BỒI DƯỠNG học SINH GIỎI LỊCH sử 12 phần 2

iiong trao each mang 1936 - 1939 la cupc dien tap Ian thu hai chuan bj cho

each m a n g de pha hoai each mang, lua bjt quan chving, chia re hang n g u con,

each mang

thang T a m 1945

nhan va M a t tran dan tpc t h o n g nhat, pha hoai n h i i n g to ehuc va hogt dorij

jsjeii n h u p h o n g trao each m a n g 1930 -1931 da tao ra n h i i n g n h a n to'ca ban

cua D a n g C p n g san. C h i i n g d u a ra khau l ^ n h k h o n g p h u h o p , dan p h o n g tra,,

^am bao cho t h i n g I p i Cach mang thang Tam t h i p h o n g trao 1936 - 1939 lai

den that bai. C h u n g ho hao "lam each m a n g v 6 san" de d o i lap v o l chu truorip

tiep

boi bo va phat trien n h u n g nhan to d o len m p t b u o c m o i cao h o n .

"chohg phat xit chong chien tranh", lap "Doan thanh nien cong san" thay cho

T h o n g qua p h o n g trao nay. D a n g da d u p e t r u o n g thanh t h e m ve t u t u o n g

"Doan thanh nien dan c h i i " , lap " H g i cuu te" thay cho " H o i Cuxi te'binh dan" v.v

to chuc. N e n tang t u t u o n g ciia D a n g la chii nghia Mae - L e n i n cang ngay
cang them tham nhuan t r o n g t u t u o n g , hanh d p n g ciia cac dang v i e n cpng san

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D a n g Cpng san D o n g D u o n g da dau tranh kien quye't v o i bpn toro'tkit. Cupc
dau tranh d o da g i u p q u a n c h i i n g nhan ro bp mat that cua b p n tarotkit, kip thoj

Sn sau, toa r p n g t r o n g cac tang lop nhan dan. D a n g da xay d u n g va phat

ngan chan am m u u pha hoai cua chung.

tri^'n dupe m p t d p i n g u can bp c6 nang luc va giau k i n h n g h i e m , d o n g t h o i

4. K e t qua va y n g h i a va b a i hpc k i n h n g h i ^ m cua p h o n g trao

phat trien them cae to chuc eo so, tang c u o n g m o l day lien he v o i q u a n c h i i n g .

* Kei qua:

Qua phong trao, nghe thuat chi dao chien lupc each m a n g ciia D a n g , t r i n h d p

Cupc van d p n g dan chu 1936 -1939 la m p t p h o n g trao quan c h u n g r p n g Ion,

giae ngp ciia dang v i e n va u y t i n ciia Dang nang len m p t buoc ro ret.

Bang sue m a n h doan ket cua quan chung, da bupc c h i n h q u y e n ciia thuc
dan phai n h u o n g bp m p t so'yeu sach cu the, truoc mat ve dan sinh, d a n chii.
Qua p h o n g trao, q u a n c h i i n g dupe giae m p t ve c h i n h t r j , da t h a m gia MSt

ro

* Y nghia:

/g

Cupc van d p n g dan chu 1936 - 1939 la m p t p h o n g trao q u a n c h i i n g r p n g Ion,

om

CO to chuc, d u a i s u lanh dao ciia D a n g Cpng san D o n g D u o n g .

.c

Bang sue m a n h doan ket ciia quan c h i i n g , da bupc c h i n h q u y e n ciia thuc

ok

dan p h a i n h u o n g bp m p t so'yeu sach cu the, truoc mat ve d a n sinh, dan chii.

bo

Qua p h o n g trao, quan c h i i n g dupe giae m p t ve c h i n h t r j , da t h a m gia Mat

ce

tran dan tpc t h o n g nhat, t r o thanh luc l u p n g chinh trj h u n g hau ciia each mang

w.

fa

can bp d u o c tap h o p thanh d p i n g i i d o n g dao va t r u o n g thanh.

ww

T r o n g qua t r i n h dau tranh, D a n g Cpng san D o n g D u o n g tich l i i y dupe
n h i e u bai hpe k i n h n g h i e m :

trj hiing hau g o m hang trieu n g u o i a ca thanh t h j va n o n g t h o n , tap h p p trong
mpt mat tran dan tpc thong nhat r p n g rai. C u n g qua dau tranh ma quan c h i i n g
each m a n g d u p e toi l u y ^ n va t h u thach day dan.

up

can bp d u p e tap h o p thanh d p i n g u d o n g dao va t r u o n g t h a n h .

* Bai hoc kinh nghiem:

khong n g u n g . Qua t h u c tien dau tranh. D a n g da xay d u n g m p t d p i quan chinh

s/

tran dan tpc t h o n g nhat, t r o thanh luc l u p n g chinh trj h u n g hau cua each mang;

C u n g v o i s u t r u o n g thanh ciia Dang, luc l u p n g each m a n g c u n g Ion m a n h

Ta

CO to chuc, d u a i s u lanh dao cua D a n g Cpng san D o n g D u o n g .

dau tranh; Bai hpe ve su d u n g hinh thuc va p h u o n g phap dau tranh phong p h i i .
Phong trao each m a n g 1936 -1939 da chuan bj nhiiTig dieu kien can thie't de
dua D a n g va quan c h i i n g each mang buoc vao t h o i k i dau tranh true tiep gianh
chinh q u y e n . V i vay, day la cupc dien tap Ian t h u hai chuan bj cho Cach m a n g
thang T a m 1945.
6. D|c diem ve h i n h thuc dau tranh, nhi^m vy chinh tri, h i n h thuc to chuc
quan chiing, mat tran trong thai k i 1936

'^Vp phap, bat h p p phap va b i mat. Day la thoi k i s u d u n g h i n h thiie dau tranh
phong p h i i nhat. C h i i ye'u la dau tranh chinh t r j .
Ve n h i ^ m v u chinh t r j : C h o n g bpn phan d p n g thupe dja va tay sai d o i cac
luyen ty do, dan chu, c o m ao, hoa b i n h .

Bai hpe ve dau tranh t u t u o n g trong npi bp Dang va v o i dang p h a i c h i n h trj
phan dpng.
D o n g t h o i . D a n g thay d u p e n h i r n g han che ciia m i n h t r o n g cong tac mat
tran, van de dan tpc...
Co the n o i , p h o n g trao dan chii 1936 - 1939 n h u cupc d i e n tap, chuan b| cho
cupc Tong k h o i nghia thang Tam sau nay.

-1939

Ve h i n h t h i i c dau tranh: Dau tranh cong khai, h p p phap, ban cong khai, ban

Bai hpe ve xay d u n g M a t tran thong nhat.
Bai hpe ve to chuc, lanh dao quan c h i i n g dau tranh cong khai, h p p phap.

Phong trao each m a n g 1936 -1939 con de lai nhieu bai hpe k i n h n g h i f m q u y

gia cho giai doan each m a n g sau. D o la bai hpe ve to chuc, tap h o p quan c h i i n g

Ve hinh thuc to chuc quan chiing: Tap hpp quan chiing trong M a t tran, da loi
^

lye l u p n g chinh trj ciia quan chiing hang trieu n g u o i d u n g ve phia each mang.

I Ve cong tac M a t tran: T r u o c tien thanh lap M a t tran nhan dan thong nhat
d e ' D o n g D u o n g den 3 - 1938 d o i thanh M a t tran dan chii D o n g D u o n g
p h u h p p v o i mue tieu d a u tranh.


