Thi công đài móng khối lượng lớn bằng phương pháp đổ bê tông liên tục kết hợp phân chia lớp đổ với cấp phối và sự tỏa nhiệt khác nhau

_?_NGHl|NCuru
KHOA HOC
Thi cong dai mong khoi lan bang
phiFang
phap do be tong lien tuc
kit hap
phan
chia lap do vai cap phoi va
SLP
toa nhiet
khac nhau
Ngay nhan bai: 10/12/2013
Ngay sita bai: 15/12/2013
Ngay chap nhan dang: 30/12/2013
Ho Ngpc Khoa
TOM
TAT:
Trong thi cong be tong dai mong khoi ldn nha sieu cao tang noi rieng va ket cau be tong
khoi
Icin
noi chung, van de quan trpng nhat la kilm soat
diiac mJt
do hieu
iJng
nhiet
thuy hoa xi mang trong khoi do ma van phai dam bao
dilpc
tinh toan khoi, kha nang thi
cong lien tuc va
tinh
chong tham cao cho cau kien. Bai bao the hien ket qua phan tich ly

thuyet, ca scf khoa hpc ve qua trinh vat ly xay ra trong be tong kh6i ldn
d
giai doan dau
dong ran va ket qua nghien
ciJu
thilc te qua trinh thi cong dai mong cong trinh sieu cao
tang
Lotte
Center Hanoi, tii do de xuat quy trinh cong nghe thi cong be tong lien tuc dai
mong kh6i
Icin
nha cao tang va sieu cao tang bang
phUPng
phap do be tong lien tuc ket
hpp phan chia
Ictp
do vdi cap phoi va
stf
t6a
nhi^t
khac nhau. Ket qua nghien
ciiu
co the
tham khao,
sil
dung trong viec lap
philong
an cong nghe - to
chiJc
thi cong cac ket cau

be tong dai mong khoi ldn trong dieu kien khi hau Viet Nam.
ABSTRACT
In the cpnstruction of mat foundations of super high-rise buildings as well as other
mass concrete structures, the most crucial issue is to control the cracking caused by
the heat of cement hydration. Moreover, it is desirable for the concrete structure to
achieve the unification property, uninterrupted construction and high water-repellent
capability. This article reports the theoretical analysis, scientific fundamental of
the physical process happened in the mass concrete during the initial stage of the
hardening process, and the research result obtained from the construction of mat
foundations pf the Lptte Center Hanpi. With these research findings, a prpcedure pf
cpntinous construction of mat foundations for high-rise and super high-rise buildings
is proposed. This procedure is established based on the
countinuous
cpncrete ppuring
technique with multiple ppuring layers accprding tp different cpncrete mixtures and
heat hydratipn. The research results can be used as a reference fpr establishing the
cpnstructipn methpd and management of mat fpundatipns in the climate condition pf
Vietnam.
Keywprds: mat fpundatipn, mass cpncrete, heat hydratipn, cracking cpntrpl, super
high-rise buildings.
TS
H6
Ngoc Khoa
Khpa
XSy
dttng Dan dung va Cdng nghiep
Email:
hnkhpagiyahpp.cpm
Trildng Dai hpc Xay dilng
Mddau:

Mong la mot trang nhufng ket cau chju
lUc
CO
ban va quan trong nhat
cCia
cong trinh xay
dung.
Mong tiep nhan toan bo
teii trpng
phan
ket cau ben tren va hoat
tSi
sir dung cua cong
trinh,
phan phoi va truyen xuong nen, quyet
djnh den tinh on djnh va do ben cua ci cong
trinh.
Doi v6i nha sieu cao tang thi phan ket
cau mong cang the hien duoc vai tro quan
trong nay. Trong
thcJi
gian gan day,
d
Viet
Nam mot so cong trinh nha sieu cao tang da
hoan thanh dua vao
sCr
dung nhu Keangnam
Hanoi Landmark Tower, Bitexco Financial
Tower (TP. Ho Chi Minh); sap hoan thanh nhu

toa nha Lotte Center Hanoi; dang thi cong nhu
VietinbankTower (Ha Noi). SUxuat hien cua cac
toa nha sieu cao tang nhu la mot bleu
tupng
the hien su dang cap cua do thj ve kien
true
va xay dung,
phein
anh phan nao
sU
phat trien
kinh te cua Viet Nam.
Dai mong nha sieu cao tang la ket cau be
tong cot thep co kich thudc theo ci 3 phuong
va khoi tich rat ldn, den hang nghin m3, do do
qua trinh thi cong gap rat nhieu khd khan ve
mat to
chiJc
va ky thuat de
dJm
bao tinh toan
khoi,
khS
nang thi cong lien tuc va kiem scat
niJt
cua be tong. Van de nay lien quan den
lUa
chon cap phoi be tong, phuong an do be tong
va phuong an
bJo dUSng

be tong vdi
nhOng
kho khan va phufc tap trong dieu kien khi hau
ndng am d Viet Nam, noi ma sU bien thien cua
nhiet dp, dp am khpng khi thay doi lien tuc,
khong
chi
trong thang, ma tham chi trong
ngay.
Qua trtnh xay dung cac cong trinh nha sieu
cao tang d
nUdc
ta keo theo
sU
xuat hien (ap
dung) cac cong nghe thi cong mdi hien dai,
trong dd co cdng nghe thi cdng be tdng lien
tuc dai mdng khdi Idn vdi viec
sCr
dung 2 cap
phdi be tong cung cudng dp nhUng cd
tinh
chat tda nhiet khac nhau trong mdt cau
kien.
Day
1^
cdng nghe mdi, lan dau dupc ap dung
oi.2oi4Bninn:[iBi gi
trong thuc te thi cdng
dViet

Nam nhUng da cho
thay dupc nhijfng Uu diem vuot troi trong viec
kiem soat nut do
ilng
suat nhiet de dam bao
chat lupng
cOa
be tdng dai mong khdi
Idn.
Tuy
nhien,
viec tinh
toan,
thiet ke bien phap cdng
nghe - td chdc thi cong duoc thUc hien bdi cac
chuyen gia nUdc ngoai, ddi vdi cac chuyen gia
trong nudc thi ly thuyet va kinh nghiem thuc
tien ve van de nay con han che. Do dd, viec
nghien cufu cd sd ly khoa hpc va sd lieu thuc te,
tCf
dd phan
tich,
tdng hpp de de xuat qui trinh
cdng nghe thi cdng co ban lam cP sd ap dung
chp thi cpng cac ket cau tuong
tU
la het
siIc
can
thiet va

CO
y nghTa
thUc
tien cao.
1.
Cac qua trinh vat ly xiiy ra trong be
tong
d
giai
ctoan ctau ctong
ran
Viet Nam nam trong vung khi hau nhiet
ddi gid
mCia,
vdi hai thupc tinh cP ban la ndng
am va phan hda theo mua ro ret. Su bien thien
trong ngay
cCia
nhiet dp va do am trong nhieu
chu ky thdi tiet la rat Idn, chenh lech nhiet dp
cd the dat
10 ^
150C,
dp
am:
45
H-
50%.
Cac yeu
td khi hau: nhiet dp, dp am khdng khi, tdc dp

gid,
bufc xa mat trdi anh hudng rat Idn den qua
trinh ddng ran
cCia
be tdng, cung nhu den cdng
nghe
thi cdng
dedam baochat
lupng va
duy
tri
cac cdng nang thiet ke cua cau
kien.
Mot mat,
khf hau ndng am thuc day qua trinh ninh ket va
dong ran
cCia vCfa
be tdng, tang nhanh tdc dp
phat trien cudng dp, rut ngan thdi gian thao van
khudn.
Mat khac, nhiet dp mdi trudng cao, dp
am thap, tdc dp gid cao se lam tang nhanh qua
trinh bdc hPi nudc, phat trien bien dang mem,
hinh
thanh trudng nhiet dp va dng suat khong
ddng deu trong be tdng d giai doan dau dong
ran,
anh hudng xau den cau
true
va

sU
phat
trien cudng dp cuoi
ciJng
cua be tong [2].
Su ddng ran cua be tdng la ket qua cua
hang loat cac qua trinh hda hpc, vat ly dien ra
ngay sau khi dd be tdng. DUdi tac dpng cua cac
yeu td khi hau, xay ra cac qua trinh chuyen djch
vat chat ben trpng be tdng, trao ddi chat gida
be tdng va mdi trudng xung quanh va ket qua
tiep theo, cd lien quan chat che vdi cac qua trinh
tren la
sU
bien dang the tich cua
bSn
than be
tong.
Cu the, cd the liet ke: qua trinh mat nudc
(bay hPi nudc); qua tnnh thay ddi the tich (bien
dang mem: co va nd); qua trinh djch chuyen va
thay ddi nUdc va ap luc hoi trong be tdng; qua
trinh thay ddi nhiet dp trong be tdng; su
hinh
thanh dng suat trong Idng khdi be tdng.
Trong so cac qua trtnh
tren,
phai ke den mpt
SP
qua tnnh co ban nhU: qua trinh mat nudc, thay

ddi the tich (bien dang) va thay ddi nhiet dp. Cac
qua tnnh nay xay ra ddng
thdi,
lien quan lan nhau,
chju tac ddng cua cac yeu td ben trong be tdng va
cac yeu td td mdi trudng ben
ngoai.
Qua trtnh mat
nudc dan den cau
true
rong va bien dang mem
be tdng, bien dang mem gay nuft mat be
tdng;
su
thay doi nhiet dp trong Idng khdi be tong dan den
sU
ch#nh
lech nhiet dp gida cac Idp be tdng vdi
nhau va vdi mdi trudng ben ngoai dan den nuft
eau true be tdng; ket
quJ
ed the anh hudng den
eudng dp va eac tinh chat cd - ly
cCia
be tong vi
sau.
Nhieu tai lieu da nghien
cilu
va khang djnh
van de nay

