: nghóa là
I mean to take a trip to Canada.
A trip to Da Lat means spending much money.
20
Ngữ pháp cơ bản
Regret + to-inf : rất tiếc
Regret + Ving : hối hận
We regret to say that your application can’t be accepted.
He regrets not going to her friend’s birthday party.
IV. Động từ theo sau là V

0
:
Make: khiến
Let: cho phép
Have: nhờ
Help: giúp đỡ
My mother makes me study.
They let him go.
I had him wash my car.
Advertising helps (to) sell more products.
I. Dạng phổ biến:
Type (loại) If clause Main clause
Possible future
S + V
1
(s/es) S + will + V
0
Untrue present
S + V
2
/ were S + would + V
0
Untrue past
S + had + V
3
S + would have + V
3
Ex: If she takes a taxi, she will come on time.
If I were you, I would tell her the truth.
If he helped us, we would finish it on time.

If I had studied hard, I would have passed the exam.
II. Dạng đảo ngữ:
Type (loại) If clause Main clause
Possible future
Should + S + V
0
… S + will + V
0
Untrue present
Were + S + adj/ NP ….
Were + S + to V
0
…
S + would + V
0
Untrue past
Had + S + V
3
… S + would have + V
3
Ex: Should she take a taxi, she will come on time.
Were I you, I would tell her the truth.
Were he to help us, we would finish it on time.
Had I studied hard, I would have passed the exam.
III. Dạng rút gọn:
Type (loại) If clause Main clause
Untrue present
But for + NP
Without + NP
S + would + V

0
Untrue past
S + would have + V
3
Ex: If it hadn’t been for his help, we wouldn’t have succeeded.
→ But for his help, we wouldn’t have succeeded.
21
Ngữ pháp cơ bản
Type (loại) Main clause Wish clause
Possible future
S + wish(ed)
S + would / could + V
0
Untrue present
S + V
2
/ were
S + were + Ving
Untrue past
S + had + V
3
Ex: She wishes she could visit London.
I wish I were a president.
They wish they hadn’t stayed up late yesterday.

5. Tính từ ngắn và tính từ dài:
c) Tính từ ngắn:
- tính từ đơn âm: long , short, big, hot, fat
- tính từ có hai âm kết thúc là: er, le, ow, et , phụ âm + y.
Ex: happy, clever, simple, narrow, quiet, …

d) Tính từ dài: là tính từ có hai âm trở lên:
Ex: careful, beautiful, hard-working, careless…
6. Types:
Equal S
1
+ V + as + adj / adv + as + S
2
+ aux
S
1
+ negative V + as + adj/adv + as + S
2
+ aux
so
Comparative S
1
+ V + more + adj / adv(dài) + than + S
2
+ aux
S
1
+ V + adj / adv(ngắn) + er + than + S
2
+ aux
Superlative S + V + the most + adj / adv(dài)
S + V + the + adj / adv (ngắn) +est
Ex: She is as beautiful as her mother (is).
She isn’t so careful as her mother (is).
He drives more carefully than his friend (does).
Tam studies the hardest in his class.

My Thuan bridge is the longest one in Vietnam.
Who is the most beautiful in your class?
7. Special:
Less + adj / adv + than : ít hơn.
Ex: This book is less expensive than that one
8. Double comparison:
a) So sánh đồng tiến: ( Càng … càng … )
22
Ngữ pháp cơ bản
The more + adj + S + V,
(dài)
the more + adj + S + V
(dài)
The + adj + er + S + V ,
(ngắn)
the + adj + er + S + V
(ngắn)
Ex: The more beautiful she is, the more modest she becomes.
The harder he studies, the wiser he becomes.
b) So sánh gấp đôi, ba:
S + V
twice
three times
four times
half
as + adj / adv + as ….
as + much (N) as …
as + many ( N) as …
Ex: She swims twice as fast as I (do).
He earns half as much as his wife (does).

c) So sánh lũy tiến: (ngày càng)
More and more + adj (dài) : càng nhiều
Adj (ngắn) + er and adj (ngắn) + er : càng ….
Ex: Life in the city is more and more stressful.
They work harder and harder.

