THE HUMAN DIMENSION OF INTERNATIONAL LAW

T H E H U M A N DIMENSION OF
I N T E R N A T I O N A L LAW



'The Human Dimension
of International Law
Selected Papers
A N T O N I O CASSESE

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The human dimension of international law : selected papers 1 Anton10 Cassese.
p. cm.
Includes bibliographical references and tndex.
ISBN 978-0-19-923291-8
(hardback: alk, paper) I. Internattonal law.

2. Cassese. Antonio. 3. Law teachers-Italy-Biography
I. Cassese, Antonio
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2008004180
Typeset byNewgen Imaging Systems (P) Ltd.. Chennai. Indla
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This book is a collection ofwritings ofAntonio Cassese on international humanitarian law, human rights law, and international criminal law. It aims to shed light
on the intellectual approach to these branches of international law taken by one
of the most original and creative lawyers of his generation.
As is customary in many countries all over Europe, as Professor Cassese turned
seventy we, a group of pupils and friends, came to think of what we could do to
'celebrate' our beloved maestro. In discussion, among the many ideas which arose
was that of compiling all the articles he had written during the course of his illustrious academic career. Unfortunately, our maestro had written so much that we
could easily have filled half a dozen volumes with his articles. We thus thought
that we could, although rather arbitrarily, try to select his 'best' articles. We had
scarcely started this project when we realized that we were being faced with very
difficult choices. Suddenly, however, it appeared obvious that there was indeed a
solid and unitary underlying idea in the books, articles, and activities undertaken
by Antonio Cassese ('Nino' to all his friends): 'humanity' was at the core of his
academic and professional interests, and we felt that this would indeed be an
appropriate theme to tie together the selections for this book. We then decided to
select mainly articles which were published a long time ago, or had appeared in
publications that are difficult to find today. There are a few articles included here
which are very well known, but we thought they would fit extremely well within
the scope of the book.

This book also contains a set of portraits by distinguished personalities in different fields, who have interacted with Nino in many different roles in his and
their professional lives. The aim of these portraits is to offer the reader an insight
into Nino's personality. Readers will also find a new paper by Professor Cassese
himself, in which he tries to take stock of his professional life and his approach to
international law through four decades of teaching, writing, and practising law
in international settings.
This selection of essays clearly show that Antonio Cassese knows that the international community remains solidly based on state sovereignty, self-interest,
and power politics. This selection of essays, however, also shows that he firmly
believes that states can come to be bound little by little to respect individuals.
%at is why he likes to describe the modern state as Gulliver tied down by the
Lilliputians with a multitude of little laces that make it difficult for him to move.
With unbeatable energy Antonio Cassese has always seen international law as this
multitude of laces, as a means to force states to face the needs of the Lilliputians,
and of humanity. For him, law is a tool to regulate society, but it is not a neutral


Preface

tool. For him, law, including international law, must have a direction. There are
values which are intrinsic to society that ought to be protected. All his writings
indicate that, consciously or unconsciously, this idea has always underpinned
Nino's academic work. The constant effort to couple this ideal source of inspiration with a parallel tension towards rigorous legal analysis and stringent reasoning makes him a great example of a 'utopian positivist'.
Working with Nino is a privilege and a fascinating experience. All those who
know him are aware that he never stops working; how he is full of new ideas and
new projects. Sometimes you think you should try to follow his rhythms, and you
realize you will never make it. Sometimes you feel useless and are tempted to give
up. However, if you stop to reflect for one second you realize how enriching is to
be associated with him and how he gives you a sense of contributing in some way
to strengthening the common ideals of a better world. Then you feel rewarded
and find new energy to keep running, crying not to lose sight of the maestro, who

has almost certainly already launched a new endeavour.
Special thanks go to Louise Arbour, Andrew Clapham, Luigi Condorelli,
Claude Jorda, and Antonio Tabucchi for agreeing to write the 'portraits'. And
thank you, Nino, for being our roveto ardente.
The Editors*

* Paola Gaeta and Salvatore Zappala. With many thanks to the members of the Edirorial
Committee: Micaela Frulli, Luisa Vierucci, and Urrnila De.


