Tóm tắt ngữ pháp ôn thi vào 10 môn tiếng anh

NGỮ PHÁP ÔN THI VÀO 10 – 2012

Th.S Huynh Le Minh

1. CÁCH PHÁT ÂM - S/ ES
- / s / : Phát âm /s/ đối với những từ tận cùng là t , k , p , f (gh , ph), th (bats, speaks, kits, dates,
photographs)
- / iz / : Phát âm /iz/ đối với những từ tận cùng là s , x , z , sh , ch , ge , ce ( kisses, fixes, watches, washes,
changes)
- / z / còn lại (speeds, bags, studies, kids, days, halves)
2. CÁCH PHÁT ÂM -ED
- / id / : Phát âm /id/ đối với những từ tận cùng là d , t (arrested, wanted, started, mended, decided,…...)
- / t / : Phát âm /t/ đối với những từ tận cùng là k, s , x , f , ch , gh , p , sh , ce ( walked, jumped, helped,
missed)
- / d / còn lại
(explained, phoned, rained, arrived, involved)
* Exception (Trường hợp ngoại lệ): naked, sacred, wicked, accursed, crooked (adj) → / id /
3. CONDITIONAL SENTENCES – CÂU ĐIỀU KIỆN
TYPE 1 (Có thể xảy ra ở Hiện tại hoặc tương lai) If Simple present , Will/ Can + V
E.g: If you STUDY hard, you WILL PASS the exam = SHOULD you STUDY hard, you ….
TYPE 2 (Không thể xảy ra ở Hiện tại)
If Past,
Would/ Could + V
E.g: If I HAD enough money now, I WOULD BUY this book = WERE I TO HAVE enough….
TYPE 3 (Không thể xảy ra ở Quá khứ)
If Past perfect (HAD + V3/ed),
Would/ Could have +
V3/ed
E.g: If it HAD BEEN fine yesterday, we WOULD HAVE GONE on a picnic.
= HAD it BEEN fine yesterday, we would have gone on a picnic.
* Notes:

+ CÂU ĐIỀU KIỆN HỖN HỢP: If Past perfect (HAD + V3/ed), Would/ Could + V
E.g: If I hadn’t stayed up late last night, I wouldn’t be tired now.
+ UNLESS = IF … NOT
4. PASSIVE VOICE - CÂU BỊ ĐỘNG
* Năm bước căn bản để hoàn thành câu bị động E.g: The thieves were stealing the table
1. Tìm chủ từ bị động:
the table
2. Chọn thì cho đúng với chủ từ.
was being
3. Đặt quá khứ phân từ:
stolen
4. Đặt BY + TÁC NHÂN vào:
by the thieves
5. Hoàn tất câu:
The table was being stolen by the thieves.
* Bảng chia Chủ động sang Bị động:
Simple present
do
is/ am/ are done
Simple Past
did
was/were done
Present continuous
is/are doing
is/are being done
Past continuous
was/were doing
was/were being done
Present Perfect
has/have done

has/have been done
Past perfect
had done
had been done
Future perfect
will have done
will have been done
Simple future
Will, shall do
Will, shall be done
is/are going to
is/are going to do
is/are going to be done
Can, Could
can, could do
can, could be done
May, Might
May, might do
May, might be done
Must
must do
must be done
Have to
have to
have to be done
Used to
Used to do
Used to be done
* Khi một ngoại động từ ở chủ động có hai tân ngữ, một trực tiếp và một gián tiếp, có thể chuyển
thành hai câu bị động.

