The principle of complementarity in international criminal law origin, development and practice

The Principle of Complementarity in
International Criminal Law


Mohamed M. El Zeidy
Biography

Mohamed M. El Zeidy holds a Ph.D. in International Law (2007) and an LL.M. in
International Human Rights Law (2001) from the Irish Centre for Human Rights,
National University of Ireland, Galway. He also holds an LL.M. in Public Law (1999)
from Cairo University, a Licence en Droit and Bachelor of Police Sciences (1993)
from the Police College in Cairo. He served as a Judge, Senior Public Prosecutor and
Public Prosecutor at the Egyptian Ministry of Justice (1997-2007). He is a member
of the Egyptian Society of Criminal Law and the International Association of Penal
Law. He has published widely in the area of International Criminal Law. He is currently a Legal Officer at the Pre-Trial Division of the International Criminal Court.
This work was finalised prior to the current employment at the ICC. The views expressed in it do not necessarily reflect those of the International Criminal Court or
the Egyptian Ministry of Justice.


The Principle of Complementarity in
International Criminal Law:
Origin, Development and Practice
by

Mohamed M. El Zeidy

leiden • boston
2008

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Table of Contents

Table of Cases

ix

List of Abbreviations

xxvii

Foreword

xxix

Introduction

1

Part A
Chapter I:

Development of the Law on Complementarity
between 1919 and 1937
1.
Peace Treaties during the 20th Century: The Treaty of Versailles
2.
Other Peace Treaties: St Germain-En-Laye, Trianon, Neuilly-Sur-Seine,
and Sèvres
3.
The 1920 Advisory Committee of Jurists
4.
The 1922 – 1924 Conferences of the International Law Association
5.
1925 Inter-Parliamentary Union Conference
6.
1926 International Congress of Penal Law
7.
1937 League of Nations Convention for the Creation of an International
Criminal Court
Concluding Observations
Chapter II:
1.
2.
3.

4.
5.
6.

The Development of the Law of Complementarity
between 1941 – 1998
London International Assembly
International Commission for Penal Reconstruction and Development
Draft Convention for the Establishment of a United Nations War Crimes
Court prepared by the United Nations War Crimes Commission
The Nuremberg International Military Tribunal
The Principle of Complementarity in the Drafting History of the Genocide Convention
The Role of the International Law Commission in the Development of
the Principle of Complementarity (1950 – 1994)

11
11
18
26
31
34
38
43
56
59
59
64
70
74
76

83


vi

Table of Contents

6.1
6.2
6.3

The 1951 Draft Code of Offences against the Peace & Security of Mankind
The 1954 Draft Code of Offences against the Peace & Security of Mankind
The 1949 – 1950 Meetings of the International Law Commission Concerning the Question of International Criminal Jurisdiction
6.4
The 1951 Committee on International Criminal Jurisdiction
6.5
The 1953 Committee on International Criminal Jurisdiction
6.6
Draft Code of Offences against the Peace & Security of Mankind (Resumed- First Phase 1983 – 1989)
6.7
Second Phase (1990 – 1994)
6.8
The Final Phase for the Adoption of the Principle of Complementarity
(1995 – 1998)
6.9
The 1919 – 1994 Complementarity Models vis-à-vis the Rome Statute
Model
7.
The Primacy of the Ad hoc Tribunals

7.1
From Primacy to Complementarity
7.2
The Legal Foundation of the Arising Complementarity Models
Concluding Observations

84
87
90
92
99
102
109
126
132
137
140
141
152

Part B
Chapter III

The Principle of Complementarity in the International
Criminal Court’s Statute
1.
The Rome Statute Complementarity Model
1.1
The Determination of Complementarity under Article 17
1.2

The Criterion of Unwillingness
1.2.1 Shielding a Person from Criminal Responsibility
1.2.2 The Leipzig Precedent
1.2.3 Some Guidelines Reflecting the Notion of Shielding
1.2.4 The Criterion of Unjustified Delay
1.2.4.1 Complexity of the Case
1.2.4.2 The Conduct of the Applicant
1.2.4.3 The Conduct of the Relevant Authorities
1.2.5 The Criterion of Independent or Impartial Proceedings
1.2.6 The Concept of Proceedings in Article 17(2) (a) – (c)
1.2.7 Crimes within the Jurisdiction of the Court versus Not Bringing the
Person to Justice
2.
The Impact of Human Rights Bodies’ Decisions on Complementarity
Determinations
3.
The Practice of Self-referrals and Waivers of Complementarity
4.
The Criterion of Inability
4.1
Pre-Trial Chamber I’s Approach to Self-referrals and Waivers of Complementarity Coupled with Inability in the DRC Case
4.2
Pre-Trial Chamber II’s Approach to Self-referrals and Waivers of Complementarity in Light of Inability in the Uganda Case
Concluding Observations

157
157
158
163
170

172
175
181
187
188
189
195
203
205
207
211
222
228
233
236


Table of Contents

Chapter IV: Complementarity – Related Provisions (Articles 18 – 20)
1.
Preliminary Rulings Regarding Admissibility in the Rome Statute
Complementarity Model
2.
Challenges to the Jurisdiction of the Court or the Admissibility of a Case
3.
Consequences of Self-referrals and Waivers of Complementarity in
Light of Articles 18 – 19 and 53
3.1
Consequences of a Self-referral or Waiver in Light of Article 53

3.2
Consequences of a Self-referral or Waiver in the Light of Article 18
3.3
Consequences of a Self-referral or Waiver in Light of Article 19
4.
The Relationship between Complementarity and Ne Bis In Idem
5.
Final Thought on Complementarity: Positive – Dynamic versus
Traditional Complementarity
Concluding Observations

239

Conclusions

309

Bibliography

325

Index

349

239
247
274
275
276

279
283
298
306

vii



Table of Cases

The Ad hoc Tribunals
Prosecutor v. Duško Tadić, Case No. (IT-94-1-AR72), Decision on the Defence Motion for Interlocutory Appeal on Jurisdiction, 2/10/1995
Prosecutor v. Duško Tadić , Case No. (IT-94-1-T), Decision on the Defence Motion on
the Principle of Non Bis In Idem, 14/11/1995
Prosecutor v. Duško Tadić A/K/A “Dule”, Case No. (IT-94-1-T), Decision on the Defence Motion on Jurisdiction, 10/08/1995
Prosecutor v. Duško Tadić, Case No. (IT-94-1-T), Sentencing Judgment, 14/07/1997
Prosecutor v. Duško Tadić, Case No. (IT-94-1-Tbis-R117), Sentencing Judgment, 11/11/
1999
Prosecutor v. Duško Tadić, Case No. (IT-94-1-A and IT-94-1-Abis), Judgment in Sentencing Appeal, 26/01/2000
Prosecutor v. Duško Tadić, Case No. (94-1-A-R77), Judgment on Allegations of Contempt Against Prior Counsel, Milan Vujin, 31/01/2000
Prosecutor v. Alfred Musema, Case No. (ICTR-96-5-D), Decision on the Formal Request for Deferral Presented by the Prosecutor, 12/03/1996
Prosecutor v. André Rwamakuba, Case No. (ICTR-98-44C-PT), Decision on Defence
Motion for Stay of Proceedings Article 20 of the Statute, 3/06/2005
Prosecutor v. Anto Furundžija, Case No. (IT-95-17/1-A), Judgment 21/07/ 2000
Prosecutor v. Bernard Ntuyahaga, Case No. (ICTR-98-40-T), Decision on the Prosecutor’s Motion to Withdraw the Indictment, 18/03/1999




Table of Cases

Prosecutor v. Milošević, Case No. (IT-02-54), Decision on Preliminary Motions,
8/11/2001
Prosecutor v. Dragan Nikolić, Case No. (IT-94-2-A), Sentencing Judgment,
18/12/2003
Prosecutor v. Dragan Nikolić, Case No. (IT-94-2-A), Judgment on Sentencing Appeal,
4/02/2005
Prosecutor v. Enver Hadžihasanović Amir Kubura, Case No. (IT-01-47-T), Judgment,
15/03/2006
Prosecutor v. Gojko Jankovic, Case No. (IT-96-23/2-PT), Decision on Referral of Case
Under Rule 11 Bis, 22/07/2005
Prosecutor v. Gojko Jankovic, Case No. (IT-96-23/2-AR11bis.2), Appeals Decision on
Rule 11 bis, 15/11/2005
Prosecutor v. Ivica Rajić, a.k.a. Viktor Andrić, Case No. (IT-95-12-S), Sentencing Judgment, 8/05/2006
Prosecutor v. Joseph Kanyabashi, Case No. (ICTR-96-15-T), Decision on the Defence
Motion on Jurisdiction, 18 /06/1997
Prosecutor v. Théoneste Bagosora, Case No. (ICTR-96-7-D), Decision on the Application by the Prosecutor for a Formal Request for Deferral, 17/05/1996
Prosecutor v. Michel Bagaragaza, Case No. (ICTR-2005-86-R11bis), Decision on the
Prosecution Motion for Referral to the Kingdom of Norway, Rule 11 bis of the Rules of
Procedure and Evidence, 19/05/2006
Prosecutor v. Prosper Mugiraneza, Case No. (ICTR-99-50-AR73), Decision on Prosper Mugiraneza’s Interlocutory Appeal from Trial Chamber II Decision of 2 October
2003 Denying the Motion to Dismiss the Indictment, Demand Speedy Trial and for
Appropriate Relief, 27/02/2004
Prosecutor v. Michel Bagaragaza, Case No. (ICTR-05-86-AR11bis), Decision on Rule
11 bis Appeal, 30/08/2006
Prosecutor v. Mrkšić, Šlijvančanin and Radić, Case No. (IT-95-13-R61), 10/12/1998
Prosecutor v. Mucic et al. “Celebici” Case No. (IT-96-21-Tbis-R117), Sentencing Judgment, 9/10/2001
Prosecutor v. Mucic et al. “Celebici” Case No. (IT-96-21-T), Judgment, 16/11/1998

