What a world 3 amazing stories from around the globe

Amazi
ng
Stories
from
Around
the
Globe
Milada Broukal
J
UN
tfl
the
Leg
end
of
King
BEFORE
YOU
READ
Answer these questions.
I.
Wh
at
is a legend?
2. What
fa
mous lege
nd
s
do

y
ou
know?
3.
Wh
at are some movi
es
which a
re
ba
sed on legend
s?
Why are
th
ey
po
pular?
What Is
the
Legend
of
King Arthur?
t The legend
of
King Arthur and the Knights
of
the Round Table makes
us think
of
an age

of
heroism and romance. For a thousand years, stories
about
th
em have been passed down from generation
to
generation,
across Europe and the rest
of
the world.
We
even
encounter
them today
in
books, on
tel
ev
ision, and
in
the movie
s.
In
all
these stories,
Kin
g
Arthur and his knights fight bra
ve
ly for justice and truth. Of course, they

always win.
2 The
le
gendary King Arthur was
known
as
the greatest king that ever
li
ved. His magnifi
ce
nt castle was called Camelct, and his wife, Guinevere,
was the most beautiful woman in history. Arthur had the greatest knights
at his court. They were a
ll
equal and sat at a round table to show that
no
one had a higher rank than the other. The most famous knights were Sir
Gawain and Sir Lancelot. The knights did many
good
deeds
and went
on
adventures. They saved yo
un
g women in trouble
and
searched
for
a
precious

cup ca
ll
ed the Holy Grai!. They were all heroes, although they
had faults like all people do.
3 In the legend, Arthur is the perfect king. He has a wizard
by
the name
of Merlin who helps him defeat his enemies. He also has flashing swords
a
nd
wears a fine suit
of
shining armor. Arthur has two magic swords.
At
the beginning
of
hi
s reign, he pulls one from a block of stone, proving
that he
is
the true king. The other sword appears in the middle
of
a lake
and has powers that ma
ke
Arthur immortal.
At
the end of
hi
s reign,

Arthur
returns to the lake and disappears into the mist.
4
Are
these stories true? Did King Arthur really exist?
Was
hi
s wife,
Guinevere, real? Did Camelot exis
t?
How true to fact are some
of
these
stories?
Hi
storians don't
know.
For the
la
st few hundred years, people
thought that the legend about Arthur had been invented. Howe
ver,
historians have realized recently that Arthur really may have existed.
Mo
st
hi
storians believe that he probably did. They think that he was a
king or a great leader somewhere in Great Britain.
Mo
st believe that

,.
Arthur
li
ved around the end
of
the fifth and beginning
of
the sixth
century.
Th
ey also belie
ve
that he led
an
anmy against the Saxons who
in
va
ded Britain a very long time ago, that he won this great battle, and
that he was the character who inspired hundreds
of
stories.
2
UN
IT
1
.5
The stories about Arthur may bave some truths in them, but they also
have a lot
of
exaggerations.

It
seems difficult to separate fact from fiction.
Some people question how a man could win so many battles and swo
rd
fights witho
ut
getting
wo
unded
or
killed.
And
some
of
the thin
gs
that
Arthur'
s adviser
MerHn
says and does are too fantastic to
be
real. For
example, he
made
predictions of strange and amazing things that would
happen
in
th
e future, and many stories claim that he could change himself

into different objects and animals. He cou
ld
change into a boy or a deer,
for
example, and he could change
th
e appearan
ce
of
others and even make
them invisible. Howeve
r,
there are o
th
er
part
s
of
the stories we acce
pt
more
eas
il
y,
such as
th
e magnificent cas
tl
e
of

Camelot with
it
s many towers.
6
Th
ere have been various
theories
about where Camelot was located
and whether it even existed.
In
th
e late 1960s, historians dug
at
a
site
in
southeastern England (Cadbury
Ca
s
tl
e)
where Camelot could have been
located, but they found nothing.
Some histo
ri
ans say that big stone castles
didn't exist
in
the time
of

Arthur.
Castles during his t
im
e were made
of
dirt
and stone, and they were nothing
Hk
e
th
e castle described
in
the storie
s.
7 Still, the idea
of
Camelot as a wo
nd
erful, perfect place continue
s.
In
the
1960
s,
there was a popular musical show called Camelot that said that
life was perfect in Arthur's cas
tl
e.
Today in the English langua
ge,

the
wo
rd
Camelot
ha
s come to mean an ideal place. It is often associated with
President Jo
hn
F.
Kenned
y's
White Hou
se
years, because
hi
s presidency
started a new "go
ld
en age" of
prosperity
in the
Un
ited State
s.
8 Most
of
th
e stories about King Arthur were written in the ninth
centu
ry

and l
ater.
Th
e sto
ri
es te
ll
us about the people and
va
lues
of
these
time
s.
Most of them talk about a code of honor,
or
chival
ry.
King Arthur
a
nd
his
kni
ghts were all chivalrous. They respected others. A c
hi
va
lrous
person did not
kill
his enemy after the enemy surrendered. Arthur and

his knights were expected to show respect for the c
hur
ch and pity for the
poor, as we
ll
as bravery and courtesy.
9
Th
e most famous
ve
rsion
of
King Arthur
's
legend, a book ca
ll
ed
Morte
d'Arthur (Death
of
Arthur
),
was written by Sir
Th
omas Ma
lo
ry
in the
fifteenth ce
ntury.

