thiết kế tháp đệm để chưng cất hỗn hợp benzen toluen năng suất nhập liệu là 21600 kg trên giờ

 !
"
#$#%&'()&*+, 
/01/01
23
 !
"
LỜI MỞ
ĐẦU
42567268944:; <==:7>?7@
 A:
B? 
2 =1 C4  ? =  -D 7 E 4 =
<==:CF7>?
<=
>44A:=25<GA<=>44H"
IJ=2JK
"5:LCL7<2H!4A:
A 25 4 A: MHNOLJ@ =2 J =<D
6 
27  M 4 <G 2 7  4 H" IJ =2 J HN OL @
:BK ::
<;
P27<D6Q2H":RB0 >5BJ5
<G5 J:  S
T 
U7 <G 0 1 M Q2 H" :R 4 2 = HV >V2 
:BK :: 7:F W:
!
C? A UXU Y 7>U >4 AZ J N 2 >[ C
252:BK::B

J>1L
<;P27<D67
UXU
 \>4D20]W:7

 9:Q268HB^A=27BK>2-4
_:HC1=
;
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IJ
=2J`V:RP>4>M<M1HC1<BW
C9OL6a<b
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W:
ACLQ2<>46:<A<;BJcW:UXU`7>U=
]
<D de5fg :M6!>BWUXU5<DH":R<>435hg5<D
9:>A>4ieg6!>BWUXU59:>Ajb>kHC?lHJ
9:>A>4
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 !
"
LỜI CẢM ƠN
7744<5C?C!6arb16;
6kEH2H=/07<BWHV2PC4<==:s6Q2sM

<;477<Q2_U<BW74AK
tIP4"Ku
2i
 !
"
CHƯƠNG I: TÔNG QUAN LÝ THUYẾT
1.1 Nguyên vật liệu quá trình chưng cất
1>A7BJA+UXUY7>U>4cW:H":RQ2
H"IJ+UXUvO7OU2>6=27>U;<BWUXU=<D
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1.2 Sản phẩm
H":RQ2BJ+UXUY7>U27!<BW>4+UXU
6<D<bde5fg
Benzen: >4DW:JbCr5jOb>k64C4=FKw
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EK6:PVC4207B?
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0J=2Q2UXU
@4:M5UXUD>722{O727Cr67>1W:5B6
C?O727DO|U>U5UXU;A0JC!=Q2O727
7}bUXU@CEC?OLQ2J7I=25O22:"
a1K:"aD5CCSHjO~UXUC4EW:JK6=0
J<GA4>4CPUXUBK<!@CEC?:"a=2
+UXU=C2r27V>41>A<M7@4
A:BK"IJ!vHP5!600lBj54
A:D56U7OS
742UXUr<BWHNOL>4O7:r0A5H"IJ
6H2H:5KPb7C4QEK
Toluen: •4DW:JbCr5jOb>k64C4=0K^
a:Pv>4^
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7>U6:PV5CC92!7O
2€
 !
"
EK6:PVC4207B?7>UH26BH•>B>b
<;:LO7OU2>6>=27>U<;H"IJUXU
^0JC9>0Q27>U
• /!>BW:PNdZ53i
• xyZp
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• A<DH333
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• A<D="`df
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1.3 Cơ sở lý thuyết của quá trình
1.3.1 Khái niệm chưng cất
^BJ>4OF<;JNQ2DcW:>k‚Bc
W:60>k4JNAAOV2C47<D2K62F2JN
7cW:y~2>46jFDA<D5:HJK|774Q2JN
62z
2C<B2C477cW:D:2?<;b71HV:I_E22:2B
7DJ:7G"6057BJ:2?<BWb7
1ƒHV!K7GBL
7B„W:<K"J5BJC4<G6=6251
E224=D2?K">47BJO
C4J2<@2Ky~2>4JN<@AOA7"2:2BC?
…>A62z5r7<Gx=O2KrJ2
62K
/BJ2<BW@JNC4B„271JNH•<BWJ
1H":RI†A<K"=2JN2<BW2H":R
• ":RQJN=<D2K>?C4D:MJ0JN
=<D2K†
• ":R<QJN=<D2K†C4D:MJ0JN
=<D2K>?
!C?A+UXUY7>U
• ":R<xQ+UXUUC4D07>U
2f
 !

