THE NATIONAL COURTS MANDATE IN THE EUROPEAN CONSTITUTION

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THE NATIONAL COURTS’ MANDATE
IN THE EUROPEAN CONSTITUTION
The reform of the European Constitution continues to dominate news
headlines and has provoked a massive debate, unprecedented in the history of EU law. Against this backdrop Monica Claes’ book offers a ‘bottom
up’ view of how the Constitution might work, taking the viewpoint of the
national courts as her starting point, and at the same time returning to
fundamental principles in order to interrogate the myths of Community
law. Adopting a broad, comparative approach, she analyses the basic doctrines of Community law from both national constitutional perspectives
as well as the more usual European perspective. It is only by combining
the perspectives of the EU and national constitutions, she argues, that a
complete picture can be obtained, and a solid theoretical base (constitutional pluralism) developed. Her comparative analysis encompasses the
law in France, Belgium, Denmark, the Netherlands, Germany, Ireland,
Italy and the United Kingdom and in the course of her inquiry discusses
a wide variety of prominent problems.
The book is structured around three main themes, coinciding with
three periods in the development of the judicial dialogue between the ECJ
and the national courts. The first focuses on the ordinary non-constitutional national courts and how they have successfully adapted to the
mandates developed by the ECJ in Simmenthal and Francovich. The second
examines the constitutional and other review courts and discusses the
gradual transformation of the ECJ into a constitutional court, and its relationship to the national constitutional courts. The contrast is marked;
these courts are not specifically empowered by the case law of the ECJ
and have reacted quite differently to the message from Luxembourg, leaving them apparently on collision course with the ECJ in the areas of judicial Kompetenz-Kompetenz and fundamental rights. The third theme
reprises the first two and places them in the context of the current debate

on the Constitution for Europe and the Convention, taking the perspective of the national courts as the starting point for a wide-ranging examination of EU’s constitutional fundamentals. In so doing it argues that the
new Constitution must accommodate the national perspective if it is to
prove effective.

Volume 5 in the series Modern Studies in European Law


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Modern Studies in European Law
Soft Law in European Community Law Linda Senden
The Impact of European Rights on National Legal Cultures Miriam Aziz
Partnership Rights, Free Movement and EU Law Helen Toner
National Remedies Before the Court of Justice Michael Dougan
The National Courts’ Mandate in the European Constitution Monica Claes


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The National Courts’ Mandate in the
European Constitution
Monica Claes

HART PUBLISHING
OXFORD AND PORTLAND, OREGON
2006


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Published in North America (US and Canada) by
Hart Publishing
c/o International Specialized Book Services
5804 NE Hassalo Street
Portland, Oregon
97213-3644
USA
© Monica Claes 2006
Monica Claes has asserted her right under the Copyright, Designs
and Patents Act 1988, to be identified as the author of this work.
Hart Publishing is a specialist legal publisher based in Oxford,
England. To order further copies of this book or to request a list of other

publications please write to:
Hart Publishing, Salters Boatyard, Folly Bridge, Abingdon Rd,
Oxford, OX1 4LB
Telephone: +44 (0)1865 245533 Fax: +44 (0)1865 794882
email:
WEBSITE: http//:www.hartpub.co.uk
British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data
Data Available
ISBN 10: 1-84113-476-7 (hardback)
ISBN 13: 978-1-84113-476-5 (hardback)

Typeset by Datamatics Technologies Ltd, India
Printed and bound in Great Britain by
TJ International Ltd, Padstow, Cornwall.


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Acknowledgements
This book was originally written as a PhD thesis, which I defended at
the Law Faculty of the University of Maastricht in June 2004. The original
topic of my research had been the impact of Community law on the
constitutional position of national courts (this ultimately became Part I).
As I went along, I became more interested in the multifaceted theme of

the relationship between legal orders and constitutionalism in a multilevel Constitution, which I decided to include in the book, and analysed
from the perspective of national courts (this ended up being Part II of my
book). When I returned to my research after maternity leave, the constitutional debate had been redirected, and was now phrased in terms of the
Convention and the Draft Treaty establishing a Constitution for Europe. I
decided to add a third (and final!) Part to my book, examining the impact
of the Constitutional Treaty on the national courts’ European mandate.
Writing this book took time and patience, and would never have been
possible without the encouragement and support of many people. Being
grateful to many, I would like to mention a few.
I would like to express my sincere gratitude to my supervisors, Bruno
de Witte and Aalt Willem Heringa. I thank Bruno for his astute comments
and sharp remarks, for his kind encouragement and his wise and flexible
approach. He was always ready to share his wide knowledge and clear
insights, first in Maastricht, later from Florence by e-mail. Bruno truly was
and is my mentor, my Doktorvater. I thank Aalt Willem for his help, guidance and support, both with respect to my work and in human matters.
His belief in me and my work gave me confidence. I hope and trust that
I will continue to learn from both of them.
I would like to thank the members of the PhD committee: Hildegard
Schneider, Sacha Prechal and Luc Verhey, for their time and support.
I thank Leonard Besselink, Ellen Vos and Pierre Larouche for their
comments and for the stimulating debate at the defense ceremony.
I thank my seconds (‘paranimfen’) Janneke Gerards and Margreet Keus,
both of whom I admire greatly, and whose strength and dedication inspire
me. Margreet and Janneke have supported me during the final stages of
writing and in the preparation of my PhD defence. They have shared the
legendary nervous last minutes before the start of the ceremony in the
‘zweetkamertje’ of the University of Maastricht.
Nettie Litjens kindly agreed to put the files together and produce a
camera-ready manuscript, and did so with remarkable patience and

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Acknowledgements
equanimity. She, in fact, gently forced me to finally bring my research to
an end. The University of Maastricht provided the opportunity and the
warm environment to conduct my research and write the book.
I am grateful to my family, friends, and colleagues who helped me in
ways unknown to them. Above all, I thank my parents and my parentsin-law. Writing this book simply would not have been possible without
their support.
Finally, words cannot express my gratitude to Eric, for his unfailing
love and support. He put up with me during the entire process of writing
and not writing, enquiring as to progress at the right times, respecting my
grudging silence at others, patiently encouraging me to persevere all
along. During the process, we were joined by our sons Lucas and Michiel;
and after the completion of the manuscript, by Olivier. The boys took
away much of our time and sleep, but they gave me the energy to bring
this project to an end. I dedicate this book to my boys, all four of them.
Maastricht, October 2005

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Contents
Table of Cases
Introduction
The Judge, his Mandate, the National Constitution and
European Union Law
I
II

Setting the Stage
The Theoretical Framework

xii
1

3
27

PART 1
The National Courts as Common Courts of European Law

39

1

Introduction

41

2

Before the West was Won: A Touch of Legal Archaeology
2.1 The General Picture
2.2 The Netherlands
2.3 France
2.4 Belgium
2.5 Luxembourg
2.6 Germany
2.7 Italy
2.8 Conclusion

