Effects of landuse change and forest fragmentation on the biodiversity and ecosystem functioning in the tropical lowlands of sri lanka

Appendix 3.1: Distribution and endemism of butterfly species recorded during the study
a

Family:
Subfamily

Common name

Species

Endemism

Primary
forest

Logged
forest

Acraeidae

Tawny Coaster

Telchinia violae

Not endemic

0

0

x

0
x

Hesperiidae

Black Angle

Tapena thwaitesi thwaitesi

Home

Pinus
plantations

Not endemic

0

0

x

x 

x

x

0

0

Hesperiidae

Black Flat

Celaenorrhinus spilothyrus

Not endemic

x 

Hesperiidae

Blank Swift

Catloris kumara lanka

Not endemic

0

x

Hesperiidae

Brown Awl

Badamia exclamationis

Not endemic

0

x

0

0

0

0

x

x

0

x 

x

0

Hesperiidae

Bush Hopper

Ampittia dioscorides singa

Not endemic

Hesperiidae

Ceylon Palm bob

Suastus minuta minuta

Not endemic

Hesperiidae

Ceylon Ace

Halpe homolea ceylonica

Not endemic

0

0

x

0

x 

x

x

Hesperiidae

Ceylon Awl

Hasora badra lanka

Not endemic

x 

Hesperiidae

Ceylon Snow Flat

Tagiades japetus obscurus

Not endemic

x

0

x

x

Hesperiidae

Chestnut bob

Lambrix salsala luteipalpus

Not endemic

0

0

x

x

Hesperiidae

Common banded demon

Notocrypta paralysos alysia

Not endemic

x 

x 

x

x

Hesperiidae

Common dart

Potanthus pseudomaesa

Not endemic

0

0

x

0

Hesperiidae

Common grass dart

Taractrocera maevius

Not endemic

0

0

x

0

Hesperiidae

Dark Cerulean

Oriens goloides

Not endemic

x 

x 

x

x

0

x 

x

0

x

0

Hesperiidae

Decorated Ace

Endemic

Thoressa decorata

Hesperiidae

Hedge Hopper

Baracus vittatus vittatus

Not endemic

0

x 

Hesperiidae

Indian dart

Potanthus pallida

Not endemic

0

0

x

0

Hesperiidae

Indian Palmbob

Suastus gremius subgrisea

Not endemic

0

0

x

0

Hesperiidae

Indian Skipper

Spialia galba

Not endemic

0

0

x

3

Hesperiidae

Pale Small-branded Swift

Pelopidas thrax

Not endemic

0

0

x

0

Hesperiidae

Philippine Swift

Catloris philippina seriata

Not endemic

0

0

x

0

x 

0

0

Hesperiidae

Restricted demon

Notocrypta curvifascia

Not endemic

x 

Hesperiidae

Smallest Swift

Panara bada bada

Not endemic

0

0

x

0

Hesperiidae

Tree Flitter

Hyarotis adrastus adrastus

Not endemic

0

x

0

0

Hesperiidae

Tropic Dart

Potanthus confucius satra

Not endemic

0

0

x

0

x 

x

x

Hesperiidae

Water Snow Flat

Tagiades litigiosa ceylonica

Not endemic

x 

Hesperiidae

White banded Awl

Hasora taminatus taminatus

Not endemic

x

0

0

0

0

x 

x

0

x
x 

0
x

0
x

Libytheidae

Club Beak

Libythea myrrha rama

Not endemic

Lycaenidae

Aberrant Bush blue

Arhopala abseus mackwoodi

Not endemic

0

Lycaenidae

Angled pierrot

Caleta decidia

Not endemic

0

Lycaenidae

Banded blue pierrot

Discolampa ethion ethion

Not endemic

0

x

0

0

x 

x

x

Lycaenidae

Ceylon Cerulean

Jamides coruscans

Endemic

x 

Lycaenidae

Common Cerulean

Jamides celeno tissama

Not endemic

x 

x 

x

x

Lycaenidae

Common Lineblue

Prosotas nora ardates

Not endemic

x 

x 

x

x

Lycaenidae

Common pierrot

Castalius rosimon

Not endemic

0

x 

x

x

Lycaenidae

Common Imperial

Cheritra freja pseudojaffra

Not endemic

0

0

x

x

Lycaenidae
Lycaenidae
Lycaenidae

Dark Ceylon 6-lineblue
Indian Cupid
Indian Sunbeam

Catopsilia crocale