Table of Cases

Prosecutor v. Radio Television Libre des Mille Collines SARL, Case No. (ICTR-966-D), Decision on the Formal Request for Deferral Presented by the Prosecutor,
12/03/1996
Prosecutor v. Radislav Krstic, Case No. (IT-98-33-T), Judgment, 02/08/2001
Prosecutor v. Radovan Stankovic, Case No. (IT-96-23/2-PT), Decision on Referral of
Case Under Rule 11 bis Partly Confidential and Ex Parte, 17/05/2005
Prosecutor v. Rahim Ademi and Mirko Norac, Case No. (IT-04-78-PT), Decision for
Referral to the Authorities of the Republic of Croatia Pursuant to Rule 11 bis, 14/09/
2005
Prosecutor v. Re: Republic Of Macedonia, Case No. (IT-02-55-MISC.6), Decision on
the Prosecutor’s Request for Deferral and Motion for Order to the Former Yugoslav
Republic of Macedonia, 4/10/2002
Prosecutor v. Moinina Fofana et al., Case No. (SCSL-04-14-PT), Decision on the Preliminary Defence Motion on the Lack of Personal Jurisdiction filed on Behalf of Accused Fofana, 3/03/2004
Prosecutor v. Sam Hinga Norman, Case No. (SCSL-2004-14-AR72 (E)), Decision
on Preliminary Motion Based on Lack of Jurisdiction (Judicial Independence),
13/03/2004
Prosecutor v. Sam Hinga Norman, Case No. (SCSL-2004-14-AR72 (E)), Decision on
Preliminary Motion Based on Lack of Jurisdiction (Judicial Independence), Separate
Opinion of Justice Geoffrey Robertson, 13/03/2004
Prosecutor v. Sam Hinga Norman, Case No. (SCSL-2004-14-AR72 (E)), Decision on
Preliminary Motion Based on Lack of Jurisdiction (Child Recruitment), (Dissenting
Opinion of Justice Robertson), 31/05/2004
Prosecutor v. Samuel Hinga Norman, Case No. (SCSL-2003-08-PT), Decision on
the Defence Preliminary Motion on Lack of Jurisdiction: Command Responsibility,
15/10/ 2003
Prosecutor v. Tihomir Blaskic, Case No. (IT-95-14-AR108bis), Judgment on the Request of the Republic of Croatia for Review of the Decision of Trial Chamber II of 18
July 1997, 29/10/1997
Prosecutor v. Vladimir Kovačević, Case No. (IT-01-42/2-I), Decision on Referral of Case Pursuant to Rule 11 Bis With Confidential and Partly Ex Parte Annexes,

17/11/2006

xi


xii

Table of Cases

Prosecutor v. Zeljko Mejakic, Momcilo Gruban, Dusan Fustar, Dusko Knezevic, Case
No. (IT-02-65-PT), Decision on Prosecutor’s Motion for Referral of a Case pursuant
to Rule 11 Bis, 20/07/2005
Prosecutor v. Zlatko Aleksovski, Case No. (IT-95-14/1-AR77), Judgment on Appeal by
Anto Nobilo Against Finding of Contempt, 30/05/2001
The European Court of Human Rights
Abdoella v. The Netherlands, Application No. 12728/87, Eur. Ct. H.R., Judgment (Merits and Just Satisfaction) of 25/11/1992
Akkoc v. Turkey, Application Nos. 22947/93, 22948/93, Eur. Ct. H.R., Judgment (Merits and Just Satisfaction) of 10/10/2000
Aksoy v. Turkey (1), Application No. 21987/93, Eur. Ct. H.R., Judgment (Merits and
Just Satisfaction) of 18/12/1996
Angelucci v. Italy, Application No. 12666/87, Eur. Ct. H.R., Judgment (Merits and Just
Satisfaction) of 19/02/1991
Anguelova v. Bulgaria, Application No. 38361/97, Eur. Ct. H.R., Judgment (Merits and
Just Satisfaction) of 13/06/2002
Ashingdane v. The United Kingdom, Eur. Ct. H.R., Judgment (Merits and Just Satisfaction) of 28/05/1985
Avsar v. Turkey, Application No. 25657/94, Eur. Ct. H.R., Judgment (Merits and Just
Satisfaction) of 10/07/2001
Baischer v. Austria, Application No. 32381/96, Eur. Ct. H.R., Judgment (Merits and
Just Satisfaction) of 20/12/2001
Barberà, Messegué and Jabardo v. Spain, Application No. 10590/83, Eur. Ct. H.R.,
Judgment (Merits) of 06/12/1988

Brannigan and McBride v. The United Kingdom, Application No. 4553/89; 14554/89,
Eur. Ct. H.R., Judgment (Merits) of 25/05/1993
Buchholz v. Germany, Application No. 7759/77, Eur. Ct. H.R., Judgment (Merits) of
6/05/1981
Buscemi v. Italy, Application No. 29569/95, Eur. Ct. H.R., Judgment (Merits and just
Satisfaction) of 16/09/1999


Table of Cases

Calleja v. Malta, Application No. 75274/01, Eur. Ct. H.R., Judgment (Merits and Just
Satisfaction) of 7/04/2005
Campbell and Fell v. The United Kingdom, Application No. 7819/77; 7878/77, Eur. Ct.
H.R., Judgment (Merits and Just Satisfaction) of 28/06/1984
Castillo Algar v. Spain, Application No. 28194/95, Eur. Ct. H.R., Judgment (Merits)
of 28/10/1998
Chyb v. Poland, Application No. 20838/02, Eur. Ct. H.R., Judgment (Merits and Just
Satisfaction) of 22/08/2006
Corigliano v. Italy, Application No. 8304/78, Eur. Ct. H.R., Judgment (Merits and Just
Satisfaction) of 10/12/1982
De Cubber v. Belgium, Application No. 9186/80, Eur. Ct. H.R., Judgment (Merits) of
26/10/1984
Demicoli v. Malta, Application No. 13057/87, Eur. Ct. H.R., Judgment (Merits and Just
Satisfaction) of 27/08/1991
Depiets v. France, Application No. 53971/00, Eur. Ct. H.R., Judgment (Merits) of
10/02/2004
Deweer v. Belgium, Application No. 6903/75, Eur. Ct. H.R., Judgment (Merits and Just
Satisfaction) of 27/02/1980
Di Pede v. Italy, Application No. 15797/89, Eur. Ct. H.R., Judgment (Merits and Just
Satisfaction) of 26/09/1996