45
45
48
50
52
53
54
55
56

3

The Creation of a Community Mandate for National Courts

3.1 Introduction: National Courts as Community Courts
3.2 Hints of a Role for National Courts in the Treaties
3.3 The Community Mandate of the National Courts

58
58
60
67

4

The Duty to Review National Law: the ‘Simmenthal Mandate’ 69
4.1 The Doctrine of Direct Effect
70
4.2 The Doctrine of Supremacy
97
4.3 Direct Effect and Supremacy: the ‘Simmenthal Mandate’
108
4.4 Supremacy beyond Direct Effect?
114
4.5 Conclusion
117

5

Refining the Mandate: Second Generation Issues
5.1 The Principle of Procedural Autonomy

119
120

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5.2
5.3
5.4
5.5
5.6
6

7

8

9

viii

From a ‘Principle’ of Structural Supremacy
to the Principle of Full Effectiveness
The Principle of Effective Judicial Protection
The Requirement of Uniform Application

of Community Law
Intermediate Concluding Remarks
Changing the Perspective: the Creation of New Remedies

124
135
140
141
143

The ‘Simmenthal Mandate’ Embraced
6.1 Introduction
6.2 Gradual Acceptance of the Duty of Judicial Review
by the Domestic Courts: a Bird’s Eye View
6.3 Final Remarks

149
149

About Legal Orders
7.1 Introduction
7.2 The Classic Dichotomy: Monism and Dualism
7.3 What Relationship between National and
Community Law: in Search of a Doctrinal Basis
7.4 The Relationship between the Community and National
Legal Order in the Case Law of the Court of Justice
7.5 The New Legal Order and the European Union
7.6 Defining the Community Legal Order from the
National Perspective
7.7 Closing Remarks

166
166
167

The Constitutional Limits of the Judicial Function
8.1 The Place of the Courts in the National
Constitutional System
8.2 The Court of Justice and the Jurisdictional Issue
8.3 The National Answer
Explaining Acceptance
9.1 ‘Legalist’ Explanations
9.2 Judicial Dialogue
9.3 The Wider Context: National Constitutional Law
on Treaties
9.4 The Wider Context: the General Increase
of Constitutional Review
9.5 The Empowerment Thesis
9.6 The Inter-court Competition Argument
9.7 Cross-fertilisation
9.8 National Legal Cultures
9.9 La Doctrine and Personalities on the Bench…

150
164

173
179
187
187

212
214
214
222
224
246
246
249
252
253
255
257
258
260
262


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9.10 …And Beyond
9.11 The Cases at Hand
9.12 The Proportion of Community Law Cases
in Domestic Proceedings

9.13 Final Remarks
10 Excursion: The ‘Costanzo Mandate’
of Administrative Authorities
11 The ‘Francovich Mandate’: Jurisdiction to Hold
the State Liable for Breach of Community Law
11.1 Introduction
11.2 State Liability for Breach of Community Law
before Francovich
11.3 Liability of the Legislating State in National Law
11.4 The Case of Infringements of Community Law:
Pre-Francovich Decisions of National Courts
11.5 Non-contractual Liability of the Community
11.6 The European Perspective: The Court’s Case Law on
Governmental Liability for Breach of Community Law
11.7 Liability of the State: the National Answer
11.8 Conclusion

263
264
264
265

266

279
279
281
286
301
313

318
346
382

PART 2
The Court of Justice and National Constitutional Jurisdictions:
La Guerre des Juges?

385

12 Introduction

387

13 Introducing the Actors:
‘Courts Having Constitutional Jurisdiction’
13.1 Defining the Actors: National Courts
Having Constitutional Jurisdiction
13.2 The European Court of Justice as
a Rival Constitutional Court
13.3 A Strenuous Constitutional Dialogue
14 La Guerre des Juges?
14.1 Constitutional Courts and the ‘Simmenthal Mandate’:
Are the Constitutional Courts under
the Same Mandate as Ordinary Courts?
14.2 Community Law and the National Constitutional
Courts’ Mandate

391
392

399
423
452

452
463

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15 Prior Review of the Constitutionality of Treaties
15.1 The European Perspective
15.2 The National Perspective
15.3 Preventive Constitutional Review of the Treaties: A Few
Observations

465
465
469

16 A Posteriori Constitutional Review of the Treaties

16.1 The European Perspective
16.2 The National Perspective
16.3 Concluding Remarks

495
495
500
532

17 Preventive Constitutional Review of the Constitutionality
of Secondary Law
17.1 The European Perpsective
17.2 The National Perspective
17.3 Concluding Remarks

535
535
541
557

18 Judicial Review of Secondary European Union Law
by National Courts?
18.1 The European Perspective
18.2 The National Perspective
18.3 Concluding Remarks

559
559
594
645

PART 3
The National Courts’ Mandate and the Future
of the European Union

651

19 Introduction

653

20 Towards a European Constitution
20.1 Past Constitution Building: the IGC Model
20.2 The Convention Model: the Convention Preparing
the EU Charter on Fundamental Rights
20.3 The Convention on the Future of Europe
20.4 Concluding Remarks

655
655

21 The Principle of Supremacy
21.1 The Current Situation: Revolt or Revolution,
or Coexistence?
21.2 Supremacy in the European Constitution?
21.3 The Treaty Establishing a Constitution for Europe
21.4 National Primacy Provisions
21.5 The Concept of Direct Effect

x

491

656
658
665
666
666
671
675
676
678


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Contents
22 Incorporation of the National Courts’ Mandate?
22.1 General Observations
22.2 The Treaty Establishing a Constitution for Europe

680
680
682

23 Fundamental Rights
23.1 Reminder: the Current Situation
23.2 The EU Charter of Fundamental Rights
23.3 Accession to the European Convention on Human Rights
23.4 Accession and/or Charter?
23.5 The Treaty Establishing a Constitution for Europe

684
684
686
700
707
708

24 Kompetenz Kompetenz
24.1 The Current Situation
24.2 Solving the Competence Issue
24.3 Concluding Remarks

709
709
711
730

25 Conclusion

732

Bibliography

735

xi


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Table of Cases
Court of Justice
Case 8/55 Fédéchar v High Authority [1956] ECR 299 . . . . . . . . . . . . . .607
Case 6/60 Humblet v Belgian State [1960] ECR 559 . . . . . . . . 117, 282, 496
Case 26/62 NV Algemene Transport- en Expeditie Onderneming
Van Gend en Loos v Nederlandse Belastingadministratie [1963]
ECR 1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3, 19, 21, 30, 45 47, 57, 61–3, 66, 70–5,
83, 90, 94–6, 108, 132, 150, 159, 168, 171, 176,
180–2, 195, 202–3, 206–7, 216, 225, 228, 246, 249, 253,
258, 300, 312, 320, 381, 410, 423, 530, 565, 578, 668, 683
Case 2/63 Acciaierie San Michele SpA v High Authority [1963]
ECR 661 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 501–2
Joined Cases 28-30/62 Da Costa en Schaake NV and
others v Nederlandse Belastingadministratie [1963] ECR 31 . . . . . . . 435
Case 6/64 Flaminio Costa v ENEL [1964] ECR 585 . . . 3, 19, 21, 30, 45, 47,
59–60, 98, 101, 104–7, 114, 117, 125, 132, 141,