[1,13,14,15].
De khac phuc nhufng van
de tren can phai cd mdt
giSi
phap ve cdng nghe
thi cdng va bao dudng be tdng phu hpp, tuy theo
kich thudc cua khdi be tdng.
2. TrUdng phan bo nhiet do, urng
suHt
trong dai mong be tdng
Ithdi
idn
ichi
dong
rin
Theo [1,13], thanh phan hda hpc cua xi
mang pppclang thdng thudng ehufa nhieu
cac khoang clinke va mdt lupng nho pha thuy
tinh,
CaO, MgO va kiem tu dp
Na^O,
Kp.
Khi tac
dung vdi nUdc, eac khoang clinke thuy hda tao
thanh eac khoang tinh the mdi cho cUdng dp
va giai phdng nhiet. Cae phan ufng thuy hda
la eae phan ufng tda nhiet.
Luong
nhiet tda ra
sau 3 ngay thuy hda cua eac khoang

CjA,
C^S,
C,AF,
CjS,
tUPng dng la
590,405,176,
va 63 J/g.
Nhu vay, ro rang
lUpng
nhiet tda ra phu thupc
chu yeu vao thanh phan cae khoang clinke, de
han che
lugng
nhiet thuy hda cua xi mang phai
hudng den giam thanh phan
CjA
va
C^S
trong
clinke.
Trong be tdng khdi Idn, lupng nhiet tich
tu du gay hieu ufng nhiet lam nuft khdi be tdng.
Do do trong be tdng khdi Idn thudng dung xi
mang it tda nhiet, vdi
lUpng nhift
thuy hda sau
3 va 7 ngay
tUOng
dng khdng qua
168

-
188
va
210 - 230 J/g, va han che toi da
lUOng
dung xi
mang de
gi^m
tfch tu nhiet trong khdi be tdng.
Trong qua trinh ddng ran, cau
trijc
be tdng
dupc dan
hinh
thanh va cd tinh dan nhiet thap.
VI
vay lupng
nhiet
thuy hda xi mang tda ra khdng
kip thoat het ra ngoai va tfch tu trong long khdi
be tdng, gay nen dp chenh lech kha Idn giufa cac
ldp ben trpng va bl mat thoang. Theo thdi
gian,
nhiet dp trong khdi be tdng se giam dan tdi mdc
dn
djnh.
Qua trinh thay ddi nhiet dp eua be tdng
khdi Idn cd the chia ra lam 3 giai
doan:
tang nhiet

=>
giSm
nhiet => dn djnh nhiet (hinh 1),
nhi|t
dd
eao nhat trong Idng khdi be tdng cd the xac djnh
theo cdng thdc:
T™,
=
T,
+
T,
(1)
Trong
dd:T^
- nhiet dp be tdng khi dd;
T^j
- nhiet dp phat nhiet Idn nhat cua chat
ket
dinh.
Td nhiet dp
J^
den
T^^^
la giai dpan tang
nhiet, sau khi dat den Tmax thi nhiet dd trpng
be tdng giam dan gpi la giai doan giam nhiet,
va cudi cung la giai doan dn djnh nhiet khi nhiet
dp trong khdi be tdng dat gia tri dn
djnh.

Hifih
1.
Cac giai doan thay 46i nhiet Jo ciia he tong Ichoi \6n
Trong giai doan tang nhiet, nhiet dp cia
be tdng tang lien tue trong khoang 4
-f
7 ngay
dau ddng ran hoac
Bu
hon tuy theo khdi tich
be tdng. Nhiet dp
cCia
phan be tdng phia trong
khdng ngdng tang ISn cho den khi dat gia trj
nhiet dp tdi da Tmax. Gia trj nhiet dp tdi da eua
be tdng khdi Idn chiu inh hudng
cCia
nhieu yeu
td,
nhU: thanh phan cap phdi be tdng; loai va
lupng xi mang; nhiet dp vda be tdng khi do;
nhiet do mdi trudng; phuong phap thi cdng. Be
tdng
sCr
dung xi mang cd nhiet thuy hda cang
cao thi nhiet dp tdi da cang cao. Theo
[10] sil
dung eac loai xi mang pooclang tda nhiet thap
va thay the mdt phan xi mang bang tro bay lam
gicim

gia trj nhiet dp tdi da eua be tdng khoi Idn.
Khi dung
1
Okg/m'
xl
Id cao hay tro bay thay the
xi mang pooclang thudng, thi nhidt dp
giSin
tuong dng la
0,5°C
-^
1°C.
Ngoai ra, viec sddung
phu gia hda hpc nhu phu gia
giSm
nude, phu
gia cudn khi, phu gia sieu
d4o
ngpai tac dung
lam giam ham lugng xi mang, cdn cd tac dung
lam giam nhiet dp trong bi tdng khdi Idn, dac
biet la trong giai doan tang nhiet.
Trong qua trinh tang nhiet,
sutda
nhiet
chij
yeu dien ra d cac Idp bi tdng be mat, do bj lam
ngudi bdi mdi trudng khdng khi. Tdc dp tda
nhiet cua khdi be tdng
t)

le thuan vdi ty sd dien
tfch be mat thoat
nhi|t trdn
khdi tich be tong
(he sd
bi
mat thoang
M^J.
Theo
[11],
danh
gia su khuech tan nhiet dp trpng khdi be tdng
cd can cd vao mdc dp khuyech tan nhiet dp
h^
(mVh), duoc xac dinh theo cdng thdc (2).
'
=Z-p
(2)
Trong dd:
K-do
dan
nhiet
(KJ/m.h.°C);
C - nhiet rung rieng
(KJ/kg.°C);
p - khdi lugng rieng cua be tdng
(kg/m^).
Gia tri khuech tan cang cao thi
khci
nang t6a

nhiet cang de dang hon. Gia trj khuech tan phu
thudc vao
loai
edt lieu Idn sd dung trong
thJnh
phan be tdng. Su mat nhiet
ciJa
cac Idp be tdng
phfa ngoai cd
thi
tao nen chenh lech nhiet do
vdi cae Idp phfa trong
gay
ufng suat keo
dCi
ldn
lam
ndt
be tdng.
Giai doan ha nhiet cd the bat
dSu
sau 4 -
10
ngay hoac lau hon, phu thudc vao khdi tfch
cua
kit
ciu. Ddi vdi cac
kit
eau dai mdng Idn,
qua trinh ha nhiet ed the keo dai hang thang.

Trong giai doan nay, eac Idp be tdng phia trong
se ngudi dan va co lai lam phat sinh dng suat
keo trong be tdng. Qng suat nay duoc tfch tu
theo thdi
gian,
cd the gay cac vlt ndt xuyen,
rat nguy hiem cho
kit cSu
[1],
Ddi vdi cac ket
cau be tdng khoi Idn
(M^,,
nhd) thi luong nhiet
thoat ra cham, trang khi nhiet do trang Idng
kit
ca'u
lai
cao, dan den su tao thanh trudng nhiet
dp khpng ddng
diu
theo the
tich,
cd
thi
anh
huong den su
hinh
thanh ca'u
trde,
chat luong

va cuong do be tdng.
Theo
[11]
nhiet dp trang giai doan
gijm
nhiet
tai
mpt vj tri bat ky
each
be
i.^at
mdt
92
BWniEifSIl 01.2014
khocing
x
dupc xac
djnh theo cdng thdc sau:
I n
^^e Vh^T
(3)
Ro
Trong do:
R,^
- nhiet dp tai vj tri each be mat
mpt
khoJng
x (m);
Rj
- nhiet dp be mat (x = Om);

e -
CO
sd
cOa
logarit tU nhien (e =
2,718);
X
-
khoSng each
tai diem
khSo
sat (m);
h^
-
mufc dp khulch tan nhiet dp
(mVh);
Y
- thdi gian
cCia
chu ky nhiet dp biln ddng
trong ngay.
Giai doan on djnh nhiet bat dau khi be tdng
giSm
nhiet den
gii
trj dn
djnh.
Trong giai doan
nciy,
nhiet dp

trong khdi
be
tdng
duy
tri dn
djnh,
sil
thay ddi ve nhiet dp
chCi
yeu dien ra trpng
pham vi Idp be mat be tdng dp
sU
thay ddi
cCia
nhiet
dp
mdi trudng.
Trong thdi gian ddng
rSn,
tuy theo khdi
tich,
lupng nhiet
thCiy
hda va mdc dp
gId
nhiet
cCia
cKu
kidn ma gia trj cung nhu sU phan bd nhiet
dp trpng khdi be tdng se khae nhau d tdng vj trf.