"
":R<Q>47>UC4D0+UXU
1.3.2 Phương pháp chưng cất
a. ‡P>7bU7:HJ>4CA
` ˆ:HJJ:
` ˆ:HJB„
` ˆ:HJ27
b. ‡P>7bU71>s>4CA
` ^BJ<K"
` ^BƒKB?V:
` ^BJ
c. ‡P>7bU7J:Aj<:
` ^J:AV:
` ^J:A:
9!C?A+UXUY7>U2:BK::BJ>1Lj:HJ
B„
1.3.3 Thiết bị chưng cất
7H"HJ5B„2B„OF@>7b62<;4B
J151MK"Q2!2~2>4OA0@G
:I_:2:">?5<@4:LDC47a<D:PQ2D>BJ4
C47>BJ62:2:PC47:2>k2=>7b:P5:2>k
:PC47:2602=:15::5*<P26"7H2>7bB„
OF>4:PC4:1
2o
 !
"
• :PP:L5}<a:027=‰P=
Jb76251<=:2>kC4:2K<BW7:I_C?2
TU7Jb7Q2<~252=
• :P=:1P!0==:Obr5I:2:5EH5=|

I2<;:260<2C4!"@=r
• :PI1>c1P=@>c|
• :1y:<Az:L5@9!C?2ƒ
G02491<BW7C47:U7D72:BK
::Š:[12I:aV
7HBBW<;>7b:
&<; BW<;
:P=:
` /]<
` AHJ27
` ^=j>V>?
` 1!@C9B56J
:ab:
:PI1>c
` j>VBK<!J:
` AHJ627
` />4CA<BWC?J
>kR
` /J6:ab:
:<A
` ^Jb76<K"
` j>VJ:
` •4CA<BWC?J>k
ROF<AM=Q2
J>k
` 7=AaP2A
HJ@6!J:
` D]<62756=C9
4
` 7=Aa4/l

lHJ  A  a  4
l/=llHJ
` 6G@
92HNOL:P=:<;BJA+UXUY7>U
1.3 Thông số quá trình chưng cất
MHNOLUXU74A:CA2B!vHP5H"
IJKPb7527H]W:C4OBW:R>4J27M67"epppp
JqlUXU6C?M1B„2HNOL7>U>4H":RQ2
=2OM<;4H"IJUXUƒ:BK::O7OU2>6>=2
7>U O7OU2>6>=27>UAHJObifg`€pg57
B1M":RUXU<b<D627vdog`dhg5<DH"
:R<:=>[UXUZg
H!2<MQ2
2e
 !
"
‹lHJ9:>A
m
nZ3opp6q
‹<D9:>A
F
a
niegy6+UXUq6cW:z
‹<DH":R<x
P
a
nde5fgy6+UXUq6cW:z
‹<DH":R<
w
a

n35hgy6+UXUq6cW:z
‹A<D1>A<MC47
O
nZf
7
^
‹A<DH":RQ2<:BJ
^
n33p
7
^
?H!1>4:FW:C?1MQ2BUXU`7>U
7H"IJUXUƒ:BK::O7OU2>6>=27>U
CHƯƠNG II: QUY TRÌNH CÔNG NGHỆ
1.1 Sơ đồ quy trình công nghệ.
1.2 Thuyết minh quy trình công nghệ
cW:UXU`7>Uba21>Ay3z<BWKyZzKC47
2Ayiz*<PcW:<BW2AH2<=cW:<BW<B2C47:B
Jyfzj<~29:>A
1<~29:>A5J>k<BWDC?:M>kv<7bJQ2:"
I!7:K<vOB?>1G:J>kv1I!*<P=HV:I_
C427<]E22:2C?2‡2>k;<D7:MB4I!
2h
 !
"
OB?4"<DJNO2KC<|:2Kb71v<>
!JNO2KA<D4>114J:516K<2<~2v
OB?>1JN=A<DH27>47>UH•BL>b5!F1<x
:2<BWcW:=JNUXU@JK4<C47
BLyozC4<BWBL3:MyxBL>Bz-D:MJ>k

