Constitutional and administrative law fifth edition

constitutional and
administrative law

• Details of the Treaty of Lisbon and further developments relating to EU
enlargement and reform of its decision-making processes
• The continuing debate and further proposals for reform of the House of
Lords
• Recent changes to the parliamentary and legislative processes including
legislative reform orders
• Important case law developments concerning the rules of parliamentary
privilege, the extent of the Crown’s remaining legislative prerogatives and
of the prerogative in foreign affairs, the extra-territorial application of the
Human Rights Act, and judicial interpretation of the recent anti-terrorist
legislation
• Content of the new broadcasting code
• The newly created system of statutory tribunals

www.mylawchamber.co.uk/carroll

In addition the text offers a wealth of study support that includes:

This text is supported by a mylawchamber
website which includes:

About the author

For lecturers: a testbank of multiple-choice
questions that can be used to assess students’
progress.

A

R

C AS E

V I G AT O

powered by

Visit www.pearsoned.co.uk/casenavigator
for unique online support that helps improve
case reading and analysis skills in
Constitutional and Administrative Law.
The LexisNexis element of Case Navigator is only
available to those who currently subscribe to
LexisNexis Butterworths services.

carroll

alex carroll, MPhil, LLB, Cert. Ed, was formerly Senior Lecturer in
Law at Manchester Metropolitan University. He has also taught at the
University of Manchester, Keele University, and the University of
Hong Kong.

For students: regular case and legislation
updates, web links, interactive self-test
questions, practice assessment questions, an
online glossary and flashcards for key terms.

N

• Clearly distinguished case summaries that enable students to quickly
recognise the key cases and differentiate them from surrounding
commentary
• Chapter summaries that highlight the main points covered in each
chapter, cementing understanding
• Further reading lists at the end of each chapter that direct students to
subject-specific resources to enrich understanding
• Easy-to-read, two-colour text design with tabbed glossary and
pedagogical features for quick reference
• Marginal cross-references that help students understand how the material
fits together

R

A

N

alex carroll

constitutional and
administrative law

This new edition has been thoroughly revised and fully updated to include:

5 th
editi o n

5 th edition

5th edition

Constitutional and Administrative Law, now in its fifth edition, offers an
up-to-date, interesting and inquiring treatment of this wide-ranging and
dynamic subject. This text is designed to meet the needs of modular course
structures at undergraduate and diploma level. The mass of new legislation
in the area is considered alongside the various political, social and cultural
factors that have shaped them.

C AS E

V I G AT O

POWERED BY

alex carroll

constitutional and
administrative law

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Cover © Getty Images

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Constitutional and
Administrative Law


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Fifth Edition

Constitutional and
Administrative Law
ALEX CARROLL
Manchester Metropolitan University


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Pearson Education Limited

Edinburgh Gate
Harlow
Essex CM20 2JE
England
and Associated Companies throughout the world
Visit us on the World Wide Web at:
www.pearsoned.co.uk
First published 1998
Second edition published 2002
Third edition published 2003
Fourth edition published 2007
Fifth edition published 2009
© Financial Times Professional 1998
© Pearson Education Limited 2002, 2003, 2007, 2009
The right of Alex Carroll to be identified as author of this work has been
asserted by him in accordance with the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988.
All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in
a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic,
mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without either the prior
written permission of the publisher or a licence permitting restricted copying
in the United Kingdom issued by the Copyright Licensing Agency Ltd,
Saffron House, 6–10 Kirby Street, London EC1N 8TS.
Crown Copyright material is reproduced with the permission of the Controller
of HMSO and the Queen’s Printer for Scotland.
Law Commission Reports are reproduced under the terms of the Click-Use Licence.
ISBN: 978-1-4058-9911-6
British Library Cataloguing-in-Publication Data
A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Carroll, Alex, 1947–

Constitutional and administrative law / Alex Carroll. – 5th ed.
p. cm.
ISBN 978-1-4058-9911-6 (pbk.)
1. Constitutional law – Great Britain. 2. Adminstrative law – Great Britain. I. Title.
KD3930.C37 2009
342.41–dc22
2009006526
10 9 8 7 6 5 4
13 12 11 10 09

3

2

1

Typeset in 9/12pt Stone Serif by 35
Printed by Ashford Colour Press Ltd., Gosport
The publisher’s policy is to use paper manufactured from sustainable forests.


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For my late Mother, Father, and brother John, and for Frances and

‘the boys’ (Joe, Matthew, Daniel and Sam)


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Brief contents

Guided tour
Preface
Table of cases
Table of statutes

Part 1 Fundamental principles
1 Introduction to constitutional and administrative law
2 The characteristics of the constitution

3 Sources of constitutional and administrative law

Part 2 Parliament and the European Union
4 The European Union: institutions of government and
sources of law
5 The legislative sovereignty of the Westminster Parliament

xviii
xx
xxi
xlii
1
3
17
51
69
71
93

Part 3 The composition and workings of Parliament

121

6
7
8
9
10

123

The franchise and the electorate
The House of Commons: Members of Parliament
The House of Commons: principal functions
The House of Lords
Parliamentary privilege