7. So sanh t h a i k i each mging n a m 1930 - 1931 v a i t h a i k i n a m 1936 - 1939
1930

Npi dung

1936
phai

-1939
la t h y c

N 3 m 1937, c6 400 cupc bai cong ciia cong nhan. Tieu bieu la cupc dau tranh

ciia cong nhan xe l u a N a m D o n g D u o n g ngay 9 - 7 - 1937 va m o than V a n g

va

bpn

Khong

p h o n g kien tay sal

ciia

Phap n o i c h u n g m a la bpj^

De

Ke t h u

-1931

quoc

Phap

da^

D a n h ngay 28 - 9 - 1937. 15 cupc dau tranh ciia n o n g dan d o i g i a m to, g i a m
tuc... Tieu t h u o n g 6 H a N p i , H a i Phong, cac thanh p h o va t h j xa khac bai t h j ,

phan d p n g thupc dja va tay

Phap

d o i g i a m thue'chp, thue hang.

sai cua c h i i n g .
C h o n g phat xit, chong chie'ji

gianh

tpc,

tranh, chong b p n p h a n dprig

de

va tay sai ciia c h i i n g de doj

g i a n h r u p n g dat cho d a n

t u do, dan c h u , c o m ao, hoa

cay.

binh.

te Lao d p n g , n h i e u cupc to chiic m i t t i n h dupe cong khai 6 H a N p i , Sai G o n va

C h i thanh lap H p i phan

M a t t r a n t h o n g nhat nhan

n h i e u n o i khac, da t h u h i i t d o n g dao quan c h i i n g t h a m gia.

de n h i m g chua hoat dpng.

dan phan de D o n g Duong,

Hinh

thiic

phuong

va
phap

phong

kien

t r a n h g i a m so v o i n a m truoc, n h u n g chat l u p n g cao h o n bieu h i f n 6 t r i n h d p

N a m 1939, p h o n g trao d a u tranh t r o n g 3 thang d a u n a m b i g i a m siit. Tir

sau d o i thanh M a t tr$n Dan

thang 4 p h o n g trao len dan va dat t o i d i n h cao vao thang 6. Phong trao tap

chii D o n g D u o n g .

t r u n g 6 n h u n g t r u n g t a m cong n g h i ^ p I o n n h u H a N p i , H a i Phong, Sai Gon,

Bi mat, bat h p p phap, bao

H p p phap, cong khai, ban

Chp Lon...

d p n g vu trang.

cong k h a i .

The hi$n vai tro lanh dao

Tap

ciia D a n g . Thuc hi?n lien

l u p n g c h i n h t r j ciia

m i n h cong nong.

c h i i n g d o n g dao. Su dyng

s/

luc

up

mpt

quan

ro

dupe

/g

hpp

n h i e u h i n h t h i i c d a u tranh

* Sit dung hinh thiec dau tranh phong phu:

L p i d y n g kha nMng dau t r a n h cong khai, h p p phap, ban cong k h a i , ban h p p

phap nen p h o n g trao d a n chii 1936 - 1939 s i i d y n g nhieu h i n h t h i i c dau tranh
phong phii:
V a n d p n g , to chiic quan c h i i n g h p i hpp, thao ra ban " d a n n g u y ^ n " g u i den

om

p h a i doan ciia Phap sang d i e u tra t i n h h i n h D o n g D u o n g .

La cupc dien tap dau tien

phong phii.

cho

La cupc dien tap Ian t h u hai

M i t t i n h , bieu t i n h d o i cac q u y e n dan sinh, dan c h i i .

cho Cach m a n g thang Tarn.

D a u t r a n h tren l l n h v y c n g h i t r u o n g , ITnh v u c bao chi.

thang

Bai cong, bai t h j , bai khoa ciia cong nhan va cac tang l o p lao d p n g khac.

.c

mang

bo

ok

Cach

Tarn n a m 1945.

So v o i t h o i k i 1930 - 1931, chii t r u o n g sach lupc, chie'n

I I I . P H O N G T R A O G I A I P H O N G D A N T Q C 1939

ce

N h ^ n xet

dja p h u o n g .

Dgc bi?t la cupc dau tranh ngay 1 - 5 - 1938. Lan dau tien, t r o n g ngay Quoc

dau t r a n h
Ket qua dat d u p e

giac ngp ciia quan c h i i n g , k h a u h i ^ u dau tranh, s u lien ket d a u t r a n h g i i i a cac

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dpc lap dan

chong

M a t tran

N a m 1938, c6 131 cupc bai cong ciia cong nhan. T u y so l u p n g cupc dau

C h o n g de quoc Phap de

Ta

Nhi?m vy

l u p c va h i n h t h i i c dau tranh t r o n g t h o i k i 1936 - 1939 c6

-1945

fa

11. T i n h h i n h c h i n h trj, k i n h te - xa h p i nude ta t r o n g n h u n g n a m 1939

-1945

a. Tinh hinh chinh trj:

d a n de doan ket cac l y c l u p n g dan c h i i , chong Phap doi

N g a y 1 - 9 - 1939, Chien tranh the g i o i t h i i hai b u n g no. N g a y 3 - 9 -1939,

ww

w.

net khac nhau. Dac bi?t la s u thanh lap M a t t r ^ n nhan

cac q u y e n t y do, dan chii, c o m ao, hoa b i n h .

Phap va A n h t u y e n chien v o i D i i c . Sau k h i t h a m chien, C h i n h p h i i Phap t h y c

8. Phong trao dan chu 1936 - 1939 thu hut dupe dupe dong dko c i c tang W

hi^n c h i n h sach t h i i d j c h d o i v o i cac l y c l u p n g tien bp t r o n g n u o c va p h o n g

nhan dan tham gia va s u d y n g hinh thue dau tranh phong p h u

trao each m a n g 6 cac thupc dja.

* Phong trao thu hut dugc dong dao cac tang lap nhan dan:

i

Sau thang cuol n a m 1936, c6 361 cupc dau tranh, t r o n g d o c6 236 cupc
t r a n h ciia cong n h a n . Tieu bieu la cupc bai cong ngay 2 3 - 1 1
H o n Gai, C a m Pha, M o n g D u o n g . . . d o i tang l u o n g 25%.

ciia cong n h ^

T h a n g 6 - 1940, Phap d a u hang Due. 6 D o n g D u o n g , c h i n h q u y e n m o i ciia
Phap t h y c hi?n m p t logt c h i n h sach v o vet sue n g u o i , sue ciia eiia V i ^ t N a m
doc vao cupc chien t r a n h
C u o l thang 9 - 1940, quan N h a t v u p t bien g i o i Vi?t - T r u n g vao m i e n B^c
Vi?t Nam. Q u a n Phap n h a n h chong dau hang. Phat x i t N h a t g i i i n g u y e n bp

62

63


Oin chii v u n va n h o b j thiet hai va b j pha san v i chien t r a n h , do phai npp

may t h o n g t r j ciia thuc dan Phap, d u n g no d e b o c Ipt k i n h t e p h u c v u cho n h u

thoc ta, chju thuc cao.

cau chien t r a n h va dan ap p h o n g trao each mang. Viet N a m bj dat d u a i ach

l^hfmg him chuyen do ciia tinh hinh thegidi va trong nude dat ra cho Dang ta phai

t h o n g trj ciia N h a t - Phap.

nam bat kjp thai tmh hinh c6 ddnh gia chinh xac, dera duang lot dau tranh phii hap.

6 Viet N a m liic nay k h o n g chi c6 n h i r n g dang phai than Phap ma ca n h u n g

2. N h u n g c h u y e n b i e n cua tinh h i n h the g i o i t r o n g n h i i t i g n a m d a u cuQC

dang phai than N h a t , n h u D a i Viet, Phuc Quoc...

Chien t r a n h the g i o i t h u h a i . H g i n g h j T r u n g u o n g D a n g t h a n g 11

Thang 6 - 1 9 4 1 , Due tan cong Lien X6. Cuoc chien dau ciia nhan dan Lien X6

-1939

a. Nhihtg chuyen bien cua tinh hinh the giai

trong cuoc chien tranh v$ quoc da c6 v u manh me phong trao each mang Vi?t N a m .