Everes lacturnus parrhasius
Curetis thetis

Not endemic
Not endemic
Not endemic

x 
0
x

x 
x 
0

0
x
x

0
0
0

Lycaenidae

Large 4-lineblue

Nacaduba pactolus ceylonica

Not endemic

x

0

0

0

178

Lycaenidae

Lime Blue

Chilades lajus lajus

Not endemic

0

x 

Lycaenidae

Long banded silver-line

Spindasis lohita lazularia

Not endemic

x

0

0

0

0

0

x

x

x

x

Lycaenidae

Malayan

Not endemic

Megisba malaya

x

0

Lycaenidae

Metallic Cerulean

Jamides alecto meilichius

Not endemic

0

x 

Lycaenidae

Milky Cerulean

Jamides lacteata

Not endemic

x

0

x

0

Lycaenidae

Monkey-puzzle

Rathinda amor

Endemic

0

0

x

0

Lycaenidae

Nigger

Orsotriaena medus mandata

Not endemic

0

0

x 

x 

Lycaenidae

Nilgiri Tit

Hypolycaena nilgirica

Not endemic

0

0

x

0

Lycaenidae

One sport Grass Yellow

Eurema ormistoni

Endemic

x 

x 

0

x

Lycaenidae

Opaque 6-lineblue

Nacaduba beroe minima

Not endemic

0

x 

x 

0

Lycaenidae

Painted Saw-tooth

Prioneris sita

Not endemic

x

0

0

0

Lycaenidae

Pale Ceylon 6-lineblue

Nacaduba sinhala

Endemic

x 

x 

0

x

Lycaenidae

Peacock Royal

Tajuria cippus longinu

Not endemic

0

x 

x 

0

Lycaenidae

Plain Hedgeblue

Celestrina lavendularis

Not endemic

0

x

0

0

Lycaenidae

Pointed Ciliated blue

Anthene lycaenina lycaenina

Not endemic

0

x 

x 

0

Lycaenidae

Read pierrot

Talicada nyseus nyseus

Not endemic

0

0

x

0

Lycaenidae

Red Helen

Papilio helenus mooreanus

Not endemic

x 

x 

x 

x 

Lycaenidae

Rustic

Cupha erymanthis placida

Not endemic

0

x 

x 

x 

Lycaenidae

Slate Flash

Rapala manea schistacea

Not endemic

x

0

0

0

Lycaenidae

Tailed jay

Graphium agamemnon menides

Not endemic

x 

x 

x

x

Lycaenidae

Three sport Grass Yellow

Eurema blanda silhetana

Not endemic

x 

x 

x 

x 

Lycaenidae

Tiny Grass blue

Zizula hylax hylax

Not endemic

0

0

x

0

Lycaenidae

Yamfly

Loxura atymnus arcuata

Not endemic

0

0

x 

x 

Nymphalidae

Baron

Euthalia aconthea vasanta

Not endemic

0

0

x 

x 

Nymphalidae

Black Prince

Rohana parisatis camiba

Not endemic

x

0

0

0

Nymphalidae

Blue Admiral

Blue Admiral

Not endemic

0

x

0

0

Nymphalidae

Blue Oak leaf

Kallima philarchus philarchus

Endemic

0

x

0

0

Nymphalidae

Chestnut Streaked Sailor

Neptis jumbah nalanda

Not endemic

x 

x 

x 

x 

Nymphalidae

Chocolate Soldier

Junonia iphita pluviatalis

Not endemic

0

0

x

0

Nymphalidae

Clipper

Parthenos sylvia cyaneus

Not endemic

x 

x 

x 

x 

Nymphalidae

Common Lascar

Pantoporia hordonia sinuata

Not endemic

0

0

x 

x 

Nymphalidae

Common Nawab

Polyura athamas

Not endemic

x

0

0

0

Nymphalidae

Common Rose

Pachliopta aristolochiae
ceylonica

Not endemic

0

x 

x 

x 

Nymphalidae

Common Sailor

Neptis hylas varmona

Not endemic

x 

x 

x 

x 

Nymphalidae

Commander

Moduza procris calidasa

Not endemic

x 

x 

x 

x 

Nymphalidae

Crimson Rose

Pachliopta hector

Not endemic

0

0

0

x

Nymphalidae

Cruiser

Vindula erota asela

Not endemic

0

x 

x 

x 

Nymphalidae

Gaudy Baron

Euthalia lubentina psittacus

Not endemic

0

0

x

0

Nymphalidae

Great Egg fly

Hypolimnas bolina

Not endemic

x 

x 

x 

0

Nymphalidae

Grey Pansy

Junonia atlites

Not endemic

0

x 

x 

0

Nymphalidae

