Conjunctions in some English and Vietnamese Newsletters A contrastive analysis

Conjunctions in some English and Vietnamese
Newsletters: A contrastive analysis

Nguyễn Thị Hoàng Huế

Trường Đại học Ngoại ngữ
Luận văn Thạc sĩ ngành: Ngôn ngữ tiếng Anh; Mã số: 60 22 15
Người hướng dẫn: TS. Phạm Thị Thanh Thùy
Năm bảo vệ: 2012

Abstract: It is a fact that English has entirely become an international language on
account of its highest effectiveness in communication. In effect, a prevalent
phenomenon has been occurring in a great number of countries in the world where
millions of people are attempting to use the language as native speakers. Nevertheless,
it is inadequate to take care of the choice of words (adjectives, nouns, verbs, and
articles…), grammar rules (voice, aspect, and tense…) alone for fruitful
communication; using conjunctions is highly appreciated. Without conjunctions, it is
rather hard to understand the content of a meandering speech. In addition, the given
ideas are completely by no means cohesive, logical and unified. It is undeniable that
conjunction is so complex a category that foreigners cannot help having trouble in use.
Also, for its complexity, the writer has no ambition to present all aspects of
conjunctions. The researcher merely focuses on contrastive analysis of the use of
conjunctions in English and Vietnamese Newsletters. Through the study, readers not
only understand deeply about conjunctions in general but also, more importantly,
Vietnamese learners have clearer knowledge about the similarities and differences in
conjunction usages between English and Vietnamese in particular so that difficulties
can be dealt with by some suggestions.

Keywords: Liên từ; Tiếng Anh; Kỹ năng viết

Content

PART 1: INTRODUCTION
1. Rationale for the study
English is said to have played a very important role in the development of commerce,
trade, education, technology, economics, etc. Therefore, having good knowledge of English
grammar is of great importance, for one can express his/her ideas, feelings or emotions not
only by separated words but also by meaningful sentences.
The second reason the writer chooses conjunctions to study is that conjunctions,
functioning as connectors and transition signals, actually play an important role in linking
sentences, paragraphs, or clauses each other. Thanks to conjunctions, various kinds of
grammatical sentences are formed such as compound sentences and complex sentences.

2
One more reason is that the researcher’s interest in English Commerce, especially in
newsletters. Newsletters are also known as consultant letters, so they need to have the logic
and coherence to attract customers. And conjunctions are seen as an essential means of
linking so as to increase the persuasion in newsletters. Therefore, studying and finding the
similarities and differences in using conjunctions in English and Vietnamese Newsletters will
be of great help to the writer in teaching economic students at Hoa Lu University where the
author is working.
2. Aims of the study
The research firstly aims to study conjunctions used in English and Vietnamese
marketing newsletters and then explore the similarities and differences based on the syntactic
and semantic features between them. At the end of the study, some implications for teaching,
learning and translation will be covered as useful resources. To fully achieve these aims, the
study should answer the following questions:
1. How frequent are conjunctions in English and Vietnamese Newsletters?
2. What are the similarities and differences in conjunction usages in English and
Vietnamese Newsletters?
3. Scope of the study
Many topics relating to conjunctions as well as lots of types of newsletters in different

fields need to be exploited. For the feasibility of a minor M.A. thesis, the writer narrowed the
scope of the paper. The main focus is on the descriptive and contrastive analysis of
conjunction usages in English and Vietnamese marketing newsletters with respect to the
syntactic and semantic features.
4. Methods of the study
The author has taken 40 samples of both English and Vietnamese marketing
newsletters (20 English and 20 Vietnamese ones) to compare and contrast. The study has been
carried out based on a combination of different methods, among which the main method is
contrastive analysis. This method involves two steps: describing the syntactic and semantic
features of conjunctions in English and Vietnamese marketing newsletters, then comparing
and contrasting to point out the similarities and differences between these two languages.
Together with this method, the writer also uses the quantitative method that is based on data
to examine conjunctions used in both English and Vietnamese. Supporting techniques such as
reference to the publication, consultation with the supervisor, discussion with colleagues, and
personal observations are also of great significance.
5. Design of the study