In
hi
s wo
rk
, Malo
ry
creates a story
of
extraordinary
bra
very and emp
ha
sizes the triumph
of
good over ev
il.
This
wo
rk
in
spired
ki
n
gs
a
ll
over Europ
e.
King Henry VIII of England saw himself
as

th
e new Arthur reuniting the
co
unt
ry
after civil wa
r,
and even naming
hi
s eldest
so
n
Arthur.
What
Is
the
Legend of
King
Arthur?
3
10
King Arthur's popularity
is
ongoing. In 1986, it was estimated that
13,500 books, articles, and reviews had been written about him. The
success of recent movies and books shows that the popularity of the
legend of
King Arthur
is
still strong today. Why

is
this? The story of
Arthur is an adventure story. There are sword fights and wars that make
the story exciting. There is also romance, and the setting is far away and
exotic. The themes in the stories are universal: the fight between good
and evil, the
conflict
between love and duty. Another theme in the stories
shows that although Arthur
is
a king, he makes mistakes and, like all
people, he is not perfec
t.
He is, in fact, like us in many ways. Maybe
it
is
this combination
of
greatness and humanness that has made
IGng
Arthur a popular figure around the world and
throughout
history.
VOCABULARY
(1
MEANING
Circle the letter
of
the answer that is closest in meaning to the underlined word.
I. Arthur

returns
to the lake
and
disappears into the mill.
a.
rain
b. fog
c.
water
d.
storm
2.
In the late 1960s, historians dug
at
a
~
in
southeastern
England.
a.
co
unt
ry
b. place
c. cave
d. c
it
y
3.
Th

e setting is
far
away and exotic.
a.
familiar and like home
h. similar to the way things always are
c. hard to understand
d. differe
nt
from the u
sua
l
4
UNIT
I
"If_.
4.
Ther
e
ha
ve been
various
theorie
s
about
wh
ere
Camelot
was
located.

a. facts
b.
questio
ns
c.
stor
ies
d. ideas
5. We even en
co
unt
er
th
em
toda
y
in
books, on television,
and
in
the movies.
a. discu
ss
b.
see
c.
carry
d. like
6.
He

was the char
ac
ter
who
in
spired
hundred
s
of
stories.
a.
wa
s the for
ce
behind
b.
ca
used n
ot
to
happ
en
c.
took
away
from
d. helped to
wr
ite
7.

Th
ey saved yo
un
g
wo
men
in
trouble
and
searched
for a
pr
ec
ious
c
up
.
a. having gr
eat
va
lu
e
b.
being very b
ea
utiful
c.
co
nt
ai

nin
g lots
of
decoration
s
d. lacking
importance
8.
On
e
of
th
e
th
emes
in
the
sto
ries is
th
e conflict
betw
ee
n love
and
duty.
a.
agree
me
nt

b.
un
ders
t
an
din
g
c.
s
tru
ggle
d. ch
ange
9. His
presidency
sta
rted
a
new
"go
ld
en age"
of
prosperity.
a. p
eace
b.
h
appiness
c. pl

eas
ur
e
d. wealth
What Is the Legend of King Arthur? 5
10
.
The
themes
in the stories
are
uni
versa
l.
a. different
in
every
co
unt
ry
b.
commo
n to a few
ar
eas
c.
the
same
everywh
ere

d.
unlik
e
anything
else
WORDS THAT
GO
TOGETHER
A. Find words in the reading that go together with the words below to make phrases.
I.
_______
predictions
2.
comb
inati
on
______
_
3.
known
_____
_
4.
5.
_______
hist
ory
______
d
ee

ds
6.
passed
_______
from
7.
______
tro
uble
B.
Complete the sentences with the phrases from Part
A.
I.
If
you kn
ew
s
omeone
who
_________
, she
could
tell you
w
hat
is going
to
happen
in
the fut

ur
e.
2.
Imp
orta
nt
items a
nd
stories
tha
t
are
given by elders to the c
hildr
en in a
family
are
one
gene
ration
to another.
3.
If
you take two
or
more
thing
s a
nd
put

th
em
together, you
ha
ve a
_________
tho
se things.
4.
If
some
thin
g is
ha
vi
ng
a
ce
rtain
qualit
y
or
being
a
certa
in way, it m
eans
that
man
y people

are
aware
of
th
at fa
ct
or
characteristic.
5.
Wh
en s
omething
is a
certa
in
way over
man
y,
man
y years, it is
that
way
6.
If
y
ou
are
having a
ser
ious

problem
or
difficult
y,
you
are
7.
To
do
_________
means
to
do
thi
ngs
th
at
help
others.
C.
Now use the phrases in your own sentences.
Example:
She
was known as a
very
good
doctor.
6
UN
IT

1
f
USE
Work with a
partner
to answer the questions.
Use
complete sentences.
1.
What
are
two things
that
are
precious to you?
2.
What
a
re
some
commo
n
good
deeds
that
people
ca
n do for
ot
hers?