153, 168, 176, 178, 181–2, 184–6, 189–91, 195,
203, 206–8, 225, 228, 248–9, 253, 258, 264, 300, 312, 320,
409, 423, 441, 473, 488, 501, 561, 565, 578, 588–9, 607, 668, 683
Case 9/65 Acciaierie San Michele SpA v High Authority [1967]
ECR 27 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 497, 505
Case 57/65 Alfons Lütticke GmbH v Hauptzollamt
Sarrelouis [1966] ECR 205 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70
Case 27/67 Firma Fink-Frucht GmbH v Hauptzollamt
München-Landsbergerstrasse [1968] ECR 227 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 82
Case 34/67 Firma Gebrüder Lück v Hauptzollamt
Köln-Rheinau [1968] ECR 245 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 108–9, 192, 249, 456
Case 13/68 SpA Salgoil v Italian Ministry of Foreign Trade
[1968] ECR 661 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76
Case 14/68 Walt Wilhelm v Bundeskartellamt [1969] ECR 1 . . . . . . 114, 141
Case 4/69 Alfons Lütticke GmbH v Commission [1971] ECR 325 . . . . . . 314
Case 77/69 Commission v Belgium [1970] ECR 237 . . . . . . . . . . . . 327, 337
Case 8/70 Commission v Italy [1970] ECR 961 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 327
Case 11/70 Internationale Handelsgesellschaft mbH v
Einfuhr- und Vorratsstelle für Getreide und Futtermittel
[1970] ECR 1125 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8, 101, 463, 497, 525,
537, 560, 564–5, 590, 598, 696
Case 22/70 Commission v Council (ERTA) [1971] ECR 263 . . . . . . . . . . 538


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Table of Cases
Case 5/71 Aktien-Zuckerfabrik Schöppenstedt v Council [1971]
ECR 975 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 314–5, 316, 329, 540
Case 48/71 Commission v Italy [1972]
ECR 527 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 98, 109, 134, 267, 269, 537
Case 84/71 SpA Marimex v Ministero delle Finanze [1972] ECR 89 . . . . 109
Case 93/71 Leonesio [1972] ECR 287 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 337
Case 93/71 Orsolina Leonesio v Ministry for Agriculture and
Forstry of the Italian Republic [1972] ECR 291 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 186
Cases 21–24/72 International Fruit Company v Produktschap voor
Groenten en Fruit [1972] ECR 1219 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70, 84, 569–70
Case 39/72 Commission v Italy (Premiums for slaughtering
cows case) [1973] ECR 101 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 186, 282
Case 4/73 Nold v Commission [1974] ECR 491 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 419, 602
Cases 146 and 166/73 Rheinmühlen Düsseldorf v Einfuhr-und
Vorratsstelle für Getreide und Futtermittel (II) [1974] ECR 33 . . . . . 525
Case 167/73 Commission v France (French maritime
labour code) [1974] ECR 365 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 98
Case 185/73 Hauptzollamt Bielefeld v Offene Handelsgesellschaft
in Firma H.C. König [1974] ECR 616 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 540
Case 8/74 Procureur du Roi v Benoît et Gustave Dassonville
[1974] ECR 837 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 422
Case 9/74 Casagrande v Munich [1974] ECR 773 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 327
Case 41/74 Yvonne Van Duyn v Home Office [1974]
ECR 1337 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70, 88, 429
Case 36/75 Rutili v République Française
(Ministre de l’intérieur) [1975] ECR 1219 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 701
Case 43/75 Gabrielle Defrenne v Sabena [1976] ECR 455 . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70

Case 60/75 Carmine Antonio Russo v AIMA [1976] ECR 45 . . . . . 283, 201
Case 87/75 Conceria Daniele Bresciani v Amministrazione
Italiana delle Finanze [1976] ECR 129 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 85
Case 33/76 Rewe-Zentralfinanz eG and Rewe-Zentral AG v
Landwirtschaftskammer für das Saarland [1976]
ECR 1989 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65, 110, 120, 122, 126, 129, 131,
134–5, 138, 142, 276, 321, 332, 345, 373, 382, 456, 683
Case 45/76 Comet BV v Produktschap voor Siergewassen [1976]
ECR 2043 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65, 119–20, 126, 129, 131, 134–5, 138,
142, 276, 321, 332, 345, 373, 382, 456, 683
Case 51/76 Verbond van Nederlandse Ondernemingen (VNO)
v Inspecteur der Invoerrechten en Accijnzen [1977] ECR 113 . . . . . . . 89
Case 68/76 Commission v France (pommes de terre) [1977]
ECR 515 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 302
Joined Cases 83 and 94/76, 4, 15 and 40/77 Bayerische HNL
Vermehrungsbetriebe GmbH & Co KG and others v Council and
Commission [1978] ECR 1209 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 314–6, 329
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Table of Cases
Case 107/76 Hoffmann-La Roche v Centrafarm Betriebsgesellschaft

Pharmazeutische Erzeugnisse mbH [1977] ECR 957 . . . . . . . . . . . . . 441
Opinion 1/76 Laying-up Fund [1977] ECR 741 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 408
Case 38/77 Enka BV v Inspecteur der Invoerrechten en Accijnzen
[1977] ECR 2203 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 89
Case 100/77 Commission v Italy [1978] ECR 879 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 327
Case 106/77 Amministrazione delle Finanze dello Stato v
Simmenthal SpA [1978] ECR 629i . . . . . . .4, 19, 43–4, 59, 67, 68,69–118,
99–102, 122, 124, 126–8, 130–5, 142, 147, 149–65,
192–5, 207–8, 222-4, 246–9, 255–8, 261–2, 267, 272,
272–6, 320, 362, 371, 380–2, 423, 453–4, 458, 535, 565, 578, 683
Joined Cases 116 and 124/77 G. R. Amylum NV and Tunnel Refineries
Limited v Council and Commission [1979] ECR 3497 . . . . . . . . . . 316–7
Case 21/78 Knud Oluf Delkvist v Anklagemyndigheden
[1978] ECR 2327 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 89
Case 101/78 Granaria BV v Hoofdproduktschap voor
Akkerbouwprodukten [1979] ECR 623 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 283
Case 120/78 Rewe-Zentral AG v Bundesmonopolverwaltung
für Branntwein (Cassis de Dijon) [1979] ECR 649 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 422
Case 148/78 Criminal proceedings against Tullio Ratti [1979]
ECR 1629 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59, 67, 270
Case 168/78 Commission v France [1980] ECR 347 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 350
Case 230/78 SpA Eridania-Zuccherifici nazionali v Minister
for Agriculture and Forestry [1979] ECR 2749 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 638
Case 25/79 Sanicentral GmbH v Réné Collin [1979] ECR 3423 . . . . . . . 589
Case 44/79 Liselotte Hauer v Rheinland Pfalz [1979] ECR 3727 . . . . . . . 419
Case 102/79 Commission v Belgium [1980] ECR 1473 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 537
Case 149/79 Commission v Belgium [1980] ECR 3881 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .537
Case 811/79 Amministrazione delle finanze dello Stato v Ariete
SpA [1980] 2545 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65
Case 112/80 Firma Anton Dürbeck v Hauptzollamt Frankfurt

