Idiomatic Expressions of Places in British English and Vietnamese as Seen from Cultural Perspective

Idiomatic Expressions of Places in British
English and Vietnamese as Seen from Cultural
Perspective

Hà Thị Thọ Anh

Trường Đại học Ngoại ngữ
Luận văn ThS. Chuyên ngành: English Linguistics; Mã số: 60 22 15
Người hướng dẫn: Đỗ Thị Mai Thanh M.A
Năm bảo vệ: 2011

Abstract: British English and Vietnamese have their own valuable treasures of idioms as
well as their great values of culture and language that are handed down and enriched
from generation to generation. Idiomatic expressions, an interesting form of language and
culture seem to be indispensible in daily speech as well as in books, newspapers,
magazines, TV or radio. Owning the outstanding features in terms of origins, structures,
styles and meaning, idioms have caused a lot of difficulties for people. Whenever the
meaning of a phrase or an expression cannot be understood simply and clearly, even if
the meaning of the word is known well, an idiom can be encountered with great
ambiguity because the background knowledge and non literal meaning is not taken into
account. With an ambition to help teachers and students have a good understanding about
the relationship between idioms and culture, the author has managed to figure out the
features of idiomatic expressions of places in British English and Vietnamese from
cultural perspective via a set of one hundred idiomatic expressions of places, compare
and contrast to reveal the similarities and differences about languages and cultural
context influence in the idiomatic expressions of places. Also, the importance of cultural
awareness in teaching and learning is emphasized in the study.
Keywords: Tiếng Anh; Phương pháp giảng dạy; Thành ngữ; Tiếng Việt; Giao văn hóa
iv

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Declaration i
Acknowledgment ii
Abstract iii
Table of content iv
PART A: INTRODUCTION
1. Rationale 1
2. Aims of the study 2
3. Scope of the study 2
4. Methods of the study 3
5. Design of the study 3
PART B: DEVELOPMENT
CHAPTER 1. LITERATURE REVIEW 4
1.1 Culture and language 4
1.1.1 Culture and cultural values .4
1.1.2 Relation between language and culture 5
1. 1.3 Idioms and their roles in communication 6
1.2 Idioms in the light of semantics 7
1.2.1 Definition 7
1.2.2 Functions of idioms 8
1.2.3 Classification of idioms 9
v

1.2.4 Sources of idioms 10
1.2.5 Features of idioms 11
1.3 Distinction of idioms 11
1.3.1 Idioms vs slang 11
1.3.2 Idioms vs proverb 12
1.3.3 Idioms vs collocation 13
1.4 Idioms in the light of culture 13
1.4.1 Idioms as seen from social specification 13

1.4.2 Idioms as seen from social psychology 17
1. 5 The influence of culture on British English and Vietnamese idiomatic expressions
of places 18
1.5.1 Influence of culture on British English idiomatic expressions of places 18
1.5.2 Influence of culture on Vietnamese idiomatic expressions of places 20
1.6 Previous studies on idioms 24
CHAPTER 2: DIFFERENCES AND SIMILARITIES BETWEEN IDIOMATIC
EXPRESSIONS OF PLACES IN BRITISH ENGLISH AND VIETNAMESE 26
2.1 Idiomatic expressions of places in British English 26
2.1.1 Idiomatic expressions containing the geographical names 26
2.1.2 Idiomatic expressions containing the word ‘ house and home” 28
2.1.3 Idiomatic expressions containing the word ‘earth’ 29
2.1.4 Idiomatic expressions containing the word: sea/ ocean/river 30
2.2 Idiomatic expressions of places in Vietnamese 31
vi

2.2.1 Idiomatic expressions containing the geographical names 31
2.2.2 Idiomatic expressions containing the word ‘ house and home” 35
2.2.3 Idiomatic expressions containing the word ‘earth’ 35
2.2. 4 Idiomatic expressions containing the word: sea/ ocean/river 36
2.3 Findings 37
2.4 Summary 40
PART C: CONCLUSION
1. Recaptulation 41
2. Implications 42
3. Suggestions for further study 42
References 43
Appendix I

1

PART A: INTRODUCTION
1. Rationale:
It is common knowledge that the language of each culture lies in its self similar and
different cultural concepts on many fields of life such as human values, attitude to life,
behavior standards, religious beliefs, customs and tradition, social conventions etc.
Among the idioms relating to different aspects of social life, idiomatic expressions of
places in British English and Vietnamese specify the typical features of cultural values
connected to social life. Idiomatic expressions of places contain much knowledge about
mankind and surrounding world. Each idiom of place is connected to a local specification
and cultural background that conveys ideas about the lifestyles and stereotype of the nation
and the country. Specifically, the idioms of places refer to the human emotion, behavior,
life style and reflect the expectation and wishes of people in their social lives. Hence,
studying on the similarities and differences between the idiomatic expressions of places in
British English and Vietnamese has been one of the researcher’s concerns and the study on
the topic “Idiomatic expressions of places in British English and Vietnamese as seen from
cultural perspective” is carried out. The study will be served as an interesting and helpful
material for those who care for cultural patterns in intercultural communication and cross-
cultural communication.
2. Aims of the study:
The study aims at
- helping the learners establish a background understanding on the relationship
between idioms and culture by analysing the features of idiomatic expressions of places in
British English and Vietnamese;
- indicating influence of British culture and Vietnamese culture on language in
general and idiomatic expressions of places in this particular aspect;
- showing some similarities and differences between British English and
Vietnamese idiomatic expressions in terms of local specification in which meaning of the
idioms and human attitude are revealed;
- raising people’s cultural awareness in teaching and learning British English and

Vietnamese idioms.
3. Scope of the study:
2

The study will focus on idiomatic expressions of places in British English and
Vietnamese which are taken from outstanding sources in English: Oxford Idioms-
Dictionary for Learners of English, Oxford Advanced Learner’s Dictionary and Longman
Dictionary of English Language and Culture and in Vietnamese: Từ Điển Thành Ngữ Tục
Ngữ Việt Nam ( Nguyễn Lân), Đi Tìm Điển Tích Thành Ngữ ( Tiêu Hà Minh), Thành Ngữ
Anh Việt ( Bùi Phụng), Tuyển Tập Thành Ngữ, Tục Ngữ, Ca dao Anh Việt Thông Dụng
(Nguyễn Đình Hùng). The list of British English and Vietnamese idiomatic expressions
will be found in the appendix as the illustrations.
4. Methods of the study:
This is a comparative and contrastive study. Therefore, the strategic methods used
are qualitative and quantitative ones which are conducted by carefully collecting and
referring to materials from various sources to have full-blown information of idioms and
its cultural background in general. The good choice of fifty idiomatic expressions in
Vietnamese and fifty idiomatic expressions in British English will be carefully analysed
and examined to see the similarities and differences between the two cultures and
languages. The author’s own experience in communication and cultural awareness will be
referred to as way of categorizing the field.
5. Design of the study:
The study is divided into three main parts: Part A gives a general introduction and
stated the reasons, aims and ways for carrying out the study. Part B includes two chapters,
Chapter 1 deals with the theoretical background on culture and idioms in British English
and Vietnamese. Also, the influence of the two cultures on idiomatic expressions of places
will be taken into account. Chapter 2 mainly provides a careful analysis of idiomatic
expressions of places in British English and Vietnamese concerning the similarities and
differences in the aspect of local specification. The last part, conclusion concerns with the
summaries of main points, the implication and some suggestions for further study.

3

PART B: DEVELOPMENT
CHAPTER 1: REVIEW OF LITERATURE
1.1 Culture and language
1.1.1 Culture and cultural values
There have been various notions of culture, but to make it simple to get the ideas of
culture, according to Goodenough (1957, 167), the term culture is used in the sense of
whatever a person must know in order to function in a particular society. Porter and
Samovar (1994; 12) also clarified that culture does not naturally come into the people’s
mind, members of the culture adapt the patterns of behavior, ways of thingking and build
their attitude, beliefs etc fully part of their personality by absorbing them through repeated
experience or exposure.
1.1.2 Relationship between language and culture
The relationship between language and culture has been interrelated in the sense
that language is used to maintain and convey culture and cultural ties. In general, language
and culture have always been in existence together and reinforced each other. The
relationship between them is so closely linked that separation is impossible, in other words,
it is difficult to master the language without the knowledge of the culture.
1.1.3 Idioms and their roles in communication
It can be said that the biggest role in communication that idioms carry is to convey
information in a figurative and impressive way.
1.2 Idioms in the light of semantics
1.2.1 Definition
According to Seidle and Mac Mordie (1988), “an idiom is a number of words
which, taken together, meaning something different from the individual words of the idioms
when they stand alone. The way in which the words are put together is often odd, illogical or
even grammatically incorrect.”
1.2.2 Functions of idioms
According to Chitra Fernando (1996, 72), idioms perform the three important functions:

ideational, interpersonal and relational functions.
Other categorization of functions drawn from Moon’s theory (1998) is:
4