3
The study consists of three main parts organized as follows:
Part 1: “INTRODUCTION” giving a brief account of relevant information such as
rationale, aims, scope, methods, and designs of the study
Part 2: “DEVELOPMENT” is subdivided into two chapters. Chapter 1 – Theoretical
background. Chapter 2 - “Contrastive analysis of conjunctions in English and Vietnamese
Marketing Newsletters”.
Part 3: “CONCLUSION” - summarizes what has been done, what has not been
covered, accompanied by suggestions for further study.

PART 2: DEVELOPMENT
CHAPTER 1: THEORETICAL BACKGROUND
1.1. An overview of Newsletters
1.1.1. Definitions of Newsletters
According to Edward A. Hamilton (1996) in the book “Newsletters Design”, a
newsletter is an ambiguous term. It is defined as a condensed periodical used to communicate
specialized editorial information. He explains briefly that “condensed” means it is shorter than
the average newspaper or magazine and provides lots of information in limited space;
“periodical” means it is published regularly; “specialized” means it focuses not on a broad
subject area such as finance, but on a subject-within-a-subject such as real estate finance, not
on organizations in general, but a specific organization.
1.1.2. Types of Newsletters
In his book “Design it Yourself Newsletters” written by Chuck Green (2002), he
describes three basic types of Newsletters or models of newsletters including Marketing
Newsletters, Relationship Newsletters, and Expert Newsletters.

4
The first type is Marketing Newsletters. They are commonly used by businesses to
promote a product or a kind of service. It is also known as a company newsletter. The
marketing newsletter tries to turn prospective customers into patrons.
The second type is Relationship Newsletters. Some examples about this type are club
newsletters, employee newsletters, church newsletters, and school newsletters. They focus on
the shared interests of the target audience or reinforcing a relationship.
The last type is Expert Newsletters. This type can be very exclusive or be paid. These

newsletters generally focus on a specific topic and the recipient is someone who has
specifically requested the information in the newsletters and is willing to pay for the
information.
1.1.3. Formats of Newsletters
According to Janice Byer in the article “Newsletters are smart marketing” published
on August 12
th
, 2010, newsletters can be produced in several formats. For businesses, the
most economical and most readily acceptable newsletter formats are plain text emails, HTML
emails, and HTML page on the website, PDF, and print.
In comparison with English newsletters formats, the writer realizes that HTML and
PDF are the widely used formats in Vietnamese newsletters.
1.1.4. English and Vietnamese Marketing Newsletters
According to Nadeem Hussain (2008), marketing newsletter is a form of advertising
that is sent periodically. It is a document that notifies, reminds, advises, communicates and
advertises about a business to its target audiences and customers. In addition, it is also a good
way to build an effective connection with clients. Companies can motivate customers to buy
their products through informative marketing newsletters.
Both English and Vietnamese marketing newsletters are being widely used by many
companies with a view to promoting their businesses. However, there is still a slight
difference that English marketing newsletters content is often longer than that in Vietnamese.
1.2. English and Vietnamese Conjunctions
1.2.1. English conjunctions
1.2.1.1. Definitions of English conjunctions

5
Conjunction is a word rooted from two Latin oniunctio or coniunctions meaning “to
join together”.
1.2.1.2. Classification of English conjunctions
According to Mallery (1967), conjunctions can be arranged into three principal

groups: coordinating, correlative and subordinating conjunctions.
(i) Coordinating conjunctions

Definitions and functions of coordinators

Kinds of coordinators
Collin Cobuild (1990) lists the most common coordinators: and, nor, but, or, then, for.
According to Oshima Alice and Hogue Ann, for, and, nor, but, or, yet, so are called
FANBOYS in order to help learners easier to remember.
(ii) Subordinating conjunctions