List ofAhnowledgements
The editors and publishers would like to thank the following for permission to reproduce
in this book material which has previously been published elsewhere:
American Society of International Law for 'A New Approach to Human Rights: The
European Convention for the Prevention of Torture', from American Journal of Znternational Law (1989).
Editoriale Scientifica for 'Means of Warfare: the Traditional and the New Law', from
A. Cassese (ed.), Zhe New Humanitarian Law of Armed Conflict (Napoli: Editoriale
Scientifica, 1979).
GiuffrP for 'Current Trends in the Development of the Law of Armed Conflict', from
Rivista Trimestrale di Diritto Pubblico (1974).
GiuffrP for 'Remarks on the Present Legal Regulation of Crimes of States', from Essays
in Honour of Roberto Ago, vol. 111 (Milano: Giuffrt, 1987).
Giuffri: for 'The International Community, Terrorism and Human Rights', from Studi
in onore di Giuseppe Sperduti (Milano: Giuffrt, 1984).
Giuffrt. for 'The Spanish Civil War and the Development of Customary Law Concerning Internal Armed Conflicts', from A. Cassese (ed.), Current Problems of International
Law (Milano: GiuffrP, 1975).
Giuffrt for 'Weapons Causing Unnecessary Suffering Are They Prohibited?', from Rivi
sta di diritto internazionale (1975).
Koninklijke BR1LLN.V. for 'Crimes against Humanity: Comments on Some Problematical Aspects', from L. Boisson de Chazournes and V. Gowlland Deabbas (eds), Zhe International Legal System in Quest of Equity and Universality, Liber Amicorum G. Abi-Saab
(The Hague: Martinus Nijhoff, 2001).

Koninklijke BRILL N.V. for 'Legal Considerations on the International Status of Jerusalem', from Zhe Palestine Yedrbook of International Law (1986).
Koninklijke BRILL N.V. for 'The European Committee for the Prevention of Torture
and Inhuman or Degrading Treatment Comes of Age', from N. Blokker & S. Muller
(eds), Towards More Effective Supervision by International Organizations (The Hague:
Martinus Nijhoff, 1994).
Koninklijke BRILL N.V. for 'Wars of National Liberation and Humanitarian Law',
from C. Swinarski (ed.), Studies and Essays on International Humanitarian Law and Red
Cross Principles (The Hague: Martinus Nijhoff, 1984).
Pedone for 'La diffusion des idkes rCvolutionnaires et 1'Cvolution du droit international',
from Rivolution et droit international, SFDI, Colloque de Dijon (Paris: Pedone, 1990)
(translated from French into English and published here as 'Revolution and International Law').


viii

List ofAcknowledgementj

I'edone for 'La guerre civile et le droit international', from Revue generalP de droit internationalpublic (1986) (translated from French into English and published here as 'Civil
War and International Law').
Polity Press for 'A "Contribution" of the West to the Struggle against Hunger: the Nestle
affair', from A. Cassese, Human Rights in a Changing World (Oxford: Polity, 1990).
Polity Press for 'Abraham and Antigone. Two Conflicting Imperatives', from A. Cassese,
IriolPnce and Law in the ModPrn Age (Oxford: Polity, 1988).
Springer for the 'Prohibition of Torture and Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment', from R. St. J. MacDonald et al. (eds), 7he European Systemfor the Protection of
Human Rights (The Hague: Kluwer, 1993).
Texas International Law Journal for 'Foreign Economic Assistance and Respect for Civil
and Political Rights: Chile-A Case Study' (1979).
Wolters Kluwer Law and Business for 'The Prohibition of Indiscriminate Means of Warfare', from R.J. Akkermann et al. (eds), Declarations on Principb. A Questfor Universal
Peace (Leyden: Sijthoff, 1977).

Contents
Tables of Cases
Tables of Legislation
List ofMain Publications ofAntonio Cassese

...

Xlll

xxi
xxxvii

Portraits of Antonio Cassese

xlv

L'inaccessible itoile
Louise Arbour
The Generous Cosmopolitan Taskmaster
Andrew Clapham
Nino Cassese and the Sparrow's Feet
Luigi Condorelli

xlvii
xlix

A Tribute to Professor Nino Cassese
Claude Jorda

lii

An Attempt to Explain a Friendship
Antonio Tabucchi

Iv

Soliloquy

Antonio Cassese

I . T H E H U M A N D I M E N S I O N OF W A R S
A. General

1. Current Trends in the Development of the Law of Armed Conflict
2. The Martens Clause: Half a Loaf or Simply Pie in the Sky?
3. ?he Diffusion of Revolutionary Ideas and the Evolution of
International Law
B. Classes of Wars and Belligerents

4. Wars of National Liberation and Humanitarian Law
5. Civil War and International Law
6. The Spanish Civil War and the Development of Customary Law
Concerning Internal Armed Conflicts

lix


x

Contents

7. The Status of Rebels under the 1977 Geneva Protocol on
Non-International Armed Conflicts
C. Means of Warfare

8. The Prohibition of Indiscriminate Means ofwarfare

9. Weapons Causing Unnecessary Suffering: Are They Prohibited?
10. Means of Warfare: The Traditional and the New Law
D. Military Occupation
11. Powers and Duties of an Occupant in Relation to
Land and Natural Resources
12. Legal Considerations on the International Status ofJerusalem

11. O U R C O M M O N R I G H T S
A. Torture and Inhuman or Degrading Treatment

1.3. Prohibition of Torture and Inhuman or Degrading
Treatment or Punishment
14. Can the Notion of Inhuman and Degrading Treatment
be Applied to Socio-Economic Conditions?
15. A New Approach to Human Rights: The European
Convention for the Prevention of Torture
16. The European Committee for the Prevention of Torture and
Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment Comes ofAge