B<BW<B22>4>bH":R<xyezB?6<B2C47a2
H":R<xyhz‡Mr>bQ2J>kB<BW>BC@:j<~21
FC?xH!74>B!B-D:MJN=A<DHJ:<BW!K5r
>bJN=A<DH277J>k44l
^!Fj<<BWcW:>kM>4JN6=2Ky7>Uz
cW:<=7>UUC4D:MUXUO>kj<<26k:53
:M<BW<5!Kj<6U>UydzJ:>b7:<;:L>4CA5
:Mr>b<BW<B2C47;a2H":Ry33zH26<|<BW>4>bj
y3ZzA!>4CA>1L72H":R<x>4UXU5H":R<>4
7>UU
1.3 các thiết bị chính của quy trình.
-:B>A>1L
`C2
`a29:>A5H":R<x5H":R<
`<HOr9:>A
`BLH":R<x
`<6U>U2AH":R<
`D:9:P2Or
`>B>BW6
2d
 !
"
`>4DH":R<xC4<
CHƯƠNG II: TÍNH TOÁN SƠ BỘ
2.1. Các thông số ban đầu
`^>7b:>4:PI1>c7b<D>1L
`/B>AcW:UXU`7>UJNO2K>4UXU
`cW:
‹+UXU^
o


o
5-
+
nehyq7>z
‹7>U^
e

h
5-

ndZyq7>z
‹lHJ9:>A
m
nZ3opp6q
23p
 !
"
‹<D9:>A
F
a
niegy6+UXUq6cW:z
‹<DH":R<x
P
a
nde5fgy6+UXUq6cW:z
‹<DH":R<
w
a
n35hgy6+UXUq6cW:z

`^6sA

m
5mHJ>BW9:>A0U76q567>q

‡
5‡HJ>BWH":R<x0U76q567>q

Œ
5ŒHJ>BWH":R<0U76q567>q
•HJ>BWOr74>B567>q
2
m
<DcW:<M5g6!>BW
2
‡
<DH":R<x5g6!>BW
2
Œ
<DH":R<5g6!>BW
I
m
<DcW:<My:M7>z
I
‡
<DH":R<xy:M7>z
I
Œ
<DH":R<y:M7>z
2.2. Cân bằng vật chất

<D:M7>Q2UXU7:
€35p
dZ
ie5p3
eh
ie5p
eh
ie5p
3
=
−
+
=
−
+
=
T
F
B
F
M
a
X
M
a
M
a
B
F
F

(phần mol)
ded5p
dZ
defp3
eh
def5p
eh
def5p
3
=
−
+
=
−
+
=
T
p
p
p
P
p
P
M
a
M
a
M
a
X

(phần mol)
233
 !
"
pZ35p
dZ
p3h5p3
eh
p3hp
eh
p3h5p
3
=
−
+
=
−
+
=
T
w
B
w
B
w
W
M
a
M
a

M
a
X
(phần mol)
Hỗn hợp benzen – toluen :
2="Pƒ>k`K7cW:UXU`7>Uj32
Bảng 1
I p f 3p Zp ip €p fp op ep hp dp 3pp
 p 335h Z35€ ih
f35
3
o35
d
e35
Z
ed
hf5
€
d3
df5
d
3pp

•
^
33p5
o
3ph5
i
3po5

3
3pZ5
Z
dh5
o
df5
Z
dZ5
3
hd5
€
ho5
h
h€5
€
hZ5
i
hp5Z
*<P
I>44:M>k
>44:MK
vH!>AQ2"32IPOV<`I57A+UXU`7>U
Hình 1: Đồ thị t-x,y cho hệ Benzen- Toluen
?Š
Œ
np5pZ3Ž
Œ
n33p5o
p
^

Š
m
np5€3Ž
m
ndp5i€
p
^
Š
:
np5dedŽ
‡
nhp5hd
p
^•hp5d
p
^
2.2.1. Suất lượng mol của các dòng
`‡BKPƒC9J774:

m
n
:
‹
•

m
2
m
n
:

2
‡
‹
•
2
Œ
`C472<BWA:BKH2
23Z
 !
"
{
Z3opp
Z3oppie5pdef5pp3h5p
=+
=+
PW
PW
GG
GG