Ve nguyen tac, sU phan bd nhiet dp be tdng d
mdi trudng nhiet dp cao dugc xac dinh bdi qua
trinh nhiet -
1^
xay ra trong be tdng giai doan
diu
ddng
ran.
6
bl mat thoang
cCia
be tdng (Idp
be mat), qui trinh mat nhidt diln ra tuong dng
vdi hd sd dan nhiet cua mdi trudng (trong dieu
kien dp
^m
lidn tuc thay ddi). (3 nhdng Idp phfa
dudi - tuong ufng vdi he sd dan nhiet cua Idp be
tdng phfa
tren.
Cdn d nhdng Idp be tdng canh
khdi - sU mat nhiet phu thudc vao
chCing
loai
va hd sd dan nhiet cda vat lieu lam van khudn.
Trong [3], trudng nhiet dp va dng suat khdi
mau be tdng dai mdng
kfeh
thudc 4600 x 4600
x 4000 mm dUOc phan tfch bdi phuong phap

phan tuf hdu han va so sanh vdi
kit
qui do thue
nghiem.
Ket
quJ
nghien cdu cho thay nhiet do
trong khdi bd tdng dat gia trj Idn nhat
d tudi
85
gid sau khi dd, khu vUe xung quanh tam khdi
mdng la noi cd nhiet dp cao nhat, diem cao nhat
cd nhiet dd
1^
90,39°C
(hinh 2a). Thdi gian dau
nhiet dp phan bd kha deu tai cac diem trong
Idng khdi bd tdng, nhUng cang vl sau
vCing
xung quanh tam khdi nhidt dp tang cap ciing
vdi
thi
tfch vung nay
CP
nhd lai. Khf vda be tdng
v3n
d dang
Idng,
khS
nang ddi

luu
va truyen
nhidt tdt nen nhiet dd
phSn
bd deu. Cang vl
sau,
khi be tdng
bSt
dau ddng rin, nhidt lugng
ph^t
ra tir
phcin
dng thuy hoa xi mang bj tfch
tu trong Idng khdf va lam nhiet do vung xung
quanh
t§m
tang rat cao.
Cfng suat trong khdi be tdng d thdi gian
Siu sau khi do
chii
ylu la dng suat nen, dng
sutft
keo chi xuat hidn
chii
ylu d mat thoang va
xung quanh
Ceic
gdc canh vin khudn
(hinh
2b).

Khoing thdi gian
nJy
la giai doan tang nhidt
khdi be tdng,
khi
do phan be tdng phia trong cd
xu hudng nd nhidt ndn dng suat phat sinh
chO
ylu trong khdi la dng suat nen. Trong khi dd d
mat thoang
vi
gdc van khudn bd tdng bi
giSm
nhidt dp nhanh (ra mdi trudng khdng khf va qua
Nhiet do (°C)
^^
1
9
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3S6a7e+«)1
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79609e*001
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43087e*001

2
S7DOOa+a01
Lfng
lull
nhiei (kG/nV)
a.TrirclngphSnhonhietdo
Hinh
2. Phan bo nhiet
do,
iing
suat trong
Jai
mong
be
tong
lihoi
ISn
bTririmg phan bo ling
suat
Phan
Cmg
thuy
hoa xi
mang
- Giai
phOng nhi$t
Tich tu trong khoi BT
1 ru'6'ng nhi^t d6
cao
Chenh lech

nhiet d6
AT
bJo
k>Rbk
Phat
sinh
tfng sujt kdo S
Sy thay doi the
tich
Hinh
3.
Co
che gay
niJt be tong khoi
ldn
van khudn) se cd xu hudng co, nhUng do bj cac
Idp phia trong cd nhiet dp cao hon
kim
gidva la
nguydn nhan phat sinh ra dng suat keo
ciia
Idp
bd tdng d nhdng vj trf nay.
Kit quei
phan tfch da md ta dugc qui luat
thay doi va xac djnh dugc gia trj
ciia
nhiet do va
dng suat tai eac vj tri va thdi diem ddng ran khac
nhau

ciia
bd tdng, vl co
bin
tuong dong vdi
kit
qua do thirc tl bang phuong phap thi nghidm
hien trudng.
Kit qui
phan tich la eo sd dl thiet
lap bien phap kilm soat trudng nhidt dp va dng
suat nhiet de chdng ndt cho be tdng khdi Idn
trong thi cdng.
Qua eac ket qua phan tfch
tren,
thay rang
nguyen nhan co
bSn
gay ndt trpng be tdng khoi
Idn la sU chenh lech nhiet dp (AT) gida eac Idp
ben trong khdi bd tong vdi eac Idp ben ngoai
tilp giap mdi trudng xung quanh. Khi dp chenh
lech nhiet do
dii
Idn sd gay ra hien tugng co
gian khdng deu giiia Idp be tdng ed nhidt dp
cap va Idp bd tdng ed nhidt dp thap hon. Qua
trtnh CO gian nay lam phat sinh dng suat keo
trong be tdng, va khi vUgt qua gidi ban keo tai
thdi dilm do
ciia

be tdng
thi
sd gay ndt trong be
tdng.
Co che ndt dugc md ta tdm tat d
hinh
3.
Theo [8], be tdng khdi Idn bj ndt do hieu
dng nhiet thiiy hda xi mang khi cd
dii
2 ylu td
sau day: dieu kien can - dp chenh lech nhiet dp
AT gida cac diem hoac eac virng trong khdi bd
tdng vUgt qua
20°C (AT>20°C)
va dilu kidn
dii
-
mddun chenh lech nhidt dp MT gida cae diem
trpng khdi bd tdng dat khdng dudi
50°C/m
(MT>50°C/m).
Nhu vay, de kiem soat ndt do nhiet trong
be tdng khdi Idn can phii kiem soat ehdnh lech
nhidt dp gida cac Idp be tdng, gida trung tam
va Idp be mat trong gidi han chp phep. Bi dat
dugc muc tieu dd, ed the ap dung eac bidn phap
thi cdng
dudng sau:
Dua nhiet

trong khdi be tdng
ra ngoai
bSng
dng
chda nudc lanh de
can bang nhidt dp
gida eae Idp;
- Chia nhd khdi
be tdng, td chdc mach ngdng thi cdng, do tdng
khdi bang nhieu lan dd gian doan;
- Can bang nhidt dp gida cac Idp trung tam
va be mat khdi be tdng bang giai phap cdng
nghe thi cdng va bio dudng.
3. Cong nghe thi cong dai mdng khoi ldn
bang
phifcmg
phap do be tdng lien tuc
l(et
hop phan chia ldp do vdi cap phdi va
sil
tda
nhiet khac nhau
3.1.
Casdkhoa
hgc
lUa
chgn cong nghe thi
cong
Cdng nghd thi cdng dai mdng khdi Idn
bang phuong phap do bd tdng lidn tuc

kit
hgp
phan chia Idp dd vdi cap phdi va su tda nhiet
khac nhau dugc ap dung lan dau tidn d Viet
Nam khi thi cdng dai mdng cdng trinh Lotte
Center Hanoi. Dai mdng dugc thi cdng d tang
ham thd 5 cd kfeh thudc 92,7m x
44,1m,
chilu
day dai mdng td 3
+
5,7m, khdi
lugng
bd tdng
17.030m3.
Odi vdi mdt
kit
eau dai mdng kfnh
thudc sieu Idn nhu vay, cdng nghd thi cdng
phii dugc xem xet va
lUa
chpn vdi tieu chi quan
trpng hang dau la kiem spat dupc ndt do hieu
ling
nhidt thiiy hda xi mang trong khdi do.
Ngoai ra, phuong an td chdc thi cdng dam bao
chat lupng
kit
cau, tiln dp va thuan Igi cung
can nghien cdu de cd giai phap thfch hgp.

Phuong phap lip dat dan dng thoat nhiet
bang kim loai trong be tdng, sau do bom nude
lanh qua dan dng de
dUa
nhiet ra ngoai da
cho hieu qui thoat nhiet kha tdt va cd the do
be tdng lien tuc. Tuy nhien viec lap dat dudng
dng va dam bio bom nUdc lien tuc, thdng sudt
qua dan dng gap nhieu khd
khan.Trong
trirdng
hgp xiy ra
sU
cd nhu tic dng, dng bj bep, bj
hd
thi
viec xd ly khic phuc tdn nhieu kinh phf
va cd the inh hudng
din
chat lugng be tdng.
01.2014B«ini:[|Bl
93
Bing
1.
Cap phdi vufa be tdng dai mong cdng trinh Lotte Center Hanoi
UfVLbfCcickaUft
I6p
be
tong
Phia dirSi

Phia
tren
T^le
N/(X+Tro
bay)
42%
39%
long li/tfng
XM-i-Trobay
(kg)
385
415
Vat lieu cho Im'be
tong
Cat
(kg)
880
840
fia
(kg)
951
964
Xi mang
(kg)
289
311
Tro
bay
(kg)
96