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N g a y 1 - 9 - 1939, Chien tranh the g i o i t h u hai b i i n g no. N g a y 3 - 9 - 1939,

b. Tinh hinh chinh tri, kinh te- xa hoi:
* Kinh te:

phap tuyen chien v o i Due. Sau k h i t h a m chien, C h i n h p h i i Phap thi^c h i f n

T h y c d a n Phap t h i hanh c h i n h sach " K i n h te chi h u y " . C h i i n g tang m u c thue

chinh sach thu d i c h d o i v o i cac luc l u p n g tien bp t r o n g n u o c va p h o n g trao
each m a n g a cac thupe dja.

cia, dat them m u c thue m o i . . . d o n g t h o i lam sa thai b o t cong nhan, vien chue,
giam tien l u o n g , tang g i o lam... C h u n g k i e m soat gat gao san xuat va phan

Thang 6 - 1940, Phap d a u hang Due. 6 D o n g D u o n g , c h i n h q u y e n m a i ciia

pho'i, an d j n h gia ca...

Phap t h y c hien m o t loat c h i n h sach v a vet sue n g u a i , sue eiia ciia V i ^ t N a m
doc vao ciipe chien tranh.

K h i N h a t va D o n g D u o n g , Phap buoc phai de cho N h a t s u d u n g p h u o n g
t i ^ n giao t h o n g k i e m soat he thong d u a n g sk va cac tau bien. N h a t con bat

Thang 6 - 1941, D u e tan cong Lien X6. Cuoc chien dau ciia nhan dan L i e n

c h i n h quyen thuc d a n Phap hMng n a m nop cho c h i i n g khoan tien Ion.

X6 trong eupc chien t r a n h v? quoc da eo via m a n h me p h o n g trao each m a n g
Vi^t N a m .

Ta

Q u a n N h a t eon c u a p r u p n g dat ciia n o n g dan, bMt n o n g dan n h o lua, ngo de

ro

luge sang N h a t v o i gia re so v o i gia ciia t h i t r u o n g t h e g i d i n h u than, sat, cao

up

N h a t yeu cau c h i n h q u y e n thuc dan Phap xua't cang cac n g u y e n lieu, chien

s/

t r o n g day, thau dau phuc v u cho n h u cau chien tranh.

ta phai n a m b i t k i p t h a i t i n h h i n h c6 danh gia chinh xac, de ra d u o n g 161 dau

tranh phix h o p .
b. Hoi nghi Trung uang Dang thang 11

/g

su, xi m a n g v.v...

N h t i n g bien chuyen d o ciia t i n h h i n h the g i o i va t r o n g n u o c dat ra cho Dang

-1939

quan s u n h u khai thac manggan, sat 6 Thai N g u y e n , p h o t phat 6 Lao Cai, c r o m

Diem (Hoe M o n - Gia D j n h ) do Tong b i t h u N g u y e n V a n C u c h i i t r i . Sau k h i

6 T h a n h Hoa.

phan tich t i n h chat eiia eupc Chien tranh the g i o i t h u hai, n h a n

ok

.c

om

M o t so cong ti ciia N h a t dau t u vao n h i i n g nganh p h u c v u cho n h u cau

Thnng 11 -1939, H p i n g h i Ban Chap hanh T r u n g u a n g D a n g trieu tap tai Ba

bo

*Xahgi:

ce

Chinh sach v o vet boc lot ciia Phap - Nhat da day nhan dan ta toi cho ciing cue.

fa

H a u qua la cuoi nam 1944 den nam 1945 eo toi 2 tri^u dong bao ta ehet d o i .

ww

w.

Tat ca cac giai cap, tang l o p xa h o i 6 n u o c ta, t r u bpn tay sai de quoc, dai dja
chu t u san mai ban, deu bi anh h u o n g boi chinh sach boc lot ciia Phap - N h a t .
C o n g nhan bj boc Ipt nang nem phai l a m viec t u 10 den 12 gio/ngay, tien
l u a n g g i a m , gia ca sinh hoat dat do.
N o n g dan phai chju suu cao, thue nang, phai d i l i n h , d i p h u , b i euong buc
nho Ilia t r o n g day, thau d a u .
Tieu t u san t r i thuc, vien chue m a t vi^e lam hoac bj giam l u o n g ; tieu t h u o n g
ban e'hang, nhieu tieu chii phai n g u n g san xuat.
T u san dan tpc vira bj chinh sach " K i n h t e c h i h u y " l a m cho pha san, vita hi
thi?t hai ve sue m u a eiia nhan dan giam siit.
64

d i n h ve t i n h

hinh the g i a i va D o n g D u o n g , H p i n g h i xac d i n h m u c tieu chien lupc t r u d c
mat ciia each m a n g D o n g D u o n g la danh do de quoc va tay sai, giai p h o n g cac
dm
L

tpc D o n g D u o n g , l a m cho D o n g D u o n g hoan toan dpe lap.
H p i n g h j c h i i t r u o n g tarn gac khau h i ^ u each m a n g r u p n g dat va de ra k h a u

hi^u tjeh t h u r u p n g dat ciia d e q u o e va dja chii phan bpi q u y e n I p i ciia dan tpc,
chong to cao, lai nang. K h a u hi#u lap chinh quyen X6 viet cong, nong, b i n h
,i4upc thay the bSng k h a u hi?u lap c h i n h quyen dan chii epng hoa.
li'

Ve p h u o n g p h a p each mang, chuyen t u dau tranh d o i dan sinh, dan chii

sang dau t r a n h d a n h do c h i n h q u y e n ciia de quoc va tay sai; t u hoat d p n g h p p
phap, nua h p p phap sang ho?t d p n g b i mat, bat h p p phap.

, j, ;

D a n g chii c h u a n g t h a n h lap M a t tran t h o n g nhat d a n tpc phan de D o n g
D u o n g thay cho M a t t r a n d a n chii D o n g D u o n g .


Nghi quyet Hoi nghi Trung uang Dang Ian thdng 11 — 1939 "ddnh dau buac
chuyen huang quan trgng vechi dqo chien luge", thehien su nhqy ben vechinh tri vd
nang luc sang tqo cua Dang.

- Trong Hpi nghi Trung uang Dang thdng 11 - 1939:
Xac dinh luc lupng each mang la toan the dan tpc Vi^t Nam. Hpi nghj chii
truong thanh lap M|it tran thong nhat dan tpc Phan de Dong Duong de tap
hpp mpi
lupng ciia dan tpc vao nhi^m vu chii yeu la chong chien tranh de
quoc va ach thong tri phat xit thupe dia.
r.
N h u vay, ve luc lupng each mang, so voi Cuang llnh chinh tri dau tien ciia

3. Van de nhi?m v\ va Ivrc lug^ng each mang duqrc giai quyet trong Cuong
Ilnh chinh t r i dau tien ciia Dang, trong Luan cuoiig chinh t r i thang 10 - 1930
va trong H p i nghj Trung uo«g Dang thang 11 -1939

Dang va chii truong ciia Hpi nghj Trung uang thang 11 - 1939, thi Luan cuong

* Van denhi^m vu each mang:

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cung mSc sai lam do la: danh gia khong diing kha nang each mang ciia tang

- Trong Cuang Itnh chinh tri dau tien cua Dang:

\cfp tieu t u san, kha nang chong dequoc va phong kien 6 miic dp nhat dinh ciia

Nguyen A i Quoc chii trucmg dat nhi^m vy giai phong dan toe len tren

giai cap t u san dan tpc, kha nang loi keo mot bp phan trung, tieu dja chii tham

nhi?m vy giai phong giai cap. Cuong llnh neu ro: Nhi?m vu ciia each mang

gia mat tran dan tpc thong nhat chong dequoc va tay sai.

Vi?t Nam la danh do de quoc Phap, bpn phong kien va phan each mang lam

4. Nguyen nhan, dien bien, nguyen nhan that bai, y nghia lich su ciia K h o i

cho nuoc Vi?t Nam dpc lap, tu do.

nghia Bhc Son, K h o i nghia Nam K i va Binh bien Do Luong.

- Trong Luan cuang chinh tri thdng 10 -1930:

* Cuoc khai nghia Bac San (27-9-

Xac djnh nhi^m vy danh phong kien truoc danh de quoc sau. Luan cucmg

1940)

-Nguyen nhan:

Ngay 22 - 9 - 1940, quan Nhat vupt qua bien gioi Vi^t - Trung, danh chiem

neu ro: Nhi^m vy ciia each mang la danh do phong kien va danh do de quoc,

Lang Son, nem bom Hai Phong, do bp len Do San

hai nhi?m vy nay c6 quan h$ voi nhau.

Ta

6 Lang Son, quan Phap bj ton that nang ne. So Ion quan Phap dau hang, so

- Trong Hoi nghi Trung ucmg Dang thdng 11- 1939:

s/

ro

Chien tranh the giai Ian thii hai bung no, thuc dan Phap tang cuang dan ap,

con l^i riit chay ve Thai Nguyen qua duong Bae San.

up

Truoc nhirng bien doi ciia tinh hinh the' gioi va trong nuoc, nhat la khi

/g

boc Ipt nhan dan Dong Duong, roi sau do, Nhat nhay vao Dong Duong cau

om

ket voi Phap dan ap, boc Ipt nhan dan ta. Tmh hinh do. Dang ta trif u tap Hpi

.c

nghj thang 11 - 1939, chii truong giuong cao ngpn ca giai phong dan tpc, d|t

ok

rthi^m vy giai phong dan tpc len hang dau va cap thie't.

- Dien bien:
Dem ngay 27 - 9 - 1940, nhan dan Bae Son duoi sy lanh dao ciia Dang bp dja

phuong da noi day danh quan Phap, chiem don Mo Nhai. Ngyy quyen 6 Bac
Son tan ra. Nhan dan lam chii chau Ij va cac viing Ian can. Dpi du kich BMc Son
dupe thanh lap.
Tuy Phap va Nhat mau thuan vai nhau, nhung deu hoang sp truoc lyc
lupng each mang, da nhanh chong cau ket lai. May hom sau Nhat tha t u binh

nghj Trung uang Dang thang 11 - 1939, thi Luan cuong chinh trj thang 10 - 1030

Phap va cho quan Phap tro lai dong cac don bo't 6 Lang Son. Thye dan Phap

con han che do la: chua neu dupe mau thuan chii yeu eiia xa hpi Dong Duong,

tien hanh khiing bo phong trao each mang Bac San. Chiing dot pha lang ban,

khong dua ngpn ca dan tpc len hang dau ma nang ve dau tranh giai cap va

don lang, tap trung dan, bat giet nhung nguoi tham gia khoi nghia.

ww

each mang rupng dat.

w.

fa

ce

bo

N h u v^y, so voi Cuong llnh chinh trj dau tien ciia Dang va chii tnrang ciia Hpi

* Van de luc lugng each mang:
- Trong Cucmg llnh chinh tri dau tien cua Dang:
Xac djnh luc lupng each mang la cong nhan, nong dan, tieu t u san, t r i thuc.
Doi voi phii nong, trung tieu dja chii va tu ban thi Ipi dung hoae trung lap,
dong thai phai lien h? vai cac dan tpc bj ap biie va v6 san the gioi.
- Trong Luan cucmg chinh tri thdng 10 -1930:
Xac djnh lye lupng each mang la giai cap v6 san va nong dan.
66

- y nghia vd bai hoc kinh nghiem cua khai nghia Bdc San:
No ma dau cho phong trao dau tranh giai phong dan tpc sau khi c6 chii
truong ehuyen huong dau tranh eiia Dang.

Khai nghia BSc San giiip Dang ta nit ra nhirng bai hpc quy bau ve khoi
nghia vii trang, chpn thai co, quyet tam gianh thSng Ipi.
* CMOCkhai nghia Nam

Ki(23-ll-1940)

- Nguyen nhan:
Thang 11 - 1940, xay ra cupc xung dpt giiia thye dan Phap va Xiem (Thai
Lan). Chinh quyen thye dan Phap bit thanh nien Vi?t Nam va Cao Mien d i
67


Cty TNHH MTVP^'H

lam bia d o dan. N h a n dan N a m K i va b i n h l i n h dau tranh k h o n g d u a l i n h ra

Khang Vift

- Y nghia cua ba su kien tren:

m | t tran

N o i len l o n g yeu n u o c nong nan, the hi§n t i n h than d a u t r a n h bat khuat v i

T r o n g boi canh do, X u uy N a m K i chuan bj phat d o n g nhan d a n k h a i nghia

(Jpc lap t v do ciia dan tpc ta.

va cu dai bieu ra Bac x i n chi thj cua T r u n g u o n g .

Giang m o t d o n chi t u vao thuc Phap, canh cao n g h i e m khac phat xit N h a t

.-,Dien bien:

v u a m o i dat chan len dat n u o c ta. " D o la nhCrng tien sung bao h i ^ u ciia cupc

Cupc k h o i nghia no ra vao d e m rang sang 23 - 11 - 1940. K h o i nghia b i i n g

k h o i nghia toan quoc".

no t u m i e n D o n g den m i e n Tay N a m Bp; Bien Hoa, Gia D i n h , C h p L a n , Tan

De Igi cho each m a n g nhieu bai hpc k i n h n g h i e m q u i gia, nhat bai hpc ve

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A n , Ben Tre, Tra V i n h , Can Tho, Soc Trang, Bac Lieu, Rach Gia, \ Tho, V i n h
L o n g . C h i n h q u y e n each m a n g da thanh lap 6 nhieu n o i . T u t r o n g k h o i nghia,

t h o i CO k h o i nghia. Rieng k h o i nghia Bac Son de lai cho each m a n g d p i d u kich

lan dau tien xuat h i ^ n c6 do sao vang.

Bac Son, k h o i nghia N a m K i de lai cho each m a n g la co do sao vang n a m canh,

D o ke hoach bj Ip, thuc dan Phap da kjp t h o i d o i pho. C h u n g cho m a y bay

sau nay t r o thanh Quoc k i - m p t bieu t u p n g thieng lieng ciia dat nuoc.

n e m b o m tan sat nhan dan n h i r n g v u n g noi day, bat nhieu n g u d i .

N h u vay, t r o n g t h o i gian 3 thang, 3 cupc noi day n o i tie'p no ra a 3 m i e n dat

L u c l u p n g nghia quan con lai phai r i i t ve D o n g Thap va U M i n h de cung co

nuoc, d o n h i e u tang l o p nhan dan va b i n h l i n h t h a m gia da neu cao t i n h than

lyc lupng.

bat khuat ciia d a n tpc. Cac cupc noi day da that bai v i dieu k i f n chua chin

- y nghia:

u o i , n h u n g " D o la n h i i n g tien siing bao hieu cho cupc k h o i nghia toan quoc,

Cupc k h o i nghia N a m K i c h u n g to t i n h than yeu n u o c ciia

cac tang l o p

la buoc dau d a u tranh bang v u luc ciia cac dan tpc D o n g D u o n g " .

nhan dan V i ^ t N a m , san sang d u n g len chie'u dau chong q u a n t h u .

s/

nhan:

T r o n g k h i t h y c dan Phap k h i i n g bo du d p i nhCrng n g u o i t h a m gia k h o i

ro

nghia N a m K i , tai m i e n T r u n g n h i r n g b i n h l i n h n g u o i Viet t r o n g q u a n d p i

up

- Nguyen

. T i n h h i n h the g i o i , t r o n g n u o c n h u n g n a m 1940 - 1941. H p i n g h i l a n t h u 8

941)

Ta

* Cmc binh bien Do Luffng (13-1-

/g

Phap da l a m b i n h bien, chong lai vi^c Phap d u a b i n h l i n h n g u o i V i ^ t sang Lao

om

d a n h nhau v o i quan Thai L a n .

.c

- Dien bien:

ok

N g a y 13 - 1 - 1 9 4 1 , b i n h l i n h d o n C h p Rang ( N g h ^ A n ) d u o i s u chi h u y a i a

bo

D p i C u n g ( N g u y e n V a n Cung) da n o i day. Toi h o m do, hp da d a n h chiem d o n

ce

D o L u o n g r o i len 6 to tien ve V i n h de p h o i h p p v d i b i n h l i n h 6 day chiem

fa

thanh. N h u n g ke hogch k h o n g thuc h i ^ n dupe. Q u a n Phap da k j p thoi d o i pho.

ww

C u n g bj sa vao tay giac

w.

H o r n sau, loan bp b i n h l i n h tham gia noi day b i bat. N g a y 11 - 2 - 1941, D p i
N g a y 24 - 4 - 1941, t h y c dan Phap x u ban D p i C u n g cung 10 d o n g chi ciia

ong. N h i e u n g u o i khac bj ket an k h o sai d u a d i day.
- Y nghia: The h i ^ n t i n h than yeu nuoc va y thuc dan tpc cua b i n h l i n h n g u o i
V i ^ t t r o n g q u a n d p i Phap.
- Nguyen nhan that bqi:
Cupc k h o i nghia Bac Son, N a m K i va cupc b i n h bien D o L u a n g cuol cung b j
that bai, d o thuc d a n Phap luc do con m ^ n h , k h o i nghia no ra chua chin m u o i ,
chua d u n g t h o i co.
68

an C h a p h a n h T r u n g u o n g (5 - 1941). Tarn q u a n t r p n g ciia H p i n g h i T r u n g
ig

I a n t h u 8.

a. Tinh hinh the gioi, trong
*

nuoc

Thegiai:

Chien tranh the g i o i lan t h u hai da buoc sang nam t h i i ba, sau k h i chiem
han Ion chau A u , phat xit D u e chuan bj tan cong Lien X6, N h a t m o r p n g xam
upc T r u n g Quoc, chuan bj chien tranh Thai Binh D u o n g .
* Trong nuac:
N h a t nhay vao D o n g D u o n g , Phap dau hang Nhat, N h a t lan t u n g b u o c de
ien D o n g D u o n g thanh thupc dja va can c i i chien tranh ciia c h i i n g . N h a n d a n
n g D u o n g phai chju hai tang ap biic, boc lot ciia Phap - N h a t , m a u thuan
lira cac dan tpc D o n g D u o n g v o i d e q u o c , phat x i t Phap - N h a t phat trien gay
t, van m ? n h cac d a n tpc D o n g D u o n g nguy v o n g h o n bao g i o het.

N h a n dan D o n g D u o n g ngay cang each m a n g hoa, nhieu cupc d a u tranh da
- ra, tieu bieu la cupc k h o i nghia Bac Son (9 -1940) N a m K i (11 -1940) va cupc
i n h bien D o L u o n g (1 -1941).
Truoc tinh h i n h the gioi va trong nuoc ngay cang khan truong, ngay 28 - 1 -1941
g u y e n A i Quoc ve nuoc va trieu tap H p i n g h i T r u n g u o n g D a n g lan t h u V I I I ,
ipp tir ngay 10 den 19 - 5 - 1941 t ^ i PSc Bo (Cao Bang) chu t r u o n g d?t n h i ^ m
V giai p h o n g d a n tpc len tren het.

'


Cty TNHH MTVP'/V' < Kh.ing
b. Hgi nghi Idn thu 8 Ban Chap hanh Trung uong (5 -

1941)

6, C h i i truong chuyen huong chi dao chien lupc cua D a n g tvr H p i nghi Trung

N g a y 28 - 1 - 1941, N g u y e n A i Quo'c ve nuoc true tiep lanh dao each mang.

ifong thang 11 - 1939 den Hpi nghi Trung uong 8 (5 - 1941). V a i tro cua Ho

Sau mQt t h a i gian chuan bj, N g u o i trieu tap va chu t r i H o i n g h i T r u n g u o n g

C h i M i n h trong vi^c hoan chinh chii truong chuyen huong chi dao chien

Ian t h u 8 tai Pac Bo (Ha Q u a n g - Cao Bang) t u ngay 10 den 19 - 5 - 1941. N g h j

Iif^^c cua D a n g va chuan bi tien toi khoi nghia vii trang gianh chinh quyen.

quyet H p i n g h i neu ro:

a. Chu truong chuyen huong chi dao chien

N h i e m v u chu yeu truoc m a t ciia each m a n g la giai p h o n g d a n tpc.

Truoc n h i j n g bien chuyen eiia tinh h i n h the gioi va trong nuoc, thang 11 -1939,
Dang h p p H p i nghj T r u n g u o n g Ian t h u 6, de ra ehii t r u o n g :

t

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T a m gac khau hi^u each m a n g r u o n g da't, neu khau hieu g i a m to, g i a m tue,

»v'tf

H p i nghj xae d i n h m u c tieu chien lupc truoc mat ciia each m a n g D o n g

chia lai r u p n g dat cong, tien t o i thue hien n g u o i cay c6 r u o n g .

D u o n g la d a n h do de quo'c va tay sai, giai p h o n g cac dan tpc D o n g D u o n g , lam

C h u t r u o n g thanh lap C h i n h p h u nhan dan. Thay ten cac H p i Phan de

cho D o n g D u o n g hoan toan doe lap.

thanh H p i C u u quoc, thanh lap Vi?t N a m doc lap d o n g m i n h gpi tat la Viet

H p i n g h i chii t r u o n g tam gac khau hieu each m a n g r u o n g da't va de ra khau

M i n h thay cho M a t tran t h o n g nhat dan toe phan d e ' D o n g D u o n g va g i i i p d o

hi?u tjch t h u r u p n g da't cua de'quoc va dja chu phan bpi q u y e n Ipi cua dan tpc,

vi^c lap m a t tran 6 cac nude Lao, Campuchia.

cho'ng to cao, lai nang. K h a u hieu lap chinh quyen X6 viet cong, nong, b i n h

Xae d j n h h i n h thai cupe k h o i nghla o nuoc ta la d i t u k h o i nghTa t u n g phan

dupe thay the'bang khau hi^u lap c h i n h quyen d a n chii cong hoa.

tien len t o n g k h o i nghla va ket luan: chuan bj k h o i nghla v u t r a n g la n h i ^ m v u

• '' ''

Ve p h u o n g p h a p each mang, chuyen t u dau tranh d o i dan sinh, dan chii

t r u n g tam cua toan D a n g , toan dan trong giai doan h i ^ n tai.

sang da'u tranh d a n h do chinh quyen ciia de'quoc va tay sai; t u boat d p n g h p p

Ta

C h i n h thuc d u p e bau ra Ban Chap hanh T r u n g u o n g m o i , bau T r u o n g

phap, niia h p p phap sang hoat d p n g b i mat, bat h p p phap.

ro

chu t r u o n g c h u y e n h u o n g dau t r a n h d u p e de ra t u h p i nghj T r u n g u o n g Ian

up

H p i n g h j Ian t h u 8 cua Ban Chap hanh T r u n g u o n g D a n g da hoan c h i n h

s/

C h i n h l a m T o n g Bi t h u .

/g

t h u 6 (11 - 1939), n h a m giai quyet mue tieu so 1 cua each m a n g la doe lap dan

om

tpc va de ra nhieu ehti t r u o n g sang tao thue h i | n mue tieu ay.

.c

H p i nghj T r u n g Ian t h u 8 c6 y nghla Ijch su to I o n - da hoan c h i n h vi^c

ok

chuyen h u o n g chi dao chien lupc each m a n g eiia D a n g de ra t u H p i nghj T r u n g

bo

u o n g Ian t h i i 6 (11 - 1939). K i e n quyet g i u o n g cao h o n nixa n g p n c6 giai p h o n g

ce

dan tpc, dat n h i ^ m v u giai p h o n g dan tpc len hang dau va cap thiet h o n bao

fa

g i o het. Giai quyet d i i n g d i n m o i quan h f gii>a hai n h i ? m v y chien lupc chohg

w.

de quo'c va p h o n g kien. De ra p h u o n g phap each m a n g cu the: tich cue chuain

ww

bj l y c l u p n g de k h o i nghla v u trang gianh chinh quyen, d i t u k h o i nghla t i m g
p h a n tien len T o n g k h o i nghla.

luge:

c. Tam quan trgng cua Hgi nghi Trung uong Idn thii 8

Dpng vien toan Dang, toan dan tich cue chuan bj tien toi Cach mang thang Tam.
V o i chu t r u o n g eiia H p i nghj. M a t tran Viet M i n h ra d o i , qua d o D a n g xay
d u n g d u p e k h o i doan ket toan dan v i i n g chac. Tiep do luc l u p n g v u trang Ian
l u p t ra d o i , can c u dia each m a n g thanh lap, p h o n g trao dau tranh phat trien
m a n h me chuan b i tien t o i T o n g k h o i nghla trong toan quoc.

D a n g ehii c h u o n g thanh lap M a t tran thong nhat dan tpc phan de D o n g

D u o n g thay cho M a t tran dan chii D o n g D u o n g .
Nghi quyei Hoi nghi Trung uong Dang Ian thang 11- 1939

"danh dau buac

chuyen hu&ng quan trgng vechi dao chien luge", the hien su nhqy ben ve chinh tri va
nang luc sang tqo cua Dang.
N g a y 2 8 - 1 - 1941, N g u y e n A i Quoc ve nude t r y c tiep lanh dao each

m^ng.

Sau m p t t h d i gian chuan bj, N g u o i tri^u tap va ehii trj H p i n g h i T r u n g u o n g
Ian t h u 8 tai P i e Bd (Ha Q u a n g - Cao Bang) t u ngay 10 den 19 - 5 - 1 9 4 1 . N g h j
quyet H p i nghj neu ro:
N h i f m v u chii yeu trude mSt ciia each m a n g la giai p h d n g dan tpc.
T a m gac khau hieu each m a n g r u p n g da't, neu khau hi^u g i a m to, g i a m tiic,
chia lai r u p n g da't cong, tien t d i thuc hien n g u o i cay cd r u p n g .
Chii t r u o n g thanh lap C h i n h p h i i nhan dan. Thay ten cac H p i Phan de
thanh H p i C i i u quo'c, thanh lap Viet N a m doe lap d o n g m i n h gpi tat la Vi^t
M i n h thay cho M a t tran thong nhat dan tpc phan d e ' D o n g D u o n g va g i i i p d o
vi^c lap mat tran d cac nude Lao, Campuchia.
Xae d j n h h i n h thai cupe k h d i nghTa d nude ta la d i t u k h d i nghla t u n g phan

Hen len tong k h d i nghTa va ket luan: chuan bj k h d i nghTa v u t r a n g la n h i ? m vy
t r u n g tam ciia toan Dang, toan dan t r o n g giai dogn hi?n tai.


Cty TNHHMn-PVV'i Kh.in.^i ViSt_

C h i n h thuc d u o c bau ra Ban Chap hanh T r u n g i r a n g m o i , b a u T r u o n g

O nhieu t i n h m i e n Bac, m g t so t i n h m i e n T r u n g , 6 H a N g i , H a i Phong hau

C h i n h l a m T o n g Bi t h u .

he't cac Hoi phdn ^e'chuyen thanh Hoi Cuu quoc d o n g t h o i n h i e u h g i c u u quoc

Hoi nghi Ian thu 8 cua Ban Chap hanh Trung

uvng

Dang da hocin chinh chu

o i d i d u g c thanh lap.

truang chuyen hif&ng dau tranh dugc dim tit hoi nghi Trung imng Ian thie 6 - 11 .

T r o n g k h i chu t r g n g t d i cong nhan va nong d a n . D a n g con t r a n h t h u tap h g p

1939, nhhm gidi quyei muc tieu sol cua each mqng la doc lap dan toe va dera nhieu

rgng rai cac tang I d p khac n h u sinh vien, hgc sinh, t r i thuc, t u san d a n tgc vao

chu trucmg sang tqo thuc hien muc tieu ay.

mat tran c u u nude. N a m 1943, D a n g d u a ra ban Decimng

Van hod Viet Nam ,

v$n d g n g t h a n h lap Hoi van hod citu quoc Viet Nam v a Dang dan chu Viet Nam

Sau 30 n a m b o n ba 6 hai ngoai, den ngay 28 - 1 - 1941 N g u y e n Ai Q u o c ve

d u n g t r o n g M a t tran Viet M i n h . D a n g cung tang c u d n g cong tac v a n d g n g b i n h

n u o c true tiep lanh dao each mang. N g u o i da to chuc va chii t r i H p i nghi

l i n h n g u d i Viet t r o n g quan d g i Phap, n h i i n g ngoai k i e u d D o n g D u o n g chdng

T r u n g u o n g Ian t h u 8 tai P5c P6 (Cao B^ng) t u ngay 10 den 1 9 - 5 - 1 9 4 1 .

phat xit.

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b. Vai trd cua Ho Chi Minh:

Tai H o i n g h j nay, N g u y e n A i Quoc da chu t r u o n g hoan c h i n h chuyen

* Xay dung luc lugng vu trang:

h u o n g chi dao chien luge d u g c de ra t r o n g H g i nghj T r u n g u o n g Ian t h u 6 (11-

C l i n g v d i viec xay d u n g luc l u g n g chinh t r j , cong tac xay d u n g luc l u g n g v u

1939). H g i n g h i dat van de giai p h o n g dan tgc len hang dau va cap thiet hon

trang each m a n g d u g c D a n g dac biet coi t r g n g .

bao g i o he't.

Sau cugc k h o i nghia Bac Son that bai, m g t b g phan luc l u g n g k h d i nghia v u

Q u y e t d i n h t h a n h lap M a t tran Viet M i n h de chuan b j tien t d i T o n g k h o i

trang chuyen sang xay d u n g thanh n h i r n g d g i d u k i c h hoat d g n g d n h i i n g c u

nghia gianh c h i n h q u y e n t r o n g toan quoc.

Ta

dja BMc Son - V i i N h a i .

s/

Q u y e t d j n h xiic tien cong tac chuan bi k h o i nghia v u trang. Coi d o la n h i f m

d g n g chien t r a n h d u k i c h t r o n g 8 thang (tir thang 7 - 1941 den thang 2 - 1942)

d u o n g l o i de tien t o i T o n g k h o i nghia gianh chinh q u y e n t r o n g Cach m a n g

/g

de d o i p h d v d i s u vay quet ciia dich, sau d o phan tan thanh n h i e u b g phan de

thang T a m 1945. N g u y e n A i Quoc - H o C h i M i n h la n g u o i true tiep chii t r i va

om

chan c h i n h luc l u g n g , gay d u n g co so chinh t r j t r o n g q u a n c h i i n g tai cac t i n h
Thai N g u y e n , T u y e n Q u a n g , L a n g Son. N g a y 15 - 9 - 1 9 4 1 , Trung doi citu quoc II

.c

quyet d j n h nhOng van de co ban cua hgi n g h j .

Sau H g i nghj T r u n g u o n g Ian t h u 8 (5 - 1941), N g u e n A i Q u o c - H o C h i

ok

ra d o i

M i n h tiep tuc chuan b j de tien t d i Tong k h o i nghia thang T a m 1945.

bo

* Xay dieng can cu dja:

Ra chi thj t h a n h lap D g i V i ^ t N a m tuyen t r u y e n giai p h o n g quan (22 - 12 -

ce

C o n g tac xay d u n g can c u dja each mang cung d u g c D a n g q u a n t a m . V i i n g

1944). T o chuc xay d u n g can c u dja each mang, ban d a u la can c u Cao BSng,

fa

B5c Son - V i i N h a i d u g c xay d u n g thanh can c u dia each m a n g .

den thang 6 - 1945, thanh lap K h u giai p h o n g Vi?t B3c. N a m 1942, N g u o i d i

w.