am Main-Flughafen [1981] ECR 1095 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 570
Case 158/80 Rewe-Handelsgesellschaft Nord mbH and Rewe-Markt
Steffen v Hauptzollamt Kiel (butter-buying cruises)
[1981] ECR 1805 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 142, 457
Case 244/80 Foglia v Novello (No. 2) [1981] ECR 3045 . . . . . . . . . . . 433–4
Case 270/80 Hauptzollamt Mainz v Kupferberg [1982]
ECR 3641 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 572
Case 8/81 Ursula Becker v Finanzamt Münster-Innenstadt
[1982] ECR 53 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70, 77, 79–81, 269, 429
Case 17/81 Pabst [1982] ECR 1331 (Association agreement
with Greece) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 85
Case 104/81 Hauptzollamt Mainz v C.A. Kupferberg &
Cie KG a.A [1982] ECR 3641 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 85, 96–7
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Case 104/81 Kupferberg & Cie KG a.A [1982] ECR 3659 . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70
Case 283/81 Srl CILFIT v Ministry of Health [1982]
ECR 3415 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 435–6, 444
Joined Cases 314-316/81 and 83/82 Procureur de la République v
Waterkeyn [1982] ECR 4337 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 269

Joined Cases 35/82 and 36/82 Morson and Jhanjan v State of the
Netherlands [1982] ECR 3723 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 441
Case 90/82 Commission v France [1983] ECR 2011 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 347
Case 216/82 Universität Hamburg v Hauptzollamt
Hamburg-Kehrwieder [1983] 2771 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 569
Case 288/82 Ferdinand Duijnstee v Lodewijk Goderbauer [1983]
ECR 3663 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 105, 589
Case 14/83 Sabine von Colson and Elisabeth Kamann v Land
Nordrhein-Westfalen [1984] ECR 1891 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64, 136, 145
Case 70/83 Kloppenburg v Finanzamt Leer [1984] ECR 1075 . . . . . . . . . 429
Case 181/83 Roussel Laboratoria BV v The Netherlands [1983]
ECR 3849 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 309
Case 293/83 Françoise Gravier v City of Liège [1985]
ECR 593 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 311
Case 294/83 Les Verts v European Parliament [1986]
ECR 1339 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 409–11, 413, 566, 580, 581
Case 103/84 Commission v Italy [1986] ECR 1759 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 282
Case 152/84 M. H. Marshall v Southampton and South-West Hampshire
Area Health Authority (Teaching) [1986]
ECR 723 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70, 269, 270
Case 178/84 Commission v Germany (German purity of beer law)
[1987] ECR 1227 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 324
Case 179/84 Bozzetti v Invernizzi [1985] ECR 2301 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67
Case 187/84 Commission v Germany (Biersteuergesetz) [1987]
ECR 1226 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 253
Case 222/84 Johnston v Chief Constable of the Royal Ulster
Constabulary [1986] ECR 1651 . . . . . . . . . 137, 140, 146–7, 270, 580, 683
Case 309/84 Commission v Italy [1986] 599 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 282
Case 154/85 Commission v Italy [1987] 2717 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 282
Case 239/85 Commission v Belgium [1986] ECR 3645 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 327

Joined Cases 281/85, 283-285/85 and 287/85, Germany, France,
The Netherlands, Denmark and United Kingdom v
Commission [1987] ECR 3203 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 607
Case 314/85 Foto-Frost v Hauptzollamt Lübeck-Ost [1987]
ECR 4199 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23, 43, 68, 141, 411, 435, 463, 525,
560–1, 562–69, 578–83, 586, 590–4,
606, 622, 630, 642, 682, 708–9, 723, 725, 731
Case 12/86 Demirel v Stadt Schwäbisch Gmümd [1987]
ECR 3719 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 573
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Case 24/86 Vincent Blaizot and others v University of Liège
and others [1988] ECR 379 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 312
Joined Cases 31 and 35/86 Levantina Agricola Industrial SA
(LAISA) and CPC Espana SA v Council of the EC [1988]
ECR 2285 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 408, 498
Case 68/86 United Kingdom v Council (hormones) [1988]
ECR 855 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 114–5
Case 74/86 Commission v Germany [1988] ECR 2139 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 452
Case 80/86 Criminal proceedings against Kolpinghuis

Nijmegen BV [1987] ECR 3969 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 273
Case 104/86 Commission v Italy [1988] ECR 1799 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 98, 452
Case 222/86 UNECTEF v Georges Heylens [1987] ECR 4097 . . . . 138, 140,
146–7, 580
Case 22/87 Commission v Italy [1989] ECR 163 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 318
Joined Cases 62 and 72/87 Exécutif Régional Wallon and
Glaverbel SA v Commission [1988] ECR 1573 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 727
Case 70/87 Fediol v Commission [1989] ECR 1781 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 570
Case 80/87 A. Dik, A. Menkutos-Demirci and H. G. W.
Laar-Vreeman v College van Burgemeester en Wethouders
Arnhem and Winterswijk [1988] ECR I-1601 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 376
Case 142/87 R Belgium v Commission [1987] ECR 2589 . . . . . . . . . . . . 727
Case 169/87 Commission v France [1988] ECR 4093 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 347
Joined Cases 193 and 194/87 Maurissen and EPSU v
Court of Auditors of the EC [1989] ECR 1045 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 408
Case C-213/87 Gemeente Amsterdam and (Stichting
Vrouwenvakschool voor Informatica Amsterdam (VIA) v
Commission [1990] ECR I-221 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 727
Case 302/87 European Parliament v Council of the EC
(Comitology) [1988] ECR 5615 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 408
Case 2/88 Imm. Zwartveld and Others [1990]
ECR I-3365 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58, 409–11, 413, 550, 557
Case 5/88 Hubert Wachauf v Bundesamt für Ernährung
und Forstwirtschaft [1989] ECR 2609 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68, 685
Case C-70/88 European Parliament v Council [1990]
ECR I-2041 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 408, 581
Case 103/88 Fratelli Costanzo SpA v Comune di Milano
[1989] ECR 1839 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13, 88, 99, 109, 135,
266–78, 348, 357, 382, 453
Case 222/83 Municipality of Differdange v

