Grammar Train (English Grammar) - Ngữ pháp tiếng anh

Grammar Train
Jean-Louis Martine

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I Know Nouns!
Nouns are names given to any object in the real world Concrete nouns or
any state of mind e.g. Love hate etc Abstract nouns
The word Noun comes from the Latin word “numen” meaning name.
We can work out if a word is a noun by asking are selves is it a name.
When learning a foreign language one of the first and most useful question we
can learn to ask is……………………..
What is it called?

What do you call that?

You are asking for the name of something, a place, a person, an object or a
thing even an emotion is a noun.
Examples of Common Nouns (Common Names)
What is it called?

It’s called a frog.
Frog is the name we give to this kind of animal.

What is it called?
It’s called snow.

What is it called?

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It’s called a city.
* Be careful when deciding if you think a word is a noun or not. Emotions like
Love, Hate and Happiness are all nouns. Activities like play, work and leisure are
also nouns. All the colours are also nouns.

What is it called?
It’s called love.

What is it called? It’s called wonder.

What is it called? It’s called a thunderstorm.

*Nouns come in more than one group.

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I Know
Common and Proper Nouns
A common noun is the name given to any non-specific item object or place.
Common nouns start with a small letter.
A proper noun is the name given to a specific object person or place.
Example
What is it called? It’s called a cat. (Common noun)
What is your cat called? His name is Tom. (Proper noun)
What is it called? It’s called a city. (Common noun)
What is this city called? It’s called London. (Proper noun)
Only names that are specific are proper nouns and all proper nouns are written
with a capital letter.

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I Know
Countable nouns and Un-countable nouns
Can you count it? Yes you can!
How many cats are there? There are five cats! (Countable noun)
How many rivers are there? There are hundreds of rivers. (Countable noun)
All nouns that can be counted can be expressed in the singular or plural. The
most common expression of the plural is by the addition of an “s” at the end of the

noun.
Cat becomes cats.
River becomes rivers.
This is known as “the regular” form. For most plural forms the addition of an
“s” to the original singular form will be sufficient to create the plural.
However there are many exceptions.
Here are some of the most common exceptions.

I Know Regular and Irregular countable nouns
Regular Nouns
Singular
Cat
Pen
Television
Hammer
School
Job
Session
Tradition
Instrument

5

>
>
>
>
>
>
>

>
>

Irregular Nouns

Plural
Cats
Pens
Televisions
Hammers
Schools
Jobs
Sessions
Traditions
Instruments

Jean - Louis Martine

Singular
Chid
Man
Woman
Person
Mouse
Sheep
Series
Kiss
Tooth

Grammar Train

>
>
>
>
>
>
>
>
>

Plural
Children
Men
Women
People
Mice
Sheep
Series
Kisses
Teeth

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Can you count it? No you can’t!
Many Nouns cannot be counted by the nature of what they are that is it makes
no sense to use numbers when talking about them. This applies to all abstract nouns
and some common nouns.
How much do you love me? I Love you a lot. Correct

Can you count it? No you can’t
How many do you love me? I love you twelve! Incorrect
Can you count it? No you can’t
You must really hate him. Yes I hate him a lot. Correct
Can you count it? No you can’t
You must hate him twenty-seven. I hate him thirty. Incorrect
Can you count it? No you can’t
Other examples of uncountable nouns are liquids and similar things like sugar,
salt and butter, which are inherently difficult to count. There are ways that we can get
around this problem by the addition of something that is countable.
e.g.
1) Three spoonfuls of sugar.
Instead of counting the sugar (grain by gain) we count how many spoons of
sugar we want. Red = Uncountable noun Blue = Countable counter part
The same is true of liquids. Like beer, wine, water or milk.
2) Three glasses of wine.

3) Five pints of beer.

4) Four litters of milk

5) Six bags of cement.

5) Two pieces of furniture.

Nouns
Regular Countable Nouns
Singular
Cat
>

Pen
>
Television >
Hammer >
School
>

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Plural
Cats
Pens
Televisions
Hammers
Schools

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Irregular Countable Nouns
Singular
Chid
>
Man
>
Woman
>
Person
>

Plural

Children
Men
Women
People

Grammar Train

Uncountable Nouns
Singular only
Milk
Love
Money
Furniture

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I know Possessive forms
The simplest way to explain this is that a possessive from of noun is used to
indicate ownership over something from the word “possession”, meaning to belong
to, or to be owned by.
The simplest way to spot a possessive noun is to look for ’s
It is John’s book. The book belongs to John.
That is Mary’s leg. It is part of her body.
That is Louis’ picture. Louis painted it.
Beijing is China’s capital city. Beijing belongs to China.
The Mississippi is America’s most famous river. The Mississippi belongs to
America.