B. Economic Assistance and Human Rights
17. Foreign Economic Assistance and Respect for Civil and
Political Rights: Chile-A Case Study

18. A 'Contribution' by the West to the Struggle
against Hunger: The Nestle Affair
111. F I G H T I N G S T A T E A N D I N D I V I D U A L
CRIMINALITY

A. State 'Criminality' v. Individual's Criminal Liability
19. Remarks on the Present Legal Regulation of Crimes of States
20. O n the Current Trends towards Criminal Prosecution and
Punishment of Breaches of International Humanitarian Law


Contents

B. International Crimes of Individuals
21. The International Community, Terrorism and Human Rights
22. Terrorism is Also Disrupting Some Crucial Legal
Categories of International Law
23. Crimes Against Humanity: Comments on Some
Problematical Aspects

C. Respondeat Superior v. Subordinates' Liability

24. Abraham and Antigone: Two Conflicting Imperatives
D. Developments in International Criminal Justice

25. The Statute of the International Criminal Court:
Some Preliminary Reflections

Index

Tables of Cases
BRITISH MILITARY C O U R T I N HAMBURG
T'eLeus'case 1945, Law Rports of Trials of War Criminals selectedandprqared by the
UN War Crimes Commission (1947-9), vol. I, p. Iff. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .487
BRUSSELS M I L I T A R Y C O U R T
K W case, Judgment of 8 February 1950,30 Revue de droitpinal et de criminologie
.
(1949-1950)at562-8 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .59-60

CANADA

C A N A D I A N MILITARY C O U R T AT A U R I C H (GERMANY)
lung (Wilhelm) andjohann Georg Schumarher, Record of Proceedings,
15-25March1946 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
CENTRAL AMERICAN C O U R T O F JUSTICE
Dr Pedro Andrez Fornos Diaz u. ?;heGovernment ofthe Republic of Guatemala, Judgment
o f 6 March 1906,American JournalofInternationalLaw, vol. 3 (1909) 743 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 88
COLOMBIA
Ruling no. C-225135 of the Constitutional Court (1995). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60
EUROPEAN COMMISSION A N D C O U R T O F H U M A N RIGHTS
Abdel-Quader Hussein Yassin Mansi u. Sweden, Rep., 9 March 1990,
Application no. 15658183. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Albert and Le Compte case, Op. Com., 14 December 1981 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Application no. 4220169, Dec. Adm. Corn., 3 February 1971, C D 37, p. 59;
Yearbook 14, p. 276. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Application no. 6166173, Dec., 30 May 1975, YECHR, 1975, p. 132ff. . . . . . . . . . .
Applications nos 7352176,7586176 and 7587176, Dec., 8 July 1978, YECHR,
1978, p. 418ff. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Application no. B706179, Dec. Adrn. Corn., 5 October 1981 (unpublished) . . . . . .
Altun u. FRG, Dec., 3 May 1983, Application no. 10308183, DR 41, pp. 209-35. . .
B v. France, Rep., 6 September 1990, Application no. 13343187, . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
B v. UK Com. Rep., 7 October 1981,Application no. 6870175, DR 32,
pp. 5,29-35,41-4,175-9,181,183-5,187-202.
........................


XIV

Tabb of Cases

Bonzl(Sergio) u. Switzerland. Dec.. Application no . 7854177. DR 12. p . 185 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 307
Campbelland Cosans u. UK, Com . Rep., 16 May 1980. Application
nos 7511176. 7743176 and 7819177; Judgment of 25 February 1982.
SeriesANo.48. pp . 12-14 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 302.311-13.315. 325
Chartier u. Italy. Corn . Rep., 8 December 1982. Application no . 9044180.
DR33.p.41 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3. 02.306
Costello-Roberts (W and].) u. 7he UK, Dec .. 13 December 1990.
Application no . 13134187 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .315. 331
Cruz Varascase.Judgment of 20 March 1991. Series A No . 201. paras 69-70 . . . . . . . . . . . . . 302
Cyprus u. Turkey case. Rep. Corn., 10 July 1976. Application no . 6780174 and
Application no . 6950175 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 300-1.316. 335
Decision of 5 July 1979. Application no . 8247178 (unreported) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 335
D P Courcy (Kenneth Hugh) u. UK, Dec.. Application no . 2749166. Yearbook 10. p . 382 . . . . . . 307
Denmark. Norway. Sweden and 7he Netherlands u. Greece. Yearbook 12. pp . 468-80 . . . . . . 300-1
E u. Norway. Dec . Adm . Corn.. 7 March 1988. Application no . 11701185 . . . . 299-300.307. 310
EristAfiicanAsians u. UK. Dec . Adm . Corn.. 10 October 1970. Yearbook 13. p. 994 . . . . . . . . . 314
El-Makhour (Leila Sami) u. FRG. Rep.. 10 July 1989. Application no . 14312188 . . . . . . . . . . . 320
Ensslin. Bander. Raspe u. FRG. Dec . Adm., Application nos 7572176.