Commission [1984] ECR 2889 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 727
Joined Cases C-143/88 and C-92/89 Zuckerfabrik Süderdithmarschen
AG v Hauptzollamt Itzehoe and Zückerfabrik Soest AG v Hautzollamt
Paderborn [1991] ECR I-415 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .130, 141, 563, 130

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Case C-221/88 ECSC v Acciaierie e Ferriere Busseni (in liquidation)
[1990] ECR I-495 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 269, 563
Case C-69/89 Nakajima All Precision Co Ltd v Council [1991]
ECR I-2069 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 570
Case C-85/89 Commission v Germany [1991] ECR I-4983 . . . . . . . . . . . 327
Case C-106/89 Marleasing SA v La Comercial Internacionale de
Alimentacion SA [1990] ECR I-4135 . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44, 65, 67, 115, 145
Case C-184/89 Helga Nimz v City of Hamburg [1991]
ECR I-297 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 98
Case C-188/89 A. Foster and others v British Gas plc [1990]
ECR I-3313 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 270, 337
Case C-192/89 Sevince v Staatssecretaris van Justitie [1990]
ECR I-3461 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 573

Case C-213/89 The Queen v Secretary of State for Transport, ex parte
Factortame Ltd and Others (Factotrame II) [1990]
ECR I-2433 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44, 68, 100, 122, 126, 222, 235, 246,
249–50, 258, 276, 380–1, 396, 580, 683
Case C-221/89 The Queen v Secretary of State for Transport,
ex parte Factortame (Factortame I) [1991] ECR I-3905 . . . . . . . . 126, 326
Case C-234/89 Stergois Delimitis v Henniger Bräu AG [1991]
ECR I-935 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68
Case 246/89 R Commission v United Kingdom
(Merchant Shipping Act) [1989] ECR 3125 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 326
Case C-260/89 Elleniki Radiophonia Tiléorassi AE v Dimotiki Etairia
Pliroforissis (ERT) [1991] ECR I-2925 . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68, 425, 446, 685
Case C-307/89 Commission v France [1991] ECR I-2903 . . . . . . . . 452, 455
Case C-313/89 Commission v Spain [1991] ECR I-5231 . . . . . . . . . . . . . 499
Case C-340/89 Irène Vlassopoulou v Ministerium für Justiz, Bundes- und
Europaangelegenheiten Baden-Württemberg [1991] ECR I-2357 . . . . .345
Joined Cases C-6/90 and 9/90 Andrea Francovich and Danila
Bonifaci and Others v Italian Republic [1991]
ECR I-5357 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . i, 21, 23, 44, 65, 67, 68, 76, 80–1, 117,
122, 132–3, 146–8, 279–82, 285, 287–9, 291,
295, 300–1, 303, 309–10, 312, 318–24, 326,
328, 330, 332–3, 336, 340, 343–4, 346, 357–8,
360, 362–3, 365–8, 374–5, 377–8, 380–3, 683
Case C-18/90 Onem v Kziber [1991] ECR I-199 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 85, 572
Joined Cases C-87/90, C-88/90 and C-89/90 Verholen and
others v Sociale Verzekeringsbank [1991] ECR I-3756 . . . . . . . . . . . . 138
Case C-159/90 The Society for the Protection of Unborn
Children Ireland Ltd v Grogan [1991] ECR I-4685 . . . . . . . . .534, 528–9
Case C-208/90 Teresa Emmott v Minister for Social Welfare
and Attorney General [1991] ECR I-4296 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 122

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Case C-282/90 Vreugdenhill v Commission
(Vreugdenhill II) [1992] ECR I-1937 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 316
Case C-295/90 European Parliament v Council [1992] ECR I-4193 . . . . 607
Joined Cases C-320/90, C-321/90 and C-322/90 Telemarsicabruzzo
SpA v Circostel and Ministero delle Poste e Telecomunicazioni and
Ministero della Difesa [1993] I-393 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 433–4
Case C-343/90 Lourenco Dias v Director da Alfandega
do Porto [1992] ECR I-4673 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 434
Case C-83/91 Wienand Meilicke v ADV/ORGA F.A. Meyer AG
[1992] ECR I-487 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 434
Case C-97/91 Oleificio Borelli v Commission
[1992] I-6313 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 138, 140, 146, 162, 541, 549
Case C-101/91 Commission v Italy [1993] ECR I-191 . . . . . . . 134, 269, 276
Case C-158/91 Criminal proceedings against Jean-Claude
Levy [1993] I-4287 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 574
Joined Cases C-181/91 and C-248/91 European Parliament v
Council of the EC and Commission of the EC [1993]

ECR I-3685 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 408, 538
Joined Cases C-267 and C-268/91 Criminal proceedings
against Keck and Mithouard [1993] ECR I-6097 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 422
Case C-271/91 Helen Marshall v Southampton West Hampshire
Area Health Authority [1993] ECR 4367 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 136
Case C-314/91 Beate Weber v European Parliament [1993]
ECR I-1093 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 411, 413
Case C-328/91 Secretary of State for Social Security v Evelyn
Thomas and Others [1993] ECR I-1247 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 263
Case C-338/91 Steenhorst-Neerings v Bestuur van de
Bedrijfsvereniging voor de Detailhandel, Ambachten en
Huisvrouwen [1993] ECR I-5475 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 122
Opinion 1/91 on the EEA Agreement (No. 1) [1991]
ECR I-6079 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21, 410–11, 413, 607
Case C-2/92 The Queen v Ministry for Agriculture, Fisheries and
Food, ex parte Dennis Clifford Bostock [1994] ECR I-955 . . . . . . . . . . 68
Case C-31/92 Marius Larsy v Inasti [1993] ECR I-4543 . . . . . . . . . . . . . 133
Case C-66/92 Genaro Acciardi v Commissie Beroepszaken Administratieve
Geschillen in de Provinice Noord-Holland [1993] ECR I-4567 . . . . . . 376
Case C-91/92 Paola Faccini Dori v Recreb Srl [1994]
ECR I-3325 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 269, 360
Case C-128/92 H.J. Banks & Co. Ltd v British Coal Corporation
[1994] ECR I-1209 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83, 145, 324
Case C-157/92 Pretore di Genova v Giorgio Banchero [1993]
ECR I-1085 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 434
Case C-188/92 TWD Textilwerke Deggendorf GmbH v
Germany [1994] ECR I-833 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 568–9
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Case C-236/92 Comitato di Coordinamento per la Difesa della Cava and
others v Regione Lombardia and others [1994] ECR I-483 . . . . . . . . . . 76
Case C-319/92 Salomone Haim v Kassenzahnärtztiche Vereinigung
Nordrhein (Haim I) [1994] ECR I-425 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 240
Case C-334/92 Wagner Miret v Fondo de Garantía Salarial [1993]
ECR I-6911 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 80, 321
Case C-410/92 Elsie Rita Johnson v Chief Adjudication Officer
[1994] ECR I-5483 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 122
Case C-431/92 Commission v Germany
(Grosskrotzenburg) [1995] ECR I-2189 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77, 88–9
Case C-18/93 Corsica Ferries Italia Srl v Corpo dei Piloti del Porto
di Genova [1994] ECR I-1783 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 434
Joined Cases C-46/93 and C-48/93 Brasserie du Pêcheur SA v
Germany and The Queen v Secretary of State for Transport,
ex parte Factortame Ltd and Others (Brasseire and
Factortame III) [1996] ECR 1029 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 132–6, 146–7, 222,
249, 279–80, 293, 296, 324–6, 327, 330,
332–4, 336, 338, 340–1, 343–4, 346–7, 349, 351,
358–60, 367, 368, 371, 374–5, 381
Case C-65/93 European Parliament v Council [1995] ECR I-643 . . . . . . 413
Case C-230/93 R Germany v Council [1993] ECR I-3667 . . . . . . . . . . . . 612