Leopard

Phalanta phalanta

Not endemic

0

0

x

0

Nymphalidae

Pea Blue

Lampides boeticus

Not endemic

0

0

x

0

Nymphalidae

Red Spot Duke

Dophla evelina evelina

Not endemic

x 

x 

x 

x 

Nymphalidae

Tamil Yeoman

Cirrochroa thais lanka

Not endemic

x 

x 

x 

0

179


Nymphalidae

Tawny Rajah

Charaxes psaphon

Not endemic

0

x 

x 

0

Nymphalidae

Ceylon Lace wing

Cethosia nietneri

Not endemic

0

0

x

0

Nymphalidae:
Danaidae

Blue Glassy Tiger

Ideopsis similis exprompta

Not endemic

0

x 

x 

x 

Nymphalidae:
Danaidae

Blue tiger

Tirumala limniace leopardus

Not endemic

0

0

x

0

Nymphalidae:
Danaidae

Ceylon Tree nymph

Idea iasonia

Endemic

x 

x 

x 

x 

Nymphalidae:
Danaidae

Common Crow

Euploea core asela

Not endemic

x 

x 

x 

x 

Nymphalidae:

Danaidae

Glassy Tiger

Parantica aglea

Not endemic

0

x 

x 

x 

Nymphalidae:
Danaidae

Great Crow

Euploea phaenareta corus

Not endemic

0

x 

x 

0

Nymphalidae:
Morphinae

Southern duffer

Discophora lepida ceylonica

Not endemic

0

0

0

x

Nymphalidae:
Satyrinae

Ceylon Forester

Lethe dynsate

Endemic

x

0

0

0

Nymphalidae:
Satyrinae

Ceylon Palmfly

Elymnias singala

Endemic

0

0

x

0

Nymphalidae:
Satyrinae

Cingalese Bushbrown

Mycalesis rama

Endemic

0

0

0

x

Nymphalidae:
Satyrinae

Common Evening Brown

Melanitis lede ismene

Not endemic

0

0

x

0

Nymphalidae:
Satyrinae

Common Palmfly

Elymnias hypermnestra fraterna

Not endemic

0

0

x 

x 

Nymphalidae:
Satyrinae

Comon Bushbrown

Mycalesis perseus typhlus

Not endemic

0

0

x

0

Nymphalidae:
Satyrinae

Dark Evening Brown

Melanitis phedima tambra

Not endemic

x 

x 

0

x

Nymphalidae:
Satyrinae

Gladeye Bushbrown

Nissanga patnia patnia

Not endemic

x 

x 

x 

x 

Nymphalidae:
Satyrinae

Mottled Immigrant

Catopsilia pyranthe minna

Not endemic

0

x 

x 

0

Nymphalidae:
Satyrinae

White Four-ring

Ypthima ceylonica

Not endemic

0

x 

x 

x 

Papilionidae

Banded Peacock

Papilio crino

Not endemic

0

0

x

0

Papilionidae

Blue Mormon

Papilio polymnestor parinda

Not endemic

x 

x 

x 

x 

Papilionidae

Bluebottle

Graphium sarpedon teredon

Not endemic

x 

x 

x 

x 

Papilionidae

Ceylon Birdwing

Troides darsius

Endemic

0

x 

x 

x 

Papilionidae

Ceylon Rose

Pachliopta jophon

Endemic

0

x 

x 

x 

Papilionidae

Common jay

Graphium doson

Not endemic

x 

x 

x 

x 

Papilionidae

Common mime

Chilasa clytia lankeswara

Not endemic

0

0

x

0

Papilionidae

Common Mormon

Papilio polytes romulus

Not endemic

0

x 

x 

x 

Papilionidae

Lime Butterfly

Papilio demoleus demoleus

Not endemic

0

0

x

0

Pieridae

Common Albatross

Appias albina darada

Not endemic

0

0

x 

x 

Pieridae

Common Grass Yellow

Leptosia nina nina

Not endemic

0

x 

x 

x 

Pieridae

Jezebel

Delias eucharis

Not endemic

x

0

x 

x 

Pieridae

Lemon emigrant

Catopsilia pomona

Not endemic

x 

x 

x 

0

Pieridae

Lesser Albatross

Appias galene

Not endemic

x 

x 

x 

x 

Pieridae

Psyche

Leptosia nina nina

Not endemic

0

0

x

0

Riodinidae

Plum judy

Abisara echerius prunosa

Not endemic

x 

x 

0

x

a

x = presence; 0= absence of an individual species in a given habitat

180


Appendix 3.2: Species accumulation curves for butterflies 

(a)