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I Know
Compound Nouns and Noun Combinations
Nouns are often put together or combined to express one thing, this is
known as a noun combination. When noun combinations are a regular occurrence

–

the two nouns are often joined by a hyphen
or can even be written as one word.
When nouns are combined they act as one. The first noun in a noun combination often
tells us more about the second “main” noun acting in some way like an adjective.

Examples: of Compound nouns and noun combinations

light bulb
computer virus
mobile phone

ice-cream
timetable

weekend

battlefield
schoolbag
homework

I Know
Collective Nouns
Collective nouns are used to refer to groups of people. Although a group
contains more than one individual, collective nouns can be used in the singular,
depending on weather you want to emphasise, the group as a unified body or the
individuals within the group.

Everyone is happy
The Staff are happy
The Army is moving into position.
The Army are moving into position.

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I know Pronouns
Pronouns are used to replace nouns or noun phrases when the noun is known
to avoid repetition of the noun in a sentence group of sentences.
e.g.
Bob was very happy Bob had just won the lottery.

Bob was very happy he had just won the lottery.
Bob = Noun

he = Pronoun = Bob

There are eight types of pronoun:

Personal Pronouns have two types Subject and Object they are used to
stand in place of a noun.

Subject Pronouns:

I, You, He, She, It, We, They, Who, Whoever,

Object Pronouns:

Me, You, Him, Her, It, Us, Them, Whom, Whomever,

They are also divided to express The Plural and The Singular of

The First Person:

Singular I, me,

Plural

The Second Person: Singular and Plural
The Third Person:

Singular he, him, she, her, it,

we, us
you

Plural

they, them

This determines whether am / is / or are, is used and whether or not s or es, is
added to end of the verb in the formation of past tenses.

Reflexive Pronouns have one type and are used to refer backwards or
inwards on the subject or object.
Think of the word refection.
Possessive pronouns have two types Possessive pronouns and Possessive
determiners the difference being Possessive pronouns stand alone in a sentence e.g.
Think of the word possession.
It is mine.
And Possessive determiners always come before a noun e.g.
It is my book.

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PRONOUN CHART
Personal
Subject
I
you
he
she
it
we
you
they

Object
me
you
him
her
it
us
you
them

Reflexives Possessive
pronoun
myself
yourself
himself
herself
itself
ourselves

yourselves
themselves

Possessive
determiner

mine
yours
his
hers
its
ours
yours
theirs

my
your
his
her
its
our
your
their

Demonstrative Pronouns help us to demonstrate something or point it out.
When these words stand alone they are considered to be pronouns because
they replace or stand in for a noun. When they are used before a noun they are
considered to be determiners because the determine which noun we are referring to
e,g, this ball or that.

this, that, these, those,
He is a teacher. (pronoun)

This book (determiner)

Interrogative Pronouns are used in the formation of questions and are
normally followed by a question mark. They can also be used in indirect questions
that do not require a question mark. Think of the word interrogation meaning to
question.
who, whom, whose, what, which,
He said “What is it your name?”
(direct question)

He asked the man’s name.
(indirect question)

Relative Pronouns are used to introduce relative clauses that come after a
noun or noun phrase. e.g.
He is the man that came in yesterday.

Look at the boy with the blue hat.

Relative pronouns act rather like conjunctions and join two parts of a sentence
together to give more information about the noun subject or object i.e. The clause is
related to the noun.

that, which, who, whom, whose, what, whatever whomever
There are only two Reciprocal Pronouns: One another (more than two or in
general) and each other (between two people or things). They are called such as they
are used to demonstrate a reciprocal relation between people or things.

The two boys played with each other. We should love one another.

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I Know Determiners
Determiners are a class of word that are used to help define or identify a
noun and are placed before it. You may have noticed that some of them can act as
Pronouns this is when they are used instead of the noun and replace it completely.
The two most commonly used determiners are:
“A, An,” which are known as The indefinite article as they signify a noun
which is non-specific e.g.
A cat Referring to no cat in particular

The definite article “The” which is used to signify a specific noun. e.g.
The cat Referring to one cat in particular.

Possessive determiners
my, your, his, her, its, our, your, their, indicate who or what the noun belongs to.
e.g. My cat. Your cat. His cat. etc. This reflects ownership or possession.

Demonstrative determiners help us to demonstrate something or point it
out in exactly the same way as demonstrative pronouns except the do not replace the
noun but precede it adding the information. e.g.

This cat, or that cat.

When these words stand alone they are considered to be pronouns. However
when they are used before a noun they are considered to be determiners.

this, that, these, those,
This is mine. (pronoun)
This book is mine. (determiner)

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I Know Quantifiers
Quantifiers are very specific class of determiner and they are used to
signify number or quantity. Like all determiners quantifiers are place before a noun or
noun phrase.
The most easy to remember and use are the Cardinal numbers 1 2 3 4 5 ….etc
and the Ordinal numbers First Second Third Forth Fifth…………….. Etc
They can precede any concrete noun.

However with other Quantifiers there use is limited to either countable or
uncountable nouns and or to refer to only to two items e.g. both

Quantifier chat

All
Another
Any
both
each
Either/neither
Enough
Every
Few/fewer/a few
Little/less/a little
Some
Many
Much
More
No
Several
A lot of

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Countable

uncountable

X

X

X
X

X
X

X

Singular

Plural

two

X
X
X

X
X

X

X
X
X

X
X

X
X
X

X
X
X

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X
X
X
X
X
X
X

X
X

X

X

Grammar Train

X
X
X
X

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I Know Adjectives
Adjectives are words that give more information about a noun or pronoun.
They are often known as describing words. Adjectives are often related to Nouns or
Verbs i.e. they have a Noun or a Verb as their root. Many of these are followed by
“suffixes” (word endings): -able -al -ate -an -ant -ent -ful -ist -ive -ory
-ous -some -wise -y Sometimes the adjective has long out lived the usage of it’s
verb or noun root, as in the case of impeccable that originate from the Latin
“impeccabilis” meaning not liable to sin.
Suffixes are not always used when a Noun acts as an Adjective e.g.
The cat

The black cat

What makes a word an adjective is the way it is used i.e. the “job” it is doing.
Adjectives give more information about a noun and tell us what kind of a thing it is,
that is they describe it.
Look at the sentence part The cat
Adding Adjectives tells us more about the particular cat we are talking about.
What kind of cat is it?
It’s a big black cat.
It’s a funny cat. It’s a big black and friendly cat.

Noun

>

Adjective

beauty

truth
courage
danger
obligation
street
parent
lone
lone

>
>
>
>
>
>
>
>
>

beautiful
truthful
courageous
dangerous
obligatory
streetwise
parental
lonesome
lonely

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Verb
drink
work
like
talk
communicate
hurt

>

Adjective

>
>
>
>
>
>

drinkable
workable
likeable
talkative
communicative
hurtful

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I Know Verbs
Verbs are typically referred to as Action (dynamic) words however
this is only one of their many functions Verbs are also used to express a state of
mind, condition or a relationship between one thing and another. One of the chief
differences that can be drawn between verb types is Lexical that is, one based upon
the words meaning. Verbs that refer to States tend not to be used with Continuous
forms, (ing) because states of mind and relationships are not processes that move
but are rather static by nature.
A second and equally important distinction that can be made between Verb
types is that between Main Verbs, verbs that function by themselves and convey the
key meaning in any group of verbs e.g. to love to hit, to sing, and Auxiliary
(meaning to help) verbs that add or help to give extra meaning to the main verb.
Auxiliary verbs cannot be used by them selves and must accompany a main verb e.g.
had (had breakfast), can (can swim), is (is sick) etc.

State and dynamic Verbs
This distinction is drawn between different kinds of Main Verbs.

State verbs express a state of mind, to love, to hate, to know or
a relationship, to be, to belong, to have, to resemble because state are not actions we
tend not uses them with continuous from e.g.
I love you.

Not

I am loving you.

I know him.

Not

I am knowing him.

I like ice-cream.

Not

I am liking ice-cream.

