THE LOCAL CONCERNS AND STRATEGIES IN CONFUCIAN CLASSICS COMMENTARIES a CASE OF LI GUANGPOS (1651 1723) ANNOTATIONS ON THE RITES OF ZHOU

෵⌞ѣ֪൦ᯯީᘶф੼ҋ
෵⌞ѣ֪൦ᯯީᘶф੼ҋ෵⌞ѣ֪൦ᯯީᘶф੼ҋ
෵⌞ѣ֪൦ᯯީᘶф੼ҋφ
φφ
φ


ԛᶄݿ඗
ԛᶄݿ඗ԛᶄݿ඗
ԛᶄݿ඗δ
δδ
δ





εɅ
εɅεɅ
εɅ ઞࡢ἖⌞
ઞࡢ἖⌞ઞࡢ἖⌞
ઞࡢ἖⌞Ɇ
ɆɆ
ɆѰׁ
ѰׁѰׁ
Ѱׁ


THE LOCAL CONCERNS AND STRATEGIES IN
CONFUCIAN CLASSIC’S COMMENTARIES:
A CASE OF LI GUANGPO’S (1651-1723) ANNOTATIONS

ON THE RITES OF ZHOU


ਬ᫽᫽
YA P S Z E S Z E




᯦ࣖ඗ളৱཝᆜѣᮽడ
ݻ༡ᆜփ᫠ᮽ
A THESIS SUBMITTED
FOR THE DEGREE OF MASTERS OF ARTS
DEPARTMENT OF CHINESE STUDIES
NATIONAL UNIVERSITY OF SINGAPORE
2015
i"
"
Acknowledgements
I am most indebted to my supervisor A/P Koh Khee Heong. He was immensely
patient and provided me with much invaluable guidance, and this helped me greatly in
overcoming the difficulties and frustrations of constant puzzlement amidst the
unfamiliar maze of Confucian classic’s commentaries. His critical yet constructive
questions and comments during formal consultation sessions and casual discussions
provoked my thoughts and sharpened my ideas, ultimately leading to the fruition of
this thesis. I would also like to extend my gratitude to A/P Ong Chang Woei for his
support and concern. I have truly benefited from his lectures and seminar classes since
my undergraduate years. His signature question “So what?” had a great impact on me
and have served as a constant reminder that I have to make sense of my research.

I am fortunate to have my friends, Samantha, Khoon Hiang, Yuanlin, Shaun,
Charles, Ying-Ruo, FeiFei, Wu Qi, Fatima, Dean, Susan, Huey Chyi, Yu Ju, Dongli
and Siew Choon, for lending their ears to me and being supportive throughout the
different stages of my graduate studies.
Additionally, I am grateful to be awarded with the NUS Research Scholarship and
later on, the Tuition Fee Waiver that alleviated the otherwise financial burden for five
semesters of my graduate studies. I am also thankful for the FASS Graduate Research
Support Scheme for funding my fieldwork in Beijing, China during June 2014.
Last but not least, I truly owe it to my beloved family for their understanding and
unconditional faith in me as I embark on a path less traveled.
ii"
"


Acknowledgements………………………………………………………………….i
Summary…………………………………………………………………… vi
…………………………………………………………………… 1
……………………………………………………………………1
………………………………………………………………3
………………………………………………… 15
…………………………………………………… 17
…………………………………………………………… 24
……………………………………………………… 27
…………………………… 30
……………………………………………………………………30
……………………………………………31
……………………………………………………………………38
…………………………………………………53
……………………………………………………………………58
…………… 60

……………………………………………………………………60
……………………………………………61
2.1 ………………………………………………………………61
iii"
"
2.2 ………………………………………………………………80
……………………………………………………85
……………………………………………………………… 92
……………… 94
 ……………………………………………………………………94
 …………………………………………………96
2.1 ……………………………………………………………98
2.2 …………………………………………………… 105
 ……………………………………………… 110
 ………………………………… 122
 ………………………… 144
5.1 ……………………………………………………………… 144
5.2 ……………………………………………………………… 147
 ………………………………………………………………… 157
……………………………………………………………………… 159
 1 ………………………………… …169
 2 …………………………………………… 171
………………………………………………………………………… 176

iv"
"


 1…………………………………………………… 25
 2………………………………………………………………135

 3……………………………………………139
 4………………………………………140
v"
"


 1……………………………………… 124
 2……………………………………… 140

vi"
"
Summary
Academics have recently noted a rising interest in Confucian rituals and
Confucian ritual classics studies during the late imperial China. Relevant studies
typically discuss specific ritual performances such as the funerary rites as well as
Confucian ritual classics – Book of Etiquette and Rites  and Family Rituals
. The discussions of these studies generally concentrated on the literati
from the Jiangnan area, focusing on intellects of the Ming-Qing transition period, or
those from mid-Qing period and beyond.
Thus, this thesis aims to fill research gaps through the examination of the
annotations on Confucian ritual classic Rites of Zhou  by a Fujian local elite Li
Guangpo (1651-1723) from the early Qing period. It will first scrutinize the
correspondences and poems Li’s elder brother Li Guangdi (1642-1718) penned to him,
alongside with the reconstruction of the Anxi Hutou Li Clan to
elucidate Li’s social motivations to annotate the classic. It seems to me that Li’s efforts
in the classical studies were part of the Li brothers’ strategies to accumulate cultural
resources in building up the clan’s social prestige and intellectual standing.
This thesis then attempts to analyze the characteristics of Li’s commentaries. The
analysis shows that Li’s work exudes a strong flavor of Cheng Zhu School of
Neo-Confucianism. Li Guangdi had earlier on perceived and attempted to reconstruct

the Fujian’s local intellectual tradition as inheritor of Cheng Zhu School of
Neo-Confucianism. As Li Guangdi had intended to revive this local intellectual
vii"
"
tradition, and the fact that Li Guangpo was very much influenced by his elder brother
intellectually, Li Guangpo’s classics commentaries could be seen as part of the project
to revive Fujian’s local intellectual tradition.
Finally, this thesis will relate Li’s commentaries of the passage “Office of Earth”
in the classic Rites of Zhou to the Qing dynasty’s politics in the early years,
with regards to issues of the local government and the drainage system. Li’s
rationalization of the local officialpositions mentioned in the “Office of
Earth” revealed that he understood these positions as being occupied by local elites
rather than national officers delegated from the central government. In addition, Li’s
explanation of the well-field system cited in “Office of Earth” exhibited a sense of
localism. In Li’s opinion, the well-field system had called for more resources to be
reserved locally, so as to use them for the building and maintenance of the local
drainage system, as compared to the taxes paid to the central government. In other
words, Li responded to national issues with local-oriented solutions and strategies.
Hence, through this discussion, this study will attempt to reveal the local concerns
and strategies in Li’s work.


!
!
1!
仲
1651-1723

们信

们

什丘下 8 1743…
 32 1767…保
 71 
1
但
位什丘且·下
1662-1722。1642-1718
 8 16512  25 17236  24 
2

!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! !
1
下保
乃 69 下乃 2 下乃
 19 乃 17 乃
乃
2
下丘倍乃 8 21
!
!
2!
 43 1704倘
3
·何
1682-1743 13 17359  3 
4
·
1692-1762 2 17373  6 


5

·
伐·
 25 1686些
6

付·付

7
 55 1716保
 58 1719保·些五’
 61 1722价·
8

下事1850–1908下《云
9

下僧些下
!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! !
3
丘乃乃亲1987
 200
4
下丘倍乃 2 5a-b
5
 27a-b
6
亲

1997 2 3a
7
保 3 11a
8
俩 1b
9
事1961 295
!
!
3!
Confucian Ritualism
10
值下
亦云《
信下信傅
下

下
）信亦
下下九

们下

信下但互下
信假亦九
1873-1929俗下
!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! !
10
Kai-wing Chow, The Rise of Confucian Ritualism in Late Imperial China: Ethics,
Classics, and Lineage Discourse (Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1994).

!
!
4!
“
11


12
下下
仅
13
保值
些下
14
亦下但
下。信假·下值九

 90 乃下
 The Rise of Confucian Ritualism in Late Imperial China: Ethics ,
Classics, and Lineage Discourse信下。值
作·九。
九亲下侵下
信
15
亦亨
!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! !
11

乃亲1999 8 15 4523-4525
12

下亲件下
乃作2013 81
13
信
亦亦2001 123
14
 126
15
Kai-wing Chow, The Rise of Confucian Ritualism in Late Imperial China: Ethics
!
!
5!
下。亲
俗下下亲三

16
·。
。义·
·乔促亲
九（但亲九亲
亲三亲九
17
。
优优亲《亲

18
件些互·代
下伪亲东
19

但·借乐
。俩’··亲
·仍些下。
!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! !
Classics, and Lineage Discourse, p.2.
16
 7
17
 15-20
18
 21-31
19
 31-43
!
!
6!
信九（与
·九
信亨俩。亦
20

Timothy Brook 井·
 16 。与亲
值Brook  16 依
值信·。
·亲。
亲亲
亲。·件
·侄。与
kinship arrangements

·’
与
!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! !
20
Kai-wing Chow, The Rise of Confucian Ritualism in Late Imperial China: Ethics
Classics, and Lineage Discourse, pp.73-130.
!
!
7!
。。

 17 。—亦

21

俗下俩亲
亲
倬傅亲
亲下
。亲亲。

“下俩
22

下九（值
23

但下值信’下
丛〈但
!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! !

21
Timothy Brook, “Funerary Ritual and the Building of Lineages in Late Imperial
China”, Harvard Journal of Asiatic Studies 49.2 (1989): 465-499.
22
九下亡
佞乃亲2001 9-12
23
信 35

!
!
8!
下《但
信信
, 下丛值伪
丛
伤·
丛·假
值·丛
假下《
24

些信但 Norman Kutcher
Kutcher 但代下
仲信下信
与
25
Kutcher
亲（parallel conception of society
!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! !

24
Kai-wing Chow, The Rise of Confucian Ritualism in Late Imperial China: Ethics
Classics, and Lineage Discourse, pp. 44-45.
25
Norman Kutcher, Mourning in Late Imperial China. (New York: Cambridge
University Press, 1999), pp.190-191.
!
!
9!
俗世乂
享·“乂
伟
26
Kuctcher 下仲
下丛丛下
–俗
Kutcher 仅
privatization of grief何“observe mourning at post
乔
·何“
“亦 Kutcher 何
“何
“俗
亲（俸’1722-1735
何““·井乂
井’1736-1796《
!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! !
26
Norman Kutcher, Mourning in Late Imperial Chinap.2
!

!
10!
何“·代“Kutcher
俗Kuctcher 争
丛争信《丛

27

但代信·
·俗但仲
丝丝但
仲·丛“
值亲产严
丛亲仔
·俩俗
仲亨与享代值
’但·但
享代九信俩
俩井伤·下《
!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! !
27
Norman Kutcher, Mourning in Late Imperial China, pp.73-189.
!
!
11!
丛’
28

但信下下
九代俗下

九信下值
下
乾。
九佞九

29
–·俗下
下万
乾优优假
《
30

但九
九·九
信
31

!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! !
28
下亲乃亲 2002 1-20
29
 39-44
30
下《亦241
 272
31
Kai-wing Chow, The Rise of Confucian Ritualism in Late Imperial China: Ethics,
!
!
12!

下下
32

1757-1809代’！
1724-17771725-1814九九
九·！九九
 九世
九·九九
九·
““


仅侯《
俗假
京·
俗《’《
!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! !
Classics, and Lineage Discourse, pp.40-41.
32
 53
!
!
13!
仲予·信丛
九
九九井值下《
九做
33

下

“下
做信九（“

但九值九（
乍乂
下九
《九（·九
九
34

下亲些作
!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! !
33
九下 34-75
34
信 23-27

!
!
14!
《作井
35
俗下下信井下
九（九代
九’九九下
但 18 下
信乾世下九

36
件下亦

亲九假伟
下信一假
·亦信。·
。‘假

37

但互下
!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! !
35
信 i
36
Kai-wing Chow, The Rise of Confucian Ritualism in Late Imperial China: Ethics,
Classics and Lineage Discourse, p.130; 132.
37
Timothy Brook, “Funerary Ritual and the Building of Lineages in Late Imperial
China”, pp.465-499. 。 : 
 : 侄亩,2000
信亦112
69-80
!
!
15!
九下伪
亲
伐

但下信乾
予九
信

们亦

互
38
云
39
信
亦俗俩
份信 
·〈信
!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! !
38
下丘下信乃
亲2001 254-267下(亲乃亲2002)

39
云保亦侄。信
2013
!
!
16!
井信··
1663-1706下1690-1744

40
丝些
·信
下
41

信互
保·
传信·
侵
云信些保九
保…乃信保
义·信保
信保亦·乾
俸像
〈九127-200574-648乾两
!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! !
40
下丘 254
41
下 203