 

(b) 

  

 
(c) 

Appendix 3.2: Species accumulation curves (a); population abundance curves (b); and
rarefaction curves (c); for butterflies in sampled habitat types.  

181


Appendix 3.3 – Summary statistic of the multi-response permutation procedure

Habitat
Butterflies
Average within-group distance
PF
SLF
HG

PP
Multiple pair-wise comparisons
PF vs. SLF
PF vs. HG
PF vs. PP
SLF vs. HG
SLF vs. PP
HG vs. PP
Amphibians
Average within-group distance
PF
SLF
HG
PP
Multiple pair-wise comparisons
PF vs. SLF
PF vs. HG
PF vs. PP
SLF vs. HG
SLF vs. PP
HG vs. PP

T

A

P

-7.807
-31.186

-25.279
-20.643
-14.322
-16.208

0.075
0.357
0.268
0.212
0.138
0.166

<0.001
<0.001
<0.001
<0.001
<0.001
<0.001

0.315
0.443
0.350
0.283

0.184
0.212
0.316
7.38E-02
-0.535
-20.688

-26.056
-20.062
-26.228
-26.011

0.006
0.449
0.522
0.440
0.527
0.533

0.237
<0.001
<0.001
<0.001
<0.001
<0.001

Appendix 3.3 – Summary statistic showing the multi-response permutation procedure results
with average within-group distances (ranked by Sorenson distance) of transects across all
habitats, and multiple-pair-wise comparisons. The test statistics:(T) the separation between
habitats (e.g., the more negative is T, the stronger the separation) ;(p) the probability of the
expected delta (the weighted mean within-group distance) being ≤ than the observed delta;
and (A) the chance-correction for within-group homogeneity as compared to random
expectation, independent of sample size (e.g., A = 0, when heterogeneity within group equals
expectation by chance (McCune and Grace, 2002).

182

Appendix 3.4 Distribution, endemism and conservation status of amphibian species recorded during the
study.
a
Primary
forest

Logged
forest

Home
Gardens

Pinus
plantation

Endemic

Development

IUCN Category

0

0

x

0

Not endemic

oviparous

least concern

terrestrial

Bufonidae

Amphibian
species
Duttaphrynus
melanostictus
Bufo nollerti

0

0

x

0

Endemic

oviparous

endangered

terrestrial

Bufonidae

Bufo kotagamai

x

x

0

0

Endemic

oviparous

endangered

terrestrial

Bufonidae

Adenomus
kelaarti
Ichthyophis
glutinosus
Fejervarya
kirthisinghei

Fejervarya
limnocharis
Euhplyctis
cynophlyctis
Rana temporalis
Lankanectes
corrugatus

x

x

x

0

Endemic

oviparous

endangered

terrestrial

0

0

Endemic

oviparous

least concern

terrestrial

oviparous

least concern

Ranidae
Ranidae

Family
Bufonidae

Ichthyophiidae
Ranidae
Ranidae
Ranidae
Ranidae
Ranidae

Ranidae
Rhacophoridae
Rhacophoridae
Rhacophoridae
Rhacophoridae
Rhacophoridae
Rhacophoridae

Rhacophoridae
Rhacophoridae
Rhacophoridae
Rhacophoridae
Rhacophoridae
Rhacophoridae
Rhacophoridae
Rhacophoridae
Rhacophoridae
Rhacophoridae
Rhacophoridae
Rhacophoridae
Rhacophoridae
a