Dynamic Verbs describe actions acts activities and processes: to hit, to run,
to jump, to change, to flow, to walk, to crawl,
By the very nature of the kinds of things Dynamic Verbs describe
continuous can be used.

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I run. (Present simple)

I am running. (Present continuous)

I hit him. (Present simple)

I am hitting him. (Present continuous)

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List of State Verbs
State of mind

Relationships

to love
to hate
to know
to like
to understand
to need
to want
to wonder
to dislike

to be
to own
to have
to resemble
to belong

Regular and Irregular Verbs
Regular Verbs
Infinitive

Past simple

Past principle

Cast
Cost
Cut
Fit
Hit
Let
Put
Read (long)
Set
Shut
Spread

Cast
Cost
Cut
Fit/Fitted
Hit
Let
Put
Read (short)
Set
Shut
Spread

Cast
Cost

Cut
Fit
Hit
Let
Put
Read (short)
Set
Shut
Spread

Continuous form of regular verbs
When making
addition of

the continuous form or regular verbs the simple

ing is used. e.g. Cast > Casting Read > Reading.

For words ending in a single consonant with a short vowel sound it is
necessary to double the last consonant to keep the vowel sound short. e.g.

Cut > Cutting

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Fit > Fitting

Set > Setting

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Irregular Verbs
There are approximately 300 irregular verbs in the English language, and there
are no rules or easy way to tell whether or not a verb is regular or irregular. However
irregular verbs can be grouped in accordance with the pattern in which they change
form to make learning easier.

Changes in the past
Infinitive

Past simple

Past Participle

bind
feed
find
get
have
hear
hold
lay
light
make
meet

pay
say
sell
shoot
sit
stand
tell

bound
fed
found
got
had
heard
Held
laid
lit
made
met
paid
said
Sold
shot
sat
stood
told

bound
fed
found

got
had
heard
held
laid
lit
made
met
paid
said
sold
shot
sat
stood
told

Changes in the past and past participle
Infinitive

Past simple

Past Participle

drink
sink

drank
sank

drunk

sunk

Irregular verbs be and go different to all other in so much as their forms
have no relation to each other in terms of spelling.

Present Tense
Past Tense
Past Participle

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be
am/is/are
was/were
been

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go
go(es)
went
gone

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I Know
Modal Auxiliary Verbs

shall / will / can / could / would / should / may / might / must /
need (n’t) / ought (not) to /
Modal auxiliary verbs differ from main verbs in two ways. The first difference is that
they cannot stand alone but must be used in conjunction with a full verb. This
function is exemplified in the name “Auxiliary” meaning to help or assist. The second
difference of modal auxiliary verbs is to do with their function as “Mode changers”
Hence the name “Modal”
To understand modality more clearly consider the following examples:
Come to dinner. (This sentence is an imperative and acts as an order)
Can you come to dinner? (The use of can here is linked to ability rephrased: Are you
able to come to dinner. Remember come is the full verb can is the modal auxiliary
verb.)
Will you come to dinner? (The use of will here is linked to intention. Rephrased do
you intend to come to dinner?)
You ought to come to dinner? (The use of ought to here is being used to express the
speakers belief that s/he thinks X is a good idea.)

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I Know
Adverbs
What is an Adverb? Add Verb! Simply it is a word which adds additional information
to a verb. For example: Run quickly

Run is the verb

quickly is the adverb

Adverbs can come both before and after the verb. For example:
The boy ran happily down the road. The boy happily ran down the road.
Adverbs answer the question: How? About the verb
How did the boy run? He ran quickly.

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I Know
Phrasal Verbs
Phrasal verbs are an extremely large and potentially confusing area of the English
language. The best way to describe a phrasal verb is to say that it is a number of
words taken together, as a set phrase with a particular meaning.
The one of the greatest problems with learning and teaching phrasal verbs is that there
is not necessarily a direct or obvious connection between to the constituent words and
the meaning of the phrasal verb itself. Another problem with phrasal verbs is that one
phrasal verb might have more than one meaning. Finally there are just so many
phrasal verbs in English it is difficult to know where to start and they are easy to
confuse with each other.

Due to the nature of Phrasal Verbs it is difficult to decisively say whether the full
under the heading of Grammar or Lexis. It is my opinion that it is best to consider
them primarily as Lexical items i.e. Vocabulary and then teach the necessary grammar
to with them.