3.
When
was
the
last time you were
in
trouble? D
escr
ibe w
hat
happened.
4.
What
is a famous hi
storica
l site in
your
co
untry
?
5.
What
is
something
that
has
been
passed
down
from

one
genera
tion to
another
in
your
family?
6.
What
are
s
ome
signs
of
prosperity?
7.
Where
is
it
commo
n to see mist?
8.
What
exotic place would you like
to
visit?
COMPREHENSION
<r
UNDERSTANDING MAIN IDEAS
Some of the following statements

are
main ideas,
and
some are supporting statements.
Some of them
are
stated directly in the reading. Find the statements. Write M for each
main idea.
Write S for each supporting statement.
___
I.
The
knights saved p
eo
ple in
trouble
and
searc
hed for the Holy
Grail.
_ _ _
2.
The
stories
abo
ut
King
Arthur
co
ntain

b
ot
h
truth
and
fiction.
_ _ _ 3. People have diff
ere
nt
opinions
about
whether
Camelot existed
and
wh
ere
it
might
have
been
located.
___
4. Many hi
storians
believe
that
Arthur
led
an
army

against the
Saxons
who
invaded Britain.
_
__
5.
In
the English language,
the
word
Came/at
ha
s
come
to
mean
an
id
ea
l place.
_
__
6.
People from
many
different times
an
d places
ha

ve been fascinated
by the lege
nds
of
King Arthur.
What Is
th
e Legend of King Arthur? 7
-
REMEMBERING DETAILS
Reread the passage and answer the questions. Write complete sentences.
1. What is the m
os
t famous version
of
King Arthur
's
legend?
2.
What
are
thr
ee
things
that
were
exp
ec
t
ed

of
a chiva
lr
ous knig
ht
?
3.
What
did
many lege
nd
s
claim
about
Merlin?
4.
Why
did
the
knig
ht
s sit
at
a
round
table
?
5.
What do
hi

storians be
li
eve that castles were made from during the time
of
King Arthur?
6.
What
is
pro
b
ab
ly
one
of
th
e
reasons
why King
Arthur
ha
s always
been
such
a popular figure?
7. Where did Arthur get
hi
s second magic sword?
8. During what time do most historians be
li
eve

th
at Arthur
li
ve
d?
MAKlNGINFERENCES
The answers to these questions can
be
inferred, or guessed, from the reading. Circle
the letter
of
the best answer.
I.
Th
e
reading
implies
that
___
_
a. M
er
lin most likely
did
exist
b. Merlin
's
actions are ba
se
d in fact

c. Merlin is not a believable character
d. Merlin
did
not
li
ve
in
Camelot
8
UNIT
I
2.
It
can be infelTed from the reading that people many centuri
es
ago
a.
lik
ed stories about love and adventure
b.
didn
't believe
their
heroes should have any faults
c. were tired
of
stories about knights and kings
d. didn't have much imagination
3.
From

the re
ad
in
g, it
can
be conclud
ed
th
at
Arthur
was probably
a.
a person who never really existed in history
b.
a milital), leader whose real life became exaggerated
c. several different p
eo
pl
e
who
became one character
d. one
of
the m
ost
famous knights in all
of
British history
4. The reading implies
that

the lege
nd
s
of
King
Arthur
___
_
a. could only be
understood
by
the
royalty
of
their
day
b.
caused a civil war during
th
e time of
Kin
g Henry
VIII
c. showed only the good side
of
th
e king a
nd
his knights
d.

touched everyone,
fro
m kings to ordinary people
DISCUSSION
Discuss the answers to these questions with your classmates.
J. What legends are associated with cert
ai
n countries?
2.
Why do you think p
eop
le like
sto
ri
es
about
gr
eat
heroes? Why are
the
most popular heroes those who have human faults?
3.
Many people say that "chivalry
is
dead" toda
y.
Do
yo
u agree? Why
or

why not?
4.
Wh
at
is yo
ur
idea
of
a p
er
fect place like Came/or?
WRITING
On
separate paper, write a paragraph or an essay about one
of
th
e following topics:
I.
Write the story
of
a legend you know.
2.
Describe a perfect
pl
ace to
li
ve.
3.
Te
ll

about a romantic or adventure movie you have seen.
What Is
th
e Lege
nd
of King
Arthur?
9
~