Case C-280/93 Germany v Council (bananas) [1994]
ECR I-4973 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 78, 84, 449, 540, 570, 573, 612–3, 615, 617
Case C-392/93 The Queen v H.M. Treasury, ex parte
British Telecommunications [1996] ECR I-1631 . . . . . 347, 360, 367, 377
Joined Cases C-430/93 and C-431/93 Van Schijndel en
Van Veen v Stichting Pensioenfonds voor Fysiotherapeuten
[1995] I-4705 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68, 82, 100, 123–4, 130–1,
134, 142, 276, 380
Case 441/93 Paganis Pafitis and others v Traeza Kentrikis Ellados
A.E. and others [1996] ECR I-1347 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 141–2
Case C-465/93 Altanta Fruchthandelsgesellschaft mbH
and others v Bundesamt für Ernähnrung und Forstwirtschaft
[1995] ECR I-3761 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43, 68, 130, 564, 612, 614
Case C-466/93 Atlanta and others v Bundesamt für Ernährung
und Forstwirtschaft [1995] ECR I-3799 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 612, 614–5
Case C-469/93 Amministrazione delle Finanze dello Stato v
Chiquita Italia [1995] ECR I-4533 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 85
Case C-473/93 Commission v Luxemburg [1996] ECR I-3207 . . . . . . . . 537
Case C-479/93 Andrea Francovich v Italian Republic (Francovich II)
[1995] ECR I-3843 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 354
Case C-5/94 The Queen v Ministry of Agriculture, Fisheries
and Food, ex parte Hedley Lomas (Ireland) Ltd [1996]
ECR I-2553 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 230–1, 233, 336, 344, 351, 260
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Case C-84/94 United Kingdom v Council (Working Time Directive)
[1996] ECR I-5755 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 364
Case C-167/94 Criminal proceedings v Grau Gomis and Others
[1995] I-1023 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 586
Case C-175/94 The Queen v Secretary of State for the Home
Department, ex parte John Gallagher [1995] ECR I-4253 . . . . . . . . . . 360
Joined Cases C-178/94, C-179/94, C-189/94 and C-190/94
Erich Dillenkofer and Others v Germany [1996]
ECR I-4845 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 234–5, 336, 344, 364, 374
Case C-192/94 El Corte Inglés v Cristina Blàzques Rivero [1996]
ECR I-1281 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 321
Case C-253/94 P Olivier Roujansky v Council of the
European Union [1995] I-7 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 498
Case C-290/94 Commission v Greece [1996] ECR I-3285 . . . . . . . . . . . . 537
Opinion 2/94 Accession by the Community
to the ECHR [1996] ECR I-1759 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 419, 649, 657, 701
Opinion 2/94 Accession by the Community to the ECHR
[1996] ECR I-1788 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 516, 625
Case C-27/95 Woodspring District Council v Bakers
of Nailsea Ltd [1997] ECR I-1847 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 560, 562–3
Case C-66/95 The Queen v Secretary of State for Social Security,
ex parte Eunice Sutton [1997] ECR I-2163 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 363
Case C-68/95 T. Port GmbH Co. KG v Bundesanstalt für
Landwirtschaft und Ernährung (T.Port I)
[1996] ECR I-6065 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 450, 564, 595, 613–4, 617, 619

Case C-72/95 Aannemersbedrijf Kraaijeveld BV v
Gedeputeerde Staten van Zuid-Holland [1996]
ECR I-5403 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67–8, 82, 89, 110, 114
Case C-87/95 P CNPAAP v Council [1996] ECR I-2003 . . . . . . . . . . . . 567
Joined Cases C-94/95 and C-95/95 Danila Bonifaci and Others
and Wanda Berto and Others v INPS [1997] ECR I-3969 . . . . . . 67, 356
Case C-122/95 Germany v Council [1998] I-973 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 616
Case C-185/95 Baustahlgewerbe GmbH v Commission [1998]
ECR I-8417 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 701
Case C-188/95 Fantask v Industriministeriet [1997]
ECR I-6783 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 122
Case C-127/95 Norbrook Laboratories Ltd v Ministry of Agrigulture,
Fisheries and Food [1998] ECR 1531 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 326
Case C-178/95 Wiljo v Belgian State [1997] ECR I-585 . . . . . . . . . . . . . 569
Case C-182/95 T Port v Hauptzollamt Hamburg-Jonas),
Finanzgericht Hamburg . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 614
Case C-183/95 Affish BV v Rijksdienst voor de keuring van Vee en
Vlees [1997] ECR I-4315 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 572
Case C-231/95P Greenpeace v Commission [1998] ECR I-1651 . . . . . . . 579
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Case C-241/95 The Queen v Intervention Board for Agricultural
Products, ex parte Accrington Beef [1996] ECR I-6699 . . . . . . . . . . . 568
Case C-261/95 Rosalba Palmisani v INPS [1997] ECR I-4025 . . . . 122, 256
Case C-299/95 Friedrich Kremzow v Austrian State [1997]
ECR I-2629 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 685
Case C-321/95 P Stichting Greenpeace Council (Greenpeace International)
and Others v Commission [1998] ECR I-1651 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59, 139
Case C-337/95 Parfums Christian Dior SA and Parfums
Christian Dior BV v Evora BV [1997] ECR I-6013 . . . . . . . . . . . . 441–2
Case C-334/95 Krüger GmbH & Co. KG v Hauptzollamt
Hamburg-Jonas [1997] ECR I-4517 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 564
Joined Cases 364/95 and 365/95 T. Port GmbH v Hauptzollamt
Hamburg-Jonas [1998] ECR I-1023 . . . . . . . . . . . . 84, 572, 574, 614, 616
Case C-368/95 Familiapress [1997] ECR I-3689 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 685
Case C-373/95 Federica Maso and Others and Graziano Gazzetta and
Others v INPS [1997] ECR I-4051 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 356
Case C-390/95 P Antillean Rice Mills NV v Commission [1999]
ECR I-769 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 545
Case C-408/95 Eurotunnel v SeaFrance [1997] ECR I-6315 . . . . . . . . . . 568
Case C-53/96 Hermès International v FTH Marketing
Choice BV [1998] ECR I-3603 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 572
Case C-54/96 Dorsch Consult Ingenieurgesellschaft mbH v
Bundesbaugesellschaft Berlin mbH [1997]
ECR I-4961 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 273, 436, 438–9
Case C-149/96 Portugal v Council (Portuguese Textiles Case)
[1999] ECR I-8395 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 78, 81, 84–6, 96, 571–2, 618
Case C-162/96 A. Racke GmbH v Hauptzollamt Mainz
[1998] ECR I-3655 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 560–1, 569
Case C-170/96 Commission v Council (airport transit visas)