0

x

Habit

aquatic &
terrestrial
aquatic &
terrestrial

0

0

x

0

0

0

x

0

Not endemic

oviparous

least concern

0

0

x

0

Not endemic

oviparous

least concern

aquatic

x

x

x

0

Not endemic

oviparous

near threatened

terrestrial

x

x

x

0

Endemic

oviparous

least concern

aquatic

Rana aurantica

x

x

x

0

Not endemic

oviparous

vulnerable

aquatic &
terrestrial

Euplyctis
hexadactylus
Nannophrys
ceylonensis
Polypedates

cruciger
Pseudophilautus
hoipolloi
Pseudophilautus
popularis
Pseudophilautus
U.I.D 4
Pseudophilautus
reticulatus
Pseudophilautus
cavirostris
Polypedates
longinasus
Pseudophilautus
U.I.D 5
Pseudophilautus
abundus
Pseudophilautus
mittermeieri
Pseudophilautus
cuspis
Pseudophilautus
silvaticus
Pseudophilautus
auratus
Pseudophilautus
U.I.D 3
Pseudophilautus
U.I.D 2
Pseudophilautus

sordidus
Pseudophilautus
stictomerus
Pseudophilautus
folicola
Pseudophilautus
U.I.D 1

0

x

x

0

Not endemic

oviparous

least concern

aquatic

0

x

x

0

Endemic

oviparous

vulnerable

aquatic

0

0 

x

0

Endemic

oviparous

least concern

arboreal

0

0

x

0

Endemic

direct

least concern

arboreal

0

0

x

0

Endemic

direct

least concern

arboreal

0

0

Not evaluated

direct

unknown

arboreal

x

0

Endemic

x

x

0

0

Endemic

direct

endangered

arboreal

x

x

0

0

Endemic

direct

endangered

arboreal

x

x

0

0

Endemic

oviparous

endangered

arboreal

x

x

0

0

Not evaluated

direct

unknown

arboreal

x

x

0

0

Endemic

direct

least concern

arboreal

x

x

0

0

Endemic

direct

endangered

arboreal

x

x

0

0

Endemic

direct

endangered

arboreal

x

x

0

0

Endemic

direct

endangered

arboreal

0

x

0

0

Endemic

direct

endangered

arboreal

0

x

0

0

Not Evaluated

direct

unknown

arboreal

0

x

0

0

Not Evaluated

direct

unknown

arboreal

x

x

x

0

Endemic

direct

near threatened

arboreal

x

x

x

0

Endemic

direct

near threatened

arboreal

x

x

x

x

Endemic

direct

endangered

arboreal

0

x

x

0

Not Evaluated

direct

not evaluated

arboreal

x = presence; 0= absence of an individual species in a given habitat in all transects.
Pseudophilautus (Synonym Philautus)
U.D.I. = Unidentified species. Source for status: ( />
183


Appendix 3.5 Species accumulation curves for amphibians

 (a)

 

(b) 

 

(c)

 

Appendix 3.5 Species accumulation curves (a); population abundance curves (b); and
rarefaction curves (c); for amphibians in sampled habitat types.  

184


Appendix 3.6 –(a) Average values of environmental variables (±SD) that best describe the
species richness and abundance of butterflies and amphibians in all sampled habitats (b)
Correlation matix for the environmental variables. Climatic and structural environmental
variables were measure within a 5 m radius plot from the central point of each transect.
Percentage of canopy cover measured with a circular densitometer, percent of shrub cover
(visually estimated), diameter at breast height (dbh) of the closest 10 trees with dbh > 5 cm,
average litter depth (cm) calculated from five randomly selected points, litter cover (visual
estimated), soil temperature & humidity(measured with a Kestrel 2000 weather meter).
Values are given as means with Standard Error (SE).

Primary forest
Secondary forest
Home gardens
Pinus plantations

Shrub cover
(%)

Litter cover
(%)

Litter
thickness
(cm)

Water
availability
(%)

53.80 ± 4.00
60.60 ±3.43
68.20 ±3.59
83.92 ±4.07

69.92 ± 3.73
80.36 ±4.95
57.20 ±5.52
90.28 ±3.78

2.33 ± 0.12
3.32 ±0.21
1.89 ±0.15
7.49 ±0.46

9.00 ± 4.19
25.00 ±5.80
19.40 ±4.65
1.00 ±0.71

Canopy cover
(%)
86.9 ± 1.2
73.5 ±2.0
28.5 ±2.8
41.1 ±1.6

Relative
Humidity
(%)

Temperature
(˚C )

87.33 ± 1.29
82.79 ±1.66
75.38 ±1.27
75.42 ±1.17

27.33 ± 0.36
27.52 ±0.42
28.02 ±0.24
28.42 ±0.30

Temperature

Water
availability

Soil
temperature

Litter
thickness

Litter cover

# of trees with
dbh>5cm

Shrub cover

Canopy Cover

Humidity

Temperature

(a)