129
137
183
209

Part 4 The Executive

225

11 The Prime Minister and Cabinet
12 The royal prerogative
13 Legal liability of the Crown and public authorities

227

Part 5 Judicial review of administrative action

307

14 The nature of judicial review
15 Grounds for judicial review: illegality, irrationality and
procedural impropriety

309

247
267

317
vii


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BRIEF CONTENTS

viii

16 Application for and exclusion of judicial review
17 Exclusivity

359

Part 6 Human rights

387

18
19
20
21

The European Convention on Human Rights
The Human Rights Act 1998
Police powers, personal liability and privacy
Restrictions on the rights of freedom of assembly
and association
22 Restrictions of the rights of freedom of expression
and information
23 Freedom and emergency powers

389

Part 7 Tribunals, inquiries and complaints procedures

583

24 Tribunals and inquiries
25 Ombudsmen

585

Glossary
Index

621
634

379

439
471
509
529
561

605


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Contents

Guided tour
Preface
Table of cases
Table of statutes

xviii
xx
xxi

xlii

Part 1 Fundamental principles
1 Introduction to constitutional and administrative law

3

What is a constitution?
The British constitution
The cultural dimension
The European dimension
The terminology of constitutional and administrative law
The geography of the constitution

3
3
4
5
6
12

Summary
References
Further reading

14
14
15

2 The characteristics of the constitution

17

Introduction
The unwritten constitution
Flexibility
Unitary
Constitutional monarchy
Bicameral sovereign Parliament
Representative democracy
Responsible government
The separation of powers
The rule of law
The European dimension

17
17
20
22
29
32
32
35
36
43
48

Summary
References
Further reading

48
49
49

3 Sources of constitutional and administrative law
Introduction
Legislation

51
51
51
ix


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CONTENTS

Judicial decisions
Constitutional conventions
European Union law
European Convention on Human Rights
The law and custom of Parliament

54
56
64
65
66

Summary
References
Further reading

66
66
67

Part 2 Parliament and the European Union
4 The European Union: institutions of government and
sources of law

71

Origins and development
Institutions of law and government
Sources of EU law

71
76
83

Summary

References
Further reading

92
92
92

5 The legislative sovereignty of the Westminster
Parliament

93

Introduction
Application
Possible legal limitations
Political restraints
The relationship between EU law and Acts of Parliament
Change in the wind: the Jackson decision

93
95
102
108
109
115

Summary
References
Further reading

118
118
118

Part 3 The composition and workings of Parliament
6 The franchise and the electorate

x

123

Introduction
Qualifications
Disqualifications
Special categories of voters
Casting the vote

123
123
126
127
128

Summary
Further reading

128
128

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CONTENTS

7 The House of Commons: Members of Parliament

129

Disqualifications
Effects of disqualification
Role and functions of MPs
The relationship between MP and party

129
132
132
134

Summary
References
Further reading

136
136

136

8 The House of Commons: principal functions

137

Introduction
Legislation
Scrutiny of executive action
Scottish and Welsh Affairs at Westminster
Northern Irish Affairs at Westminster
Financial proceedings
Other functions

137
138
158
171
171
173
179

Summary
References
Further reading

181
181
182

9 The House of Lords

183

Origins and composition
Types of peers
Disclaimer and disqualification
Attendance
Powers
Functions
Proposals for reform

183
185
187
188
189
191
197

Summary
References
Further reading

207
207
207

10 Parliamentary privilege

209

Nature and sources
Freedom of speech
Freedom from arrest
Right of the House to regulate its own composition
Right of the House to regulate its internal proceedings
Right of the House to punish for breach of privilege and contempt
of Parliament
The courts and parliamentary privilege
The courts and contempt

209
210
215
216
217
218
222
223

Summary
References
Further reading

223
223
223
xi

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CONTENTS

Part 4 The Executive
11 The Prime Minister and Cabinet

227

Introduction
Choosing a Prime Minister
Factors contributing to the power of the Prime Minister
The conventional power of dissolution
Limits on Prime Ministerial power
The Cabinet

227
228
230
231
235
239

Summary
References
Further reading

244
244
244

12 The royal prerogative

247

Nature and significance
History
Principal remaining prerogatives
The prerogative and statute
The prerogative and the courts

247
249
252
258
259

Summary
References
Further reading

265
265

265

13 Legal liability of the Crown and public authorities

267

Introduction: the Crown Proceedings Act 1947
Statutory duties and powers: private law liability
Negligence and statutory powers
Remedies
Crown privilege
From Crown privilege to public interest immunity
Pleading public interest immunity: duty or discretion
Public interest immunity and criminal proceedings

267
276
278
287
288
293
299
300

Summary
References
Further reading

304
304

305

Part 5 Judicial review of administrative action
14 The nature of judicial review
Introduction
The scope of judicial review
Jurisdiction and power
Review and appeal contrasted
xii

309
309
311
311
313


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CONTENTS

Sources of public law power

314

Summary
References
Further reading

315
315
315

15 Grounds for judicial review: illegality, irrationality and
procedural impropriety

317

Illegality: introduction
Illegality and jurisdictional control
Illegality and control of discretion
Abuse of discretion
The concept of reasonableness
From reasonableness to irrationality
Proportionality
Procedural impropriety: introduction
Procedural ultra vires
The rules of natural justice

317
317
322
331
333

334
335
338
338
339

Summary
References
Further reading

356
356
356

16 Application for and exclusion of judicial review

359

Applying for judicial review: introduction
The procedure
Remedies
Relator proceedings
Exclusion of judicial review: introduction
Ouster clause
Subjectively worded powers
Alternative remedies
Justiciability