7586176 and 7587176. DR 14. p . 109 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 302
G . M . u. FRG. 14 May 1987. Application no . I2437186 (unpublished) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 330
Greekcaas. O p. Corn., 5 November 1969. YParbook 12. p. 186;
Corn . Rep., 18 November 1969. YParbook 12.
pp . 186.499-501.505 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 299.31 1-12.316.322. 336
Greekcase (2nd). Dec.. Application no . 4448170. C D 34. p . 70 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .307
Guzzardi u. Italy. Corn . Rep., 7 December 1978. Application no . 7367176.
p . 31; Judgment of 6 November 1978. Series A No . 39. p . 31 . . . . . . . . . . . . . .299.312.315-16
Hrrczegfaluyu . Austria. Corn . Rep.. 1 March 1991. Application no . 10533183 . . . 302.321-2. 330
Hubercase. Corn . Rep.. Application no . 4517170. YECHR 1975. p. 326ff. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 442
Irdandu. UK, O p. Corn., 25 January 1976. Yearbook 19. pp . 388-89.
748.752. 758 ff., 794; Rep . Corn., Application no . 5310171;
ludgment of 18January 1978. Series A No . 23. pp . 66-7.
YParbook21. p . 602; SeriesA No . 25. pp . 65-7 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .300-2.311-12.316.324. 336
Kirkwoodu. UK, Dec.. 12 March 1984. Application No . 10479183. DR 37. pp . 158-91 . . . . . . 302
Kotalla u. 7he Netherlands. Dec . Corn., 6 May 1978. Application no .
7994177. DR 14. p . 238 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 302
KroechrrandMoeller u. Switzerland. Rep., 16 December 1982.
.4pplication no . 8463178 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 307. 309
M u. France. Dec.. 13 December 1984. Application no . 100'8182. DR41 . p . 103 . . . . . . . . . . 302
Mc Feeleyandothers u. UK, Dec .Adm., 13 May 1980. Application no . 8317178.
DR20. pp . 82.85.89.441 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..302.307. 315
Ml-Quiston er al. u. UK, Dec.. 4 March 1986 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 336
Sorringu. UK, Rep., 19 January 1989. Application no . 14038188;Judgment
of7 July 1989. Series A N o . 161. p . 39 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..302.316.31 8-19
ZhreeMembersoftheA . Family u. 7he UK. Rep.. 16 July 1987. Application no . 10532183. . . . . 315
Tomasi (Felix) u. France. Rep . Corn., 11 December 1990.
Application no . 12850187 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 316.320.326. 330
Tyrer u. UK, O p. Corn., 14 December 1976;Judgment of 25 April 1978.
Series A N o . 26. pp . 15-17. 131; Yearbook21. p . 612 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 311-14.324-5. 328

van Volsen (Francine) u. Belgium. Corn . Dec . Adm .. 9 May 1990.
Application no . 14641189. 2 Rev. Uniuerselfedes Droits de I'Homme
(1990).384-5 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 329.332. 334
Klvarajah (Nadarajah) et alii u. 7he UK, Rep. of 8 May 1990.
Application no . 13163187; Judgment of 30 October 1991. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 302.320


Germany

xv

Warwick (M. andK.) v. UK. Com . Rep.. 18 July 1986. Application no . 9471181 . . . . . . . 314. 326
Wemhoffcase. Judgment of 27 June 1968. Series A No . 7. pp . 23-4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .442
Wilson andothers u. UK, 13 April 1989. Application no . 13004187 (unpublished) . . . . . . . . . . 329
X v . FRG. Dec..Application no . 1392162. C D 17. p . I . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .307
X u . FRG. Dec.. Application no . 6038173. C D 44. p . 115 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .307
X v. FRG. Dec.. Application no . 6948173. C D 44. p . 115 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .307
X u . FRG. Dec . 10. 11 July 1977. Application no . 7408176 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 330
X v . Switzerland. Dec.. 1 October 1990. Application no . 14912189 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 331
X v . Switzerland. Dec.. 3 April 1992. Application no . 17549190 (unpublished) . . . . . . . . . . . . 320
X v . UK. Dec.. Application no . 5006171. C D 39. p . 91 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .307
X u . UK. Dec.. 10 July 1980. Application no . 8158178. DR21. pp . 97-100 . . . . . . . . . . . . . 307-9
X u . UK. Dec.. I I May 1988. Application no . 10172182 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 315
Xand Y v. B e UK, Dec.. 13 December 1990. Application 14223188 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 315
Young.Jamesand Webstercase.Judgment of 13 August 1981.
Series A No . 44. p . 20; Rivzsta di diritto internazionale. 1982. p . 655ff. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .437-8
FRANCE