Definitions and functions of subordinators

Kinds of subordinators
a. Simple subordinators
b. Compound subordinators
c. Correlative subordinators
(iii) Correlative conjunctions
1.2.2. Vietnamese Conjunctions
1.2.2.1. Definitions of Vietnamese conjunctions
According to Hoàng Trung Thông (1998), conjunctions are words expressing the
grammatical relations used to join the components in sentences or in phrases. Conjunctions do
not make sense in terms of vocabulary and grammar, especially they never keep functions as
subject or predicate in a sentence.
1.2.2.2. Classifications of Vietnamese conjunctions
From the view of Diệp Quang Ban (1993), Vietnamese conjunctions are arranged into
two principal groups: subordinating and coordinating conjunctions.
1.3. Related studies
As shown above, opinions about conjunctions, newsletters in general and English and
Vietnamese ones in particular are given by many different researchers. Closely related to this

thesis, there are some researches. In the Graduation Paper named “A contrastive analysis of
English coordinators “and/or/but” and Vietnamese equivalents” Le Thi Bich (2000) merely
contrasted the typical coordinating conjunctions “and/ or/ but” in English and Vietnamese
equivalents. At the end of the study, the author came to a conclusion that there are similarities
and differences of using the conjunctions “and/ or/ but” in English and in Vietnamese

6
equivalents based on semantic and syntactic perspective. Another research concerning
conjunctions by Nguyen Thanh Huong (2002) in her graduation paper, she provided an
overview of all kinds of English conjunctions. More importantly, in this paper, the author
listed some difficulties faced by Vietnamese learners in understanding and using
conjunctions. At the end of the graduation paper, some suggested solutions to Vietnamese
learners’ difficulties in learning conjunctions were given as an effective source for learners.
1.4. Summary

CHAPTER 2: CONTRASTIVE ANALYSIS OF CONJUNCTIONS
IN ENGLISH AND VIETNAMESE MARKETING NEWSLETTERS
2.1. Introduction
2.2. Contrastive analysis of conjunctions in English and Vietnamese Marketing
Newsletters

7
2.2.1. Frequency of using conjunctions in English and Vietnamese Marketing Newsletters
The first thing that the researcher would like to mention in the study is the frequency
of occurrence of conjunctions in English and Vietnamese marketing newsletters.
N0
English Newsletters
No of
words
No of
conjunctions
Percentage
(%)
1
GET International Newsletter
921
34
3.7%
2

Exellerator Newsletter
1014
33
3.3%
3
Tuga CR Newsletter
1262
68
5.3%
4
Technical Newsletter
1550
82
5.2%
5
Power 2 Transform Newsletter
635
36
5.6%
6
"In the Black" Newsletter
1520
60
3.7%
7
Power Team Newsletter
536
23
4.2%
8

Mind Set Newsletter
728
23
3.0%
9
Rooney's Root Newsletter
1493
50
3.3%
10
The Edge Newsletter
1117
42
3.4%
11
IBM Company Newsletter
1657
77
4.6%
12
"Keeping the Best" Newsletter
829
24
2.9%
13
Mosiac Xpressions Newsletter
1167
40
3.4%
14

Numbalums Newsletter
1495
51
3.4%
15
Turrisi Insights Newsletter
1253
47
3.0%
16
NS Charney Newsletter
871
29
3.3%
17
Toyota Newsletter
1383
54
3.9%
18
Douglas Newsletter
1207
39
3.2%
19
Michelin Company Newsletter
932
36
3.9%
20

Givenchy Company Newsletter
806
26
3.1%
Total
874

Table 2.1: English conjunctions in English marketing newsletters
N0
Vietnamese Newsletters
No of
words
No of
conjunctions
Percentage
(%)
1
Thai Son Tien Phong Company’s
Newsletter
454
17
3.7%
2
RMIT Newsletter
552
28
5.2%
3
Bourjois Company’s Newsletter
393

13
3.3%
4
Hapaco Group’s Newsletter
456
15
3.2%
5
Seabird Tours Company’s Newsletter
306
12
3.9%
6
Vina-Giay Company’s Newsletter
411
9
2.1%
7
Vinalands Company’s Newsletter
577
26
4.5%
8
EXPO Newsletter
449
13
2.9%
9
Hong Ngoc Advertising’s Newsletter
315