-
GRAMMAR
AN
0
PUNCTUATION
<t
SUBJECT-VERB AGREEMENT
1. A singular subject takes a singul
ar
verb, and a plural subject takes a
plural verb.
Arthur
has
two
magic
swords.
Of
course,
they
always

win.
Two subjec
ts
jo
ined by
and
take
a plural verb.
King
Arthur
and
his knights fight for justice
and
truth.
2. Words
be
tw
een the subject
and
the
verb
do
not
change subject-verb
agreement.
The
story
of
King
Arthwand

the Knights
of
the Round Table
makes
us
think
of
an
age
of
romance.
(The
subject
is
the
story,
not
King
Arthur
and
the
Knights
of
the
Round
Table.)
Phrases like together with, as well
as,
and
accompanied

by
do
not
change the subj
ect
-verb
agreement
.
King Arthur, together
with
his
knights,
sits at
the
Round
Table
.
3.
Wh
en a sentence starts with there,
the
verb must agree with
the
subject that follows.
There
is
also
romance
.
There

are
sword
fights.
Underline the correct form
of
the ve
rb
in parentheses.
1.
There
(is ' are) parts
of
the
stories
that
(is ' are)
eas
i
er
to accept.
2.
The magnificent castle
of
Camelot
wi
th its many towers (is ' are) believabl
e.
3. King Arthur, with his beautiful wife, Guinevere,
(l
ive '

li
ves) in Camelot.
4. Sir Lancelot and Sir Gawain (is I are) the most famous knigh
ts.
5.
King
Arthur
, together with his knights, always
(win'
wins) the battle.
6.
The stories
about
Arthur
(has ' have)
some
trut
h
s.
7.
There (has ' have) been
many
th
eor
ies
abo
ut where Camelot was located.
8.
The most famous version
of

the stories about King Arthur (was I were)
written by
Sir
Thomas
Malory.
9.
King Arthur, like a
ll
people, (is ' are)
not
perfect.
1
0.
The
combination
of
greatness
and
h
umanness
(ma
ke ' makes) King
Arthur popular.
10
\INn:
\
UNIT2
WIlyOid
the
Inca

Empire
D'sappear?
BEFORE
YOU
READ
Answer these qu
es
ti
ons.
I.
Who were the earliest people to
set
tl
e in your
co
unt
ry? What do you
know about the
m?
2.
How
long ago do you think
th
e Incas
li
ved?
3.
In
what
part

of
the world do you think the Incas
li
ved?
11
Why Did
the
Inca Empire Disappear?
I
Th
e land of the Incas included what is now Bolivia, Pe
ru
,
Ec
uador,
and pa
rt
of
Argentina and Chile. In the center of
th
e Inca Empire was
it
s
capital,
CU
ZCQ,
th
e "Sacr
ed
City of

th
e Sun." From every part
of
th
e
empire, grain,
go
ld
and s
il
ver, clo
th
, and food
pour
ed into
th
e capita
l.
2
Th
e Incas began as a small tribe living
in
the Peruvian And
es
in
the I
lOO
s.
In the 13
00

s,
their strong leader, Mayta Qapaq, began to
co
nquer neigh boring land
s.
By the 1400s, t
he
Incas' hu
ge
empire bec
am
e
the largest empire kn
ow
n in the Ame
ri
ca
s.
Although
th
ere were o
nl
y
40,000 Incas, they ruled a population of
ab
o
ut
12
million, w
hi

ch included
100 different p
eo
pl
es.
Th
e Incas were clever governors and did not always
for
ce
the
ir
ow
n ideas on other groups. The people they
co
nquered had to
acce
pt
th
e Inca gods, but,th
ey
were a
ll
owed
to worship in
th
eir
ow
n way
and keep their
ow

n customs.
3 Each n
ew
ruler
of
th
e empire was called the Sapa Inca, and each
Sapa Inca
claimed
to be the child of the sun and was
tr
eated as a
go
d.
Wh
en a Sapa Inca died,
hi
s body was kept and taken c
ar
e of by the
p
eo
ple, and he
co
ntinued to
"li
ve"
in
his palace.
Th

e
de
ad Inca sat on a
golden stoo
l,
and a
wo
man watched him day and night, whisking the
fli
es
away (Tom his face.
Th
e d
ea
d rulers
we
re
se
rv
ed food each day, and
on
special
occasions
th
ey
were carried out
of
th
eir palaces to
fe

ast to
ge
ther.
Each n
ew
ruler had to build a new palace. By
1500
,
Cu
zco was
full
of
palaces of dead Incas.
4 Each Sapa Inca had a queen, or Coya. She was almost always
th
e
ruler
's
own
siste
r.
Lik
e him, she
was
thought to be a child
of
th
e sun.
Th
e Sapa Inca mar

ri
ed his sister to make su
re
their childr
en
only had the
p
ur
e
bl
ood of the sun. One of their sons would be the n
ex
t Sapa Inca.
However, each Sapa In
ca
had many unofficial wives and d
oze
ns
of
children who
wo
uld become the Inca nobilit
y.
5
Th
e Incas ruled over one of the best organized empir
es
in history.
They
co