[1998] I-2763 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 539, 585
Case C-197/96 Commission v France (nightwork for women)
[1997] ECR I-1489 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 98
Case C-231/96 Edilizia Industriale Siderurgica Srl (Edis) v
Ministero delle Finanze [1998] ECR I-4951 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 124
Case C-260/96 Ministero delle Finanze v Spac SpA [1998]
ECR I-4997 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 124
Case C-262/96 Sema Sürül v Bundesanstalt für Arbeit [1999]
ECR I-2685 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 573
Case C-228/96 Aprile Srl, in liquidation v Ministero delle Finanze
dello Stato [1998] ECR I-7141 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 124
Case C-319/96 Brinkmann Tabakfabriken GmbH v Skatteministeriet
[1998] ECR I-5255 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 336, 342
Case C-326/96 B.S. Levez v T.H. Jennings (Harlow Pools) Ltd
[1998] ECR I-7835 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 122, 124, 142
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Case C-343/96 Dilexport Srl v Amministratzione delle Finanze
dello Stato [1999] ECR I-579 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 124
Case C-352/96 Italy v Council [1998] ECR I-6937 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 570

Case C-2/97 Salomone Haim v Kassenzahnärztliche Vereinigung
Nordrhein [2000] ECR I-512 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 336–7
Joined Cases C-10/97 to C-22/97 Ministero delle Finanze v
IN.CO.GE.’90 Srl and others
[1998] ECR I-6307 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99, 109, 124, 249, 452, 455
Case C-70/97 P Kruidvat BVBA v Commission [1998]
ECR I-7183 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59, 139, 567, 579
Case C-93/97 Fédération belge des Chambres Syndicales de
Médecins ASBL [1998] ECR I-4837 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 437
Case C-104/97 P Atlanta at al. v Commission and Council [1999]
ECR I-6983 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 612, 615–6
Case C-180/97 Regione Toscana v Commission [1997]
ECR I-5245 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 727
Case C-185/97 Belinda Jane Coote v Granada Hospitality Ltd [1998]
I-5199 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 136
Case C-224/97 Erich Ciola v Land Vorarlberg [1999]
ECR I-2517 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 98–99, 101, 109–10, 272, 453, 456
Case C-301/97 Netherlands v Council (judgment of
22 November 2001) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 545
Case C-302/97 Klaus Konle v Republic of Austria [1999]
ECR I-3099 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 336, 337–40
Case C-387/97 Commission v Greece [2000] ECR I-5047 . . . . . . . . . . . . 285
Case C-424/97 Salomone Haim v Kassenzahnärtztiche
Vereinigung Nordrhein (Haim II) [2000] I-5123 . . . . . . . . . .340–2, 344–5
Case C-435/97 WWF and Others v Autonome Provinz Bozen
and Others [1999] ECR I-5613 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 89
Case C-17/98 Emesa Sugar (Free Zone) NV v Aruba [2000]
ECR I-675 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 545–7, 549, 564
Case C-37/98 The Queen v Secretary of State for the Home
Department, ex parte Abdulnasir Savas [2000] ECR I-2927 . . . . . . . . 572

Case C-65/98 Safet Eyüp v Landesgeschäftsstelle des Arbeitsmarktservice
Vorarlberg [2000] ECR I-4747 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 250
Joined Cases C-110/98 to C-147/98 Gabalfrisa and Others v
Agencia Estatal de Administraciòn Tributaria [2000]
ECR I-1577 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 436, 439
Case C-287/98 Luxembourg v Berthe Linster and Others [2000]
ECR I-6917 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76, 89, 113
Joined Cases C-300/98 and C-392/98 Parfums Christian
Dior SA v TUK Consultancy BV and Assco Gerüste GmbH
and Rob van Dijk v Wilhelm Layher GmbH & Co. KG
and Layher BV [2000] ECR-11307 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 78, 85, 571–2
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Case C-376/98 Germany v European Parliament and Council
of the European Union (tobacco advertising and sponsoring)
[2000] ECR I-8419 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42, 649
Case C-377/98 The Netherlands v European Parliament
and Council (Biotechnology) [2001] ECR I-7079 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 421
Joined Cases C-397/98 and C-410/98 Metallgesellschaft Ltd,
Hoechst AG and Hoechst (UK) Ltd v Commissioners of