Eckle v. Germany, Application No. (8130/78), Eur. Ct. H.R., Judgment (Merits) of
15/07/1982
Engel and Others v. The Netherlands, Application Nos. 5100/71; 5101/71; 5102/71;
5354/72; 5370/72, Eur. Ct. H.R., Judgment (Merits) of 8/06/1976
Ergi v. Turkey Application No. 23818/94, Eur. Ct. H.R., Judgment (Merits and just
Satisfaction) of 28/07/1998
Fehr v. Austria, Application No. 19247/02, Eur. Ct. H.R., Judgment (Merits and just
Satisfaction) of 3/02/2005
Ferarantelliand Santangelo v. Italy, Application No. 19874/92, Eur. Ct. H.R., Judgment (Merits and Just Satisfaction) of 07/08/1996

xiii


xiv

Table of Cases

Finucane v. The United Kingdom, Application No. 29178/95, Eur. Ct. H.R., Judgment
(Merits and Just Satisfaction) of 1/07/2003
G.W. v. The United Kingdom Application No. 34155/96, Eur. Ct. H.R., Judgment (Merits and Just Satisfaction) of 15/06/2004
Grieves v. The United Kingdom, Application No. 57067/00, Eur. Ct. H.R., Judgment
(Merits and just Satisfaction) of 16/12/2003
H. v. France, Application No. 10073/82, Eur. Ct. H.R., Judgment (Merits and Just Satisfaction) of 24/10/1989
Hagert v. Finland , Application No. 14724/02, Eur. Ct. H.R., Judgment (Merits and
Just Satisfaction) of 17/01/2006
Hauschildt v. Denmark, Application No. 10486/83, Eur. Ct. H.R., Judgment (Merits
and Just Satisfaction) of 24/05/1989
Hornsby v. Greece (1), Application No. 18357/91, Eur. Ct. H.R., Judgment (Merits) of
19/03/1997
Hugh Jordan v. The United Kingdom, Application No. 24746/94, Eur. Ct. H.R., Judgment (Merits and Just Satisfaction) of 4/05/2001

Ireland v. The United Kingdom, Application No. 5310/71, Eur. Ct. H.R., Judgment
(Merits and Just Satisfaction) of 18/01/1978
Khashiyev and Akayeva v. Russia, Application Nos. 57942/00 and 57945/00, Eur. Ct.
H.R., Judgment (Merits and Just satisfaction) of 24/02/2005
Kismir v. Turkey, Application No. 27306/95, Eur. Ct. H.R., Judgment (Merits and Just
Satisfaction) of 31/05/2005
Klamecki v. Poland , Application No. 25415/94, Eur. Ct. H.R., Judgment (Merits) of
28/03/2002
König v. Germany, Application No. 6232/73, Eur. Ct. H.R., Judgment (Merits) of
28/06/1978
Kuznetsov v. Ukraine, Application No. 39042/97, Eur. Ct. H.R., Judgment (Merits and
Just Satisfaction) of 29/04/2003
Kyprianou v. Cyprus, Application No. 73797/01, Eur. Ct. H.R., Judgment (Merits and
Just Satisfaction) of 15/12/2005


Table of Cases

Labita v. Italy Application No. 26772/95, Eur. Ct. H.R., Judgment (Merits and Just
Satisfaction) of 6/04/2000
Langborger v. Sweden, Application No. 11179/84, Eur. Ct. H.R., Judgment (Merits and
Just Satisfaction) of 22/06/1989
Lavents v. Latvia, Application No. 58442/00, Eur. Ct. H.R., Judgment (Merits and Just
Satisfaction) of 28/11/2002)
Majewski v. Poland, Application No. 52690/99, Eur. Ct. H.R., Judgment (Merits and
Just Satisfaction) of 11/10/2005
Makaratzis v. Greece, Application No. 50385/99, Eur. Ct. H.R., Judgment (Merits and
Just Satisfaction) of 20/12/2004
Matwiejczuk v. Poland, Application No. 37641/97, Eur. Ct. H.R., Judgment (Merits
and Just Satisfaction) of 2/12/2003

Matznetter v. Austria, Application No. 2178/64, Eur. Ct. H.R., Judgment (Merits) of
10/11/1969
McCann and Others v. The United kingdom, Application No. 18984/91, Eur. Ct. H.R.,
Judgment (Merits and Just Satisfaction) of 27/09/1995
McKerr v. The United Kingdom, Application No. 28883/95, Eur. Ct. H.R., Judgment
(Merits and Just Satisfaction) of 04/05/2001
McShane v. The United Kingdom, Application No. 43290/98, Eur. Ct. H.R., Judgment
(Merits and Just Satisfaction) of 28/05/2002
Mladen Naletilić v. Croatia, App. No. 51891/99, Eur. Ct. H.R., Decision as to the Admissibility of the Application No. 51891/99, 4 May 2000
Morel v. France, Application No. 34130/96, Eur. Ct.H.R., Judgment (Merits) of
06/06/2000
Multiplex v. Croatia, Application No. 58112/00, Eur. Ct. H.R., Judgment (Merits and
Just Satisfaction) of 10/07/2003
Nachova and others v. Bulgaria, Applications Nos. 43577/98 and 43579/98, Eur. Ct.
H.R., Judgment of 6/07/2005
Neumeister v. Austria, Application No. 1936/63, Eur. Ct. H.R., Judgment (Merits) of
27/06/1968, para. 19