8
2.5%
10
Lan Anh Computer Company’s
Newsletter
343
7
2.0%
11
Fiditour Company Newsletter
435
16
3.7%
12
Trung Thuc Trade and Services
Limited Company's Newsletter
384
18
4.6%
13
Sac Mau Printing and Advertising
Limited Company's Newsletter
369
15
4.0%

8
14
Trung Son Cement Newsletter
497

19
3.8%
15
Bao Tin Construction Company's
Newsletter
386
18
4.7%
16
T&C International Travel Newsletter
388
14
3.6%
17
Anh Son Freight Services Newsletter
588
31
5.2%
18
Khang Nghi Package Printing
Limited Company's Newsletter
428
16
3.7%
19
Trung Chinh Audio Devices Limited
Company's Newsletter
529
25
4.7%

20
Telecommunications Joint - Stock
Company
505
21
4.2%
Total
341

Table 2.2: Vietnamese conjunctions in Vietnamese marketing newsletters
From the above results, it can be said that the frequency of occurrence of conjunctions
in English and Vietnamese marketing newsletters is equivalent.
Based on the frequency of conjunctions used in both languages, the writer gives an
account of the conjunctions which are of greater occurrence frequency than the others in both
English and Vietnamese.
N
0

English conjunctions
No of conjunctions
Percentage (%)
1
And
465
53.2%
2
Or
56
6.4%
3

But
38
4.3%
4
When
27
3.1%
5
Because
25
2.8%
6
However
25
2.8%
7
Both … and
25
2.8%
8
Though/ although
22
2.5%
9
Not only … but also
19
2.2%
10
Neither … nor
16

1.8%
Table 2.3: English conjunctions in English marketing newsletters


N
0

Vietnamese conjunctions
No of
conjunctions
Percentage (%)
1
Và (and)
186
54.6%
2
Hoặc (or)
46
13.5%
3
Nhưng (but)
27
7.9%
4
Vì vậy, chính vì vậy, chính vì lẽ đó
(so/ hence/ therefore)
15
4.3%
5
Hơn thế nữa (What’s more/

moreover)
12
3.5%
6
Tuy … nhưng (Although … but)
10
2.9%
7
Không chỉ … mà còn (not only … but
also)
8
2.3%

9
8
Vì, bởi vì, bởi lẽ (because)
7
2.0%
9
Vì … nên (because/since…so)
6
1.8%
10
Nếu … thì (if… so)
6
1.8%
Table 2.4: Vietnamese conjunctions in Vietnamese marketing newsletters
It can be seen from Tables 2.3 and 2.4 that the most frequent occurrence of English
conjunctions in marketing newsletters are “and”, “or”, “but”, the Vietnamese equivalents
most in use are “và, hoặc, nhưng”. The reason why these conjunctions are popular in both

English and Vietnamese marketing newsletters is that they are widely used in daily
communication. Moreover, using the simple sentences can help customers fully understand
the writer’s purposes in such a fast way.
2.2.2. Similarities and Differences in conjunction usages in English and Vietnamese
Marketing Newsletters
2.2.2.1. Similarities
 Syntactic features: Concerning syntactic features, it goes without saying that
conjunctions used in English and Vietnamese marketing newsletters have the function
as connectors or linking devices.
Another similar syntactic feature is that conjunctions in English as well as Vietnamese
are used as transition signals of ideas and sentences in order to create the coherence in a
paragraph.
One more similar thing lies in the classifications of conjunctions. Through
comparison, the researcher agrees that both English and Vietnamese conjunctions can be
divided into: coordinating conjunctions and subordinating conjunctions.
Interestingly, it is easy for the writer to recognize that the position of conjunctions
used in English and Vietnamese marketing newsletters are very alike. They are highly flexible
and can occur in different positions: initial, medial or final
 Semantic features
Regarding semantic features, it is undoubtful that all conjunctions in English and
Vietnamese have the same literal senses. In other words, their meanings are equivalent. More
interestingly, conjunctions in both languages are used as the means of expressing meanings
such as alternative, contrast, reason, concession, purpose, and condition – consequence.
Another similarity is concerned with the means of expressing meanings. There exist
many conjunctions representing the same semantic relationship in both English and
Vietnamese. For example, in English when expressing the concession relation, it is possible to
use the conjunctions such as “though/ although/ even though”