Barbie case. Court ofcassation. decision of20 December 1985.
Gazettedu Palais (1986) 271-274. 74 ILR. at 136. 78 ILR.

at 125; Chambre d 'accusation.Paris Court ofAppeal.
Judgment of 9 July 1986. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 466-7.469. 472
Decision of 13 March 2001. Court of Cassation. Bulletin desarritde la C o w de Cassation.
Chambre criminelle. March 2001. No . 64 . at 218-19 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .449
Paponcase . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .472
.
Touvier case. Chambre d'accusation. Paris Court ofAppeal. Judgment
of 13 April 1992. 74 ILR. 139-40 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .466-7. 472
GERMANY

B a n d A case. Supreme Court in the British Occupied Zone. Judgment
of 15 February 1949. Entscheidungen des Obersten Gerichtshofs
fur die BritischeZone in Straf;achen. Berlin 1950. Vol . I. at 297 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .460
El., Case against. Supreme Court in the British Occupied Zone. Judgment
of 4 May 1948. Entscheidungen des Obersten Gerichtshofsfur die
BritischeZonejn Strajachen. Berlin 1950. Vol . 1 at 5 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .460
Dover Castlecase. AJIL 16 (1922). pp . 704-8 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .481
Gcase. Supreme Court in the British Occupied Zone. Judgment of 21 March 1950.
Entscheidungen des Obersten Gerichtshofsfur die Britische Zone in Strafiachen.
Berlin 1950. Vol . 2. at 362-4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 461
Hcase. Supreme Court in the British Occupied Zone. Judgment of 18 October 1949.
Entscheidungen des Obersten Gerichtshofesfilr die Britische Zone in Strafsachen.
Berlin 1950. Vol . 2. at 231-46 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 460. 469
Jung (Wilhelm). decision of the Bundesgerichtshofof 14 October 1952. 6 Neue Juristische
Wochenschrift (1953). at 112 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .510
Llandouery Castle case. AJIL 16 (1922). pp . 708-24 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .481. 487
M e t a l . case. Supreme Court in the British Occupied Zone. Judgment of
21 March 1950. Entscheidungen des Obersten Gerichtshofsfur die
BritischeZone in Strafiachen. Berlin 1950. Vol . 2 . at 378-81 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 461
Ncase. Supreme Court in the British Occupied Zone. Judgment of 12 July 1949.

Entscheidungen des Obersten Gerichtshofesfilr die Britische Zone in Strafsachen.
Berlin1950.Vol2. at335 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .460

.


xvi

T a b h of Cases

Pcase, Supreme Court in the British Occupied Zone, Judgment of 20 May 1948,
Entscheidungen des Obrrsten Grrichtshofrsfir die Britische Zonr in Strafachm,
Berlin 1950, Vol. 1, at 12-14 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 503
P t t al. case, Entscheidungen des Obersten Gerichtshofrsf;r die Britische Zonr in Strafjachrn.
Berlin 1950, Vol. 1, at 220 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .468-9
R case, Decision of 27 July 1948, Ent~cheidun~en
drs Oberstcn Gerichtshofrsfirrdie
BritischeZonein Strafachen, Berlin 1950, Vol. 1, at 45-9 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 468
Supreme Court in the British Occupied Zone, Judgment of 11 September 1950,
Entscheidungen des Obersten Gerichtshofcsfr die Britische Zone in Strafachcn,
Berlin 1950,Vol. 3, at 135 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 460
Wellercase, judgment of the Landgerichtof December 1945; decision of the
Landgericht of Monchengladbach of 16 June 1948 (unpublished); decision
of the Oberlandesgericht of Diisseldorf of 21 October 1948 (unpublished);
decision ofthe German Supreme Court in the British Occupied Zone
of 21 December 1948; decision of the Schwurgericht of Monchengladbach
of 20 April 1949 (unpublished); decision of the German Supreme
Court in the British Occupied Zone of 10 October 1949 (unpublished);
decision of the Schwurgericht of Monchengladbach of 21 June 1950 (unpublished) . . . . . 463-5
Brussels case . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 481