xv


xvi

Table of Cases

Öcalan v. Turkey Application No. 46221/99, Eur. Ct. H.R., Judgment (Merits and Just
Satisfaction) of 12/03/2003
Palka v. Poland, Application No. 49176/99, Eur. Ct. H.R., Judgment (Merits and Just
Satisfaction) of 11/10/2005
Papachelas v. Greece, Application No. 31423/96, Eur. Ct. H.R., Judgment (Merits and

Just Satisfaction) of 25/03/1999
Pélissier and Sassi v. France, Application No. 25444/94, Eur. Ct. H.R., Judgment (Merits and Just Satisfaction) of 25/03/1999
Philis v. Greece (no. 2) (1), Application No. 19773/92, Eur. Ct. H.R., Judgment (Merits
and Just Satisfaction) of 27/06/1997
Piersack v. Belgium, Application No. 8692/79, Eur. Ct. H.R., Judgment (Merits) of
01/10/1982
Poltoratskiy v. Ukraine, Application No. 38812/97, Eur. Ct. H.R., Judgment (Merits
and Just Satisfaction) of 29/04/2003
Puglies v. Italy (No. 1), Application No. 11840/85, Eur. Ct. H.R., Judgment (Merits and
Just Satisfaction) of 19/02/1991
Ringeisen v. Austria, Application No. 2614/65, Eur. Ct. H.R., Judgment (Merits) of
16/07/1971
Rylski v. Poland, Application No. 24706/02, Eur. Ct. H.R., Judgment (Merits) of
4/07/2006
Schwarzenberger v. Germany, Application No. 75737/01, Eur. Ct. H.R., Judgment
(Merits) of 10/08/2006
Shanaghan v. The United Kingdom, Application No. 37715/97, Eur. Ct. H.R., Judgment
(Merits and Just Satisfaction) of 4/05/2001
Slobodan Milošević v. The Netherlands, App. No. 77631/01, Eur. Ct. H.R., Decision as
to the Admissibility of the Application No. 77631/01, 19 March 2002
Sramek v. Austria, Application No. 8790/79, Eur. Ct. H.R., Judgment (Merits and Just
Satisfaction) of 22/10/1984
Steck –Risch and Others v. Liechtenstein, Application No. 63151/00, Eur. Ct. H.R.,
Judgment (Merits and Just Satisfaction) of 19/05/2005


Table of Cases

Stögmüller v. Austria, Application No. 1602/62, Eur. Ct. H.R., Judgment (Merits) of
10/11/1969

Sürek v. Turkey (No. 3), Application No. 24735/94, Eur. Ct. H.R., Judgment (Merits
and Just Satisfaction) of 8/07/1999
Tanis and Others v. Turkey, Application No. 65899/01, Eur. Ct. H.R., Judgment (Merits and Just Satisfaction) of 02/08/2005
Tepe v. Turkey, Application No. 27244/95, Eur. Ct. H.R., Judgment (Merits and Just
Satisfaction) of 9/05/2003
Thorgeir Thorgeirson v. Iceland, Application No. 13778/88, Eur. Ct. H.R., Judgment
(Merits and Just Satisfaction) of 25/06/1992
Timurtas v. Turkey, Application No. 23531/94, Eur. Ct. H.R., Judgment (Merits and
Just Satisfaction) of 13/06/2000
Krasuki v. Poland, Application No. 61444/00, Eur. Ct. H.R., Judgment (Merits) of
14/06/2005
Warsicka v. Poland, Application No. 2065/03, Eur. Ct. H.R., Judgment (Merits) of
16/01/2007
Wemhoff v. Germany , Application No. 2122/64, Eur. Ct. H.R., Judgment (Merits and
Just Satisfaction) of 27/06/1968
Wettstein v. Switzerland, Application No. 33958/96, Eur. Ct. H.R., Judgment (Merits
and Just Satisfaction) of 21/12/2000
Zappia v. Italy (1), Application No. 24295/94, Eur. Ct. H.R., Judgment (Merits and
Just satisfaction) of 26/09/1996
Akdivar and Others v. Turkey (1), Application No. 21893/93, Eur. Ct. H.R., (Preliminary objection) of16/09/1996
Van Oosterwijck v. Belgium, Application No. 7654/76, Eur. Ct. H.R., (Preliminary Objection) of 06/11/1980
European Commission of Human Rights
X v. The Federal Republic of Germany, Application No. 6946/75, Eur. Comm. H.R.,
Decision of 6/07/1976 on the Admissibility of the Application