1

Humidity

-0.560

1.000

Canopy Cover

-0.156

0.502

1.000

Shrub cover

0.287

-0.463

-0.287

1.000

# of trees with dbh>5

-0.218

0.421

0.772

-0.129

1.000

Litter cover

0.126

-0.226

0.286

0.426

0.310

1.000

Litter depth

0.101

-0.425

-0.145

0.578

-0.033

0.574

1.000

Mean dbh

0.106

-0.078

0.219

0.107

-0.048

0.210

0.373

Soil temperature

0.003

-0.347

-0.198

0.214

-0.162

0.134

0.350

1.000

Water availability

0.044

0.158

-0.039

-0.188

-0.043

-0.423

-0.341

-0.099

(b)

185

1.000


Appendix 4.1 Species checklist of the Scarabaeinae beetles recorded in Sri Lanka

Tribe

Genus

Species

Canthonini
Canthonini
Canthonini
Canthonini
Canthonini
Canthonini
Canthonini
Canthonini
Canthonini
Canthonini
Coprini
Coprini
Coprini
Coprini
Coprini
Coprini
Coprini
Coprini
Coprini
Coprini
Gymnopleuri
Gymnopleuri
Gymnopleuri
Gymnopleuri

Gymnopleuri

Ochicanthon2
Ochicanthon2
Ochicanthon2
Ochicanthon
Panelus1
Panelus
Panelus1
Panelus1  
Panelus1  
Panelus1  
Catharsius
Catharsius
Catharsius
Catharsius
Copris
Copris
Copris1
Paracopris
Heliocopris
Copris1
Gymnopleurus
Gymnopleurus1 (Garreta )
Gymnopleurus
Gymnopleurus
Gymnopleurus 2

cingalense
tristis

unk 1
unk100
puncticollis
setosus
imitator
ceylonicus
fallax
pernitidus
capucinus
granulatus
molossus
pethicius
repertus
sodalis
fricator
signatus
bucephalus
indicus
cyaneus
smaragdifer
koenigi
miliaris
parvus

Function
l
R
R
R
R

R
R
R
R
R
T
T
T
T
T
T
T
T
T
T
R
R
R
R
R

186

Description

Distribution

Arrow, 1931
Arrow. 1931

Endemic
*Sri Lanka, India

Arrow, 1931
Arrow, 1931
Balthasar, 1972
Balthasar, 1972
Balthasar, 1972
Balthasar, 1972
Fabricius, 1781
Sharp, 1875
Linnaeus, 1758
Fabricius 1775
Walker, 1858
Walker, 1858
Fabricius, 1787
Walker, 1858
Fabricius, 1775
Harold, 1867
Fabricius, 1798
Walker, 1858
Fabricius, 1775
Fabricius, 1775
MacLeay, 1821

Endemic
Endemic
Endemic
Endemic
Endemic

Sri Lanka, Africa
Sri Lanka, India, Bangladesh
Sri Lanka, India
Asia
*Asia
Asia
Endemic
Global
South Asia
*Sri Lanka (Asia)
Asia
Sri Lanka, India
Endemic
South Asia
Sri Lanka, India. Afganistan
Sri Lanka, India, Bangladesh


Gymnopleuri
Gymnopleuri
Oniticellini
Oniticellini
Oniticellini
Onitini
Onitini
Onitini
Onthophagini
Onthophagini
Onthophagini
Onthophagini

Onthophagini
Onthophagini
Onthophagini
Onthophagini
Onthophagini
Onthophagini
Onthophagini
Onthophagini
Onthophagini
Onthophagini
Onthophagini
Onthophagini
Onthophagini
Onthophagini
Onthophagini
Onthophagini
Onthophagini
Onthophagini
Onthophagini
Onthophagini

Gymnopleurus2
Paraymnopleurus
Drepanocerus
Euoniticellus
Liatongus (Paraliatongus)
Ontis
Ontis1
Ontis2
Caccobius