INTERNATIONAL ARBITRATIONS
Cession of vessels a n d tugsfor navigation on the Danube, U N Reports of International
ArbitralAwards, I, 107 (1921) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 252
Clzpperton Islandcase, UNReportsofInternationalArbrtralAwards,11, 1108-11 . . . . . . . . . . . 285
IsfundofPalmascase, UNReportsofIntrrnationalArbirralAwards,11,838-56. . . . . . . . . . . . . 285
INTERNATIONAL COURT OF JUSTICE
Barcelona Traction case, ICJ Reports (1970). 32 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 434
Corfi Channelcase, 1CJ Reports (1949), 22 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42,61,65-6
InternationalStatusofSouthAfiica,Advisory Opinion of 11 July 1950, [I9501 ICJ 128 . . . . . . 278
Iranian case, Judgment of 24 May 1980, ICJ Reports (1980), 42. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 434,439
Legal ConsequencesforStates of the Continued Prrxnce in South Africa in Namibia
('South WestAfrica), ICJ Reports (1971), 31-2; Advisory Opinion,
ICJ,Reports(1971),57 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 255,434
Legality of the P r e a t or Use ofNuclear Wrapons case,
ICJ Reports (1996), 260-69 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .43,58-9,61,63,65-7,473
Military a n d Paramilitaty Activities in and against Nicaragua (Merits),
ICJ Reports (1986) paras 191-5,205,210-11, 218. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..61,65,78,451
US Diplomatic a n d Consular S t a s ICJ Reports (1980), 36 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 454
I N T E R N A T I O N A L C R I M I N A L T R I B U N A L F O R RWANDA
Akuyesu, Trial Chamber I, Judgment o f 2 September 1998. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 503
INTERNATIONAL CRIMINAL TRIBUNAL FOR T H E FORMER
YUGOSLAVIA (ICTY)
BhkiC, Appeals Chamber, Judgment on the Request of the Republic ofCroatia
for Review ofthe Decision ofTrial Chamber I1 of 18 July 1997.29 October 1997 . . . . . . 520-2


Italy

xvii

DelaliCetal.. Judgment of 16 November 1998 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .503-4
Furundi+ TrialChamber 11. Judgment of 10 December 1998 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 503
KaradiiC. MladiCandStanisiC. Trial Chamber. Decision of 16 May 1995 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 504
KupreikiC. Trial Chamber 11. Judgment of
14 January 2000 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .54.66.69.459.462-3.465. 470
MartiC. Trial Chamber 1.1996. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .57-8. 504
BlaikiC (Tihomir). Reply of the Government of the Republic of
Croatia to Subpoena Duces Tecum. 10 February 1997
Judgment on the Request of the Republic of Croatia for Review of the
Decision ofTrial Chamber I 1 of 18 July 1997. 29 October 1997 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .427-8
Dokmanovic (Zlatko). Decision on the Motion for Release by the
Accused Zlatko Dokmanovic. 22 October 1997 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .426
ErdemoviC (Drazen). Judgment of 7 October 1997 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .424
Mrksic etal.. Trial Chamber I. Decision of 3 April 1996 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .469-70
Tadic'. Appeals Chamber. Decision on the Defence Motions for Interlocutory
Appeal on Jurisdiction. 2 October 1995; Judgment of 15 July 1999 . . . . . . . Ixxi. 457.504. 507

.

I N T E R N A T I O N A L MILITARY TRIBUNAL

Frank (Hans). Trial of the Major War Criminals Before the Znternati~nalMilitar~
Tribunal. vol . 1 (1947).248 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 483
Goering et a1. (1947). Trialof the Major War Criminals Before the International
Military Tribunal. vol . 1 (1947).238-9 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Jodl case . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Keitel. Trial of the Major War Criminals Before the ZnternationalMilitary
Tribunal. vol . 18 (1947).6 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Scuttled U.boats. Law Reports ofTrials of War Criminals.
vol . XV. at 182-3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

ISRAEL

Abu Aita et al. v. 7heMilitary Commander of theJudea and Samaria Region
( H C 69/81).IYHR 13 (1983).348 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 254
Abu el-Tin v. Minister ofDefence eta1. ( H C 500172). IYHR 5 (1975).376 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 263
Al-Nawar v. 7he Minister ofDefenceeta1. ( H C 574/82).IYHR 16 (1986).326 . . . . . . . . . . . 267-8
Amira eta1. v. n3eMinisterofDefenceetal . ( H C 258179). IYHR 10 (1980).331 . . . . . . . . . . . . 268
Belt Elcase ( H C 606178 and 610178) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 2 6 3-6
Christian Societyforthe Holy Places ( H C 337171). IYHR 14 (1984).307 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 257
Eichmann. Judgment of 29 May 1962. 36 ILR, at 277-342 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .472. 488
Elon Moreh ( H C 390179). PYZL 1 (1984). 134 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..26 3-4
Hanzalis'case. Judgment of 10 March 1969 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .284
Mustafi et a1. v. 7he Military Commander of theJudea and Samaria Region
( H C 629182). IYHR 14 (1984).313 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .263
Teachers' Housing CooperativeSociety v. 7he Military Commander of the
Judea andSamaria Region et al. ( H C 393182).
IYHR 14 (1984).301 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..252.254.257.264. 269

Decision no . 15 of 14 January 1982. Publications of the Constitutional Court.
.
Judgment no . 15 of 1982. pp . 1-23. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 442


xviii

T a b b of Cases
JAPAN

Shmoda case, Judgment of 7 December 1963, Tokyo District Courc.
japaneseAnnualoflnt. Law, 1964, pp225-6.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13.20-. 213.21-