10
Furthermore, through comparison, it can be seen that the order expressing of meaning

in cause-effect relation and concessive relation (conjunctions expressing cause-effect,
concession) in both languages are similar.
2.2.2.2. Differences
 Syntactic features
The first striking difference lies in the way of using conjunctions. In fact, in English,
there are conjunctions whose structures are quite different from those in Vietnamese. From
our own observations, English newsletters writers are likely to use one conjunction as a
linking word in a sentence rather than two as in the Vietnamese ones. For example, in
Vietnamese, “nhưng” can also combine with tuy/ mặc dù/ dù to form pairs of subordinate
conjunction tuy … nhưng/ mặc dù … nhưng/ dù … nhưng. And “nếu” often comes together
with “thì” to form double conjunction “nếu … thì”. Nevertheless, it is impossible in English
to have although … but/ though … but, if … so. In other words, the pairs never exist in
English.
The second difference can be found in the classifications of conjunctions. As in
English, conjunctions are divided into three main types: coordinators, subordinators, and
correlatives while Vietnamese conjunctions only have two main types including coordinating
and subordinating conjunctions. Correlative conjunctions belong to subordinators.
Another different point is concerned with functions of conjunctions. In English, there
exist some words whose functions are both conjunctions and prepositions, for example,
“since, for”.
 Semantic features
With regard to semantic features, in the first place, it appears that Vietnamese
conjunction meanings tend to be more flexible than those in English. For instance, English
has conjunctions “moreover, furthermore” and they are translated into “hơn nữa, vả lại”, but
in Vietnamese, these conjunctions can be variously interpreted as “hơn thế nữa, hơn vậy nữa,
với lại/ vả lại …” This flexible usage is hardly seen in the English language which possesses a
range of fixed conjunctions because English pays much attention to grammar while
Vietnamese people often focus on semantic form.
The second noticeable difference is that in English there appear conjunctions
expressing positive meanings or negative meanings because looking at English conjunctions

readers can guess their functions and expressive nuances. For example, some conjunctions
express positive meanings such as “and, in addition, what’s more,” and those express
negative meanings such as “neither … nor”.

11
One more different thing worthily noted is that in Vietnamese, coordinators “và”
(and), “hoặc” (or) are often used with only one meaning whereas in English each word
“and”, or “or” possesses other different senses. For example, “or” means not only “hoặc” but
also “otherwise”.
2.3. Summary
PART 3: CONCLUSION
1. Recapitulation
After much exploration and consideration, this thesis has come to these following
points.
In terms of frequency of using conjunctions in English and Vietnamese Marketing
Newsletters, as previously discussed, frequency of occurrence of conjunctions in English and
Vietnamese Marketing Newsletters is equivalent. The most frequently English conjunctions
found in marketing newsletters are “and”, “or”, “but”, the Vietnamese equivalents most in use
are “và, hoặc, nhưng”.
Regarding the similarities and differences in conjunction usages in some English and
Vietnamese Newsletters, concerning syntactic features, we see the following similarities: (i)
both English and Vietnamese conjunctions have the function as joiners or linking devices. (ii)
conjunctions in two languages are used as transition signals of ideas and sentences to create
the logic and coherence in a paragraph. (iii) coordinators and subordinators do exist in both
English and Vietnamese. (iv) positions of conjunctions used flexibly in English and
Vietnamese
However, some differences have been also worthily noted: (i) English newsletters
writers are likely to use one conjunction as a linking word in a sentence rather than two as in
the Vietnamese ones. (ii) English conjunctions are divided into three types (coordinators,
subordinators, and correlatives) whereas there are only two main types in Vietnamese. (iii)