E.g: I gave him an apple. An apple was given to him./ He was given an apple by me.
*Cấu trúc câu: PEOPLE SAY/ REPORT/ THINK/ ASSUME (cho rằng)/ BELIEVE/ RUMOUR (đồn rằng)
……

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NGỮ PHÁP ƠN THI VÀO 10 – 2012

Th.S Huynh Le Minh

1. People say that prevention is better than cure .
 It is said that prevention is better than cure .
 Prevention is said to be better than cure.
2. Everybody believed that he had died of AIDS.
 It was believed that he had died of AIDS
 He was believed to have died of AIDS
5. COMPARISON – SO SÁNH
5.1. So sánh bằng:
AS + ADJ/ ADV + AS
a. He is as tall as his friend.
b. John drives as carefully as Tom.
5.2. So sánh khơng bằng: NOT SO/AS + ADJ/ ADV + AS
a. He is not as tall as his friend.
b. John doesn’t drive so carefully as Tom.
5.3. So sánh hơn:
short ADJ/ADV + ER
+ THAN
MORE + long ADJ/ ADV + THAN
a. He is taller than his friend.

b. John drives more carefully than Tom.
5.4. So sánh kém hơn:
LESS + ADJ/ ADV + THAN
a. Today is less hot than yesterday was.
b. John drives less carefully than Tom.
5.5. So sánh nhất:
THE + short ADJ/ ADV + EST
THE + MOST + long ADJ/ ADV
a. Spring is the most beautiful season of the year. b. This is the longest river in the world.
• Short adj/ adv (Tính từ ngắn/ trạng từ ngắn) : đọc chỉ có một âm tiết (Ex: tall, hot, fast,…)
• Long adj/ adv (tính từ dài/ trạng từ dài ) : đọc có từ hai âm tiết trở lên. (Ex: useful, beautiful,.)
* Một số chú ý trong so sánh hơn và so sánh nhất
+ Tính từ ngắn:
a. Tận cùng là 1 phụ âm, đứng trước nó là 1 ngun âm (u, e, o, a, i) thì ta gấp đơi phụ âm cuối.
E.g: hot
 hotter
 the hottest
b. Tận cùng là –E thì ta chỉ thêm – R hoặc – ST
E.g : Large
 larger
 the largest
c. Tận cùng là –Y, đứng trước nó là 1 phụ âm thì ta đổi – Y thành – I
E.g: Dry
 drier
 the driest
+ Tính từ có 2 âm tiết: tận cùng là -Y, - LE, -OW, -ER thì được dùng như tính từ ngắn.
E.g: Happy
 happier
 the happiest
Clever

 cleverer
 the cleverest
+ Một số từ bất qui tắc :
- Good/ Well
- better
- the best
- bad/ badly
- worse
- the worst
- Much/ many
- more
- the most
- Little
- less
- the least
- Far
- farther/ further
- the farthest/ furthest
6. NHĨM TỪ & MỆNH ĐỀ CHỈ MỤC ĐÍCH
- SO THAT = IN ORDER THAT + mệnh đề
- IN ORDER (not) TO = SO AS (not) TO =
(not) TO + Verb
E.g: I stayed up late. I wanted to study my lesson.
 I stayed up late
SO THAT
I could study my lesson.
IN ORDER THAT I could study my lesson.
IN ORDER TO
study my lesson.
SO AS TO

study my lesson.
TO
study my lesson.
7. TAG QUESTIONS (CÂU HỎI ĐUÔI)
- Câu khẳng đònh
tag question: phủ đònh
Example:
1. Peter helped you, didn’t he?
2. You didn’t see him, did you?

- Câu phủ đònh

tag question: khẳng đònh

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NGỮ PHÁP ƠN THI VÀO 10 – 2012

Th.S Huynh Le Minh

- Chủ từ trong câu hỏi đuôi luôn là một đại từ.
* Lưu ý: - I’m late, aren’t I ?
- Let’s go, shall we?( let’s có câu hỏi đuôi là shall)
- Nếu chủ ngữ là: everyone, everybody, somebody, someone, anyone, anybody, no one, nobody, none,
neither thì ta dùng đại từ là: they
- Nếu chủ ngữ là: everything, anything, nothing, something thì ta dùng đại từ là: it
Example:
- Everything is OK now, isn’t it?
- Someone had recognized him, hadn’t they?