Caccobius1 (Caccophilus)
Caccobius2 (Caccophilus)
Caccobius1 (Caccophilus)
Caccobius(Caccophilus)
Caccobius(Caccophilus)
Caccobius(Caccophilus)
Caccobius2 (Caccophilus)
Cleptocaccobius
Cleptocaccobius2 (Caccophilus)
Caccobius
Haroldius
Haroldius 84
Onthophagus
Onthophagus
Onthophagus
Onthophagus
Onthophagus
Onthophagus
Onthophagus2
Onthophagus
Onthophagus
Onthophagus
Onthophagus2

gemmatus
melanarious
setosus
pallipes
rhadamistus
philemon

singhalensis
subopacus
rufipennis
indicus
aterrimus
diminutivus
meridionalis
unicornis
vulcanus
ultor
durantoni
inermis
unk1
krali ?
herrenorum?
amphinasus N
amphinasus N 2
centricornis
cervus
cryptogenus
difficilis
ensifer
favrei
fuscopunctatus
gemma N
gravis

R
R
R

D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
T
T
T
T
T
T
T
T
T
T
T

187

Harold, 1871
Harold, 1867
Wiedemann, 1823
Fabricius, 1781
Fabricius, 1775
Fabricius, 1801
Lansberge, 1875
Arrow, 1931
Motschulsky, 1858
Harold, 1867
Fabricius, 1798
Walker, 1858
Boucomont, 1914
Fabricius, 1798
Fabricius, 1801
Sharp, 1875
Cambefort, 1985
Arrow, 1931

Sri Lanka, India. Afganistan
Asia
Sri Lanka, India
Sri Lanka**, Europe, Asia
Asia
Asia
Sri Lanka, India
Asia
Sri Lanka, India

Sri Lanka, India
Sri Lanka, India
Sri Lanka, India
Sri Lanka, India
Asia
Sri Lanka, India
*Sri Lanka, India
Endemic
Sri Lanka, India

Utsunomiya & Masumoto,
Paulian, 1985

Endemic
Endemic

Fabricius, 1798
Fabricius, 1798
Boucomont, 1914
Walker, 1858
Boucomont, 1914
Boucomont, 1914
Fabricius, 1798

Sri Lanka, India, Afganistan
Asia
Endemic
Sri Lanka, India
*Sri Lanka, India
Sri Lanka, India

Sri Lanka, India

Walker, 1858

Endemic


Onthophagini
Onthophagini
Onthophagini
Onthophagini
Onthophagini
Onthophagini
Onthophagini
Onthophagini
Onthophagini
Onthophagini
Onthophagini
Onthophagini
Onthophagini
Onthophagini
Onthophagini
Onthophagini
Onthophagini
Onthophagini
Onthophagini
Onthophagini
Onthophagini
Onthophagini
Onthophagini

Onthophagini
Onthophagini
Onthophagini
Onthophagini
Onthophagini
Onthophagini
Onthophagini
Onthophagini
Onthophagini

Onthophagus2
Onthophagus
Onthophagus
Onthophagus
Onthophagus
Onthophagus 2
Onthophagus
Onthophagus
Onthophagus
Onthophagus
Onthophagus2
Onthophagus
Onthophagus1
Onthophagus
Onthophagus
Onthophagus1
Onthophagus1
Onthophagus1
Onthophagus
Onthophagus

Onthophagus
Onthophagus
Onthophagus2
Onthophagus
Onthophagus1
Onthophagus
Onthophagus
Onthophagus
Onthophagus
Onthophagus
Onthophagus
Onthophagus

hystrix
igneus
keiseri
laevigatus
ludio
lilliputanus
martialis
militaris
castetsi N
negligens
parvulus
politus
pusillus
pusillus N
pygmaeus
refulgens
regalis

rufipennis
spinifex
taprobanus
tritinctus
turbatus
troglodyta
unifasciatus
gemma
refulgens N
solidus N
unk1
unk 23
unk24
unk54
unk112

T
T
T
T
T
T
T
T
T
T
T
T
T
T

T
T
T
T
T
T
T
T
T
T
T
T
T
T
T
T
T
T

188

Boucomont, 1914
Vigor, 1825
Frey, 1956
Fabricius, 1798
Boucomont, 1914
Lansberge, 1883
Boucomont, 1914
Boucomont, 1914

Sri Lanka, India
**Sri Lanka, India
Sri Lanka, India
Sri Lanka, India
Sri Lanka, India
*Asia
Endemic
Endemic