xvii


xviii

Table of Cases

X v. The Netherlands, Application No. 9433/81, Eur. Comm. H.R., Decision of 11/12/
1981 on the Admissibility of the Application
Crociani, Palmiotti, Tanassi, Lefebvre D’ovidio v. Italy, Application Nos. 8603/79;
8722/79; 8723/79, Eur. Comm. H.R., Decision of 18/12/1980 on the Admissibility of
the Applications
Thomas Eccles and others v. Ireland, Application No. 12839/87, Eur. Comm. H.R.,
Decision of 09/12/1988 on the Admissibility of the Application
The Inter-American Court of Human Rights
Baena-Ricardo et al (270 Workers v. Panamá) Case, Judgment of 2/02/2001, InterAm Ct. H.R. (Ser. C) No. 72 (2001)
Bámaca- Velásquez v. Guatemala Case, Judgment of 25/11/2000, Inter-Am Ct. H.R.
(Ser. C) No. 70 (2000)
Benjamin et al v. Trinidad and Tobago, Preliminary Objections, Judgment of
1/09/2001, Inter-Am.Ct.H.R. (Ser.C) No. 80 (2001)
Benjamin et al. Case, Preliminary Objections, Judgment of 1/09/2001, Inter-Am Ct.
H.R. (Ser. C) No. 81 (2001)
Cantoral- Benavides v. Perú, Judgment of 18/08/2000, Inter-Am Ct. H.R. (Ser. C) No.
69 (2000)
Cantos v. Argentina, Judgment of 28/11/2002, Inter-Am Ct. H.R. (Ser. C) No. 97
(2002)
Cayara v. Perú Case, Preliminary Objections, Judgment of 3/02/1993, Inter-Am Ct.
H.R. (Ser. C) No. 14 (1993)
Constantine et al. v. Trinidad and Tobago Case, Preliminary Objections, Judgment of
1 September 2001, Inter-Am.Ct.H.R. (Ser.C) No.82
Durand-Ugarte v. Perú, Judgment of 16/08/2000, Inter-Am Ct. H.R. (Ser. C) No. 68
(2000)
Fairen Garbi and Solis Corrales, Preliminary Objections, Judgment of 26/06/1987,
Inter-Am.Ct.H.R. (Ser.C) No. 2(1987)
Fairén-Garbi and Solís-Corrales v. Honduras, Judgment of 15/03/1989, Inter-Am Ct.

H.R. (Ser. C) No. 6 (1989)


Table of Cases

Gangaram-Panday v. Suriname, Judgment of 21/01/1994, Inter-Am Ct. H.R. (Ser. C)
No. 16 (1994)
Garrido and Baigorria v. Argentina Case, Reparations (Art. 63(1) American Convention on Human Rights), Judgment of 27/08/1998, Inter-Am Ct. H.R. (Ser. C) No. 39
(1998)
Genie- Lacayo v. Nicaragua, Judgment of 29/01/1997, Inter-Am Ct. H.R. (Ser. C) No.
30 (1997)
Godinez- Cruz v. Honduras, Judgment of 20/01/1989, Inter-Am Ct. H.R. (Ser. C) No.
5 (1989)
Hilaire Case, Preliminary Objections, Judgment of 1/09/2001, Inter-Am Ct. H.R. (Ser.
C) No. 80 (2001)
Hilaire, Constantine and Benjamin et al. v. Trinidad and Tobago, Judgment of 21/06/
2002, Inter-Am Ct. H.R. (Ser. C) No. 94 (2002)
Maritza Urrutia v. Guatemala Case, Judgment of 27/11/2003, Inter-Am Ct. H.R. (Ser.
C) No. 103 (2003
Myrna Mack Chang v. Guatemala Case, Judgment of 25/11/2003, Inter-Am Ct. H.R.
(Ser. C) No. 101 (2003)
Paniagua Morales et al. (“Panel Blanca”) Case, Judgment of 8/03/1998, Inter-Am Ct.
H.R. (Ser. C) No. 37 (1998)
Suárez- Rosero v. Ecuador, Judgment of 12/ 11/1997, Inter-Am Ct. H.R. (Ser. C) No.
35 (1997)
Velasquez Rodriguez v. Honduras, Judgment of 29/07/1988, Inter-Am Ct. H.R. (Ser.
C) No. 4 (1988)
Velásquez Rodriguez, Preliminary Objections, Judgment of 26/06/1987, Inter-Am Ct.
H.R. (Series C) No. 1(1987)
Villagran Morales et al. case (The “Street Children” Case) v. Guatemala, Judgment

of 19/11/1999, Inter-Am Ct. H.R. (Ser. C) No. 63 (1999)
Judicial Guarantees in States of Emergency (Arts. 27(2), 25 and (8) American Convention on Human Rights), Advisory Opinion OC-9/87 of 6/10/1987, Inter-Am Ct. H.R.
(Series A) No. 9

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Exceptions to the Exhaustion of Domestic Remedies (Arts. 46(1), 46(2) (a) and 46(2)
(b) of the American Convention on Human Rights), Advisory Opinion OC-11/90 of
10 August 1990, Inter-Am Ct. H.R. (Series A) No. 11, (1990)
The Human Rights Committee
Sahadeo v. Guyana, HRC, Communication No. 728/1996, UN Doc. CCPR/C/73/
D/728/1996, 100/11/1996
Ratiani v. Georgia, HRC, Communication No. 975/2001, UN Doc. CCPR/C/84/
D/975/2001, 04/08/2005
Rajapakse et al. v. Sri Lanka, HRC, Communication No. 1250/2004, UN Doc. CCPR/
C/87/D/1250/2004, 5/09/2006
Muñoz v. Spain, HRC, Communication No. 1006/2001, UN Doc. CCPR/C/79/
D/1006/2001, 4/02/2004
Pratt and Morgan v. Jamaica, HRC, Communication Nos. 210/1986 and 225/1987,
UN Doc. CCPR/C/35/D/210/1986, 7/04/1989
A.P. v. Italy, HRC, Communication No. 204/1986, 2/11/1987, UN. Doc. CCPR/C/
OP/1
Committee Against Torture
Hajrizi Dzemajl et al. v. Yugoslavia, CAT, Communication No. 161/2000, UN Doc.
CAT/C29/D/161/2000, 02/12/2002