NETHERLANDS
P~lzcase,Dutch Special Court ofcassarion, Judgment of 5 July 1950, Nederinndsr
Jurisprudentie 1950, No. 681, at 1210-1 1. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
R.zutercase, Nederlandse Jurispsrudentie 1949 No. 87, 155-6
(Special Court of Cassarion) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
NORWAY
Klinge (1946) (SC) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

PERMANENT COURT OF INTERNATIONAL IUSTICE
Eastern Greenlandcase, PCIJ, Ser.A/B, No. 53 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Lotus case, PCIJ, Series A, No. 10,Judgment of 7 September 1927,at 19 . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Polih Nationals in Danzig, 1931 PCIJ, Series AIB, No. 44, at 24 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

SINGAPORE

N. Y De Bataafsche Petroleum Maatschappij u. Zhe War Damage Commzssion case.
.4JIL 51 (1957), 808 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
SPAIN
Supreme Tribunal, Judgment of 10 May 1985, Repertorio de Jurisprudencia (1985).
pp.2098-90 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Supreme Tribunal, Judgment of 5 July 1985, Repertorio de Jurrsprudencia (1985),
pp.3326-33 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Supreme Tribunal, Judgment of 25 September 1989, Repertorio deJurrsprudenria (1989),
j>p.7810-13 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Supreme Tribunal, Judgmenr of 26 October 1989, Repertorio de Jurisprudencia (1989),
pp.9019-20 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Supreme Tribunal, Judgment of 23 January 1990, Reprrtorio de Jurisprudencia (1990),
p.533 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Supreme Tribunal, Judgmenr of 24 February 1990, Repertorio de Jurisprudencia (1990),

pp.2129-33 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Supreme Tribunal, Judgmenr of 23 April 1990, Reperrorro de Jurisprudencia (1990).
pp.4269-76 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Supreme Tribunal, Judgment of 18 May 1990, Repertorlo de Jurisprudencia (1990),
pp.5475-7 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .


US Military Tribunal at Nuremberg

xix

SWITZERLAND
NestliAbimentena SA u. Arbeitsgruppe Dritte Welt,Judgment o f 24 June 1976
UNITED KINGDOM
Arab Bank u. Barclays Bank, L.R. [I9541 A.C. 495 . . . . . . . . . .
U N I T E D S T A T E S OF A M E R I C A
Calley InternatzonalLawyer8 (1974),p. 523ff.(Court ofMilitary Appeal). . . . . . . . . .
Caroline(1842) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Madma . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
E l Oren u. Ltbyan Arab Republzc 726 F.2d 774 (D.C. Cir. 1984) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Wirt . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
US MILITARY T R I B U N A L AT NUREMBERG
Rrandt (Karl), Trials of War Criminals before the Nuremberg Military Tribunals
..
under Control Council Law No. 10 (Washington, 1951),Vol. 2 , at 197 . . . . . . . .
Einsatzgruppen case, Annual Digest and Reports ofPublic International Law Cases 15 (1948),
.
pp.656-68 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .486
Flick, Law Reports o f Trials o f War Criminals, vols V I , IX. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .260, 510
.

Highcommand . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .486
Hildebrandt . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .467
..
Krauch . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .260
Krupp, Trials ofwar Criminals before the Nuremberg Military Tribunals under
Control Council Law no. 10 (Washington, 1951),Vol. 2 , at 1338 . . . . . . . . . . . . 42,56,61,260

-



Tables of Legislation
BELGIUM
Civil Code
Art. 526

...........
BOSNIA AND HERZEGOVINA

Decree with Force of Law on Deferral upon Request by the International Tribunal.
CANADA
Criminal Code
para. 7 (3.76) . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
CHILE
Legislative Decree No. 198. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
CROATIA
Constitutional Act on the Co-operation between the Republic of Croatia and the
International Criminal Tribunal 1996. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
DENMARK
Act on Criminal Proceedings before the International Tribunal for the Prosecution

of Persons Responsible for War Crimes Committed in the Territory
of the Former Yugoslavia
Art.2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
COUNCIL O F EUROPE
Council of Europe Convention for the Prevention of Torture and Inhuman or
Degrading Treatment or Punishment 1987 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ,328,338-9,342-5,
347,350-2,355-7,360-3,
365,369,372-3
Annex . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .359
A r t . l . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .339,364
Art.2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .339,349-51,354,372
Art.3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 350,352,354
Art.4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .356
Art.4(1)-(4) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 355
Arr.5(1)-(3) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .356


xxii

Tables ofLegisLation

Arr.6 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .35'
.
Art.6(1)-(2) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 357
Art.7(1) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 339.349
Arr.7(2) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .358
Art.8 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .351.354-5
Art.8(1) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 357. 372
Arr.8(2) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 351
Art.8(2)(b) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 349