104
Niroic
(lit)
160
160
Phu
gia
(sieu dio)
1,35%
1,35%
Bing 2.
Kit
qui do nhidt dp khdi mau be tdng thi
Vitri
do
Trung tam
Canh bien
Goc
Lln tien hanh
Lani
Lan
2
Lani
Lan
2
Lani
Lan
2
Nhiet
do d tam

khoi
70,4
77,4
67,1
74,3
63,2
71,2
ighiem
Nhiet
do Idp be
mat
56,1
57,0
54,3
55,2
52,5
53,2
Chdnh
lech
14,3
20,4
12,8
19,1
10,7
18,0
Thi cOng \&p
d^ng
vAn
khuOn.
bjimg

tihin.
t^
cdch
nN$t
Up
d^mg
c6t
th^p.
h$ di6ng
60 c6t
th^,
mdi che. thang.
sdn cOng
tdc.
Ihi^t
bj do
nhidt
do b&
tfing.
cdc chj
tl^l d4t sin
Lip
d3t 6ng
bom bd tdng,
t6
chi>c tr4n
vd vdn
chuydn vOd
bdtdng
Od,

dim tid tdng del
1,
bd tdng It
tda nhidt
Od.
ddm bd tdng
det
2,
bd tdng
tda nhidt blnh
thi/dng
Hodn thidn bd m$t bd tdng bdng
mdy xoa
Bdo
di/d'ng
giC^
nhidt bd tdng,
che mdt thodng bdng vdt lidu
giO
nhidt ttieo
phmmg
dn
Didu chlnh nhidt dd bdo
dirtng
(tdng,
bdi
ldp
giO
nhi$t)
Kdt

thOc
bdo
duCmg,
thdo dd
vdn
Ithudn,
vdi
ll$u bio
dudrng,
mdit^
Hinh
4.
Quy trinh cong nghe thi cong dai mong khoi
lin
do
khac nhau
Mat khic, nlu dai mdng Idn, sd Idp dng nhieu
thi
hidu qui thoat nhiet (dae biet tai nhOfng noi
each xa dau cap nUdc lanh) la rat thap, khd dap
dng dugc ydu eau.
Phuong phip chia nhd khdi dd
eiia
dai
mdng vdi muc dich giim khdi lugng bd tdng
mdt lan thi cdng, giim lugng nhiet thiiy hda
trong tdng khdi do, dl de kilm soat
hon.
Trong
phuong phap nay, can phii bd sung cae tam

chdng tham va mdt lugng thep kha Idn nham
be tong lien tuc ket hop phan chia ldp do vdi cap phoi va sir
toa nhiet
chju cic
lilc
gay tach trugt tai vj trf dl mach
ngdng,
tir dd lam tang chi phf vat lieu Idn rat
nhilu,
ehua tfnh
din
vide thi cdng khd khan vi
mat dp cdt thep day dac. Ngoai ra phuong phip
nay cung klo dai dang ke thdi gian thi cdng dai
mdng do cic giin doan ky thuat va thdi gian xd
ly mach ngdng thi cdng.
6 cdng trinh Lotte Center Hanoi, sau khi
phan
tfch,
so sanh va tfnh
toin,
phuong an do
be tdng lien tue
kit
hgp phin chia Idp dd vdi
Hinh
4.
Phan bo cac Idp
do
vdi be tong cd tfnh

chat
toa nhi^t
khac nhau theo chieu cao dai
mdng
cap phdi va su tda nhiet khic nhau dugc
lira
chgn dl thi cdng dai
mdng.
Day la phuong phip
kit
hop ap dung ddng thdi hai bidn phip: kiem
soat nhiet dp cic Idp bd tdng bang dilu tiet
sir
trao ddi nhiet gida bd tdng vdi mdi trudng bdn
ngoai thdng qua bidn phip bio dudng va can
bang nhidt dp gida cac Idp trpng khdi bd tdng
bang phan chia Idp (dot) dp vdi cic cap phdi be
tdng Cling cap dp ben nhung cd su tda nhiet
khae nhau. Ldp be tdng phia tren mat dai mdng
chilu day
1
m
sddung
xi mang pooc lang thdng
thudng,
vdi lupng xi mang
-i-
tro bay va lupng
nhiet tda ra Idn hon rat nhieu so vdi Idp be tdng
phfa dudi chieu day 4,7m sd dung xi ming tda

nhiet thap, phu gia keo dai thdi gian ninh
kit
vdi
Iggng
xi mang
-i-
tro bay ft hon
(hinh
4).
Bin chat cua phuong phap nay la tao ra
mdt
Idp
"can bang
nhiet"
d phfa tren dai mdng
bang chfnh vat lieu la bd tdng. Be tdng -
Idp
"can
bang nhidt" nay cd cap phdi dim bio khi nang
tda nhidt Idn hon so vdi phan be tdng edn lai
ben
dudi,
nham can bang nhidt dp gida Idp be
mat vi cac Idp d trung tim dai
mdng.Trpng
qui
trinh bio dudng, nhiet dp gida trung tam khdi
va Idp bl mat, nhidt dp gida be mat be tdng va
cic Idp gid nhiet (nhidt dp bip dudng be tdng)
dupc kilm spat va dilu chlnh bdi vat lieu va so

lugng Idp
phii
gid nhidt, can cd vao sd lieu do
nhiet do. Ngoai viec dim bio dugc khi ning
can bang nhidt do gida cac Idp, phuong phap
nay cho phep thi edng dd bd tdng lidn tuc,
khdng mach ngdng, dim bio tfnh toan khdi
va khi nang chdng tham cita
kit
cau, tao dilu
kien cho viec to chdc thi cdng va kiem soat chat
lugng bd tdng dai mdng tdt hon.
Bd tdng dai mdng cdng trinh Lotte Center
Hanoi dugc thiet kl cd eudng do C4a (tidu
chuin My
ACI),
tu
len,
dp chay 650 mm,
sd
dung
xl mang tda nhiet thap, mdt phan xi mang
dUOc
thay the bang tro bay vdi muc dfch lam giim
lugng dung xi mang
tddd
lam giim luong nhidt
thdy hoa. Cap phdi chi tiet vda be tdng Idp tren
va
duoi

cua dai mdng
thi
hidn d bing 1
Be kiem chdng va hidu chinh cic thdng sd
cong nghe trudc khf thi cdng, mdt thi nghidm
hien
truong dupc thuc hien trdn khdi mau be
4SDiiniBIX
01.2014
Bing 2. Chi dan bidn phap, ky thuat thi edng dai mdng khdi Idn do bd tdng lien tuc
kit
hgp phan chia Idp do vdi cap phdi va
sU
tda nhiet khic nhau
Cong tac
Lap PA CN-TC
thi cong
Thi cdng lap
di/ngvan
khudn dai
mdng.
Lap dat
tam
giO
nhiet
cdng vdi
VK
thanh mdng
Thi cdng
lap

difng cdt
thep
da
mdng
LSp dat
dung
eg,
thiet bj
do
nhiet do
trong
be
tdng
Che trdn
vda
betdng
Van chuyen
vda betdng
tir tram
trdn
den cdng
trirdng
Van chuyen
vua be tdng
bang
may
bdm
den
vitri
do

be
tdng
fid,
dam
be
tdng
Biodirdngbe
tdng
dai
mdng
lliaod
d van
khuon
Noi dung
1.
Thf
nghiem,
tfnh
toan
2.
Lap, phe duyet
PA
cdng nghe-td chdc thi cdng.
1.
Gia
cdng,
to hop tam khuon.
2.
Lap
dimg

van khudn thanh mdng.
3. Dd
be
tdng tudng chan dai mdng
(neusitdung vdn
titmdn labi tong dt ttiep)
4.
Kiem tra, nghiem thu
1.
Van chuyen tam
giUnhietden
vj trf thi cdng.
2.
Lap
dat tam gid nhiet lien ket vdi van khudn thanh
mdng.
3.
Kiem
tra,
nghiem thu
1.
Vdn chuyen
cdt
thep den vj trf thi cdng.
2.
L3p
dung cdt thep da mdng
v a
he gia
dd

cdt thep.
3. Lap dat cac chi tiet dat
san,
chdn ngam trong dai
mdng.
4.
K.tra
va nghiem thu.
1.
Lcip
dat thiet bi do nhiet
do
trong
be
tdng va nhiet do
baodirdngbetdng.
2.
LSp
dat cac dung cu bao
ve
thiet bi do nhiet dp.
3.
Kiem tra va
nghiem thu.
1.Chuan
bjvatlieu
2.
Thiet ke cap
phdi
3. Cap lieu (cdt

lieu,
nirdc, xi mang, phu gia)
4.
Trdn
vfla
1.
Trut vda td thung trdn vao bdn
xe
van chuyen.
2.
Van chuyen den cdng tnrdng
3. Kiem tra tinh thi cdng (do sut, do chay) cua vfla.
4.
fiuc mau thf nghiem kiem tra cudng do
be
tdng.
1.
Trut vfla
tif xe
van chuyen vao thung chda may bdm.
2.
Van chuyen vfla trut vao vj tri dd.
1.
fid,
san gat
vda.
16am
be tdng.
1.
Hoan thien be mat be