The Permanent Court of International Justice
Advisory Opinion, International Labour Organization – Competence to Regulate
Conditions of Agricultural Labor, Etc., 1922 P.C.I.J. (Ser. B) Nos. 2&3
Free Zones of Upper Savoy and The District of Gex, Judgment of 7/06/1932, P.C.I.J. ,
Series A./B., No. 46
The International Court of Justice
Military and Paramilitary Activities in and Against Nicaragua (Nicaragua v. United
States of America), 1986 I.C.J., Judgment (Merits), 27/06/1986
Case Concerning the Application of the Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide (Bosnia and Herzegovina v. Serbia and Montenegro),
2007 I.C.J., Judgment (Merits), 26/02/2007


Table of Cases

Military and Paramilitary Activities in and Against Nicaragua (Nicaragua v. United
States of America), 1984 I.C.J., Jurisdiction of the Court and Admissibility of the Application, 26/11/1984
Fisheries Jurisdiction Case (Spain v. Canada), 1998 I.C.J., Jurisdiction of the Court,
4/12/1998
Border and Transborder Armed Actions (Nicaragua v. Honduras), Jurisdiction and
Admissibility, Judgment, I.C.J. Reports 1988
Nuclear Tests Case (Australia v. France), 1974 I.C.J., 20/12/1974
Nuclear Tests Case (New Zealand v. France), 1974 I.C.J., 20/12/1974
Case Concerning the Temple of Preah Vihear Case (Cambodia v. Thailand), Preliminary Objections, 1961 I.C.J., 26/05/1961
Interpretation of Peace Treaties with Bulgaria, Hungary, and Romania (First Phase),
Advisory Opinion of 30/03/1950, I.C.J. Reports 1950
Case Concerning Armed Activities on the Territory of the Congo (Democratic Republic
of the Congo v. Uganda), I.C.J.,19/12/2005
Case Concerning Avena and Other Mexican Nationals (Mexico v. United States of
America), Request for the Indication of Provisional Measures, 2003 I.C.J., 5/02/2003
Case Concerning Armed Activities on the Territory of the Congo (Democratic Republic

of Congo v. Rwanda), Request for the Indication of Provisional Measures, 2002 I.C.J.,
10/07/2002
Legal Consequences for States of the Continued Presence of South Africa in Namibia
(South-West Africa), Advisory Opinion of 21/06/ 1971, I.C.J. Reports 1971
Conditions of Admission of a State to Membership in the United Nations (Article 4 of
Charter), Advisory Opinion of 28/05/1948, I.C.J. Reports 1947 – 1948
The European Court of Justice
Case C-499/99 Commission v. Kingdom of Spain [2002] ECR I-6031
Case C-105/02 Commission v. Federal Republic of Germany [2006]
Case C-275/04 Commission v. Kingdom of Belgium [2006]

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Table of Cases

The International Criminal Court
Prosecutor v. Joseph Kony, Vincent Otti, Raska Lukwiya, Okot Odhiambo, and Dominic Ongwen, Prosecution’s Request that the Warrant of Arrest for Raska Lukwiya Be
Withdrawn and Rendered Without Effect Because of His Death, No.: ICC-02/0401/05-271, 29/02/2008
Prosecutor v. Mathieu Ngudjolo Chui, Decision on the Evidence and Information provided by the Prosecution for the Issuance of a Warrant of Arrest for Mathieu Ngudjolo
Chui, No.: ICC-01/04-02/07-3, reclassified as public pursuant to Oral Decision dated
12/02/2008
Prosecutor v. Mathieu Ngudjolo Chui, Warrant of Arrest for Mathieu Ngudjolo Chui,
No.: ICC-01/04-02/07-1-tENG, unsealed pursuant to Decision ICC-01/04-02/07-10
dated 7/02/2008
Prosecutor v. Thomas Lubanga Dyilo, Decision on Victims’ Participation, No.: ICC01/04-01/06-1119, 18/01/2008
Prosecutor v. Joseph Kony, Vincent Otti, Raska Lukwiya, Okot Odhiambo, and Dominic Ongwen, Decision to terminate the Proceedings Against Raska Lukwiya, No.: ICC02/04-01/05-248, 11/07/2007
Prosecutor v. Ahmad Muhammad Harun (“Ahmad Harun”) and Ali Muhammad Ali