- Informational: Evaluative: Situational: Modalizing: Organizational:
1.2.3 Classification of idioms
Classification of idioms based on meaning
Classification of idioms based on structures:
1.2.4 Sources of idioms
Idioms have a variety of sources that originated from the social and cultural life
such as farming, means of transport, science, Bible, literature, history, leisure activities etc.
1.2.5 Features of idioms
As suggested in the theory about idioms given by Chitra Fenando (1996; 3), idioms
are commonly accepted as a type of multiword expression or single words. Compositeness:
Institutionalization: Semantic opacity.
1.3 Distinction of idioms
1.3.1 Idioms vs slang
“Slangs are very informal words and phrases commonly used in speech, especially
between people from the same social groups or who work together, not considered suitable
for formal contexts and often not in use for long. Slang sometimes restricted to one
particular group of people e.g soldiers and children”. (Oxford Advanced Learners
Dictionary -1995).
1.3.2 Idioms vs proverb
Flavell (1992) said that proverbs exist in all languages and written collections of them
date back to the earliest times. Proverbs can be defined as memorable short sayings of the people,
containing words of advice or wisdom and often appear in the form of whole sentences - to be
adapted into proverbial form.
1.3.3 Idioms vs collocation
Collocation as defined in the Oxford Advanced Learner Dictionary (1995) is the
regular combination of words. Or “collocation is an arrangement of words which sounds

natural e.g strong coffee not powerful coffee (Longman Dictionary of Contemporary
English 1978).
1.4 Idioms in the light of culture
1.4.1 Idioms - as seen from cultural and social specification
+ Idioms attached with locality
+ Idioms attached with basic (human) need
5

+ Idioms attached with social development
+ Idioms attached with cultural transmission
1.4.2 Idioms as seen from social-psychology
+ Idiomatic expressions referring to human attitude
+ Idiomatic expressions referring to emotions and behaviors
1.5 Influences of British English and Vietnamese cultures on idiomatic expressions of places
1.5.1 Influence of British English culture on idiomatic expressions of places
+ The influence of geographical factor
+ The influence of historical factor: the Roman conquest
+ The influence of customs and tradition:
+ The influence of religion- Christianity
+ The influence of literature:
1.5.2 Influence of Vietnamese culture on idiomatic expressions of places
+ The influence of geographical factor:
+ The influence of religion- Buddhism:
+ The influence of customs and tradition:
+ The influence of historical factor: Han people and ideology
+ The influence of literature
1.6 Previous studies on idioms
A Study on Comparative Idioms from Cultural Perspective-Do Thi Thu Trang
(2006, VNU-ULIS).
A Study on Idiomatic Variants and Synonymous Idioms in English and Vietnamese-

Dang Nguyen Giang (2009 VNU-ULIS).
Idiomatic Expressions Containing the Word “Dog” in English and Vietnamese -
Dao Thanh Tu (2007 VNU-ULIS).
CHAPTER 2: DIFFERENCES AND SIMILARITIES BETWEEN
IDIOMATIC EXPRESSIONS OF PLACES IN BRITISH ENGLISH AND
VIETNAMESE
In the human’s social life, the idioms concerning about the specific locations and
places are various and play an important role in producing the variety of language and
culture. In this part, the similarities and differences are presented respectively, British
English idioms are mentioned before coming into the analysis of Vietnamese ones. The
6

analysis of the idiomatic expressions of British English and Vietnamese will be based on
the local specification with four categories of places: home, house/ nhà, gia đình; earth,
heaven/ thiên địa; sea/ ocean and geographical names, through which the meaning of the
idioms and the human attitude will be revealed and carefully examined for the purpose of
complete understanding all the idioms in the light of culture.
In the analysis, not all the one hundred idioms are mentioned as illustration, the
study just focuses on some typical idioms that are commonly used in communication. The
use of the idioms of places will be illustrated with the examples and the literal meanings of
the idioms are also given in the explaination part. Also, some data about the frequent use of
idioms in the four specific categories will be provided in the tables then the analysis and
interpretation will be written out.
2.1. Idiomatic expressions of places in British English
2.1.1 Idiomatic expressions containing the geographical names
2.1.2 Idiomatic expressions containing the word ‘house and home’
2.1.3 Idiomatic expressions containing the word ‘earth’
2.1.4 Idiomatic expressions containing the word: sea/ ocean/river
2.2 Idiomatic expressions of places in Vietnamese
2.2.1 Idiomatic expressions containing the geographical names

2.2.2 Idiomatic expressions containing the word ‘house/ home”
2.2.3 Idiomatic expressions containing the word ‘earth’
2.2.4 Idiomatic expressions containing the word: ‘sea / ocean/river’
2.3 Findings
Based on the analysis of the idioms in British English and Vietnamese, it can be
seen that all the idioms containing the words of places reveal the human attitude toward
life, the emotion and social behaviours. All the idioms in British English and Vietnamese
are fixed expressions that have been established and used for a long time. They reflect
human beings’ remarks, comments, estimations or sometime experience about various
phenomena in everyday life. Hence, the idioms of places have evidently cultural features
of the two countries. In the analysis, the similarities and differences between the two
cultures expressed in the form of idioms have been viewed from the local specification
aspect concerning idiomatic expressions containing the word: house/ home; earth;
sea/ocean and specific names of places.
7

+ Appearance of idiomatic expressions of places in British English and
Vietnamese:
To see the frequent appearance of the idioms concerning different local
specification in the stock of 100 idioms of places of both British English and Vietnamese, a
calculation has been presented in the table as follows:
Local
Specification
Geographical
names
House/ home
Earth
Sea/ Ocean
British
English

18/50 (36%)
13/50 (26%)
12/50(24%)
7/50 (14%)
Vietnamese
24/50 (48%)
8/50 (16%)
12/50 (24%)
6/50 (12%)

The table shows that the appearance of idiomatic expressions of local specification
in British and Vietnamese are relatively equal. The geographical names in both languages
account for the most 36 % in British English and 48% in Vietnamese. The frequent use
concerning House/ home in British English seems to take the greater rate, 26% in
comparision with 16% in Vietnamese. Surprisingly, the amount of idioms relating to Earth
in British English and Vietnamese both stay the same rate, accounting for 24% in the total
number of idioms of places. The slight variance in the frequent presence of idiomatic
expressions concerning Sea/ ocean between British English (14%) and Vietnamese (12%)
is also noted.
Thus, from the presence of idiomatic expressions of places concerning different
local specification, it can be assumed that British English idioms of places hold the relative
balance with Vietnamese ones. However, the tendency to use more geographical names of
Vietnamese has proved the main differences in the habits and points of view. The
Vietnamese tend to use more idioms connected to speciality of each region within the
country meanwhile, British English people stay focus on the outstanding features of the
famous places within or outside the country. Both cultures link their cultural values in their
idioms of places to the real life situations and enrich their spiritual life.
+ Similarities and differences:
Similarities:
8

- Both British English and Vietnamese idioms of places are influenced by the
various factors including: geographical, historical, religious factors, custom and tradition
and literature.
- Both cultures have undergone the great changes in history and deeply affected
by foreign invaders: the Romans and the Chinese e.g: All roads lead to Rome; Buôn Tần,
bán Sở
- The idiomatic expressions of British English and Vietnamese share the same
grammatical feature- fixed expressions in the forms of phrases, clauses such as: a home
from home, Sư tử hà Đông; Rome wasn’t built in a day; Bụt Nam Sang lại từ oản chiêm.
- It is not such an easy task to comprehend the idiomatic meaning of idioms
without the knowledge of culture in general or background of the stories closely connected
to the idioms in particular e.g: Công tử Bạc Liêu; Meet your Waterloo.
- The idiomatic meanings of the idioms of places reveal the human attitude that
ranges from the positive, neutral to negative one e.g: Home is where the heart is; Vợ xứ
Đông, chồng xứ Bắc; Tránh sông Cả gặp phải núi Ba Vì.
- All the idioms mention the diferent aspects of social life in terms of material
and spiritual life. The human emotion, belief, morality and humane view of life are clearly
shown in the idioms e.g Giàu nhà quê không bằng ngồi lê Kẻ Chợ; Rừng vàng biển bạc;
Charity begins from home; Englishman’s house is his castle etc.
It can be realized that there are many British English idioms with no corresponding
idioms in Vietnamese and vice versa. However, there are some Vietnamese equivalents for
the British English idioms, that is to say though the two different cultures exists in different
continents and possess the two different system of cultural values, they still have the basic
perception of life, share the same values, viewpoints on life. Some idioms listed in the
table below are taken in the stock of idioms mentioned in the study only.
When in Rome, do as the Roman do
Đi đến nước Lào phải ăn mắm ngoé
Carry coals to Newcastle
Chở củi về rừng

Four conners of the earth
Chín phương trời, mười phương Phật
A drop in the ocean
Muối bỏ bể
To the ends of the earth
Cùng trời cuối đất
Differences:
9

The idiomatic expressions in British English tend to hold the neutral attitude toward
life and social behaviors. The view points shown in the idioms cover every aspect of life as
seen from a neutral attitude and an objective stand. The British people do not seem to
exaggerate things when comparing and the preference of using fewer words with more
various meaning is typical in the British English idioms. The idiomatic expressions of
places refer to the human characteristics and behaviours account for the most.
Meanwhile, Vietnamese idiomatic expressions of places tend to concern more the
negative meaning than the positive meaning. Many idioms reflect the hardship in the
struggle for earning a living, also the expectation for a better future. Giàu nhà quê không
bằng ngồi lê Kẻ Chợ, Tránh sông Cả, gặp phải núi Ba Vì etc. Moreover, Vietnamese
idioms tend to exaggerate when comparing thing: Sử tử Hà Đông; Chân trời góc bể; Kinh
thiên động địa. In general, Vietnamese idioms of places often make a picturesque
comparison and present the fact that Vietnamese culture is undetachable part of Southest
Asian cultural space with typical features of a wet- rice civilization and Vietnamese people
are said to be very hard working, brave and faithful in their living and relationships.
2.4 Summary
The study has presented the places and explaination connected to the places via
idiomatic expressions in British English and Vietnamese to find out the typical features in
the ways people cognize the image of places through idioms. It can be realized that the
influence of the culture and real life on the language in general and language used in
idiomatic expressions in particular plays an important factor. The real situations from the

old time to the contemporary one have been presented with the language in various forms.


10

PART C: CONCLUSION
1. Conclusion:
The study has analyzed and discussed idiomatic expressions of places in British
English and Vietnamese in the light of culture, some main points are therefore noted. In
British English and Vietnamese, idioms of places appear a long time ago and get their
places in people’s cultural life. In British and Vietnamese cultures, idiomatic expressions
of places are firmly connected with the social life and geographical specification, history,
religion, custom and literature.
Besides similarities, British English and Vietnamese idioms have some distinctions.
British English often use more exact language with fewer words, the idiomatic phrases
often carries various meanings. Besides, with the tendency of preferred words to clauses,
the British people have shown their respect for the privacy and reservedness. Meanwhile,
the Vietnamese do not use idioms to make judgements on somebody or something but if
they do they tend to make it in an exaggerated way using a much higher quality of the real
situation. The tendency of using longer phrases and the influence of Chinese classical
literary examples have indicated that Vietnamese has a typical character of confiding their
sorrow to the others.
2. Implications
One of the most important factors that affect the effectiveness of teaching and
learning is the cultural awareness, which is always needed, especially when they learn
foreign language. The differences in the tradition, belief and customs between British
English and Vietnamese may cause difficulties for learners in learning language. Being
aware of the differences and equiped with sufficient knowledge will help teachers and
learners find a suitable English equivalent for Vietnamese idioms and vice versa. Hence,
the key factor to succeed for teachers and learners in teaching and learning idioms is that

they must comprehend those idioms both linguistically as well as culturally.
3. Suggestions for further study
The presence of idiomatic expressions in every aspect of life can be exploited to
make a further study on idioms such as a study on idioms with the name of a nationality or
proper names from cultural perspective, or idioms having origins in sport or entertainment
etc.
43

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