ntrolled the
li
ves of everyone
th
rough a system of officials. This
system was like a
tri
angle or pyramid.
At
th
e bottom were millions of
ordinary farmers. Above the f
ann
ers were o
ffi
cials and higher officials,
and above
th
ese
officials were
th
e four gove
rn
ors of the qua
rt
ers
of
the
empire.
At

th
e very top of the pyramid was the Sapa Inca.
12 UN IT 2
6 Ordinary people had to spend part of each year working for the
state-mining,
buildings roads, or
serving
in
the
army. They could not
leave their villages without official permission. They had no
choice
but to
work on the land and send one-third
of
their produce to the government
stores. The empire had huge storehouses where food was kept. The Ineas
made sure no one starved.
In
return, everyone was expected to work.
7 Even
maniage
of
the ordinary people was contro
ll
ed. Although nobles
often had several wives. an ordinary man
co
uld only have one. The state
co

ntrolled whom and when each ordinary person could
marry.
Each year
the local chiefs assembled all the eligible young men over twenty-four
and women over eighteen. They were grouped into two lines and then
paired together. For the first year of marria
ge,
the couple did not have to
pay taxes on either goods or
labor.
However, they wou
ld
have to work
hard
for the rest
of
their live
s.
When they were elderly and became too frail
or
sick to take care of themse
lves,
they received free food and clothes from
the state storehouse. and their family group would care for them.
8 The
In
cas
had no horses or wheels to help them with transportation.
but th
ey

had a
sophisticate
d road system. Their network of roads ran
the length of the empire, from today's
Peru to Chile. One road, ca
ll
ed the
Royal Road, was 3,250 miles (5,200 km) long.
It
was built through the
Andes Mountains. Even today. with
modem
tools.
it
would be difficult to
build that road. The Incas also made extraordi
na
ry
suspension bridges
of
ropes; these hung 300 feet
(91
meters) above deep rivers. Since most
people were not allowed to travel. the roads were used
by
soldiers and
chasquis, who were government messengers. They were highly trained
runners who were stationed at intenrals
of
about two miles (3.2

km)
along the roads and carried messages to and from CUlCO. the capital.
Relay teams could run up to 200 miles
(322
km) a day and bring fish
from
the sea to the capital in two days. But the main reason for
th
e roads
was for
th
e soldiers who kept the empire under
control
9 Although they
had
no system
of
writing. the
In
cas sent messages
in
quipus, which were colored strings with
knots
in
them. The color
of
the
string represented what was being counted. For example. a yellow str
in
g

stood
for
go
ld
and a red
str
ing for soldiers. The knots stood for numbers.
10
Th
e Incas were expert builders, although th
ey
only had basic tools.
Instead of building walls with cement, they used stones that
fit
together
perfectly. Many of the Inca walls remain in place to this
day.
In
1950
,
Why
Did
th
e Inca Empire Disappear?
13
t
wo-
thirds of
Cu
zc

o was destroyed in an earthquake, but none of the
old w
all
s collapsed.
Toda
y the
well
-pres
e",
ed to
wn
of Machu
Pi
cchu
shows the remarka
bl
e s
kill
s of the Inca builders. This town, which was
abandoned by
th
e
In
eas
fo
r unknown reasons, was o
nl
y
di
scovered

in
19
11.
11
Th
e Inca Empire
fell
ve
ry
quic
kl
y after the death of their great ruler
Huayna
Ca
pac
in
1525.
Two
of
hi
s sons,
At
ahualpa and Huasc
ar
,
qua
rr
eled over who should be the next Sapa Inca. They foug
ht
against

each oth
er
in a war and
fin
a
ll
y,
in
15
3
2,
At
ahualpa won. During the w
ar,
news came
th
at st
ran
ge people had a
rri
ved on the coast.
Th
ese visitors,
th
e Spa
ni
a
rd
s, were
dr

essed
in
me
tal
suits,
rod
e unknown animals
(horses), and had hair growing down their chins. After
hi
s victo
ry,
At
ahua
lp
a
wa
n
te
d
to
see these strange p
eo
pl
e and
in
v
it
ed them
to
vis

it
him. There were o
nl
y, 180 Spaniards, so
At
ahualpa was not afraid.
However, the Spa
ni
ards attacked the
In
ca army with g
un
s and fired their
cannons.
Th
ey took Atahualpa
pri
soner and promis
ed
to
g
iv
e him
hi
s
fr
eedom
in
exchange
for a

ro
om
fu
ll
of gold and two r
oo
ms full of s
ilver:
Th
e
In
eas gave
th
e Spa
ni
a
rd
s
th
e go
ld
and s
il
ve
r. However,
th
e Spania
rd
s
di