Arr.8(2)(d) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .351
Art.8(3) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 360
Art.9 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .350.352.354.363
Art10 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 354
.
Art.lO(1) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 359
Art . lO(2) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 353.360.366. 373
.
Art.ll(1) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 359
Arr.ll(2)-(3) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 360
Art.12 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 360
.
Arr.13 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 359
Art.14(2) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 359
Art.14(3) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 359. 372
Arr.16 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .359
.
Art.17(1) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 347
.
Art.17(2) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 345
Art . 17(3) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .345. 362
Art.21 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .352
Dcclararion on Human Rights 1986 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 363
European Commission of Human Rights Rules of Procedure 1983 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 345
r.14(2) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 345
r.28(1)-(2) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .345
.
r.36 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .345
European Committee for rhe Prevention ofTorture and Inhuman or Degrading
Treatment or Punishment Rules of Procedure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 365. 372

.
r.35(3) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 372
r.35(4) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3'2
European Convention on the Protection of Detainees from Torture and from Cruel.
Inhuman or DegradingTreatment or Punishment 1983 (Draft) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 341
European Convention for the Prorecrion of Human Rights and
Fundamental Freedoms 1950. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Ixxi. Ixxix. 295-300,318-20.324,
328,331.333.335.342-6.348.
355-6.358,361,437.44 0-2
.Art. 1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..296,298,319,331,347-8, 437
.4rt.2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 295. 298
.Arr.2(1) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29 6-7
.4rt.3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 295-6,298-337,342,345,34 7-8
.4rt.4(1) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 295
Arr.4(7) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .295
351.43'
Art.5(1) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 351
Art.5(3) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 442
.
Art.6 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 295
Art.8 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 295.334


France

xxiii

.
Arts10 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 295
Art.15 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .326

. 327
Art.15(2) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 295.
Art.20 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .355
.
.
Art.20(3) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .334
Art.20(4) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 335
.
Art.21(1). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .356
.
Art.22 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 356
.
A r t . 2 3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 355
Art.25 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .334.339. 345
.
Art.27(1) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 345
Art.27(l)(b) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .345
.
Art.28(a) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .345
Art.34 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .357
.
Art.43 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .358
Art.60 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 347
Preamble . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..319.329.
.
348
Protocol 8 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .334
.
.
Section1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 319

European Convention on the Suppression ofTerrorism 1977 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 439
Art.5 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .439
.
Art.8(2) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .439
.
Standard Minimum Rules for the Treatment of Prisoners
(European Prison Rules) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 308.325,330.344. 369

FRANCE
Abbe Grkgoire's Declaration du droit des gens . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .74. 87
Arts3-4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .8.7
Arts16-17 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .79
.
Civil Code
Art.2119 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .261
.

Art.3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 84
.
TitleVI . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .78
Constitution 1793
Art.118 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .80
.
Art.119 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .7.7
Art.120 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 84
.
.
TitleXIII,Art.2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75
Constitution 1795
Arts326-334 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 84

.
Constitution1799 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .84
Art.50 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 84
.
.
Ch.III.Art.2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .84
Ch . IV. s. I1
Artsl-3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .84


xxiv

Tables of Legislation

Constitution 1958
Art . 53(3) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .76
Criminal Code
Art.212-1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 471
Declaration of the rights of man and of the citizen 1789 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 80. 88
Decree of 19 November 1792 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 80
Decree of 4 February 1794 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 82
Decree of 1 October 1966 on military law
Art.34(2) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 203
Law N o . 92-1336 of 16 December 1992 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 471
Law N o . 93-913 of 19 July 1993 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 471
PactofParis1928 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79

GERMANY
Constitution . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 433
Art.20(4) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 433

Decree on the summary execution of non-German civilians 1941 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 487
Military Criminal Code
Art.47 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 487
Military Penal Code 1872
Art.47 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 481
Order for the summary execution of sabotage commandoes. and so on 1942 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 487
Pr~sonRules for Prisoners on Remand 1976 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 330

INTERNATIONAL
African Charter on Human and Peoples' Rights 1981 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 343
Art.5 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 347
American Convention on Human Rights 1969 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 349. 361
Art.5(2) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 347
Art.44 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 339
Antarctic Treaty 1959
Art.7 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .362
Armistice Agreement - IsraelIJordan 1949 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 274
BandungPrinciples . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74
Brussels Declaration 1874 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .45.50. 52. 179. 195. 204
4rt.7 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 259
.
4rts11-12 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 219
4rt.l3(e) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 201
Camp David Agreement 1978 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 292
Charter of Economic Rights and Duties of States 1974 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .256
.4rt.2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 256
Control Council Law No . 10 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 503
.4rt. II(l)(c). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 468-9.
.
503

Convention on the Elimination ofAll Forms of Racial Discrimination 1966. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 338
.9rt.9 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 361
Convention on the Establishment of a Security Control in the Field of Nuclear Energy 1957
.4rt.5(a) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .362