MÁY NHIỄU XẠ TIA X (XRD)



•

•
  !"# $%&'()*+,-'. /"''
•
01()*
•
,0 234'2022 %&'
•
5'67'
•
893: ;$<=

1845 – 1923
•
Năm 1895 Rơntghen tình cờ phát hiện ra tia
X.
•
Năm 1901 Ông đạt giải Nobel

•
 !"#$
•
%&"
-
>?@')1A!B=
-
1"3:'20C'D<EFG !=
-

HI<;J2<?9K?=
-
LM 0  !K=
-
0 67'<*BA 4$FG'9'1* LF. KNJ=
m
11
10
−
m
8
10
−
•
'()*+,-./01#2))(345/6+78(9:
; <) =+>?46: (?@AB=  )(3 5 - . /0
C+D/6+78E>,=+>84846:)(35-9(
8@ )(3 5 /6 +7 :F
Sự phát sinh tia X
G)H> )IJ)
KL%&)M1E+N
/<)F
=#O,/0)(PQR)
Phương pháp phân tích bằng tia X
KSTBBUVWBXYZ[\
•
9H+ 8)]OC F0 I '?   A
P
 3:'

( )*   "A  $ IL @< QRQS= T'

P
'?L%JB@<QRQU L -'"VI1=
•
^AAY +, ^A8AYO 
P
 '? L%JB @<
QRQW LFX;M''M2 YZ"L' 2 
!"# $%&'=
,B KLJ6FJ"J)F1BJF
[J L6BJJB
"6BJJB
\L"BJJB
\]BJJB
W.L. and W.H. Bragg
W.L.Bragg l ngưi tr nht đt gii Nobel
(năm 25 tu&i)
Max von Laue
•
C'"V'^()*"A<_QISBIO
`$ M X ;*()*V
"L';MOBIFG'1ABI%3 FM' Y
ab1 M -'. /"''O
CDB C +=
δ
θδ
sin2CA=⇒
θδ

sin2: dhay =
λδ
n=
θλ
sin2
n
d
=
λ
2sin
n
d
λ
θ
=
⇒
9_`[\
–
'c
–
0;$<d
–
JJ L"
–
G';K$Ib-'
BU\aBbYc
#06=deC=f]./0+, />A
Tia X phát ra bởi ống phóng tia X có bước sóng thay đ&i gián đon
g

_hX9i
–
]]&6=(
–
jk//]d66/)]
–
BB]d]]
–
]6/]
–
j(k/
llBaV
JJ L"!201
•
JJ L"-'67'!"L' 2 bB%D()*
•
JJ L" MSI2e 4%?
–
$20"0F0'!1F BBJFK34'0 
–
f'g'O 1$0F0'I;=
NaI(Tl) scintillator
(very sensitive to moisture) – emits
around 4200Å
CsSb photocathode – ejects electrons
gain ~5× per dynode
(total gain with ten
dynodes is 5

10
≈ 10
7
)
KmbK_KKSTBXYZ

Phương pháp Laue

Phương pháp đơn tinh thể quay

Phương pháp nhiễu xạ bột
^'1A'M  Y;h$I1;i%3 FM' Y j<
,j<k2IK-';4Fl ;3: 6ZBA<d;4$ G;m
n()*'c<<E
BL* 0 h;_ "3'
L;G).' Y
$
Phương pháp LAUE
•
^'1A%3 FM'I1;i'M =
+<;3: ;_IL<_"L'
Y%c'V"7 G;m=
+d;4$;3: 'l
"AC1;c'"7 
%c'
Phương pháp đơn tinh thể quay
,j<;4Fl Fo%m()*"AQZ<_'1Ap
Y$KL?' 0 '^ 0 <_BI6K"L'C0"V
C1)!^''0"mN<q;K/"''

! ? 0 <_'1ApFL'FL'"7 C1Fo*LA 0 
h()*"L'<_2r'&<''=
+[p67' 0 <dBI;$
+ [p 67' <E j<
  FL' FL' k29
;4 Fl 9 h IL
<d
+g1<dIC1;e j<()*"A;3s'
"t;c'<
i()*FoBIFX27E  Y 3s';E()*ILSBe'M ()*Su=
Phương pháp nhiễu xạ bột