dn't
fr
ee
At
ahualp
a;
they killed him
in
stead. With no leader, the Inca
soldiers were weak,
an
d the Spaniards soon defeated
th
e
m.
The
Spa
ni
a
rd
s g
av
e
th
e
In
cas o
rd
ers, a
nd

the Incas obeyed
th
em because
th
ey
were used
to
obey
in
g a
ll
th
e
ir
lives.
Th
e Spani
ar
ds were o
nl
y interested
in
the
In
ca go
ld
and s
il
ve
r,

so
th
ey made
th
e people wo
rk
in
th
e mines
a
nd
neglect
th
e fannin
g.
Many
In
cas
di
ed
from
overwork and hunger.
Th
e great
In
ca Empi
re
was soon
de
s

tro
ye
d.
12 Though
th
e
In
ca civilization disa
pp
eare
d,
traces of
it
s culture and
peo
pl
e survive. As a ma
tt
er of fact, tod
ay
th
e Inc
as'
descendants fo
nn
th
e
majority
of
the population in the

And
es of Ecuador, Peru, and Bo
li
via.
VOCABULARY
.
<r
MEANING
Circle the letter
of
the answer that is closest in meaning to the underlined word.
I. The
In
cas had a sophisticat
ed
r
oa
d system.
a. not well developed
b.
plain
and
simple
c. ad
va
nced and
co
mplicated
d. roug
hl

y
put
together
14
UN
IT
2
-
2.
Each
Sapa
Inca claim
ed
to be the child of the sun.
a.
stated as a fact
b.
showed to be
untrue
c.
questioned the t
ru
th of
d. demanded to know
3.
Th
ey were a
ll
owed to worship in their
ow

n way.
a.
forced
b.
forbidden
c.
told how
d.
given permission
4.
Th
ey made
th
e p
eo
ple work in the mines and n
ee;
lect the farming.
a.
not care for
b.
take care of
c.
do more
of
d. watch over
5.
Ma
chu
Pi

cc
hu
was
aba
n
do
n
ed
by the Incas.
a.
torn d
ow
n
b. left empty or alone
c.
made more beautiful
d.
built
up
6.
Th
e Incas made sure
th
at no
one
starved.
a.
had food
b.
went without

food
c.
was forced to buy food
d.
stored food
7.
Wh
en they became too frail or sick
to
take
care
of
th
emse
lv
es, they
received free
fo
od
and
clothes.
a.
completely
unhapp
y
b.
lonely
and
afyaid
c. poor

and
hun
gry
d. thin
and
weak
Why
Did
the
I
nca
Empire
Disappear?
15
8. None
of
th
e old
In
ca
walls co
ll
apsed.
a. had large
cr
acks
b. fe
ll
d
ow

n
c. were
da
mag
ed
d. showed signs of
ag
ing
9.
Eac
h y
ear
th
e l
oc
al chiefs
asse
mbl
ed all
th
e eligible y
oun
g me
n.
a. very i
nt
ellig
ent
b.
ph

ysically
st
rong
c. suitable to be chosen
d. belonging to a
ce
rt
ain class
10
.
Th
e
In
eas se
nt
mess
ages
in
qu
ipus, which
wer
e
ca
lored strings
Wl[n
11
in them.
a. pieces tied toge
th
er

b. lon
g,
sepa
rate pieces
c.
tin
y,
loose pieces
d.
pieces hanging from some
thin
g
WORDS THAT GO TOGETHER
A.
Find words in the reading that go together with the words below to
make
1.
_______
intervals
2. maj
or
ity _ _ _ _
__
_
3.
on
_______
occ
as
ions

4. exchange
fo
r
5. st
oo
d
_____
_
6. in
th
e
arm
y
7.
co
nt
rol
B. Complete the sentences with the phrases from Part
A.
1.
Wh
en you give
so
me
thin
g in o
rd
er
to get
so

mething else in return,
you give one
th
e o
th
er.
2.
___
__
____
, such
as
birthd
ays
and
we
ddin
gs,
we
celebr.
importa
nt
eve
nt
s in o
ur
lives.
3. People who
are
___

__
_
____
of
s
om
eone act according
ce
rtain rules and laws.
16 UN
IT
2
po
4.
The
___
_ _
____
the
people
is
most
of
the
people.
5.
You
are
when you become a
memb

er
of
and
spe
nd
time working in
that
part
of
a country's military.
6.
Things
that
are
are
spaced
certa
in distances
apart
from
each
other.
7.
If
certain lett
ers
or
objects represented something else,
th
en they

__
____
___
that
thing.
C.
Now use the
phr
ases in your own sentences.
Example:
The
traffic lights changed at intervals
of
two minutes.
(1
USE
Work with a p
art
ner
to
ans,:\,er the questions.
Use
complete sentences.
1.
What
place was
abandoned
by
ear
ly people

who
once
li
ved there?
2.
Where have you seen an o
bj
ect.
group
of
letters,
or
a sign
that
stood for
somet
hing else? What did
it
represent?
3.
What
are
some
of
the
characteristics
of
a
sophis
ticated person?