Abd-Al-Rahman (“Ali Kushayb”), Decision on the Prosecution Application under Article 58(7) of the Statute, No.: ICC-02/05-01/07-1-Corr, 27/04/2007
Situation in Darfur, Prosecutor’s Application under Article 58 (7), No.: ICC-02/05-56,
27/02/ 2007
Decision on the Applications for Participation in the Proceedings of VPRS1, VPRS2,
VPRS3, VPRS4, VPRS5, and VPRS6, No.: ICC-01/04, 17 January 2006, (public redacted), No:.ICC-01/04-101-etEN-Corr., 17/02/ 2007
Prosecution’s Reply under Rule 89 (1) to the Applications for Participation of Applicants a/0010/06, a/0064/06 to a/0070/06, a/0081/06 and a/0111/06 to a/0127/06 in
the Uganda Situation, No.: ICC-02/04-85, 28/02/2007
Prosecutor v. Thomas Lubanga Dyilo, Decision on the Prosecutor’s Application for a
Warrant of Arrest, Art. 58, No.: ICC-01/04-01/06-8-US-Corr, 10/02/ 2006, unsealed
pursuant to Decision ICC-01/04-01/06-37 dated 17/03/2006
Prosecutor v. Thomas Lubanga Dyilo, Judgment on the Appeal of Mr. Thomas Lubanga Dyilo against the Decision on the Defence Challenge to the Jurisdiction of the


Table of Cases

Court pursuant to article 19(2) (a) of the Statute of 3 October 2006, No.: ICC-01/0401/06-772, 14/12/ 2006
Prosecutor v. Thomas Lubanga Dyilo, Decision on the Defence Challenge to the Jurisdiction of the Court pursuant to article 19 (2) (a) of the Statute, No.: ICC-01/04-01/06512, 3/10/ 2006
Prosecutor v. Thomas Lubanga Dyilo, <a/0002/06 et a/0003/06 quant à l’exception d’incompétence soulevée par la defense
dans la requêt du 23 mai 2006>>, No.: ICC-01/04-01/06-349, 24/08/ 2006
Prosecutor v. Thomas Lubanga Dyilo, Defence Appeal against the Decision on the
Defence Challenge to Jurisdiction of 3 October 2006, No.: ICC-01/04-01/06-620,
26/10/ 2006
Prosecutor v. Thomas Lubanga Dyilo, Decision Inviting the Democratic Republic of the
Congo and the Victims in the Case to Comment on the Proceedings Pursuant to Article
19 of the Statute, No.: ICC-01/04-01/06-206-tEN, 24/07/ 2006
Prosecutor v. Thomas Lubanga Dyilo, <du Congo>>, registered on 24 August 2006, No.: ICC-01/04-01/06-348-Conf
Decision Requesting Information on the Status of the Preliminary Examination of the
Situation in the Central African Republic, No.: ICC-01/05-6, 30/11/ 2006

Decision Following the Consultation held on 11 October 2005 and the Prosecution’s
Submission on Jurisdiction and Admissibility filed on 31 October 2005, No.: ICC01/04-93, 09/11/2005
Decision on the Prosecutor’s Position on the Decision of Pre-Trial Chamber II to Redact Factual Descriptions of Crimes from the Warrants of Arrest, Motion for Reconsideration, and Motion for Clarification, No.: ICC-02/04-01/05-60, 28/10/2005
Warrant of Arrest for Joseph Kony Issued on 8 July 2005 as Amended on 27 September
2005, No.: ICC-02/04-01/05-53, 27/09/2005
Warrant of Arrest for Vincent Otti Issued on 8 July 2005, No.: ICC-02/04-01/05-54,
8/07/2005
Warrant of Arrest for Raska Lukwiya Issued on 8 July 2005, No.: ICC-02/04-01/05-55,
8/07/2005
Warrant of Arrest for Okot Odhiambo Issued on 8 July 2005, No.: ICC-02/04-01/0556, 8/07/2005

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Table of Cases

Warrant of Arrest for Dominic Ongwen Issued on 8 July 2005, No.: ICC-02/04-01/0557, 8/07/2005
Situation in the Democratic Republic of the Congo, Judgment on the Prosecutor’s Application for Extraordinary Review of Pre-Trial Chamber I’s 31 March 2006 Decision
Denying Leave to Appeal, No.: ICC-01/04-168, 13/07/2006
Situation in Darfur, Conclusions aux fins d’exception d’incompétence et d’irrecevabilité,
No.: ICC-01/05-20-Corr., 13/10/2006
Situation in Darfur, Décision relative aux conclusions aux fins d’exception
d’incompétence et d’ irrecevabilité, No.:ICC-02/05-34, 22/11/ 2006
Décision relative au système définitif de divulgation et à l’établissment d’un échéancier,
Annexe I, Analyse de la décisions relative au système définitif de divulgation, No. :
ICC-01/04-01/06-102, 15/05/2006
World War I Cases
Supreme Court at Leipzig, Judgment in the Case of Karl Heynen, 26/05/1921, in 16

American Journal of International Law 674 (1922)
Supreme Court at Leipzig, Judgment in the Case of Emil Müller, 30/05/921, in 16
American Journal of International Law 684 (1922)
Supreme Court at Leipzig, Judgment in the Case of Robert Neumann, 2/06/ 921, in 16
American Journal of International Law 696 (1922)
Supreme Court at Leipzig, Judgment in the Case of Lieutenants Dithmar and Boldt
Hostpital Ship “Landovery Castle”, 16/07/1921, in 16 American Journal of International Law 708 (1922)
Supreme Court at Leipzig, Judgment in the Case of Commander Karl Neumann Hospital Ship “Dover Castle”, 4/06/1921, in 16 American Journal of International Law 704
(1922)
World War II Cases
International Military Tribunal (Nuremberg), Judgment and Sentences, 1/10/ 1946,
reprinted in 41 American Journal of International Law 172 (1947)
Trials of War Criminals Before the Neurnberg Military Tribunals under Control
Council Law No. 10 (Ministries case), Vol. XIII