Inland Revenue and HM Attorney General [2000]
ECR I-1727 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 98, 336
Case C-446/98 Fazenda Pública v Câmara Municipal
do Porto [2000] ECR 11435 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 101
Case C-452/98 Netherlands Antilles v Council [2001] ECR I-8973 . . . . . 545
Case C-6/99 Association Greenpeace France v Ministère
de l’Agriculture et de la Pêche [2000] ECR I-1651 . . . . . . . . . . . . 79, 563
Case C-63/99 The Queen v Secretary of State for the Home
Department, ex parte Gloszczuk and Gloszczuk [2001]
ECR I-6369 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 82, 85, 572
Case C-74/99 The Queen v Secretary of State for Health and
Others, ex parte Imperial Tobacco Ltd and Others [2000]
ECR I-8599 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42
Case C-143/99 Adria-Wien Pipeline GmbH v Finanzlandesdirektion
für Kärnten [2001] ECR I-8365 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 437–8
Case C-150/99 Svenska Staten v Stockholm Lindöpark AB and
Stockholm Lindöpark AB v Svenska Staten [2001] I-493 . . . . . . . . . . . 236
Case C-173/99 Broadcasting, Entertainment, Cinematographic and
Theatre Union (BECTU) v Secretary of State for Trade and
Industry [2001] ECR I-4881 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 421
Case C-226/99 Siples Srl v Ministero delle Finanze [2001]
ECR I-277 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 138
Case C-235/99 The Queen v Secretary of State for
the Home Department, ex parte Kondova [2001]
ECR I-6427 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79, 82, 85, 572
Joined Cases C-238/99 P, C-244/99 P, C-245/99 P, C-247/99 P,
C-250/99 P to C-252/99 P and C-254/99 P Limburgse
Vinyl Maatschappij (LVM) and Others v Commission [2002]
ECR I-8375 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 420
Case C-239/99 Nachi Europe GmbH v Hauptzollamt Krefeld [2001]

ECR I-1197 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 569
Case C-257/99 The Queen v Secretary of State for the Home
Department, ex parte Barkoci and Malik [2001]
ECR I-6557 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79, 82, 85
Case C-268/99 Jany and Others v Staatssecretaris van Justitie
[2001] ECR I-8615 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79, 82, 85
Case C-270/99 Z v Parliament [2001] ECR I-9197 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 420
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Case C-353/99 P Council v Heidi Hautala [2001]
ECR I-9565 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 421
Case C-453/99 Courage Ltd v Bernard Crehan and Bernard
Crehan v Courage Ltd and Others [2001] ECR I-06297 . . . . . . . . . . . 324
Case C-17/00 De Coster v College van Burgemeester en
Schepenen van Watermaal-Bosvoorde [2001]
ECR I-9445 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 436, 438–9
Joined Cases C-27/00 and C-122/00 The Queen v Secretary of
State for the Environment, Transport and the Regions,
ex parte Omega Air Ltd [2002] ECR I-2569 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 571–2
Case C-50/00 P Unión de Pequeños Agricultores v

Council [2002] ECR I-6677 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41–2, 59, 65, 140,
421, 555, 560–1, 567, 579–80,
582–3, 593, 682
Case C-60/00 Mary Carpenter v Secretary of State for the
Home Department [2002] ECR I-6279 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68
Case C-92/00 Hospital Ingenieure Krankenhaustechnik
Planungs-GmbH (HI) v Stadt Wien [2002] ECR I-5553 . . . . . . . . . . 142
Case C-94/00 Roquette Frères SA v Directeur général de
la concurrence, de la consommation et de la répression des fraudes
[2002] ECR I-9011 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 420
Case C-99/00 Criminal proceedings against Kenny Roland
Lyckeskog [2002] ECR I- 4839 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 441
Case C-118/00 Gervais Larsy v Inasti [2001]
ECR I-5063 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 98, 100, 133–5, 274,
333, 336–7, 342, 453
Case C-159/00 Sapod Audic v Eco-Emballages SA [2002]
ECR I-5031 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 110–1
Cases C-187/01 Criminal proceedings against Hüseyn Gözütok
and C-385/01 Criminal proceedings against
Klaus Brügge [2003] ECR I-1345 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95, 585
Case C-224/01 Gerhard Köbler v Republik Österreich,
[2003] ECR I-10239 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 280, 336, 428, 450
Case C-241/01 National Farmers’ Union v Sécretariat général
du gouvernement [2002] ECR I-9079 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 569
Case C-278/01 Commission v Spain, decision of
25 November 2003, . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 285
Case C-453/00 Kühne & Heitz NV v Productschap voor
Plumvee en Eieren, Judgement of 13 January nyr . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 110
Case C-491/01 The Queen v Secretary of State for Health,
ex parte British American Tobacco (Investments) Ltd and

Others [2002] ECR I-11453 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42
Case C-167/02 P Willy Rothley and Others v
European Parliament . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 412
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Case C-171/01 Wählergruppe ‘Gemeinsam Zajedno/Birlikte
Alternative und Grüne Gewerkschaftr Innen/UG’ pending,
Opinion of AG Jacobs delivered on 12 December 2002 . . . . . . . . 444
Court of First Instance
Case T-51/89 Tetra Pak Rausing SA v Commission
[1990] ECR II-309 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3, 58
Case T-521/93 Atlanta and others v Council
and Commission [1996] ECR II-1707 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 612, 615–6
Case T-584/93 Olivier Roujansky v Council
of the European Union [1994] ECR II-585 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 498
Case T-398/94 Kahn Scheepvaart BV v Commission [1996]
ECR II-477 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 580
Case T-174/95 Svenska Journalistförbundet v Council [1998]
ECR II-2289 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 591
Case T-214/95 Vlaams Gewest v Commission [1998] ECR II-717 . . . . . . 727

Case T-219/95 R Marie-Therese Danielson et al v Commission
(Mururoa nuclear tests case) [1995] ECR II-3051 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58
Joined Cases T-79/96, T-260/97 and T-117/98 Camar srl and
Tico srl v Commission and Council [2000] ECR II-2193 . . . . . . . . . . 617
Case T-113/96 Dubois et Fils v Council and Commission [1998]
ECR II-125 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 498
Case T-175/96, Georges Berthu v Commission
[1997] ECR I-811 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 539, 546
Case T-39/97 T. Port v Commission [1997] ECR II-2125 . . . . . . . . . . . . 615
Case T-207/97 Georges Berthu v Council [1998] ECR II-509 . . . . . . . . . 539
Case T-238/97 Comunidad Autònoma de Cantabria v Council [1998]
ECR II-2271 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 727
Case T-251/97 T. Port v Commission [2000] ECR II-1775 . . . . . . . . . . 615–6
Case T-609/97 Regione Puglia v Commission and Spain [1988]
ECR II-4051 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 727
Case T-14/98 Hautala v Council [1999] ECR II-2489 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 591
Case T-32 and 41/98 Netherlands Antilles v Commission [2000]
ECR II-201 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 545, 727
Case T-1/99 T. Port v Commission [2001] ECR II-465 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 618
Case T-2/99 T. Port v Council [2001] ECR II-2093 . . . . . . . . . . . . . 575, 618
Case T-3/99 Bananatrading GmbH v Council [2001]
ECR II-2123 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 574–5, 618
Case T-52/99 T. Port v Commission [2001] ECR II-981 . . . . . . . . . . . . . 618
Case T-54/99 max.mobil Telekommunikation Service GmbH v
Commission [2002] ECR II-313 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 421
Joined Cases T-222/99, T-327/99 and T-329/99
Jean-Claude Martinez, Charles de Gaulle and Others v
European Parliament [2001] ECR II-2823 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 412
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