4.
In
yo
ur
co
unt
ry.
w
hat
are
the requi
re
ments to be eligible for marriage?
5.
What do you wear
on
special occasions in yo
ur
country? Talk
abo
ut two
different occasions.
6.
What
are
two things
tha
t you
are
allowed to

do
when you
reach
a certain
age in yo
ur
fam
il
y
or
in
your
co
un
try?
7.
What
are
some things
that
occ
ur
at intervals
of
eith
er
time
or
space?
8.

Why shouldn't you neglect yo
ur
work
or
obligations?
COMPREHENSION
~
UNDERSTANDING MAIN IDEAS
Circle
th
e
letter
of
the best answer.
1.
The
main
idea
of
para
g
raph
2 is
that
___
_
a.
th
e
In

cas
a
ll
owed
con
qu
ered
p
eop
le
to
keep
their
customs
b.
the
first
In
cas
lived in
the
Peruvian Andes
in
the 1100s
c. Mayta
Qapaq
was a s
trong
In
ca

l
eader
d.
a small tribe
of
In
cas grew to a
hu
ge
emp
i
re
Why
Did the Inca Empire Disappear?
17
2.
The main id
ea
of
paragraph
5 is
that
___
_
a.
th
e Inca government had many officials
b.
the
Sapa

In
ca
was
at
th
e top
of
th
e
pyramid
c. Inca r
ul
e was very organized and
co
ntrolled
d.
the
farmers
had
many
people telling
them
what
to do
3.
The main idea
of
paragraph
8 is
that

___
_
a. the Inca r
oads
would be ha
rd
to
build
toda
y, even with modern
tools
b.
the
In
ca road system was used mainly
by
so
ldiers
c. most people were not a
ll
owed to travel in
In
ca
soc
iety
d.
th
e
In
eas built a very advanced and

co
mplex system of
roads
4.
Para
g
raph
11
is mainly
about
how
___
_
a.
th
e dea
th
of Huayna Capac led to war between
hi
s two sons
b.
the
great
Inca
Empire
was destroyed by
the
Spania
rds
c. the Spaniards were o

nl
y interested in Inca go
ld
and s
ilv
er
d. Ata
hu
alpa was not afraid
of
th
e Spania
rd
s
,
~
REMEMBERING DETAILS
Reread the passage and fill in the blanks.
I. One
In
ca
road, ca
ll
ed
the
_________
, was 3,250 miles
(5,200 km) lon
g.
2.

For their first year
of
marriage, a
co
uple did not
ha
ve
to pay
3.
In
quipus, a yellow st
rin
g stood for , a
red
stood
for ,
and
the
knots stood
fo
r
4. Farmers had to send to government
stores.
5.
The
Spaniards
promised Atahualpa his freedom in exchange for
6.
The
Sapa

In
ca claimed to be
________
_
7.
The
job
of
the chasquis was to to and
from
8.
Th
e Ineas had amaz
in
g suspensi
on
bridges made from
18
UNIT
2
c.r
MAKING
INFERENCES
The answers to these questions are not directly stated in the article. Write complete
sentences.
I.
What can you conclude about
th
e Inca rulers from the statement that
grai

n,
go
l
d,
s
il
ver, cloth, and food poured into the cap
it
al from every part
of
th
e emp
ir
e?
2.
Wh
at
did the
In
cas
probably believe abo
ut
th
eir
dead
rulers?
3.
What
can
be inferred

about
th
e
In
cas'
attitude
toward
the
elderly?
,
4.
What can you conclude a
bout
th
e lives
of
the
ord
inary people in
the
In
ca
Empire?
5.
Wh
y do you suppose the Inca governors did n
ot
force their ideas
on
other

group
s?
6.
Wh
at can
you
infer from the fact that nobIes
co
uld have several wives but
an ordinary man
cou
ld
on
ly have one?
7.
What do
the
Inca
roads, buildings,
and
wa
ll
s tell
us
abo
ut
th
e
In
ca people?

8.
Wh
at
t
er
rible mistake did Atahualpa ma
ke
?
DISCUSSION
Discuss the answers to these questions with your classmates.
1.
Why did
th
e
Spaniards
so eas
il
y defeat
th
e
In
cas? Do you think there was
any possibility that
th
e In
cas
cou
ld have
wo
n?

2.
Why
do
you
think
the
In
cas
abandoned
Machu
Picc
hu
?
Why
Did
the
Inc
a Empire Disappear?
19
3.
What
are
some
of
the
good
po
i
nts
about

the
In
ca system
of
governmen
t?
What
are
some
of
the
bad
po
ints?
4.
Were
the
Spaniards
wise leaders like
th
e
Incas
were wh
en
they conquered
people? Expl
ain
your
answer.
WRITING

On sep
ara
te paper, write a paragra
ph
or
an
es
sa
y about one of the following topics:
1.
What
are
two advantages
and
two disadvantages
of
living
in
an
organized
and
controlled society su
ch
as
the
society
of
the
Incas?
2.