Walker, 1858
Fabricius, 1798
Fabricius, 1798
Fabricius, 1798

Sri Lanka, India
Asia
Sri Lanka, India
Sri Lanka, India

Schaller, 1783
Arrow, 1931??
Arrow, 1907
D'Orbigny, 1908
Fabricius, 1881
Arrow, 1931
Boucomont, 1914
Walker, 1858
Wiedemann, 1823)
Schaller, 1783
Sharp, 1875

Sri Lanka, India
Sri Lanka, India
Endemic
**Sri Lanka, Bangladesh, India,
Endemic
Asia
Sri Lanka, India
*Sri Lanka, India, Pakistan,
Sri Lanka, India
Sri Lanka, India


Onthophagini
Onthophagini
Onthophagini
Onthophagini
Onthophagini
Onthophagini
Onthophagini
Onthophagini
Onthophagini
Onthophagini
Onthophagini
Onthophagini
Onthophagini
Onthophagini
Onthophagini
Onthophagini
Onthophagini

Onthophagini
Onthophagini
Scarabaeini
Scarabaeini
Scarabaeini
Sisyphini
Sisyphini
Sisyphini
Sisyphini
Sisyphini

Onthophagus
Onthophagus
Onthophagus1
Onthophagus1
Onthophagus (C.)
Onthophagus2 (C.)
Onthophagus (Digionthophagus)
Onthophagus (Digionthophagus)
Onthophagus (Micronthophagus)
Onthophagus (Micronthophagus)
Onthophagus (Onthophagiellus)
1
Onthophagus (Proagoderus)
Onthophagus(Colobonthophagus)
Onthophagus(Paraphanaeomorph
Onthophagus1(Parascatonomus)
Onthophagus2(Proagoderus)
Onthophagus(Serrophorus)
Phaedotrogus 1

Phalops
Scarabaeus
Scarabaeus1
Scarabaeus1 (Kheper)
Neosisyphus
Sisyphus
Sisyphus
Sisyphus (crispatus)
Sisyphus (crispatus)

unk95
unk142
heterorrhinus
sparsepunctatus
occipitalis
quadridentatus
bonasus
gazella (catta)
ochreatus
oculatus
solmani
pactolus
dama
bifaciatus
quaestus
gemmatus
rectecornutus
ceylonicus
divisus
gangeticus

sanctus
erichsoni
tarantula
longipes
indicus
hirtus
Hirtus

T
T
T
T
T
T
T
T
T
T
T
T
T
T
T
T
T
T
T
R
R
R

R
R
R
R
R

Lansberge, 1885
Frey, 1956
Lansberge, 1885
Fabricius, 1798
Fabricius, 1775
Fabricius, 1787
d'Orbigny, 1897
Arrow, 1931
Stebnicka, 1975
Fabricius, 1787
Fabricius, 1798
Fabricius 1781
Sharp, 1875
Peringuey, 1901
Lansberge, 1883
Balthasar, 1972
Wiedemann, 1823
Castelnau, 1840
Fabricius, 1798
Harold, 1867
Arrow, 1909
Olivier, 1789
Hope, 1831
Wiedemann, 1823

Sri Lanka, Myanmar
Endemic
Sri Lanka, Myanmar
*South Asia
Asia
Global
Global
Sri Lanka, India
Endemic
Sri Lanka, India
South Asia
**Sri Lanka, India, Myanmar
Afganistan, India, Sri Lanka
Asia
Endemic
South Asia
South Asia
Sri Lanka, India
Sri Lanka, India
Endemic
South Asia
South Asia
Sri Lanka, India

Functional groups: R= roller; T= tunneler; D= dweller; Distribution: *Sri Lanka = first record for Sri Lanka
Genus: 1= previously recorded but not recorded during the survey; 2= recorded during the survey but not verified
Species: unk= unknown; xxxx (near) = closest similar species
Sampled habitats: relatively undisturbed forested habitats; disturbed forested habitats; plantation forests; - cultivated areas; home gardens; urban
area

189


Appendix 4.2 Dung beetles of Sri Lanka: some selected species -Plate 1

1


Appendix 4.2-Plate 2

2


Appendix 4.2-Plate 3

178


Appendix 4.2-Plate 4

179


Appendix 4.2-Plate 5

180


Appendix 4.2-Plate 6

181


Appendix 4.2-Plate 7

182


Appendix 4.2-Plate 8

183


Appendix 4.2-Plate 9

184


Appendix 4.2-Plate 10

185


Appendix 4.2-Plate 11

186


Appendix 4.2-Plate 12

187


Appendix 4.2-Plate 13

188