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Verb Tenses

I know
The Present Simple
I do

Form
Subject Pronoun 1st 2nd and 3rd person plural

Verb

I /you /we/ they

do

+

Subject Pronoun 3rd person singular / Noun

he/she/it/ Jack*

Verb

+

does

* For The 3rd person and noun constructions add either

s or es to the verb.

Present Simple examples chart
I
You
We
They
Jack
He
She
It

work in a bank.
work in a bank.
work in a bank.
work in a bank.
works in a bank.

works in a bank.
works in a bank.
counts money in a
bank.

I
You
We
They
Jack
He
She
It

teach English.
teach English.
teach English.
teach English.
teaches English.
teaches English.
teaches English.
teaches English.

Note. It refers to animals, machines and inanimate object therefore many verbs do not always make
sense with it.

Meaning
The Present Simple is used to convey a general state of affairs. That

“ I work in a bank” I am not implying that I am

working their now at this very minute but that it is My Job. I work in a bank
is to say when I say
everyday.
We can look at the meaning of The Present Simple pictorially.

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

<_______________________________NOW_______________________________>
I work in a bank
X = work in bank
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Making Questions with The Present Simple
To make questions with the present simple we use the verb
Pronoun 1st 2nd and 3rd person plural and
Therefore the statement

does for 3

rd

do for Subject

person singular.

“I work in a bank” becomes the question

“Do you work in a bank?”
When answering a question we use the verb

and

do for positive answers.

don’t (do not) for negative answers.

Yes I do.
No I don’t
For the 3rd person singular (he/she/it/Jack) we use

does and doesn’t.

Example

Does he work in a bank?
Yes he does
No he doesn’t.

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I Know
The Present Continuous
I am doing
Form
1st person singular

I am

+

Verb + ing

I’m

3rd person singular

he/she/it/Jack

is

+

Verb + ing

He’s/She’s/It’s/Jack’s

2nd person and 3rd person plural

we/you/they

are

+

Verb + ing

We’re/You’re/They’re

Present continuous example chart
I am
reading a book.
I am
writing a letter.
Jack is
reading a book.
Jack is
writing a letter.
He is
reading a book.
He is
writing a letter.
She is
reading a book.
She is
writing a letter.
It is
running a program.
It is
We are
reading a book.

We are
writing a letter.
You are reading a book.
You are writing a letter.
They are reading a book.
They are writing a letter.
Note: Contractions are very often used in daily life I am > I’m We are > We’re etc.

Meaning
1. The present continuous is used to describe an on going
activity that has recently started and will end shortly. i.e. It is a on going but
temporary state of affairs.
When I say

“I am reading a book” I mean

a) I am reading the book. Now
b) I started reading it recently.
C) I won’t be reading it shortly.
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I Know
The Past Simple

I did
Form
1st 2nd & 3rd person

I/ he/she/it/Jack /we/you/they

Verb + ed

ed for regular verbs past participle form for irregular verbs varry

I Know
The Past Continuous
I was doing
Form
1st 3rd person singular

I /he/she/it/Jack

was

+

Verb + ing

+

Verb + ing

2nd person and 3rd person plural

We/you/they

were

I Know
The Future Simple
I will do
Form
1st 2nd & 3rd person

I /he/she/it/Jack /we/you/they

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will

Grammar Train

+

Verb

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I know
The Future Continuous
I will be doing

Form
1st 2nd & 3rd person

I /he/she/it/Jack
/we/you/they

will be +

Verb + ing

I Know
The Present Perfect
I have done
Form
1st & 2nd person and 3rd person plural

I / you/we/they

+ have

Verb + ed

3rd person singular

he/she/it/Jack

+ has

Verb + ed

I Know
The Present Perfect Continuous
I have been doing
Form
1st & 2nd person and 3rd person plural

I / you/we/they + have been

Verb + ing

3rd person singular

he/she/it/Jack
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+ has been
Grammar Train

Verb + ing
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I Know
The Past Perfect
I will have done
Form
1st & 2nd person and 3rd person plural

I / you/we/they + will have
he /she/it/Jack

Verb + ed

I know
The Past Perfect Continuous
I will have been doing
Form
1st & 2nd person and 3rd person plural

I / you/we
/they/he /she/
it/Jack

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+ will have been

Grammar Train

Verb + ed

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