N a m 1941, sau k h i ve nude, N g u y e n A i Quoc chgn Cao Bang de xay d y n g

T r u n g Q u o c lien tiep tranh t h i i s u u n g hg cua cac luc l u g n g d o n g m i n h .

ww

can c u dja d u a tren co sd luc l u g n g chinh trj d u g c to chuc v a phat trien. D o la

7, Cong cupc chuan b i k h o i nghia a i a Dang t u sau H g i n g h i T r u n g u o n g 8 (5 -1941)

hai t r u n g t a m can c u d j a d u a tren co sd luc l u g n g c h i n h t r i d u g c to chuc va

* Xay dung luc lugng chinh tri:
M g t t r o n g nhi>ng n h i ^ m v y cap bach cua D a n g la v a n d g n g q u a n c h i i n g

Budc sang n a m 1941, n h i r n g d g i d u kich Bac Son I d n m a n h len va t h o n g

nhat lai t h a n h Trung dgi cuu quoc quan / (14 - 2 - 1941). C u u quoc q u a n phat

ro

N h u vay, den H g i n g h i T r u n g u o n g D a n g Ian t h u 8 da chuan b j xong vc

up

v u t r u n g tam ciia D a n g t r o n g giai doan h i ^ n tai.

phat trien. D o la hai t r u n g tam can c u dia dau tien cua each m a n g nude ta.
'

.«

T u d a u n a m 1943, cugc chien tranh the g i d i chuyen bien cd Igi cho each

t h a m gia V i ^ t M i n h . Cao Bang la n o i t h i diem cugc van d g n g xay d u n g cac Hoi

mang. H o n g q u a n L i e n X6 chuyen sang phan cong q u a n D u e , s u that bai cua

ci'fu quoc t r o n g m a t tran V i ^ t M i n h . Den nam 1942, khap cac chau a Cao B5ng

chii nghia phat xit da r d rang. T i n h h i n h d o d o i hoi D a n g ta day m a n h h o n nira

deu CO h g i c u u quoc, t r o n g d o c6 ba chau "hoan toan". Tiep do, U y ban Vi?t

cong tac chuan b i cho cugc k h d i nghia gianh chinh q u y e n .

M i n h t i n h Cao Bang va U y ban V i f t M i n h l a m t h o i lien t i n h Cao - Bac - L ? n g
d u g c t h a n h lap.

T u ngay 25 den 28 - 2 -1943, Ban T h u d n g v u T r u n g u o n g D a n g h g p d V o n g
( D o n g A n h - Phiic Yen). H g i nghj da vach ra m g t k e h o ^ c h cy the ve cong
i^c chuan b j toan d i ^ n cho cugc k h d i nghia vu trang


b. Dien bien khai nghia tieng phan:

T^i cac t i n h v u n g n i i i phi'a Bac cong cupc chuan bi k h o i nghia dien ra khan
t r u a n g . O can c u Bac San - V u N h a i , C u u quoc quan hoat d p n g m a n h , tuyen

O k h u can c u dja Cao - Bac - Lang, Viet N a m tuyen t r u y e n giai p h o n g quan

t r u y e n v u trang, gay d u n g co so chinh t r j , m a rgng k h u can c u . T r o n g qua

va C u u quoc quan p h o i h p p v o i luc l u p n g chinh t r i cua quan c h u n g giai p h o n g

t r i n h do, Trung doi cuu quae III ra d o i (25 - 2 -1944). O can c u Cao Bang, n h u n g

hang loat, chau, h u y e n . Tai nhCrng n o i nay, chinh q u y e n nhan dan d u p e thanh
l^p, cac h p i c u u quoc d u p e c i i n g co va phat trien.

d p i t u ve v u trang, d o i d u k i c h d u g c thanh lap. N a m 1943, Ban Vi?t M i n h lien

CJ Bac K i , t r u o c thuc te nan d o i da dien ra t r a m t r p n g do c h i n h sach c u o p

t i n h Cao - Bac - L a n g lap ra 19 ban "xung phong Nam tien" de lien lac v o i can c u

boc ciia Phap - N h a t , D a n g de ra khau hi?u "Phd kho thoc giai quyet nan

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d|a Bac Son - V i i N h a i va phat trien luc l u o n g x u o n g cac t i n h m i e n x u o i

Khau hieu da d a p u n g n g u y ^ n v p n g cap bach nhat cua n o n g dan, nen tao

N g a y 7 - 5 - 1944, T o n g bq> Viet M i n h ra chi thj cho cac cap "Siea soqn khai

thanh p h o n g trao dau tranh m a n h me chua tirng co.

nghia" va keu goi nhan dan "S^m vu khi duoi thii chung".
N g a y 22 - 12 - 1944, theo chu tich H o C h i M i n h , Doi Viet Nam tuyen

D o n g t h o i v o i p h o n g trao nay, Ian song k h o i nghTa tirng phan dang len

truyen

manh me. V i ^ t M i n h lanh dao quan c h i i n g noi day 6 H i e p H o a (Bac Giang),

giai phong quan dugc thanh lap. Sau k h i ra d o i , d p i da danh thang lien tiep d hai

Tien D u (BSc N i n h ) , Ban-Yen N h a n ( H u n g Yen)...

tran 6 Phay Khat va N a N g a n (Cao Bang). Can c u Cao - Bac - Lang du
Ci Q u a n g N g a i , t u c h i n h t r j 6 nha lao Ba T o noi day, thanh lap c h i n h q u y e n

c6' va m o r p n g .

each mang, to chuc d o t kich Ba T o .

Cong cuoc chuan bj van tiep tuc cho den truoc ngay T o n g k h o i nghia.

H a n g n g h i n d a n g vien, can bp each m a n g bj g i a m t r o n g cac nha t i i NghTa

IV. C A O T R A O K H A N G NHAT ClfU Nl/6C V A T O N G K H O I N G H I A

Lp, Son La, H o a L 6 (Ha N p i ) , Buon M a Thupt, H p i A n (Quang N a m ) da dau

Ta

T H A N G T A M N A M 1945 N L f d C V I E T N A M D A N C H U C Q N G H O A R A DCJI

tranh d o i t u d o hoac noi day pha nha giam, v u p t nguc ra ngoai hoat d p n g .

ro
/g

a. Hoan canh lich sic:

om

.c

D a u n a m 1945, H o n g quan Lien X6 tien danh Beclin, sao h u y ^ t cuol ciing

ok

cua phat x i t Due. M o t loat nuoc D o n g A u dupe giai p h o n g .

bo

O mat tran chau A - Thai Binh D u o n g , quan Dong m i n h giang cho Nhat n h u n g

ce

don nang ne.

fa

* Tinh hinh trong nuac:

w.

L y c l u p n g Phap theo phai D o G o n rao rie't hoat dpng, cho t h o i co phan cong

ww

quan Nhat, m a u thuan N h a t - Phap t r o nen gay gat.

Truoc t i n h h i n h do, quan N h a t ra tay truoc. Vao luc 20 g i o ngay 9 - 3 -1945,
N h a t dao c h i n h Phap. Q u a n Phap chong c y yeu 6t m p t vai n a i r o i m a u chong
dau hang.
D a n g liic N h a t dao c h i n h Phap, Ban T h u o n g v u T r u n g u o n g D a n g h p p tgi
lang D i n h Bang (Tir Son - Bac N i n h ) , ngay 12 - 3 - 1945, Ban T h u o n g v y T r u n g
u o n g D a n g ra chi thj "Nhat - Phap ban nhau va hanh dgng cua chung ta".
H p i nghj chii t r u o n g phat d p n g "cao trao khdng Nhat cim nuac manh me lam
tien decho cuoc tong khai nghia".