359
359

362
367
367
368
371
372
373

Summary
References
Further reading

376
376
377

17 Exclusivity

379

Background
The rule in O’Reilly v Mackman
Abuse of power as a collateral issue
Abuse of power as a defence
Abuse of power where statutory remedy provided
Judicial review and contractual powers
Judicial review beyond statutory or prerogative powers

379
380

380
381
382
382
383

Summary
Further reading

385
385
xiii


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CONTENTS

Part 6 Human rights
18 The European Convention on Human Rights
Introduction
Formulation
The Convention in English law prior to the Human Rights Act
The European Court of Human Rights

General principles of European human rights law
The rights protected by the Convention

389
389
391
392
395
400

Summary
References
Further reading

436
436
437

19 The Human Rights Act 1998

439

Freedom versus rights
Objectives of the 1998 Act
Principal provisions
Retrospective effect
Extra-territorial effect
Human rights and judicial review
Application of the Human Rights Act

439
441
443
450
450
452
454

Summary
References
Further reading

470
470
470

20 Police powers, personal liberty and privacy

471

Personal freedom: introduction
The power to stop and search
The power of arrest
Detention
Interviewing suspects
Inadmissible evidence
Entry, search and seizure
Legal regulation of investigatory powers
Remedies for police malpractice

471
472
477
484
486
490
491
500
507

Summary
References
Further reading

508
508
508

21 Restrictions on the rights of freedom of assembly and
association
Introduction: the freedoms defined
Statutory restrictions and marches and assemblies
Common law preventative powers
xiv

389

509
509
510

517


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CONTENTS

Statutory public order offences
Other relevant statutory offences
Common law offences

522
526
527

Summary
References
Further reading

527
527
528

22 Restrictions on the rights of freedom of expression and

information

529

Introduction
Freedom of expression and the mass media
Freedom of expression, obscenity and pornography
Freedom of expression and the administration of justice
Freedom of expression, public order and national security
Freedom of information and data protection

529
530
537
544
547
556

Summary
References
Further reading

558
559
559

23 Freedom and emergency powers

561

Emergency powers in general
Emergency powers in wartime
Emergency powers and terrorism
Emergency powers in peacetime
Emergencies and the common law

561
561
562
578
580

Summary
References
Further reading

581
581
581

Part 7 Tribunals, inquiries and complaints procedures
24 Tribunals and inquiries

585

Introduction
Administrative tribunals
Some particular tribunals
Public inquiries
The Franks Committee

The Council on Tribunals
The Leggat Review
A new tribunal system

585
586
590
591
596
598
599
601

Summary
References
Further reading

603
603
604
xv


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CONTENTS

25 Ombudsmen
Background
The Parliamentary Commissioner
The Health Service Commissioner
The Commissions for Local Administration
The Northern Ireland Ombudsman
The Pensions Ombudsman
The Legal Services Ombudsman
The Prisons Ombudsman

605
606
614
615
618
618
618
619

Summary
References
Further reading

619
619
619

Glossary
Index

xvi

605

621
634


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Visit the Constitutional and Administrative Law, Fifth Edition, mylawchamber
site at www.mylawchamber.co.uk/carroll to access valuable learning
material.
FOR STUDENTS
Do you want to give yourself a head start come exam time?
Companion website support
Use the exam-style questions with answer guidance to prepare for exam success.
l Test yourself with practice multiple-choice quizzes on the main topics in constitutional and
administrative law.
l Check updates to major changes in the law to make sure you are ahead of the game by knowing the
latest developments.

l Live weblinks direct you to online resources where you can read more widely around the subject.
l Use the online glossary for quick reference to key terms in constitutional and administrative law.
l Use the flashcards to improve your recall and comprehension of key titles in constitutional and
administrative law.
l

Worried about getting to grips with cases?
Case Navigator*
This unique online support helps you to improve your case reading and analysis skills.
l
l
l

l

Direct deep links to the core cases in constitutional and administrative law.
Short introductions that provide guidance on what you should look out for while reading the case.
Questions that help you to test your understanding of the case, and provide feedback on what you
should have grasped.
Summaries that contextualise the case and point you to further reading so that you are fully
prepared for seminars and discussions.

Also: The regularly maintained Companion Website provides the following features:
l
l

Search tool to help locate specific items of content.
Online help and support to assist with website usage and troubleshooting.

For more information please contact your local Pearson Education sales representative or visit

www.mylawchamber.co.uk/carroll.
* Please note that access to Case Navigator is free with the purchase of this book, but you must register with us for access. Full
registration instructions are available on the website. The LexisNexis element of Case Navigator is only available to those who
currently subscribe to LexisNexis Butterworths online.


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Page xviii

Guided tour
proceedings. They did not have any existing or pre-existing legal rights to protect.
The validity of by-laws may also be questioned in prosecutions for alleged contravention of the same (see R v Reading Crown Court, ex parte Hutchinson [1988] QB 384;
Boddington v British Transport Police, The Times, 3 April 1998).

Clear headings and subheadings keep
you firmly focused and constantly aware
of the context and structure of each
chapter.
Case summaries highlight the facts and
key legal principles of essential cases
that you need to be aware of in your
study of constitutional and administrative
law.