tdng.
2.
Trai cac Idp vat lieu che be mat be tdng theo phflong
an bao dudng.
3.
Theo ddi (do) nhiet do be tdng.
4.
Thay ddi bien phap bao dudng neu can thiet
5.
XiJIy so
lieu do nhiet
dp,
xac ffinh
AT,
quyet djnh ket
thuc
bao dudng.
I.Tliaoddvatlieugiflnhietvavankhuonthanhmdng.
2.
Thao dd mai
che.
Chi dan bien phap, ky thuat thi
cong,
tieu chuan ap dung
Viec thi
nghiem,
thilc nghiem xac djnh
cac
thdng sd ky thuat phuc
vu

thiet ke bien phap cdng nghe - td chdc thi cdng
thflc hien theo phflong an cua ky sd phu trach.
Lfla chpn chdng loai van khudn
(kim
loai,
gd,
be tdng cdt thep) theo phflong an cdng nghe thi cdng.
Xac nhan ban ve ket cau va cau tao van khudn.
Kiem tra tfnh toan
he van
khudn theo
[6].
Xac nhan xuat
xfl,
chung
loai
vat
lieu,
phfldng thflc
che
tao.
Che
tao van khudn tuan thu
[6,8]
va cac tieu chuan khac phu hgp.
Lap
di/ng
van khudn tuan thu
[6,8,9]
va

cac
tieu chuan khac phu hgp.
Van khudn bang
BTCT
thi cdng theo cac quy dinh trang [6].
Chung loai tam gifl nhiet theo phflflng an cdng nghe thi cdng (thfldng dung tam xdp polystyrene hoac polyurethane
day
4-5cm,cd
khdi lflpng
the
tich
>20kg/m',dpam <
12%).
Xac nhan ban
ve va
phflong an thi cdng.
Jam vat lieu gidnhiet phai dflpc boc
ap
sat mat ngoai van khudn thanh
trflde
ldc
do be
tdng.
Can cd bien phap che chan
mat ngoai de chdng am vat lieu
each
nhiet
Xac nhan ban ve ket
cau,
nghiem thu vat lieu va phe duyet phfldng an thi cdng.

Van chuyen va lap dung cdt thep tuan thu
[6]
va
eae tieu
chuan khac phu hdp.
Ndi
cotthep
(bang dng ren] dam bao
eae yeu
cau
ky
thuat theo
[6,7]
va
eae tieu
chuan khae phu hop.
He
gia
ddeae
Idp cdt thep trong dai mdng
Sflfle ke
tai nhflng vi tri dam bao khdng lam bien dang Idp edt thep phia
dfldi.
Kiem
tra chat
Iflong,
mdi ndi, neo edt thep.
Thiet
bi
do nhiet dd tfl

ddng
vdi dau do chfnh xac
±0,1"C.
Thiet bj phai dflpc kiem tra hieu chuan.
fiiem
do,
sd
Ifldng dau
do,
lien ket
dau
do vdi cdt thep tuan thu phflong an cdng nghe thi cdng.
fiau do phii cd dinh chac
chan,
dflpc
bao
ve,
va
each nhiet tuyet ddi vdi
edt
thep.
Cac
dau do nhiet dp be mat va d day khdi
be
tdng dflpc lap
each
mep ngoai eua khdi
100mm.
Kiem tra de dam bao thdng mach va khdng
cd

dau do nao bi hdng.
Xac nhan
PA
cdng nghe thi cdng
va
thiet
ke cap
phdi (2 cap phdi cho 2 Idp
be
tdng cung cfldng dp, mflc
dp
tda nhiet
khac nhau).
Lfla chpn tram
trdn,
xac nhan xuat
xfl,
chung loai vat
lieu,
phu gia.
Chat IflOng vfla
be
tdng dap flng
[6,8,9]
va
cac
tieu chuan khac phu hpp.
Nhiet dp
cua
vfla

be
tdng
tnrde
khi do vao ket
cau
khdng dfloc vflpt qua
30"C,
tdt nhat trong khoang
20-f25"C.
Kiem tra tfnh thi cdng eua vfla
va
cfldng dp
be
tdng.
Chap nhan ke hoach van
chuyen:
thdi
gian,
cfldng
dp van
chuyen,
so Iflpng xe van chuyen, phan ludng giao thdng
Kiem tra
sfl phu
hpp ke hoach van chuyen va nang suat dd
be
tdng tfnh den
eac yeu
td edng nghe: chieu cao Idp do,
edng suat do be

tdng,
thdl
gian hoan thanh mpt Idp
dd,
thdi gian bat
dau
ninh ket cua
be
tdng.
Van chuyen vfla
be
tdng tuan thu [6] va
cae
tieu chuan khac phu hdp.
Kiem tra dp sut
tuan
thu theo
[4]
va
cac tieu
chuan khac phu hop.
fiuc mau thi nghiem tuan
thij
theo [5] va
cac
t/e khac phu hpp.
Xac nhan phflong an bom
be
tdng:
chung

loai,
sd
Ifldng,
cdng suat, vi tri
bom.
Cd
the ket hpp may bPm
tinh
va may
bdm
dtd.
Lap dat
he
thdng dfldng dng bdm (lien ket, neo gifl
chac
chan,
neu di tren cdt thep can
I3p
dat cac dung cu giim chan
ddng nhfl
eac ban
ke bang
cao
su).
Kiem
tra,
nghiem thu.
Bdm
be
tdng lien tue, khdng dflng qua

1
- 2
gid tranh
tac
dng,
tuan thd theo [6] va
cac
tieu chuan khae phu hpp.
Trong thfli tiet nang ndng, mat ngoai dng can che phu de ban che bdc
xa
mat trdi lam ndng vua lam cho dp Iflu ddng
cua vfla giam nhanh
Ky thuat
do
be tdng theo phfldng an cdng
nghe
thi cdng dflde phe duyet, tuan thu
(6,8,9)
va
cac tieu
chuan khac phu
hdp.
flam
be
tdng tuan thu [6] va
eae tieu
chuan khae phu hpp.
Kiem tra chat lflpng
be
tdng,

vi tri cdt
thep,
cae dau
do nhiet
dp
va
tinh
trang van khudn trong sudt qua
trinh
do be
tdng.
Xac
nhan phflong an bao dfldng
be
tdng.
Xac
nhan chung
loai,
chat Iflpng vat lieu
gidnhiet,
che phu.
Hoan thien be mat
be
tong ngay sau khi ket thuc
cdng
tac do
be
tdng bang may
xoa
mat

be
tdng.
Bao dfldng giflnhiet cho khdi
be
tdng,
han che AT gifla tam va be mat khdi theo
[8,9]
va
eae
tieu chuan khac phu hdp.
Che be mat thoang cia khdi bang cac Idp vat lieu ket
hpp:
Idp
1
(Idp dfldi) - Idp
vinyl;
Idp 2 (Idp gifla) - Idp vat lieu gifl
nhiet;
Idp 3
(Idp tren) -
Idp
vat lieu
each
am nhfl mang
nilon.
Can cd ket qua do nhiet dp de dieu ehinh che dp
va
quyet
Smh
thdi gian bao dfldng:

-1-
Trang thai phat trien va can bang nhiet (1-10 ngay
dau):
kiem tra nhiet do Idn nhat
va
kiem soat
AT
gifla tam va be
mat khdi ludn thap hPn
25°C.
fiieu chinh tang nhiet dp bio dfldng bang mpt Idp nilon bd sung.
-1-
Kiem tra nhiet dp d bien va gdc
khdi,
neu nhiet
dp
giam manh
(<50"C)
bpc bo sung mdt Idp nilon.
+Trang
thai can bang va suy giam nhiet (7-9 ngay tiep theo): tiep tuc kiem tra chat che nhiet dp
va
tinh toan chi
so
ndt
de dieu chinh che dp bao dfldng.
+Trang
thai suy giam nhiet: (1-2 ngay tiep
theo):
kiem soat

AT
gifla tam va be mat khdi thap hon
28"C
Thdi gian bao dfldng dfldc quyet dmh bdi ky sfl phu
trach,
can
cutsd
lieu ve nhiet
do,
ket qua tinh toan flng
suit va
chi sd
nflt
cua be
tdng.
Ve nguyen tac, bao dfldng den luc nhiet dp suy giam, chenh lech nhiet dp d mdc an toan khdng gay
nflt cho ket
cau.
Cdng tac thao
ddsau
khi ket thuc thdi gian bao dudng
be
tdng.
Ky
thuat thao van khudn thflc hien theo quy djnh trong [6].
Thao dd dam bao be mat
be
tdng khdng hi xung nhiet do tiep xue dot ngdt vdi khdng khi ben ngoai.
01.2014 SDnnisx
95

tdng
kfeh
thudc 5700 x 5700 x 5700 mm bdi
cdng ty Lptte E&C.
Sir
phan chia 2 Idp cap phdi
be tdng khac nhau nhu d hinh 4 va bing 1.
Nhidt dp be tdng dupe xac dinh d 3 vj tri: trung
tam khdi do, d canh bien va d gdc (cie mep khdi
100
mm).
Tai
mdi vi tri cac dau do duge bd trf d
6 diem theo chieu cao
ciia
khdi:
2 vj tri d hai Idp
day va Idp bl mat, 4 vj trf 6 eac Idp phia trong
eiia
khdi.
Ddng thdi xac djnh nhiet dp giufa be
mat be tdng va Idp vat lieu bio dUdng va nhiet
dp khdng khu Do be tdng khdi mau dupc chia
ra lam hai lan theo chieu cao: 2200 mm va 3500
mm.
Kit
qui do nhidt dp d tam va Idp phfa tren
be mat be tdng
thi
hidn d bing 2.