5. Tính từ bất qui tắc:
SSB SSH SSN NGHĨA
1 bad/ badly worse worst Tệ, dở
2 good/ well better best Giỏi
3 much /many more most Nhiều
4 little less least ít
5 far farther
further
farthest
furthest
Xa (k.cách)
Hơn (t. tin)
6 old older
elder
oldest
eldest
Lớn (chung)
Lớn (anh ,chò)
Ex: Ms Anh is better at cooking than Ms Nhung
My elder brother is 2 years older than I.
NOTES:
1. No one / No + N + V + so / as + adj / adv + as + S
2
→ S

2
+ negative V + the + most + adj / adv (dài)…
Adj / adv (ngắn) + est ………
Ex: No students in my class are so intelligent as Tam.
→ Tam is the most intelligent in my class.
2. S
1
+ negative V + so + adj/adv as + S
2
→ S
2
+ V + more adj/ adv + than S
1
Adj +er
23
Ngữ pháp cơ bản
1. Vò trí: Đứng trùc danh từ bổ nghóa cho danh từ đó:
2. Mạo từ: a / an / the
a. Mạo từ: “a /an” được gọi là mạo từ bất đònh.
Ex: He is a good student.
I saw an interesting film last night.
b. Mạo từ “the”: được gọi là mạo từ bất đònh:
Ex: I met a boy. The boy is very lazy.
* Cách dùng:
- Dùng trùc vật duy nhất: the sun, the earth, the moon, …
- tên sông , tên biển: the Long Binh River, the Thames, the Missouri River, the Panama Canal, the
Black Sea, the Pacific (Ocean), the Atlantic, the Arctic, the Indian, ….
- tên các dãy núi, hòn đảo, quốc gia liên hợp: the Alps, the Himalayas, the British Islands, the United
states, the Philippines, the United Kingdom, the Netherlands, …
- Dùng trùc adj chỉ một tập hợp người: the rich, the poor, the disabled, the blind, the old, the

Vietnamese, the British, …
- trước tính từ so sánh nhất: the most beautiful girl, the earliest comer, ……
- Cụm ngữ: The + N + of the/our +N
Ex: the date of the meeting
the problems of overpollution
24
Ngữ pháp cơ bản
COMMON STRUCTURE
1. So/ such …. that: quá đến nỗi
a. Công thức:
S + V
so
adj / adv
that
S+ V
such
(a / an) + adj + N
so many
so few
(adj) + N
số nhiều
so much
so little
(adj) + N
số ít
Ex: The weather was so cold that we couldn’t go out.
It was such cold weather that we couldn’t go out.
There are so many people that we can’t find Tom.
He ate so much meat that he got fat.
There is so little water that people couldn’t leave here.

b. Đảo trang:
S + V + so adj + a/ an + N that
S+ V
So + adj + be + S that
S + V
Ex: It is so expensive a car that we can’t buy it.
So expensive is the car that we can’t buy it.
2.
It + takes / took + (O ) + Ktg + to V
0

: (ai) mất ktg để
S + spend / spent + Ktg + (in) + Ving …
: trải qua ktg làm gì
S + spend / spent + money + on + Sth
: tiêu xài về
Ex: It takes me 2 hours to do homework every day.
I spend 2 hours doing homework every day.
She spends much money on clothes.
3.
S + would rather + (not) + V
0

(HT) : muốn, thích
S + would rather + V
0
+ than + V
0
…
(HT) : thích hơn

S + would rather + S + V
2
/ were +….
(HT) : muốn, thích
S + would rather + (not) + have + V
3
(QK) : muốn, thích
S + would rather + S + had + V
3
+ ….
(QK) : muốn, thích

Ex: 1. She would rather go to the cinema.
2. I would rather watch TV than go out.
3. I would rather he didn’t smoke here.
4. We would rather not have told her about that.
5. The boy would rather he had gone to the party yesterday.
- She would rather he had phoned her last week.
4.
25