there exist some words whose functions are both conjunctions and prepositions (e.g. since, for
…)
In terms of semantic features, the comparison between the two languages has led to
the identification of some similarities: (i) English and Vietnamese conjunctions have the same
literal senses. (ii) conjunctions used as the means of expressing meanings such as reason,
concession, purpose … (iii) there appear many conjunctions representing the same semantic
relationship in the both languages (e.g. though/ although/ even though express the concessive
relation). (iv) the order expressing of meaning in cause – effect relation and the concessive
relation two languages are similar.

12
Nevertheless, both languages appear to be different to a larger extent: (i) Vietnamese
conjunction meanings tend to be more flexible than those in English. (ii) In English there exist
conjunctions expressing positive or negative meanings while this phenomenon seems to be
not clear in Vietnamese. (iii) conjunctions “và”, “ hoặc” in Vietnamese are used with only
one meaning whereas conjunctions “and”, “or” in English possess other different senses.
Although English is far different from Vietnamese in many aspects, both languages
agree that conjunctions play an important role in creating cohesion in sentences and
paragraphs. Therefore, the study was conducted with hope that students major in Economics
study as well as English lecturers at Hoa Lu University will get benefits from the study that is
presumably a necessary source for teaching and learning conjunctions.
2. Implications
2.1. Implications for EFL teaching and learning
In the first place, teachers should emphasize important transitions so that students have
more chance to recognize those transitions and understand how the semantic relationships
between sentences and paragraphs are manifested by conjunctions. Secondly, based on
dividing conjunctions into 3 types (coordinating conjunctions, subordinating conjunctions
and correlatives) teachers can give explicit explanations of the conjunction usages in each
type to help students not confuse. Moreover, the importance of examples should never be
neglected. Thirdly, teachers should provide more exercises or activities for students to be

familiar with the usage of those inter-sentential conjunctions. Besides, teachers should focus
on designing many types of exercises for learners to practice until they are proficient in using
English conjunctions. Lastly, English learners had better investigate the use of conjunctions in
authentic materials so that they can learn how to use conjunctions in such an effective way.
2.2. Implications for translating
Through the comparison between English and Vietnamese, it is advisable for
interpreters and learners is that they should pay much attention to using two couple
conjunctions “Tuy/mặc dù…nhưng…” and “bởi vì…nên….”. As discussed above, these couple
conjunctions are popularly used in Vietnamese sentences, but they never exist in English to
have: Although … but/ though … but, because … so.
Secondly, translators should analyze the connotative meaning of conjunctions and find
an alternative means of translation; if possible, understanding cross - cultural notes between
English and Vietnamese are helpful hints for translating implied conjunctions from
Vietnamese into English.

13
3. Contributions of the study
This study provides three main contributions to the research on conjunctions in the
field of SLA. The first contribution is the thesis’s addition to the previous studies about
conjunctions, especially the very limited studies acquired by Vietnamese learners. Secondly,
the present study is the first to conduct a contrastive analysis of syntactic and semantic
features of English conjunctions as well as Vietnamese conjunctions to find out the
similarities and differences unveiled in Marketing Newsletters so that readers, particularly
students major in Economic Study can deeply understand how to use conjunctions in both
languages. Last but not least, the study gives some useful implications for teaching, learning
and translating conjunctions in general. As a result, these implications can be applied as a
general framework or model for teaching conjunctions. This is extremely significant for EFL
learners in particular.
4. Limitations of the study
One thing that the researcher left unresolved in this study is that owing to the time

constraints and the requirement of the minor M.A research, the writer has been unable to
explore other features of conjunctions to help teachers and learners of English have a
thorough understanding of their usages.
The second limitation of the study is that the number of English and Vietnamese
marketing newsletters taken to analyze does not really cover all kinds of conjunctions.
Therefore, there can be some more similarities and differences in the use of conjunctions in
both languages that the researcher has not discovered.
The last limitation is due to the limited knowledge and experience of the author, the
thesis inevitably remains some mistakes and shortcomings.
5. Suggestions for further research
- Studying on the significance of conjunctions as a cohesive device in teaching
writing
- Conducting a corpus-based investigation of conjunctive usages in the Vietnamese
students’ writing