Abuse of power where statutory remedy provided

Public law issues may also be argued outwith review proceedings where a statute provides
its own alternative remedy for dealing with abuses of the powers contained therein.

Buckley v The Law Society [1983] 2 All ER 1039
In this case, the defendants, acting under the Solicitors Act 1957, took control of the plaintiff’s
business finance pending inquiry into allegations of dishonesty. According to the same Act,
solicitors so affected could contest the Law Society’s decisions in the Chancery Division,
proceeding by way of originating summons. The plaintiff solicitor abided by these procedural
dictates. The Law Society, however – apparently in an attempt to avoid his subsequent
requests for discovery – argued that, since their disciplinary and supervisory powers over the
legal profession emanated from statute, they were in nature and origin manifestly public law
powers so that the plaintiff should have proceeded by way of judicial review. According to this
procedure, it was argued, he would have been unlikely to secure discovery since this is seldom
awarded against bodies exercising judicial or disciplinary functions. Sir Robert McGarry VC, in
the Chancery Division, said it would be ‘remarkable indeed’ if the Law Society could resort to
a specific statutory power to discipline a solicitor but the solicitor could not rely on the remedies in that same statute to seek redress. Hence, although the power used by the Law Society
was of a public nature, the complainant was not disqualified from using the statutory remedy.
Discovery was ordered against the Law Society to establish whether or not they had adequate
information in their possession on which to base a finding of dishonesty against the plaintiff.

Judicial review and contractual powers
Public law procedure is not the appropriate method for challenging the decisions of government agencies when exercising contractual powers.

Marginal cross-references direct you to
other places in the text where the same
subject is discussed, helping you to
make connections and understand how
the material fits together.

For the Parliament

Act 1911, see
Chapter 9,
pp. 190–191.

y
q
the events of 1909–11 when the House of
flagrant breach of the conventional rule re
the House of Commons. The matter was
gave the rule legal force in respect of all P
life of Parliament).

Self-interest
Ambition for high public office is rarely w
of the political and constitutional system.

Chapter summaries located at the end
of each chapter draw together the key
points that you should be aware of
following your reading, and provide a
useful checklist for revision.

Summary
The chapter explains the reasons for the passing of the Human Rights Act 1998 and further encompasses:
l

the powers given to domestic courts to deal with inconsistencies and conflicts between
statutes and human rights requirements;

l

whether, and in what circumstances, the 1998 Act may be applied retrospectively;

l

judicial review of government decisions alleged to contravene human rights
obligations;

l

application of the Act in the UK since it took affect in October 2000.

References

Suggestions for Further reading at the
end of each chapter encourage you to
delve deeper into the topic and read
those articles which will help you to gain
higher marks in both exams and
assessments.

xviii

Amos (2006) Human Rights Law: A Textbook for UK Lawyers, London: Hart Publishing.
Loveland (1996) Constitutional Law: A Critical Introduction, London: Butterworths.
Rowe and Hoffman (2003) Human Rights in the United Kingdom, London: Longman.

Further reading
Gordon and Ward (2000) Judicial Review and the Human Rights Act, London: Routledge
Cavendish.

Whitty, Murphy and Livingstone (2001) Civil Liberties Law: The Human Rights Era, London: Lexis
Nexis.


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GUIDED TOUR

TABLE OF CASES

Bonham’s (Dr) Case (1610) 8 Co. Rep. 114 94, 118,
340, 353
Bookbinder v Tebbit [1992] 1 WLR 217 296
Bouamer v Belgium (1988) 11 EHRR 1 408
Bourgoin SA v Ministry of Agriculture, Fisheries and
Food [1986] QB 716 286
Bowles v Bank of England [1913] 1 Ch 57 101, 173
Bowman v United Kingdom (1998) 26 EHRR 1; Times
23 February 1998 399
Boyce v Paddington BC [1903] 1 Ch 109 365
Boyle v United Kingdom (1994) 19 EHRR 179 418
Bozano v France (1987) 9 EHRR 297 408
Bozgan v Romania [2007] 35097/02 428
Bracknell v United Kingdom [2007] ECHR 989 401

Bradbury v Enfield London BC [1967] 1 WLR 1311
338
Bradlaugh v Clarke (1883) LR 8 App Cas 354 197
Bradlaugh v Gossett (1884) LR 12 QBD 271 211, 217
Brannigan and McBride v United Kingdom (1993)
17 EHRR 539 407, 435
Brasserie du Pecheur SA v Germany [1996] 2 WLR
506 285
Brickley and Kitson v The Police, unreported, July
1988 512
British Coal Corp v King, The [1935] AC 500 109

Burmah Oil Co v Lord Advocate [1965] AC 75 39, 97,
244, 253, 260, 298
Buron v Denman (1848) 2 Ex 167 254
Buscarini v San Marino (2000) 30 EHRR 208 421
Bushell v Secretary of State for the Environment
[1981] AC 75 348, 593, 594
Caballero v United Kingdom (2000) 30 EHRR 643
407
Cable v United Kingdom (2000) 30 EHRR 1032 413
Cakici v Turkey (2001) 31 EHRR 133 404
Calder (John) (Publications) Ltd v Powell [1965]
1 QB 509 539
Camelot Group plc v Centaur Communications Ltd
[1999] QB 124; [1998] 1 All ER 251 547
Campaign for Nuclear Disarmament v Prime
Minister [2002] EWHC 2777 375
Campbell v Mirror Group Newspapers Ltd [2004]
2 WLR 1232 467, 554

Campbell v Tameside Metropolitan BC [1982] QB
1065 295
Campbell v United Kingdom (1993) 15 EHRR 137
420
Campbell and Cosans v United Kingdom (1982)
4 EHRR 293 432

A full Glossary located at the back of
the book can be used throughout your
reading to clarify unfamiliar terms.