Nhu vay, chenh lech nhiet dp
giiJa
trung
tam khdi va Idp be mat d ta't ca eae vj trf deu
trong pham vi eho phep. Ngoai ra theo
kit
qui
tinh
toan,
chi sd ndt ddi vdi 4 trudng hgp dng
vdi nhiet dp vufa be tdng ban dau (300C, 350C)
va nhiet dp bio dudng be tdng tuong dng
(300C, 350C) dat gia trj nhd nhat la 0,92 va gia
trj Idn nhat la 1,06 la chap nhan dupe, dim bio
be tdng khdng bi
nift
trong qui trinh ddng ran
[12].
3.2. Quy trinh cong nghe va chi ddn bien
phdp, ky thugt thi
cong
Trdn
kit
qua nghien cdu ly thuylt, co sd
khoa hpc va sd lieu thi nghidm, thilc te thi cdng,
qui trinh cdng nghe cP bin thi cdng dai mdng
be tdng khdi Idn bang phuong phip do be tdng
lien tuc ket hgp phan chia Idp do vdi cap phdi
va
sU

tda nhiet khac nhau
Suae
tdng hpp va de
xuat d dang so do khoi d
hinh
5. Npi dung ehi
dan bidn phap, ky thuat thi edng eo ban the
hien d bing 3.
4. Ket luan
Cdng nghe thi edng dai mdng khoi Idn
do do bd tdng lidn tuc ket hpp phan chia Idp
do la edng nghd mdi, phu hpp vdi nhufng dai
mdng eo chilu cao va khdi tieh rat Idn. Lfu diem
ndi trdi
ciia
nd
thi
hidn d khi nang kilm soat
trudng nhiet dp va dng suat trong Idng khdi
bd tdng d mdc pham vi eho phep, dim bio bd
tdng khdng bj ndt do dng suat nhiet trong qua
trinh ddng ran. Trong qua trinh bio dudng ed
the chii ddng dieu chinh nhiet dp bip
duflng
be
tdng de giim ehdnh lech AT gida eac Idp trung
tam va Idp be mat khdi thdng qua viec thay ddi
chi't lupng va sd lugng cic Idp
phii
gid nhidt.

Ngoai ra, cdng nghe nay cho phep td chdc
qui trinh dd be tdng lien tuc, khdng gian doan,
khdng phii td chdc mach ngdng theo phuong
ddng va phuong ngang true dai mdng, do do
ket eau dai mdng dim bio khi ning chju
lUe,
cd tinh toan khdi vi chdng tham eao. Vide do
bd tdng lidn tuc lam tang
sil
linh hoat trong
phuong thdc td chdc thi cdng,
chii
dpng trong
bd trf thfet bj may mdc, nhan lue va vat
lieu,
day
nhanh dupc tiln dp thi cdng.
Tuy nhien, cdng nghd thi cdng nay ddi hdi
chi phi Idn cho cdng tac ehui'n bj, cdng nghe
be tdng hidn dai, trinh dp tp chdc va quin ly
ddng bd, chuyen nghidp. De cd eac thdng sd
chfnh xic phuc vu thiet ke phuong an cdng
nghe - td chdc thi cong bat bupc phii tien hanh
thf nghiem hien trudng tren khdi mau bd tdng
tuong dng vdi dai mdng thuc te vdi cae thilt bj
do va phan mem tinh toan
phii
hgp. Day dang
la nhdng van de khd khan ddi vdi cac phdng thf
nghiem va nha thau xay dung trong nudc.

De cd the lam chil va dng dung
hieu
qua
cong nghd trong thi cdng cae ket cau be tdng
khdi Idn va sieu ldn trong dilu kien Vidt Nam,
eac
vien,
trudng, cP sd nghidn cdu can ehu trpng
dau tu (ed the hgp tic vdi eac chuyen gia, don
vj nude ngoai ed kinh nghidm) de nghien cdu
d mdc dp qui md hon, dac biet la eac phuong
phap,
md hinh thf nghiem va tinh toan sd
lieu,
tddd
thie't ke bien phip cdng nghe - td chdc thi
cdng phil hpp va hieu qui.
TAILIEU
THAM
KHAO
1.
Nguyen Tien flieh (2010), Cdng tac be tdng trong dieu
kien khf
hau
ndng
am
Viet
Nam, NXB
Xay
dflng,

Ha Npi.
2.
Ho Ngpc Khoa, Nguyen Hung Cfldng
(2011),
"Lfla chpn
phfldng phap
bk
dfldng be tdng hieu qua trang dieu kien khi
hau ndng
am".
Tap
chi
KHCN
Xay
dung,
fiai hpc
Xay
dflng,
sd
9.
3. Hd Ngpc Khoa, Vu Chi Cdng (2012), "Phan tieh trfldng
nhiet do va flng suat nhiet trang be tdng khdi Idn bang phflflng
phap phantfl hflu han'JapchlKHCN
Xay
dimg,
fiai
hpc
Xay
dflng,
sdl4.

4.
TCVN
3106:1993, Hon hop be tdng nang - Phfldng phap
thddp
sut,
NXB
Xay
dung,
Hil
Npi.
5. TCVN
3105:1993,
Hon hpp be tdng nang va be tdng
nang-
Lay mau, che tao va bao dfldng mau
thil,
NXB Xay
dung.
Ha
Npi.
6. TCVN 4453:1995, Ket cau be tdng va be tdng cdt thep
toan khdi - Quy pham thi cdng va nghiem thu, NXB Xay
dflng.
Ha
Npi.
7.
TCVN
8163:2009, Thep cdt be tdng - Mdi ndi bang dng
ren,
NXB

Xay
dflng,
Ha
Npi.
8.
TCXDVN
305:2004,
Be
tong khdi Idn - Quy pham thi cdng
va nghiem thu,
NXB Xay
dflng,
Ha Ndi.
9.
TCXDVN
313:2004,
Ke't cau be tdng va be tdng cdt thep -
Hfldng dan ky thuat phdng chdng ndt dfldi tac ddng cua khi hau
ndng
am, NXB
Xay
dflng,
Ha Ndi.
10.
JCI,
VCA
(2011),
Hfldng dan kiem soat nflt trong
be
tdng

khdi Idn - phien ban
2008,
VCA,
Ha Ndi.
11.
ACI
207.1R-96,
Mass
concrete.
12.
Kim Kwang Ki, Hwang
In
Gwan, Kim
Myoung Gug
(2012), "Adiabatic temperature rise and reaction rate of mass
structure in Lotte Center Hanoi project",
Tap
chf
KHCN
xay dflng,
Vien KHCN
Xay
dflng,
sol.
13.
BaxeHOB
K).M.
(2003),
TexHonorMn
deiona.

ACB,
2003,
MocKBa.
14.
KonwjiOB
B.fl.,
HryeH Kyu
Rm,
Xo HroK Kxoa (2012),
"UnaiwecKne
npopeccbi,
nporenaiomMe » TBepneioureM
B
mapKOM Knnmare
deroHe",
llpoMbiuineHHoe « rpaxcflaHCKoe
CTponTenbCTBO,
N' 5,
MocKBa.
15.
MnpoHOB C.A.,
MariHHCKMii
E.H. (1985),
OCBOBW
TexHonorHK deroHa
B
yenoBMSx
cyxoro
KimMara,
Ctfoimium,

MocKBa.
96|Binnii[i9ii
01.2014
Phan tich cac mo
hinh
quan
li
ap dung cho
doanh nghiep nganh Xay dyng
Ngay nhan bai: 28/11/2013
Ngay
sil^a
bai: 9/12/2013
Ngay
cinap
nlian dang: 18/12/2013
Le Anh Dung,
Dinh Tuan Hai
TOM
TAT:
Bai bao nay
gicji
thieu bon loai mo hinh
quan ly hay ap
diang
trong doanh nghiep
nganh xay
dUng
la To chufc
trde

tuyen.
To
chdc chdc nang, To chdc trilc tuyen chdc
nang va To
chiJc
theo dd an.
JVIoi
loai
td
chiJc
dd'u
CO
cac tiu diem va han che
rieng, dong thdi co kha nang ap dung vao
cac doanh nghiep cu the, cac dieu kien
thdc te rieng.
ABSTRACT
Le Anh Dung - Tnidng Dai hoc Kien
True
Ha
Npi
Dinh
T\jSn
Hal - Tnidng Dai hoc Kien
Tnic Ha Noi
1.
Gidi thieu chung
Co cau td chdc la mdt he thdng eac mdi
quan he hoat dpng chfnh thdc bao gdm nhdng
cdng viec ridng re cung nhu nhdng cdng

vide
tip the va su phan chia edng vide thanh nhdng
phan vide eu the de xic djnh xem ai lam nhdng
vide
gl va su ket hgp eac cdng
vide
ridng re vdi
nhau
ehi
rd chp mpi ngudi thay duge hg phii
lam
vide
cirng
vdi
nhau nhu the nap. Cae thanh
phan
CO
bin
eiia
eo cau to chdc doanh nghidp:
- Chuyen mdn hoa: la qua trinh nhan didn
cic cdng vide eu the va phan cdng eae ca nhan,
cic nhdm da duge huan luyen thfch hgp de
dim nhan.
- Tieu chuan hoa: la qua trinh cu the hoa
cic thil tuc cOa doanh nghidp ma theo do cic
nhin vidn cd thd' hoan thanh edng vide
ciia
hg
theo mgt cich thdc thdng nhat la thfch hgp.