Each
country
is different
and
has
its own way
of
doing things. Write
about
two
or
three
th
ings th
at
are
d
one
differently in
ano
th
er
country.
3.
Who
shou
ld take
care
of
the

elderly? Write the advantages
an
d /
or
disadvantages
of
the government's taking care
of
the
elderl
y.
GRAMMAR
AN 0 PUNCTUATION
~
COMMAS: WITH TRANSITIONAL EXPRESSIONS-HOWEVER,
~
FOR EXAMPLE, THEREFORE, AS A MATTER
OF
FACT
We use transitional expressions
to
act
as a bridge between one sentence
and another, and between parts
of
a sentence. Transitional expressi
ons
can be used
at
the beginning, in the middle,

or
at
the end
of
a sentence.
We
set
them
off
with
commas.
For the first yea
r,
the couple
did
not
pay
taxes.
However, they would
have
to
work hard for the rest
of
their lives.
For the first
year,
the couple
did
not pay taxes. They would have
to

work hard,
however, for the rest
of
their lives.
A. Add co
mm
as to the
fo
llowing
se
ntences where necessary.
1.
The
Incas
conquered
many
different peoples in
Sout
h America. However
they allowed
them
to
keep
their
own
cu
sto
ms.
2. There were huge
storeho

uses a
ll
over
the
country. Therefore no
one
starved.
3. The roads were used by
government
messengers. The
main
reason for the
roads however was for the soldiers to keep
the
empire
under
control.
20 UNIT 2
4.
The Royal Road
is
a great achievement. As a matter
of
fact it would be
difficult to build even today.
5.
The colors on the quipus re
pr
esented wh
at

was being co
unt
ed. Yellow for
example stood for gold.
B.
Connect the two sentences
with
a transitional expression.
1. The Spaniards were only interested in the gold
and
s
il
ve
r
of
the
In
cas. They
made the people work in mines
and
neglected the farming.
2.
Ordinary people had no freedom to go where they liked. They could not
leave
th
eir village without permission .
•
Wh
y
Did

the
Inca
Empire
Disappear?
21
UNIT3
H
ow
Do
H
indus
C
elebrate
the
BEFORE YOU
READ
Answer these questions.
1. What is yo
ur
favonte ho
li
day? Why?
2.
What
special things
do
you
do
to celebrate the ho
li

da
y?
3.
How long do
th
e
ce
lebrations last?
22
,
How
Do
Hindus
Celebrate
the
Diwali Festival?
1 Diwali is the Hindu festival of light. The Hindus
in
India celebrate their
favorite festival on the dark and cold nights of late October
or
early
November.
Diwali,
which
is
short
for
dipawali, means "row of lights."
There are lights everywhere during this festival. which

is
as important to
Hindus as
Christmas
is
to Christians. Houses have lights in front of their
doors and windows, the streets are decorated with lights, and the temples
have tiny
rows
of
lights all over. Diwali, which lasts for
five
days, is one
of
the longest festivals for Hindus. In India, it's a time when everything stops.
Families get together, eat together, and exchange gifts, usually of candies.
They go shopping and buy things, from new clothes to new homes.
2
As
with
other
Iridian festivals, Diwali has different
significance
for
people
in
various parts of India,
depending
upon
which gods the people

worship
at
this time. However, the basic reason for this festival is the
same all over India: Diwali is a time for new beginnings. It is a time when
light
triumphs
over darkness
and
good
triumphs
over evil.
3 Before celebrating Diwali, Hindus prepare and decorate their homes.
People
make
sure
that
their houses are spotless. Every house
is
repainted
and
thoroughly
cleaned. They decorate the floors
and
sidewalks outside
their homes with special
rangoli
patterns to welcome guests. Rangoli
means "a mixture of colors." The patterns are created from a paste made
from rice flour. The paste
is

usually colored red
or
yellow. The Hindus
believe red and yellow make the
evil
spirits
go
away. One traditional Hindu
pattern
is
the lotus flower, which is the symbol of one of their gods,
Lakshmi.
4 Lights play an
important
part
in the Diwali festivaL Weeks before the
festival. potters make clay lamps called
diwas. On the first day of Diwali,
every family buys a new lamp, which symbolizes new beginnings.
There"
are lights everywhere in the streets. Even in parts of India where there is
no electricity, thousands of these clay lamps
can
be seen. The lamps
welcome travelers and help visitors find the houses they are going to visit.
They are also there so the gods
that
people are remembering will see the
lights and
pay

them a visit. In addition to light, there is noise- the noise
of firecrackers. Families spend a lot of money on firecrackers and light
them for four
or
five
hours
at
night in their backyards and gardens.
At
the
end of Diwali, there are also big fireworks
displays
that light
up
the
sky.
How
Do
Hindus Celebrate the Diwali Festival?
23
1
,