References
 English
1. Alice, O. & Ann, H. (1990), Writing Academic English, second edition,

14
Addison-Wesley Publishing Company.
2.Arthur, M. (1992), The Oxford Companion to English Language, OUP.
3.Ashley, A. (2003), A Handbook of Commercial Correspondence, OUP.
4.Bergman, C. A. (1989), Health grammar and Composition, Houghton
Mufflin English.
5.Berk, M. (1999), English Syntax: From word to discourse, OUP.
6.Brown, A. C. (1987), Grammar and Composition, Houghton Mufflin English.
7. Byer, J. (2010), Newsletters are smart marketing, published on August 12
th
,

Article Source:
8. Chalker, S. (1967), Current English Grammar, Macmillan Publisher Ltd.
9. Close, R. A. (1975), A Reference English grammar, Longman Group
UK Limited.
10. Cobuild, C. (1990), English Grammar, Collins Publisher, London.
11. Green, C. (2002), Design it yourself Newsletters, Published in the United
States of America.
12. Hamilton, E. A. (1996), Newsletters Design, Published in the United
States of America.
13. Hussain, N. (2008), Advantages and disadvantages of Newsletters,
published on September 18
th
, 2008,
Article Source: .
14. Huddleston, R. (1944), Introduction to the grammar of English,
Cambridge University Press.
15. Lashkari, L. (2007), Newsletter Formats – How to easily choose the

15
perfect format for your newsletters, published on January, 19
th
,
Article Source:
16. Mallery, R. (1967), Grammar, rhetoric and composition, Doubleday
and Company, Inc.
17. Quirk, R. & Greenbaum, S. (1973), A University Grammar of English,
Longman Group UK Limited.
18. Swan, M. (1995), Basic English Usage, Oxford University Press.
19. Zamel, V. (1983), The composing processes of advanced ESL students:
Six case studies. TESOL. Quarterly, Vol 17, No. 2, 165-187.

20. Zames, C. (1980), Contrastive analysis, Longman Group Ltd.
21. newsletters.html

 Vietnamese
22. Diệp Quang Ban (1993), Ngữ pháp Tiếng Việt, tập 1, Nhà xuất bản Giáo dục.
23. Lê Thị Bích (2000), A contrastive analysis of English coordinators and/or/but
and Vietnamese equivalents, Luận văn tốt nghiệp đại học,
Đại học Ngoại ngữ- Đại học Quốc gia Hà Nội.
24. Nam Cao (1943), Đời thừa, Nhà xuất bản Giáo dục.
23. Nam Cao (1946), Chí Phèo, Nhà xuất bản Giáo dục.
25. Anh Đức (1970), Giấc mơ ông lão vườn chim, Nhà xuất bản Giáo dục.
26. Nguyễn Thanh Hương (2002), A study on English conjunctions, Luận văn tốt
nghiệp đại học, Đại học Ngoại Ngữ- Đại học quốc gia Hà Nội.
27. Nguyễn Lai (2006), Ngữ nghĩa của liên từ Tiếng Việt, Nhà xuất bản Đại học
Sư phạm TP Hồ Chí Minh.
28. Nguyễn Hữu Quỳnh (1994), Tiếng Việt hiện đại (Ngữ âm, Ngữ pháp, Phong
cách), Trung tâm biên soạn từ điển bách khoa Việt Nam.
29. Hoàng Thế (1990), Ngôn ngữ học, Nhà xuất bản Giáo dục.
30. Hoàng Trung Thông (1998), Ngữ pháp tiếng Việt hiện đại, Nhà xuất bản
Giáo dục.

16
31. Từ điển (2002), Bách khoa Việt Nam, tập 2, Nhà xuất bản: Từ điển
Bách khoa, Hà Nội.