- Những câu có chứa các từ như: no + noun( danh từ), no one, none, nobody, nothing, neither, scarely,
hardly, hardly ever, seldom được dùng như những câu phủ đònh, vì vậy câu hỏi đuôi phải dùng nghi vấn
khẳng đònh.
Example:
- Nothing was done, was it?
- No one would object, would they?
- John seldom goes to parties, does he?
- Neither of them complained, did they?
8. MỆNH ĐỀ QUAN HỆ
WHO :
thay cho người, làm chủ ngữ
The boy is Tom. He is standing over there.  The boy who is standing over there is Tom.
WHOM: thay cho người, làm tân ngữ
The boy is Tom. You met him yesterday.  The boy whom you met yesterday is Tom.
WHICH: thay cho đồ vật, làm chủ ngữ và tân ngữ
The book is very interesting. I bought it yesterday.  The book which I bought yesterday is very
interesting.
WHOSE: thay cho tính từ sở hữu cả người và vật (theo sau WHOSE ln ln là 1 danh từ)
This is the boy. His mother is my teacher.  This is the boy whose mother is my teacher.
WHEN:
thay thế cho thời gian, làm trạng ngữ (nếu làm chủ ngữ và tân ngữ thì dùng WHICH)
Sunday is the day. I am free on that day.  Sunday is the day when I am free.
Sunday is the day. I like it best. Sunday is the day which I like best.
WHERE: thay thế cho nơi chốn, làm trạng ngữ (nếu làm chủ ngữ và tân ngữ thì dùng WHICH)
* WHERE = IN WHICH
The place is Quy Nhon. I was born there.  The place where ( = in which) I was born is Quy Nhon
This is the place. It has many beautiful sights.  This is the place which has many beautiful sights.
* THAT có thể thay thế cho WHO, WHOM, WHICH (trong mệnh đề giới hạn)
* Chúng ta có thể KHƠNG dùng WHOM hoặc WHICH (nếu là tân ngữ)
1. The boy who/ that is standing over there is Tom 2. The boy whom/ that/ Ø you met yesterday is

Tom.
3. The book which/ that/ Ø I bought yesterday is very interesting.
* Mệnh đề khơng giới hạn là mệnh đề có dấu phẩy. Chúng ta dùng dấu phẩy khi trước từ thay thế là:
+ Tên riêng: Nam, Mary, Hanoi, London …+ Tính từ sở hưũ: his, her, my … + Đại từ chỉ định: This,
That,…
1. Nam, whom you met yesterday, is my friend.
2. Nam, that you met yesterday, is my friend. (sai) 3. Nam, you met yesterday, is my friend.
(sai)
9. REPORTED SPEECH
Động từ tường thuật ở Quá khứ : (said/ told/ ...)
* Đổi thì động từ trong ngoặc khi chuyển sang gián tiếp:
Hiện tại  Quá khứ  Quá khứ hoàn thành
EX: a. Câu mệnh lệnh:
(1) “ Look after my son carefully.”
 She told me TO look after her son carefully.
(2) “ Don’t phone me at night.”
 She told me NOT TO phone her at night.
b. Câu phát biểu :
(3) “ I have never come late.”
 She told me THAT she had never come late.

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NGỮ PHÁP ƠN THI VÀO 10 – 2012

Th.S Huynh Le Minh

c. Câu hỏi :

(4) “Are you at your sister’s house ?”
 She asked me IF I was at my sister’s house.
(5) “ Where did you meet my brother ?”
 She asked me WHERE I had met your brother.
CHÚ Ý : Đổi các đại từ của câu gián tiếp: Ngôi nhất(I/ me/ my/ mine/ we/ us/ our) S
Ngôi hai ( you/ your/ yours)
O
Ngôi ba (he/ she/ her/ him/...)  không đổi
* Đổi trạng từ chỉ thời gian & nơi chốn :
Trạng từ chỉ thời gian
Trạng từ chỉ nơi chốn
Trực tiếp  Gián tiếp
Trực tiếp  Gián tiếp
1. Now
 Then
1. This / That
 That
2. Here
 There
2.These/ Those
 Those
3. Today
 That day
3. Here/ There
 There
4. Yesterday
 The day before/
The previous day
5. Tomorrow The day after/
The next day/