Glossary

Ab initio – from the outset or from the beginning.
Absolute Privilege – the complete legal immunity

App Cas – nineteenth century reference for law
reports of courts of appeal.

given to certain types of speech, e.g. words
spoken in judicial or parliamentary proceedings.

Aristocracy – members of the social, propertied

Absolute right – one that permits of no exceptions

Arrest – the act of taking a person into state
custody usually on suspicion of the commission
of offences.

or modifications to accommodate other interests,
e.g. ECHR Art 3, prohibition or torture.

Abuse of process – use of a judicial procedure
for a purpose for which it was not designed.

Actio popularis – literally ‘popular action’, used
to refer to legal proceedings against a government
authority commenced by an individual whose
grievance is no greater than other members of
the general public.

Ad hoc – random.

Reference sections are tabbed to allow
you to navigate quickly to key information
within the text.

elite often possessing hereditary titles.

Arrestable offence – concept introduced by the
Police and Criminal Evidence Act 1984 and
abolished by the Serious Organised Crime and
Police Act 2005 referring to an offence punishable
by five years imprisonment or more or for which
the sentence was fixed by law, e.g. life for murder.
Art – Article.
Attorney-General – government’s senior law

Companion website

Use the Companion website at
www.mylawchamber.co.uk/carroll
to find extensive resources designed to
assist you with your study, including exam
style questions with answer guidance,
multiple choice quizzes, web links to
useful resources, and regular legal
updates on developments in constitutional
and administrative law.
Case Navigator provides
access and guidance to
key cases in the subject
to improve your case
reading and analysis
skills.

xix


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Preface

This book has been written for students undertaking legal studies at undergraduate level

and those pursuing similar courses which include constitutional and administrative law
as a core component (e.g. the Postgraduate Diploma in Law). It is based on over thirty
years’ experience of teaching the subject on A-level, undergraduate and postgraduate
courses. Particular attention has been paid to the views of students concerning the
strengths and weaknesses of pre-existing textbooks in this discipline.
No attempt has been made to produce an exhaustive reference book covering all those
issues which might conceivably fall within the boundaries of the subject. Rather the book
concentrates on those topics which form the essential core of most constitutional and
administrative law syllabi currently taught in further and higher education institutions.
Recent years have witnessed many significant changes to the law and the practise of
the British constitution. Detailed comment on these changes has been included notwithstanding that in some contexts, e.g. those of the House of Lords and of the European
Union, the process of change is not yet complete. Hence, in addition to parliamentary
reform, extensive coverage is given to such further innovations as the detailed codes for
the regulation of broadcasting, further case law definition of the Human Rights Act, the
granting of increased power to combat terrorism, and the introduction of a new system
of administrative tribunals.
As with most law books many of the legal principles included are explained by
reference to particular judicial decisions. The approach taken here has been to discuss
those cases which illustrate the principles in issue most clearly or those which exemplify
their most recent application.
Constitutional and administrative law cannot be fully understood without reference
to the nation’s political history and its social and cultural development. The subject is
also of great topical interest and is in a constant process of change and adjustment with
many of its principles and cases resulting from, or relating to, recent political controversies. Hence, while every attempt has been made to explain the necessary principles as
precisely and succinctly as possible, it has also been the author’s intention to do so in a
way which places these in their contextual framework. This approach is intended to give
insight into the relationship between the subject and those various political, historical
and cultural factors which have influenced and shaped its nature and content.
The author is greatly indebted to all those who have helped in the book’s compilation
and production. Particular and belated thanks is due to Mr R H Buckley, one-time

Principal Lecturer in Law at Manchester Metropolitan University, for all his help and
advice over the years and for first exciting the author’s interest in the subject.
Alex Carroll

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should have grasped.
Summaries that contextualise the case and point you to further reading so that you are fully
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Please note that access to Case Navigator is free with the purchase of this book, but you must register with us for access. Full
registration instructions are available on the website. The LexisNexis element of Case Navigator is only available to those who
currently subscribe to LexisNexis Butterworths online.

Case Navigator cases are highlighted in bold.
A v B plc [2002] EWCA Civ 337 554
A v Essex County Council [2004] 1 WLR 1881 279
A v Secretary of State for the Home Department
[2005] 2 AC 68; [2005] 3 All ER 169 446, 470
A v United Kingdom (1999) 27 EHRR 611 404
A (Children) [2001] 2 WLR 480 454
Abbassy v Commissioner of Police of the Metropolis
[1990] 1 WLR 385 481
Abdulaziz, Cabales and Balkandali v United Kingdom
(1985) 7 EHRR 471 434
AM v Italy, 14 December 1999, Hudoc 403
Acmanne v Belgium (1984) 40 DR 252 418
Adams v Naylor [1946] AC 543 269
Adolf v Austria (A/49) (1982) 4 EHRR 313 407
ADT v United Kingdom (2001) 31 EHRR 33 417
Agricultural, Horticultural and Forestry Industry
Training Board v Aylesbury Mushrooms [1972]
1 WLR 190 158
Ahmed v Austria (1996) 24 EHRR 278 404
Air Canada v Secretary of State for Trade [1983] 2 AC
394; [1983] 1 All ER 910 297–299, 301