Cic tieu chuan chp phep eae nha quin ly dp
ludng thanh tfch cua nhan vidn ddng thdi cimg
vdi bin md ti cdng vide la eo sd de tuyen chpn
nhin vidn cua tp chdc.
- SU phdi hgp: li
nhOng thii
tuc chfnh thdc
va phi chfnh thdc de lien ket nhdng hoat ddng
ridng rd
ciia
doanh nghiep.
- Quyen
lUc:
phan quyen va uy quyen
Do ed nhieu dang doanh nghidp tham gia
vao du in xay dung (nhu chir dau tu, tu van,
nha thau chfnh va nha thau phu) ndn cic mdi
lien he hgp dong gida cac dpi tac se xuat hidn
va sd phu thudc vio tdng kieu co cau to chdc
cho cac du an xiy dung ma
chii
dau
tU
se lua
chpn de dat duge tdt nhat muc dfeh la cd dugc
cdng trinh xay dung hay sin pham hay djch vu
hoan chfnh. Cung can ghj nhd ring co cau td
chdc va cac mdi lien he hgp ddng li linh ddng
va can phii thay ddi, chfnh sda cho phu hgp vdi
tinh hinh thUe

te. Them nda
thi
moi loai co cau
td chdc cirng vdi tdng mdi lidn he hpp ddng se
cd tie dung vdi mpt sd
dUan
va dieu kien thuc
te chd chung khdng the ip dung tdt, hidu qui
cho tat ci mpi loai
hinh
trong nganh xiy dung.
Chfnh vl vay vide phin tfch eac co eau to chdc
dang ap dung eho cic doanh nghfdp nganh
xiy dung la can thiet de chi ra dupc khi ning
dng dung cu the
ciia
tdng Ipai trong thUc te xiy
dung
tai
Viet Nam
2.
Tong
quan
2.1.
Quin ly
dUin
ddu
tUxiy
dung
Quin ly ndi chung la su tie ddng cd muc

dich
ciia
chil the quin ly vao cie ddi tugng
quin ly de dieu khien ddi tUgng nham dat dugc
mue tieu de ra. Quin ly dau tU chfnh la su tie
ddng lidn tuc, ed td chdc, ed djnh hUdng qui
trinh dau tU (bao gdm edng tac chuan bj dau tU,
thue hidn dau tUva
van hanh
ket qua dau tU
cho
den khi thanh ly tai sin do dau tU tap ra) bing
mpt he thdng ddng bp cac bidn phap nham dat
dupe hien qui kinh te xa hdi cao trong dieu kien
cu the xic dinh va tren co sd van dung sing tao
nhdng quy luit kinh te khich quan ndi chung
va quy luit van ddng die thir
ciia
dau tu ndi
ridng.
Quin ly du in la
viec
ip dung nhdng
hieu
biet, ky nang, edng eu, ky thuat vao hoat
ddng dU in nham dat duge nhdng ydu cau va
mong mudn tir dU in. Quin ly dU in cdn la qua
trinh lap ke hoach tdng
thd',
dieu phdi thdi

gian,
nguon
lUc
va giam sat qua trinh phit trien cua
duin td khi bat dau den khi ket thuc nhim dim
bio cho du an hoan thanh dung thdi han, trong
pham vi ngin sach dUge duydt va dat
dUpe
cic
yeu ciu di djnh ve ky thuat va chat lugng sin
pham djch vu, bang nhdng
phUOng
phap va
dieu kien tdt nhat cho phep.
Quin ly duan bao gdm 3 giai doan
chii
yeu:
- Lip ke hoach: Diy la glal doan xay dung
muc
tidu,
xac djnh nhdng cdng viec can dupe
hoan thinh, ngudn
lUc
can thiet de thuc hidn
du in va la qui trtnh phat trien mdt ke hpach
hanh ddng theo trinh tu Idgic ma cd the bieu
dien dugc dudi dang so do he thdng.
- Dieu phdi thuc hien
dU
in: Diy la qui

trinh phin phdi ngudn lue bao gdm tien vdn,
lao dpng, thiet bj va die biet quan trpng li dieu
phdi va quan ly tien dp thdi
gian.
- Giim sat: La qui trinh theo ddi kiem tra
01.2014 Bwniiax
97
tien trinh du an, phin tich
tinh hinh
hpin thanh, giii quyet van dd lien
quan va thUc hidn bip eao hien trang.
2.2.
Lita
chgn
cacdu tS
chiic thich hgp
Moi doanh nghiep deu ed die trung rieng biet, dupe tien hanh trpng
hoin
cinh,
mdi trudng eu the vi dugc thuc hidn bdi cac td
chiTe
khic
nhau.
Diy la eae yeu td ehinh can
chii
y phin tfch de giiip chiing ta chpn
dugc cau true to chdc
phii
hgp vdi doanh nghidp nganh xiy dung. Trong
dieu kidn hidn nay, khi ma yeu cau ve viec thich dng vdi sU bien ddng

nhanh
ciia
thj trudng,
sU
thay ddi
eiia
cic yeu td kinh te xa hpi cung nhu
sU phit trien khpa hpc ky thuat, co cau chdc quin ly
thUc
hien du an dau
tu xiy
dung can phii
duge xiy
dung
sao
cho mdi quan he giufa cic hoat
ddng li tdt nhat
de'
dat dugc muc
tieu eiia
du in vi cd khi nang phin dng
nhanh nhat
vdi
nhdng thay doi vd mdi trudng dU in.
Trudc khi quyet djnh
lUa
chgn cP cau tp chdc quin ly doanh nghiep,
can tien hinh phin tfch die
df^m
nganh xiy dung mpt cich ky ludng, tip

trung vao cic diem chfnh nhu sau:
- Sin pham (chuyen giao, hang muc cudi cirng)
ciia
doanh nghiep
xay dung
- Muc
tieu:
thdi
gian,
ehi phf, muc tieu thUc hidn de dat dugc sin
phi'm (chuyen giao) cua doanh nghidp xay dung
- Muc tidu khic: ben canh muc tidu chfnh cua doanh nghiep xiy dung
cd the cd muc tidu khic nhu phit trien khi nang ke hoach hpi
cOa
td
chdc, phit trien hd thong mdi
- Ljch trinh (khoing thdi gian can thiet de thUc hien)
- Mdc dp phdc tap (doi hdi ve ky thuit)
- Op Idn vi bin chat
ciia
nhiem vu can tien hinh
- Ngudn lue: con ngudi va kinh phf
- Co cau td chdc hfdn taf cua co quan dugc gfao nhfem vu quin ly du
an
- He thdng kiem soit va thdng tin
Cic cau hdi ho trp cd the sd dung de phan tich
die
diem
eiia
dU in

trpng qui trinh xay dung co ciu to chdc bao gdm:
-Td chdc cua eg quan dugc giao nhiem vu quin ly dU an da san sing
cho cdng tic quin ly du in dau
tuxay
dung chua?
- Co quan
chii
quan di tdng thuc
hidn
thanh edng dU in dau tU xiy
dung nao chua? Hidn tai cd bao nhidu
dUin?
Loai nao?
- DU in dau tu xay dirng can
thUe
hien cd Idn khdng?
- Mdc dp phdc tap
eiia
dUin diu
tUxiy
dung dugc giao?
-
DUin
diu
tuxay
dung can thirc hien cd quan trgng, cd y nghia nhu
the nao ddi vdi su hung thjnh, tdn tai cua eo quan dupc giao nhiem vu
quin ly?
- Linh dao coquan chu quin mong mudn dieu gl? Mdc dp chap nhin
trong vide thay doi co cau td chdc hien ed

ciia
co quan?
3. Phan tich cac co cau to chiirc pho bien trong doanh nghiep
nganh xay diing
3.1.
Ccr cau
to
chute true
tuyen
- Nguydn tie: bp miy quin ly thep kieu true tuyen duge td chdc sao
cho cic tuyen quyen luc trong doanh nghidp li dudng thing. Moi cap
diidi
chf chju
suquin
ly
cOa
mdt cap tren duy nhat vi thudng duge ggi li
che dp mpt thil tradng.
- Uu diem: don
giin,
dat dupc su thdng nhat tuyet ddi trong menh
Idnh.
De ding quy trich nhidm khi
edsai
sdt,
suvu
xay ra ddng thdi
edthe
khen thudng kjp thdi vdi ngUdi ed cdng, cd thinh tich tdt.
- Nhugc diem: tip trung ginh ning vip ngudi quin ly cap cao, doi