⇒

:
ned€fy6qz

•
n3ioffy6qz
06!>BW7>
7cW:<M
-

m
nI
m
-
+
‹y3`I
m
z-

np5€3eh‹y3`p5€3zdZnhoZoy6q67>z
7H":R<x
-
‡
nI
‡
-
+
‹y3`I
‡
z-

np5dedeh‹y3`p5dedzdZneh5Zdy6q67>z
7H":R<
-
Œ
nI
Œ
-
+
‹y3`I

Œ
z-

np5pZ3eh‹y3`p5pZ3zdZnd35e3y6q67>z
•B>BW0U767>q
mnZ3oppqho5ZonZfp5€367>q
‡ned€fqeh5Zdn3p35€h67>q
Œn3ioffqd35e3n3€h5d67>q
BC92="]64:MH":RBH2
+"i
<D
:M
6!>BW
<D
:M7>
•B>BW
y6qz
•B>BW
y67>qz
23i
 !
"
cW:<M
p5ie p5€3 Z3opp Zfp5€3
":R
<x
p5def p5ded ed€f 3p35€h
":R<
pp3h ppZ3 3ioff 3€h5d
2.2.2. Các phương trình làm việc

`vH!>Aj"32IPOV<Pƒ:2Q2A+UXU`7>Uj:HJ
32
Hình 2: Đồ thị cân bằng pha của hệ Benzen- Toluen ở áp suất 1atm
`?I
m
np5€32DHv<Z<BW
‘
F
y
np5oi
‹xH!74>B!;
fd53
€35poi5p
oi5pded5p

=
−
−
=
−
−
=
FF
Fp
xy
yx
R
[II-158]
Phương trình làm việc :
`‡BK<B„>4CAQ2:MB

Šn
LR
L
LR
R
THTH
TH
+
−
+
+
+
3
3
’##`3€€“
`‡BK<B„>4CAQ2:M>A
23€
 !
"
n
3 3
TH P
TH TH
R x
x
R R
+
+ +
•n
P

F
G
G
27<;Q2<B„>4CA<7bBC4<7b>A=InI
mn
p€3
B„>4CA<7bBC?<B„†7!=InI
•
nppZ3aC?c
Q2)2C•<BW<I<<BWH!<~2>s50<BW"H2
+"€
) Z3 Zi Zif Zio Zf Ze
+ pi3 pZdoo pZdZZ pZd3 pZede pZo€f
 3h 3f 3€ 3Z 33 3i
y)‹3z ff5h €d5f €o5d €p5h ih5f €h53
23f
 !
"
Hình 3:Phương trình đường làm việc đoạn chưng và luyện của hệ cấu tử Benzen–
Toluen với N=18
23o
 !
"
Hình 4:Phương trình đường làm việc đoạn chưng và luyện của hệ cấu tử Benzen–
Toluen với N=15
23e
 !
"
Hình 5:Phương trình đường làm việc đoạn chưng và luyện của hệ cấu tử Benzen–
Toluen với N=14

Hình 6:Phương trình đường làm việc đoạn chưng và luyện của hệ cấu tử Benzen–
Toluen với N=12
Hình 7:Phương trình đường làm việc đoạn chưng và luyện của hệ cấu tử Benzen–
Toluen với N=11
23h
 !
"
Hình 8:Phương trình đường làm việc đoạn chưng và luyện của hệ cấu tử Benzen–
Toluen với N=13
Hình 9 : Đồ thị mối quan hệ giữa R và N*(R+1)
Ta xác định được RTH=2,36
Số ngăn lý thuyết của tháp chưng là:14
Số ngăn lý thuyết đoạn luyện là:9
Số ngăn lý thuyết đoạn chưng là:5
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CHƯƠNG III:CÂN BẰNG NHIỆT LƯỢNG
3.1.Cân bằng nhiệt lượng cho thiết bị ngưng tụ

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3.2Cân bằng nhiệt lượng cho thiết bị gia nhiệt dòng nhập liệu tới nhiệt độ sôi

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3.3.Cân bằng nhiệt lượng cho thiết bị làm nguội sản phẩm đáy từ 110,6
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3.5.Nhiệt lượng cung cấp cho đáy tháp:
vPƒA>BW2=

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CHƯƠNG IV: TÍNH TOÁN THIẾT BỊ CHÍNH
4.1. Đường kính tháp
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