Airey v Ireland (No 2) (1981) 3 EHRR 592 410
Akinpar v Turkey [2007] ECHR 183 402
Aksoy v Turkey (1997) 23 EHRR 553 401

Albert v Lavin [1982] AC 546 517
Alderson v Booth [1969] 2 QB 216 480
Alfred Crompton Amusement Machines Ltd v
Customs and Excise Commissioners (No. 2)
[1974] AC 405 296
Allason v Haines [1996] EMLR 143; Times, 25 July
1995 215
Allen v Gulf Oil Refining [1981] AC 1001 287
Allenet de Ribemont v France (1995) 20 EHRR 557
414
AM v Italy, 14 December 1999, Hudoc 403
Anderson v Gorrie [1895] 1 QB 668 274
Anderson v United Kingdom 27 October 1997,
Hudoc 426
Angelini v Sweden (1986) 51 DR 41 421
Anisminic Ltd v Foreign Compensation
Commission (No. 2) [1969] 2 AC 147 55, 313,
369, 370
Anufrijeva v Southwark London BC [2003] EWCA
Civ 1406 449, 463
Application for a warrant of further detention, An,
Re [1988] Crim LR 296 485
Argyll v Argyll [1967] Ch 302 552
Arrowsmith v United Kingdom (1978) 19 DR 5 421

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Ashbridge Investments Ltd v Minister of Housing
and Local Government [1965] 1 WLR 1320 312
Ashworth Security Hospital v MGN Ltd [2001]
1 WLR 515 467
Associated Provincial Picture Houses Ltd v
Wednesbury Corp [1948] 1 KB 223 55, 67, 260,
326, 333–335, 337, 357, 452, 613, 620, 632
Associated Society of Locomotive Engineers and
Firemen v United Kingdom [2007] ECHR 184 427
Association X v United Kingdom (1978) 14 DR 31
418
Association X, Y and Z v Federal Republic of
Germany (1986) 5 DR 90 432
Associazione Reduci Dalla Prigionla Dal’
Internamento E Dalla Guerra Di Liberazione v
Germany [2007] ECHR 45563/01 395
Atkinson v Newcastle Waterworks Co (1877) 2 Ex D
441 277

Atlan v United Kingdom (2002) 34 EHRR 33 302
Attorney-General v Bastow [1957] 1 QB 514 363
Attorney-General v Blake [2000] 3 WLR 625 554
Attorney-General v De Keyser’s Royal Hotel [1920]
AC 508 55, 258
Attorney-General v Fulham Corp [1921] 1 Ch 440
317
Attorney-General v Great Eastern Railway Co (1880)
LR 5 App Cas 473 318
Attorney-General v Guardian Newspapers Ltd (No. 2)
[1990] 1 AC 109 553, 554
Attorney-General v Jonathan Cape Ltd [1976] QB
752 60, 67, 244, 245, 553, 559
Attorney-General v Mirror Group Newspapers [1997]
1 All ER 456 545
Attorney-General v Ryan [1980] AC 718 370
Attorney-General v Sharp [1931] 1 Ch 121 365, 3367
Attorney-General v Wilts United Dairies (1921) 37
TLR 884 55, 101, 102, 157, 173, 318
Attorney-General of Ceylon v Silva [1953] AC 461
273
Attorney-General of Hong Kong v Ng Yuen Shiu
[1983] 2 AC 629 351
Attorney-General for New South Wales v Trethowan
[1932] AC 526 102, 103
Attorney-General’s Reference (No. 3 of 1977), Re
[1978] 3 All ER 1166 540
Austin v Metropolitan Police Commissioner [2007]
EWCA Civ 989 468, 521, 522
Autio v Finland (1991) 72 DR 245 422

Averill v United Kingdom (2001) 31 EHRR 36 412,
414
Avon County Council v Buscott [1988] QB 656 382

xxii

Ayr Harbour Trustees v Oswald (1883) LR 8 App Cas
623 326, 327
Azam v Secretary of State for the Home Department
[1974] AC 18 366
B v France (1993) 16 EHRR 1 416
Backzowski v Poland [2007] ECHR 370 428, 433
Bader v Sweden [2005] ECHR 13284/04 433
Bailey v Williamson (1873) LR 8 QB 118 158
Bankovic v Belgium (2001) 11 BHRC 435 436
Barberà, Messegué and Jabardo v Spain (1989) 11
EHRR 360 414
Barnard v London Borough of Enfield [2002] EWHC
2282 (Admin) 449
Barnard v National Dock Labour Board [1953] 2 QB
18 323
Barnardiston v Soame (1674) 6 St Tr 1063 216
Barrett v Enfield London BC [2001] 2 AC 550; [1999]
3 WLR 79 279, 280, 282
Bates v Lord Hailsham [1972] 1 WLR 1373 374
Bates’ Case, see Case of Impositions
BBC v Johns [1965] Ch 32 256
Beach v Freeson [1972] 1 QB 14 213
Behrami and Saramati v France [2007] ECHR
71412/01 451