hdi hp phii hieu biet siu rpng ve cic mat chuydn mdn khac nhau. Ddng
thdi khi quy md doanh nghidp ting Idn vdi sd lugng eic bd phan true
thudc nhieu
thi
ngUdi quin ly cap cao se rat khd kiem soat dugc toan bd
cdng vide.
- Cfng dung: ip dung phu hgp vdi cic doanh nghidp cd quy md hoat
ddng don giin vi cd it sin pham. Vi mdt ngudi quin ly cap tren cd the
hieu rd rang nhdng hoat dgng
ciia
cap dudi mi khdng can phai thdng
qua cic co quan chdc nang hoac cic bd phan giup viec nao.
Tdng giim
d6c
l
X
&D
So Jo
CO
cau td chiic
true
tuyen cua mpt tong cong
ty
3.2. Ca cau
tochUc
theo kieu
chUc
ning
- Nguyen tic: tdng giam ddc la ngUdi quin ly chung cdn ve mat
chuydn mdn thi giao cho cac phdng ban chuydn mdn phu trich cie ITnh

vue eu the. De giim bdt ginh nang cho ngUdi quin ly cap cao, ngudi ta
td chdc ra cic bd phin chdc ning (hay cdn gpi li cic phdng chdc ning),
cie bd phan nay
true
tiep ra quyet djnh xudng cac bp phin
true
thupc
chuydn mdn eua minh.
- Lfu diem: phin anh mpt each hgp ly cic chdc ning vdi cic nhidm
vu dugc phan djnh rd
ring,
tuin theo cic nguydn tic chuyen mdn hoa
nganh nghe, phit huy sdc manh va khi nang
ciia
dpi ngu cin bd theo
tdng chdc
ning,
giim chi phi va rut ngan thdl gian dip tao, tao ra cic bidn
phip kiem tra chat chd
ciia
cap trdn cao nhat.
- Nhugc diem: cin bg quin ly cap
dUdl
nhan nhidm vu, menh Idnh tir
nhdng phdng ban chdc ning khic nhau ndn cd the khdng cd
su
thdng
nhat gida cie quyet
djnh.
Nhieu khi cac nhidm vu, menh Idnh cd the miu

thuan nhau, gay khd khan cho cap thda hanh va gap
nhi^u
khd khin khi
can cd sU phdi hgp gida eic phdng ban chdc
ning.
Cic phdng ban chufc
nang cd the
diin
day trach nhiem cho nhau neu cd sai lam,
sUvu
xay ra.
- Ung dung: ap dung cho cic doanh nghiep cd
die thii
cao, khi hoat
ddng gida cac bd phin tuong ddi dpc lap (nhu ngan hang, bip
hiem,
du
Ijch va chdng khoin)
So do CO cau to
chiic
theo chile nang cua
mpt
tong cong
ty
3.3. Ca cdu to
chUc
theo kieu
true
tuyen
chute

ning
- Nguydn tic: eac md hinh td chdc theo
true
tuyen va chdc ning co
nhieu Uu
diem
khic nhau. cic nhi quin
lyda
xac djnh
cocau
td
chdc
theo
kieu
true
tuyen - chdc nang de ap dung cho edng ty minh. Trong eo cau
nay thi quan he true tuyen td tren xuong van tdn tai nhdng de giiip ngirdl
quin ly cap eao dUa ra cae quyet djnh dung dan thi cic bd phin chiic
ning giiip viec trong nhdng linh vuc tai ehfnh, ke
toin,
nhan
sU,
Nhdng
bd phan chdc nay khdng
true
tiep ra quyet djnh xudng eic bp phan
true
thudc ma ehi lam nhiem vu tham muu cho nha quin ly cap cao trong
vide
ban hanh vi

thUe hidn
cac quy djnh thudc pham vl chuydn mdn nginh.
Trong mdt sd trudng hgp neu khi nhan dupc su
u;/
quyen
ciia ngirdi
linh dao cap cao thi cic bd phin chdc nang nay cd the
true tiep dUa
ra
cic quyet djnh cu the.
- Liu diem: dat dugc tinh thdng nhat trpng menh
lenh.
Ning cap cic
quy djnh quin ly, giim bdt ginh nang cho ngudi quin ly cap cao cung
nhu quy
djnh trich nhiem
rdrang.
- Nhugc diem: mudn
cOcau
phit huy dugc tic dung tdt
thi
phil chii y
nhieu trong giai doan
xiy
dung
cocau.
Khi thiet ke nhidm vu cho moi bd
phan chdc ning thi ngirdl quin ly cap cao phii chi ra nhidm vu
eiia
mo'i

bd phan nay phii thUe hidn cung nhu mdi quan he ve nhiem
vi-
giija
cac
bd phan chdc ning vdi nhau nhim trinh
su
ehdng cheo trong
g
^j^
Qasammasi 01.2014
cung nhu
su
dim day trich nhiem neu cd sai sdt xay ra. Ngoii ra cie bd
phin chdc nang phii true tiep chi dao cic bd phin true thudc trong qui
trinh thuc hien cic ke hoach thupc pham vi chuyen mdn cua minh.
- Ling
dung:
diy
la co
ciu td chdc phd
bien
nhit trong eic tdng edng
ty d
Viet
Nam
hien nay.
T6ng gilim d6c
^^'^'
/
p.

Marketing
P.
nhftns^
'
CAngtyA
P.
tki
chfnii,
KT
Ph6ng
k;
tliull
COngtyB
C5nglyC
So do CO
cau
to
ehijc
theo true tuyen
diiie
nang ciia mot
tdng
cong ty
3.4.
cacau tochUc theo
kilu
dudn
-
Nguyen
tac: Ddi

vdi mpt
sd
doanh nghiep die
thii
cao, cd
nhieu loai
sin pham gidng nhau vi moi loai sin pham cd gii trj Idn hoac dugc td
chdc sin xuat tai nhieu dja phuong khic nhau thi ngudi ta td chdc theo
kieu
du in.
Trong
moi
dU
in thi tuy theo quy md
cd
the to chdc tiep theo
kieu
true tuyen
hay
true
tuyen chdc nang.
-
Uu
diem:
diy li
sU
phit
trien ciia
co cau
to chdc theo

kieu true
tuyen
vi
true
tuyen chdc
ning.
Can
luu
y trong moi
dU
in co
cau
to chdc quin
ly ch! tdn
tai ciing thdi gian
dU in, khi
xong
dU
in thi
co cau
td chdc
dU
in
cung ket
thuc.Tlieo
co cau nay
thi
mdt
ngUdl
cd the ddng thdi tham gia

nhieu
du in khic nhau.
- Nhugc
diem:
khdng tich luy dirge kinh nghidm do
co eau
niy
se
giii
the
sau
khi hoin thinh
dii
in.
Nhan vidn tham gia
ca
ciu nay cung
bien
ddi,
khdng 6n
djnh.
- Ung
dung:
diing cho cic
dU
in xiy
dung,
hii ngoai hay cie khu vuc
xa
cich vdi

van
phdng chfnh eda cdng ty.
Tttng glim dtic
r
1
DainC
So do CO
eau
to
chile
theo dp an
cOa
mpt tong cong ty
4. Ket luan kien nghj
Co cau td chdc la mdt he thdng ehfnh thdc, giup cac bd phan, cic
phdng ban trong doanh nghiep cd ket, lidn he vdi
nhau.
Vdi co cau td
chdc
tdt
se
giup
cho
doanh nghidp boat
ddng
hidu qui
hon
vdi cic thdng
tin dugc
truydn

tii qua
he
thdng chinh thdc
cda
doanh
nghidp,
ddng thdi
mpi ngudi, mpi bd phin se
hi^u
dugc trich nhidm va quyen hinh cu the
eOa
ho.
Bai bio nay gidi thidu bdn loai
cO eau
td chdc hay ap dung trong
doanh nghidp
la Co cau
td chdc tnic
tuyen,
Co cau
td chdc chdc
nang,
Co
ciu td chdc tnic tuyen chdc ning vi
Co cau
to chdc theo du
in.
Mdi loai
CO
cau to chdc deu cd cie Uu diem va han che ridng, ddng thdi cd khi

ning ip dung vio cic doanh nghiep cu the, cic dieu kien thUe te rieng.
Trong trudng hgp thue
te,
cac nhi quin ly doanh nghidp can hieu ky ve
cic
CO
ciu td chdc nay nhim muc dich ip dung chung cho
phii
hgp vdi
dieu kidn
eiia
doanh nghidp de mang lai hieu qui quin
I)?
tdt nhit.
TAlLlfUTHAMKHAO
1.
Le
Anh Dung
(2009),
Glao
trinh Lap ke hoach va
Qujn
ly dpan dau
tiTxay dimg,TrUcing dai
hpc Kien true Ha
Npi.
2.
Sinh
Tuan
Hii

va
Pham Xuan
Anh
(2013),
Quin ly
dir
an
trong
giai
doan xay
dung,
Uhh
xuat
Mn
xay
dilng,
Ha
NoL
3.
Binh
Tuan
Hii (2012), Bai giing "Phan tfch eac mo hinh trong
quSn
iy"
cho dio tao cao hpc
chuyen nginh eong nghe va quin ly xay
dimg,
Tnidng dai
hpc
Thiiy

Loi,
Ha Npi.
4.
Binh
Tuan
Hii
(2012),
Bai
giing "Quan ly doanh
nghiep"
cho dio tao dai hpc chuyen nganh
puin ly
do
'"'a
cong
trinh,
TnlSng
dai hoc
Kien
tnic Hi Npi.
01.2014 nnniipBi 99