The following day
6. ...Ago
 ...Before
7. Last....
 The .... before
8. Next…
 The …. After/
The following …
Ex: He said to me , “ I met your father and my uncle yesterday.”
He told me that he had met my father and his uncle the day before.
10. SOME STRUCTURES OF SENTNECES (1 SỐ CẤU TRÚC CÂU )
I. CỤM TỪ VÀ MỆNH ĐỀ CHỈ KẾT QUẢ:
1. TOO … TO: q ….(ai)…. khơng thể ..
Too + adj/ adv + (for S.O) + to V
Ex:
+ The coffee is too hot for me to drink.
+ He spoke too quickly for us to understand.
2. ENOUGH: (đủ … để có thể)
adj/ adv + enough + (for S.O) + to V
/ enough + N + (for S.O) + to V
Ex:
+ Mary isn’t old enough to drive a car.
+ She speaks Spanish well enough to be an interpreter.
+ Thay have enough money to buy a house.
3. SO … THAT/ SUCH … THAT: (Q … đến nỗi ….)
SO + adj/ adv + (for S.O) + THAT + S +V
Ex:
+ The food is so hot that I can’t eat it.
+ The student had behaved so badly that he was dismissed from the class.
SUCH + (a/ an) + adj + N + (for S.O) + THAT + S +V

Ex:
+ It was such an easy question that everyone got it right.
+ There are such beautiful pictures that everybody will want one.
*NOTES:
Cả 3 cấu trúc: too … to, so … that, và not … enough thể hiện cùng một ý kiến khi mệnh đề đứng sau so …
that ở phủ định và enough đi kèm với tính từ/ trạng từ mang ý nghĩa ngược lại.
Ex:
Mark is too young to see the horror film.
 Mark is so young that he can’t see the horror film.
 Mark is not old enough to see the horror film.
II. USED TO:
1. USED TO + V: đã từng làm gì
:

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NGỮ PHÁP ƠN THI VÀO 10 – 2012

Th.S Huynh Le Minh

Ex: He used to go fishing with his father as a boy.
2. GET/ BE USED TO + V-ING: quen với
Ex: She is used to going swimming in the morning.
* NOTES:
Ex:
+ Tom used to smoke.
 Tom has stopped smoking.
 Tom no longer smokes.
III. WOULD RATHER = PREFER:

1. Cấu trúc thích làm cái này hơn cái khác:
Would rather + V + than + …
= Prefer + V_ing/ N + to + …
Ex:
+ I would rather go to the cinema than stay at home.
+ I prefer going to the cinema to staying at home.
2. Muốn ai làm gì:
Would rather + S.O + V2/ED
Ex: I would rather you did exercises tomorrow.
IV. IT + TAKES / TOOK/ WILL TAKE +( O) + TIME + TO + V : Mất (bao nhiêu thời gian )...để...
Ex:
It took him 15 minutes to walk to school.
V. THE FIRST TIME: lần đầu tiên
S + have + never + V3
 It’s the first time + S + have + V3
Ex:
I have never been to Nha Trang.
 It’s the first time I have been to Nha Trang.
VI. THE LAST TIME: lần cuối cùng
S + haven’t + V3 + since/ for + time.
 The last time + S + V2 + was + time
Ex:
I haven’t played tennis since 1990.
 The last time I played tennis was 1990.
VII. IT + BE + TIME + SINCE: (Đã được ….. kể từ khi …)
S + haven’t/ hasn’t + V3 + for + time
 It’s + time + since + S + V2
Ex:
I haven’t seen him for years.
 It’s years since I saw him.

11. Wish – ƯỚC MUỐN
- Động từ Wish= If only ( ao ước) thường dùng để diễn tả những ước muốn, những điều khơng có thật
hoặc rất khó thực hiện.
- có 3 loại câu ước.
1. Future wish:( ước muốn ở tương lai)
* form: S + wish + S + would + V(inf) + O.
* eg:- I wish I would be an astronaut in the future.
- If only I would take the trip with you next Sunday.
2. Present wish( ước muốn ở hiện tại)
* form: S + wish + S + V- ed(p1) + O
Were
+ adj / n
Could
+ V (inf)
* eg:- I wishI were rich (but I am poor now)
- I can’t swim. I wish I could swim.
- If only Ben were here ( but Ben isn’t here. I wish he were here)
- We wish that we didn’t have to go to class today( we have go to class)
3. Past wish: ( ước muốn ở q khứ)
* form: S + wish + S + had + V- ed + O
* eg :- I wish I hadn’t failed my exam last year. ( I failed my exam )
- She wishes she had had enough money to buy the house. ( she didn’t have enough money to buy it )
- If only I had met her yesterday. ( I didn’t meet her )
12. Dạng của động từ.
I.To – infinitive.

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NG PHP ễN THI VO 10 2012

Th.S Huynh Le Minh

S dng trong cỏc trng hp sau:
- sau cỏc ng t: want, intend, decide, expect, hope, mean, offer, promise, refuse, wish,....
- sau cỏc tớnh t: glad, happy, ready, kind, ....
- sau cỏc phú t:enough, too,
- trong cu trỳc: - It + take + O +(time) + to-inf
- S + V + O +(not) + to-inf
( V: ask, get, tell, want, advise, request,...)
Eg:
I want to buy a new house./ Im glad to pass the exam.
II.Bare infinitive.
S dng trong cỏc trng hp sau:
- sau Model Verbs nh: can, may, must, will, shall, would, should, would rather , had better,....
- trong cu trỳc vi V l : make, let, have
- trong cu trỳc vi V l ng t tri giỏc: see, hear, notice, feel,...
*Eg: I can speak English very well. / I hear him come in.
III .Verb- ing.
S dng trong cỏc trng hp sau:
- sau mt s ng t nh: avoid, dislike, enjoy, finish,keep, mind, practise, stop....
- sau cỏc Phrasal verbs: to be used to, to get accustomed, to look forward to, to have a good
time/difficulty, to be busy, to be worth,...
- trong cu trỳc vi V l ng t tri giỏc biu t hnh ng ang tip din
- sau cỏc gii t nh: about, of, with, without,...
*Eg: I enjoy fishing. / Alice is fond of dancing.
13.Các liên từ:
A,Mệnh đề chỉ nguyên nhân : Because, as, since, for, now that: bởi vì
Eg:They cant go out because its very cold outside.
note: For : luôn đứng sau mệnh đề chính

eg: The old man gets tired for he walks a long way.
B, Mệnh đề chỉ sự nhợng bộ: Although, even though, though
Eg: Although its raining, Peter goes to the fields.
* note: Nếu mệnh đề chỉ sự nhợng bộ đứng trớc, phải có dấu phẩy
Peter goes to the fields although its raining.
-Despite/ In spite of + V-ing/ noun phrase.
Eg: Despite working hard, he cant support his large family.
Athough he works hard, he cant support his large family.
C.Mệnh đề trạng từ chỉ nguyên nhân.
Because of/ Due to/ Owing to ( bởi vì) + noun/ gerund phrase
Eg: She got ill because he worked hard
- She got ill because of working hard.
Tom didnt go to the movies due to having seen the film.
* Sự khác nhau giữa Because & Because of:
*, .because + pronoun/ noun + be + adj
*,..because of + poss/the + adj + noun ( tính từ sở hữu)
Eg: This man cant see well because hes old
- This man cant see well because of his old age.
D.Từ nối :
- And( và): dùng thêm thông tin
Eg:His father is a docter and he works in hospital.
-or( hoặc): diễn tả sự lựa chọn.
Eg: Do you study Maths or Chemistry?
-But(nhng): nối hai ý tơng phản nhau.
Eg: He is fat but his brother isnt.
-So(do đó, vì thế): diễn tả hậu quả.
Eg: He is busy, so he cant help you.
- Therefore(do đó) đồng nghĩa với So, chỉ hậu quả.
Eg: He is busy; therefore he cant help you.
*Khác với So: Therefore - có thể theo sau dấu phẩy(,) dấu chấm phẩy(;) hoặc dấu chấm câu(.)

- However(Tuy nhiên): diễn tả sự tơng phản, đồng nghĩa với But, nhng luôn nối liền hai mệnh đề.
Eg: Hes over seventy; however, hes still active.
Its raining hard; the game is, however, going on.

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