Bekir-Oustra v Greece [2005] ECHR 35151/05 428
Beldjoudi v France (1992) 14 EHRR 801 419
Belgium Linguistics Case (1979–80) 1 EHRR 241
431
Bell v United Kingdom [2007] ECHR 47 409
Bellinger v Bellinger [2003] 2 All ER 593 464
Ben El Mahi v Denmark [2006] ECHR 5853/06 436
Benham v United Kingdom (1996) 22 EHRR 293
412
Bensaid v United Kingdom (2003) 33 EHRR 205 404
Bentley v Brudzinski (1982) 75 Cr App R 217 472
Bentley’s Case (Dr.) (1723) 1 Stra 557 340
Beydoun v Commission (75/82) [1984] ECR 1509 65
Bibby v Chief Constable of Essex [2000] EWCA Civ
113 520
Biggin Hill Airport Ltd v Bromley London BC [2001]
EWCA Civ 1089 450
Birkdale District Electric Supply Co Ltd v Southport
Corp [1926] AC 355 326
Black v United Kingdom [2007] ECHR 54 410
Blackburn v Attorney-General [1971] 1 WLR 1037
109, 365
Bladet Tromso v Norway (1999) 29 EHRR 125 423
Board of Education v Rice [1911] AC 179 341
Boddington v British Transport Police [1998] 2 WLR
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Bonham’s (Dr) Case (1610) 8 Co. Rep. 114 94, 118,
340, 353
Bookbinder v Tebbit [1992] 1 WLR 217 296
Bouamer v Belgium (1988) 11 EHRR 1 408
Bourgoin SA v Ministry of Agriculture, Fisheries and
Food [1986] QB 716 286
Bowles v Bank of England [1913] 1 Ch 57 101, 173
Bowman v United Kingdom (1998) 26 EHRR 1; Times
23 February 1998 399
Boyce v Paddington BC [1903] 1 Ch 109 365
Boyle v United Kingdom (1994) 19 EHRR 179 418
Bozano v France (1987) 9 EHRR 297 408
Bozgan v Romania [2007] 35097/02 428
Bracknell v United Kingdom [2007] ECHR 989 401
Bradbury v Enfield London BC [1967] 1 WLR 1311
338
Bradlaugh v Clarke (1883) LR 8 App Cas 354 197
Bradlaugh v Gossett (1884) LR 12 QBD 271 211, 217
Brannigan and McBride v United Kingdom (1993)
17 EHRR 539 407, 435
Brasserie du Pecheur SA v Germany [1996] 2 WLR
506 285

Brickley and Kitson v The Police, unreported, July
1988 512
British Coal Corp v King, The [1935] AC 500 109
British Oxygen Co Ltd v Minister of Technology
[1971] AC 610 325
British Steel plc v Customs and Excise
Commissioners [1997] 2 All ER 366 381
Brogan v United Kingdom (1989) 11 EHRR 117 406,
407
Bromley London BC v Greater London Council
[1983] 1 AC 768; [1982] 1 All ER 153 331, 332,
357
Bronda v Italy 9 June 1998, Hudoc 418
Brooks v Commissioner of Police of the Metropolis
[2005] 2 All ER 489 284
Broome v Broome [1955] P 190 291
Brown v Stott (Procurator Fiscal, Dunfermline) [2001]
2 All ER 97 460
Bryan v United Kingdom (1996) 21 EHRR 342 410
Buckley v Law Society [1983] 1 WLR 985; [1983]
2 All ER 1039 382
Buckley v United Kingdom (1997) 23 EHRR 101 419,
463
Bukta v Hungary [2007] ECHR 610 426
Bull v Chief Constable of Sussex (1995) 159 LG Rev
893 480
Burdett v Abbott (1814) 14 East 1 223
Burmah Oil Co Ltd v Bank of England [1980] AC
1090 295

Burmah Oil Co v Lord Advocate [1965] AC 75 39, 97,
244, 253, 260, 298
Buron v Denman (1848) 2 Ex 167 254
Buscarini v San Marino (2000) 30 EHRR 208 421
Bushell v Secretary of State for the Environment
[1981] AC 75 348, 593, 594
Caballero v United Kingdom (2000) 30 EHRR 643
407
Cable v United Kingdom (2000) 30 EHRR 1032 413
Cakici v Turkey (2001) 31 EHRR 133 404
Calder (John) (Publications) Ltd v Powell [1965]
1 QB 509 539
Camelot Group plc v Centaur Communications Ltd
[1999] QB 124; [1998] 1 All ER 251 547
Campaign for Nuclear Disarmament v Prime
Minister [2002] EWHC 2777 375
Campbell v Mirror Group Newspapers Ltd [2004]
2 WLR 1232 467, 554
Campbell v Tameside Metropolitan BC [1982] QB
1065 295
Campbell v United Kingdom (1993) 15 EHRR 137
420
Campbell and Cosans v United Kingdom (1982)
4 EHRR 293 432
Campbell and Fell v United Kingdom (1984) 7 EHRR
165 409, 410, 412
Cannock Chase District Council v Kelly [1978]
1 WLR 1 332
Canon Selwyn, ex p (1872) 36 JP 54 106
Caparo Industries plc v Dickman [1990] 2 AC 605

283
Capital and Counties plc v Hampshire County
Council [1997] QB 1004; [1997] 3 WLR 331 281
Carltona Ltd v Commissioners of Works [1943]
2 All ER 560 324
Carty v Croydon London BC [2005] 2 All ER 517
279
Case of Impositions (Bates’ Case) (1606) 2 St Tr 371
250
Case of Proclamations (1611) 12 Co Rep 74 55, 251,
257, 259
Case of Ship Money, see R v Hampden
Castanheira Barros v Portugal, 26 October, 2000,
Hudoc 409
Castorina v Chief Constable of Surrey (1988) 138
NLJ Rep 180 479
Central Control Board v Cannon Brewery Co Ltd
[1919] AC 744 55
Central London Property Trust v High Trees House
Ltd [1947] KB 130 328, 624

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Chahal v United Kingdom (1997) 23 EHRR 413 404,
433
Chandler v Director of Public Prosecutions [1964] AC
763 253, 549
Chapman v United Kingdom (2001) 33 EHRR 18
419, 463
Cheall v United Kingdom (1985) 42 DR 178 427
Cheney v Conn [1968] 1 WLR 242; [1968] 1 All ER
779 98
Chester v Bateson [1920] 1 KB 829 55, 157
Chief Constable of Greater Manchester v McNally
[2002] EWCA Civ 14 297
Chief Constable of Merseyside v Hickman [2006]
EWHC 451 498
Chitayer v Russia [2007] ECHR 60 402
Christians Against Fascism and Racism v United
Kingdom (1980) 21 DR 138 425, 426
Christian Democratic People’s Party v Moldava
[2006] ECHR 132 428
Church of Bessarabia v Moldava 13 December 2001,
Hudoc 421
Church of Scientology v Johnson-Smith [1972]
1 QB 522 215
Church of Scientology v Sweden (1980) 21 DR 109
448
Churchward v R (1865) LR 1 QB 173 271

Cinnamond v British Airports Authority [1980]
1 WLR 582 352, 363
Clark v University of Lincolnshire and Humberside
[2000] 3 All ER 752 380
Clarke v Chief Constable of North Wales [2000] All
ER 477 481
Clitz v Netherlands (1988) 11 EHRR 360 419
Clunis v Camden and Islington Health Authority
[1998] QB 978 282
Cobzaru v Romania (2007) 23 BHRC 36 433
Coleen Properties Ltd v Minister of Housing and
Local Government [1971] 1 WLR 433 320
Colibaba v Mordova [2007] ECHR 28909/06 390
Collins v London Borough of Sutton, see Thoburn v
City of Sunderland
Collins v Wilcock [1984] 3 All ER 374 472
Colozza v Italy (1985) 7 EHRR 516 411
Commonwealth of Australia v John Fairfax and Sons
Ltd (1980) 147 CLR 39 530, 553
Condron v United Kingdom (2001) 31 EHRR 1
414
Coney v Choyce [1975] 1 WLR 422; [1975] 1 All ER
979 339
Congreve v Home Office [1976] QB 629; [1976] 1 All
ER 697 173

xxiv

Connolly v Director of Public Prosecutions [2007]
EWHC 237 (Admin) 543

Connor v Chief Constable of Merseyside [2006]
EWCA Civ 1549 494
Conway v Rimmer [1968] AC 910 290–294
Cook v Alexander [1974] QB 279 214
Cook’s Application, Re [1986] 1 NIJB 43 363
Cooper v Wandsworth Board of Works (1863) 14 CB
(NS) 180 341, 342
Copland v United Kingdom [2007] ECHR 253 420
Corigliano v Italy (A/57) (1983) 5 EHRR 334 409
Corporate Office of the House of Commons v
Information Commissioner [2008] EWHC 1084
(Admin) 558
Cossey v United Kingdom (1991) 13 EHRR 622 395,
428
Costa v ENEL [1964] ECR 585 110
Costello v Chief Constable of Derbyshire
Constabulary [2001] 1 WLR 1437 498
Costello-Roberts v United Kingdom (1993) 19 EHRR
112 418
Council of Civil Service Unions v Minister for the
Civil Service [1985] AC 374; [1984] 3 All ER 935
47, 49, 63, 67, 249, 255, 260, 261, 262, 265, 334,
335, 351,375, 376, 427
Council of Civil Service Unions v United Kingdom
(1988) 10 EHRR 269 427
Cross v Kirklees Metropolitan BC [1998] 1 All ER 564
277
Crown Lands Commissioners v Page [1960] 2 QB 274
270
Cullen v Chief Constable RUC [2003] UKHL 39 488

Cumming v Chief Constable of Northumbria Police
[2003] EWCA Civ 1844 478
Curley v United Kingdom (2001) 31 EHRR 14 407
Customs and Excise Commissioners v Cure & Deeley
[1962] 1 QB 340 174
Cutler v Wandsworth Stadium Ltd [1949] AC 398
278
D v East Berkshire Community Health NHS Trust
[2003] 4 All ER 796 281, 282
D v National Society for the Prevention of Cruelty
to Children (NSPCC) [1978] AC 17 18, 296
D v United Kingdom (1997) 24 EHRR 423 404
Darbo v Director of Public Prosecutions [1992] Crim
LR 56, 493
Darnel’s Case (The Five Knights’ Case) (1627) 3 St Tr
1 150, 160
Davidson v Scottish Ministers (No. 2) [2004] UKHL
34 288, 305