2. Hoan canh lich su, dien bien, y nghia lich su, nguyen nhan thang Igi va

up

thang 8 - 1 9 4 5 .

s/

1 . Hoan canh lich s u va dien bien k h a i nghia tirng phan tir thang 3 den giua

* Tinh hinh thegi&i:

doi"

bai hpc k i n h n g h i f m ciia Cach m^ng thang T a m nam 1945
a. Hoan canh lich sih

r

N g a y 9 - 8 - 1945, H o n g quan Lien X6 tieu d i ^ t d p i quan Q u a n D o n g ciia
Nhat 6 D o n g Bac T r u n g Q u o c
N g a y 14 - 8 - 1945, H p i d o n g tol cao chien tranh va n p i cac N h a t h p p t h o n g
qua quyet d j n h d a u hang D o n g m i n h k h o n g dieu kien. T r u a ngay 15 - 8 - 1945,
Nhat hoang c h i n h thirc t u y e n bo'dau hang tren dai phat thanh ciia N h a t .
Quan N h a t d D o n g D u o n g r^u ra. C h i n h p h i i Tran Trpng K i m d i n g tay sai cua
Nhat hoang mang. Dieu ki^n khach quan co Ipi cho Tong khoi nghia da den.

^' •

N g a y tir ngay 13 - 8 - 1945, k h i nhan dupe nhii'ng t h o n g t i n ve N h a t dau
hang, T r u n g u o n g D a n g va T o n g bp Vi^t M i n h lap tuc thanh lap Uy ban khai
nghia toan quoc. 23 g i o c i i n g ngay U y ban k h o i nghia toan quoc ban bo "Quan
ienh sol"

c h i n h t h i i c phap lenh T o n g k h o i nghia t r o n g ca nuac.

Tir ngay 14 den ngay 15 - 8 - 1945, Hoi nghi toan quoc cua Dang h p p 6 Tan
Trao (Tuyen Quang), quyet d j n h phat d p n g Tong k h o i nghia t r o n g ca nuoc,
gianh chinh q u y e n truoc k h i quan D o n g m i n h vao D o n g D u o n g ; quyet d j n h
nhirng v a n de quan t r p n g ve c h i n h sach d o i n p i , d o i ngoai sau k h i gianh dupe
chinh q u y e n .


BSidirSng HSG Lich Sir 12 - Ths. TrLrong N^oc Thai

flhan, n o n g d a n cac t i n h Gia D i n h , Bien Hoa, T h i i D a u M g t , M I T h o keo ve

Tie'p do, t u ngay 16 den ngay 17 - 8 - 1945, Dai hoi quoc dan dirge tri?u tap 6

thanh pho'. Q u a n e h i i n g chiem So mat t h a m . So Canh sat, N h a ga, B u u d i ^ n ,

Tan Trao. D a i h o i tan thanh T o n g k h o i nghia ciia D a n g t h o n g qua 10 chinh

f j h a m a y di?n... va g i a n h c h i n h quyen.

sach cua Viet M i n h , c u ra Ui/ ban dan toe gidi phong Viet Nam d o d o n g c h i H o

K h o i nghia t h a n g Igi 6 ba thanh pho l o n da tac d g n g q u y e t d i n h den cac dia

C h i M i n h l a m C h u tich. D a i hoi quyet d m h lay la c6 d o sao v a n g n a m each l a m
Quoc k i , bai hat tien quan ca l a m Quoc ca/A
b. Dim bien:

jyhu'ong t r o n g ca nuoe. N h i e u n o i t u r u n g n i i i , n o n g t h o n t u t h a n h t h i n o i tie'p

J '' ''

; •|^:i'o:>••i^•>i.^;l''':^^:VT:')••'h:;>>;i;^;'

0hau k h o i nghia. D o n g N a i T h u g n g va H a Tien la n h i i n g dia p h u o n g gianh

M;);;!?:.,:;;,*;

i n h q u y e n m u g n nhat vao ngay 28 - 8.

Den giij-a thang 8 - 1945, k h i the each mang sue soi t r o n g ca nuoe. Ttr ngay

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^ Nhu vqy, trit may thi xa do luc luang cua Trung Hoa Dan quoc Tieang Gidi Thqch

14 - 8, m p t so cap bo D a n g va to chuc Viet M i n h t u y ehua n h a n d u g c lenh tong

tay sai chiem dong tie truac (Mong cdi, Hd Giang, Lao Cai, Lai Chdu, Vtnh Yen),

k h o i nghia d o t h o n g t i n lien lac kho khan, n h u n g da can c u vao t i n h h i n h cu

tong khai nghia gianh dugc thang Igi trcn ca nuac trong vdng nua thdng, tie

the cua dia p h u o n g va van d u n g chi thj "Nhqt-Phdp ban nhau va hank dong cua

14 den ngay 28 - 8-1945.

chiing ta" da phat dong nhan dan khoi nghia 6 nhieu xa, huyen thuoc cac tinh d i a u

}' c. Y nghia lich su:

tho song Hong, Thanh Hoa, Ngh§ A n , Ha Tinh, Thua Thien - Hue^ Khanh Hoa...

Cach m a n g thang T a m "ma ra mot biwc ngoqt Ian trong lich sit dan tgc ta". N o

Chieu 16 - 8 - 1945 theo lenh cua U y ban k h o i nghia, m o t d o n v j giai p h o n g

pha tan xieng xich n o le cua thuc dan Phap h o n 80 n a m , ach t h o n g t r i ciia

q u a n d o V 6 N g u y e n Giap chi h u y , xuat phat t u Tan Trao tien ve t h j xa Thai

at x i t N h a t gan 5 n a m , lat nhao ngai v a n g p h o n g k i e n n g u t n ngot chuc the

Nguyen.

a nuoe ta, lap nen nude V i f t N a m D a n chu Cgng hoa - N h a nude do n h a n

Ta

N g a y 18 - 8 - 1945, n h a n dan Bac Giang, H a i D u o n g , H a T i n h , Q u a n g N a m

s/

gianh d u g c c h i n h q u y e n o t i n h I j .

up

*dHaN6i:

ro

Chieu 1 7 - 8 q u a n c h u n g n o i , ngoai thanh to chuc m i t t i n h 6 N h a hat L o n ,
"Dd ddo bit nhin", "Viet Nam doc lap"... U y ban

om

k h a u h i ^ u : :"Ung ho Viet Minh",

/g

sau d o xep t h a n h d p i ngCi, d i t u N h a hat L o n qua cac t r u n g tarn, h o v a n g cac

.c

k h o i nghia quyet d j n h k h o i nghia gianh chinh quyen vao ngay 19 - 8 -1945.

ok

N g a y 18 - 8, ca d o sao vang xuat hi?n tren cac thanh p h o ' c h i n h cua H a N o i .

bo

N g a y 1 9 - 8 , hang chuc van nhan dan noi ngoai t h a n h xuo'ng d u d n g bieu

ce

d u o n g luc l u g n g . Q u a n c h u n g each m a n g c6 s u ho t r g ciia cac d p i t u v? chien

l ^ p , t u do; k i nguyen nhan dan lao dgng nam quyen, l a m ehii dat nuoe, lam ehii

vgn m ^ n h dan tgc; k i nguyen giai phong dan tgc gan lien v o i giai phong xa hgi.
Thang I g i ciia Cach m a n g thang T a m da gop p h a n chien thang ehii nghia
phat xit t r o n g Chien tranh the g i o i t h u hai, da chgc t h i i n g k h a u ye'u nhat t r o n g
h? t h o n g thugc dia eiia ehii nghia de'quoc, gop p h a n l a m suy ye'u c h i i n g , co v u
m g n h m e cac dan tgc thugc dja dau tranh t u giai p h o n g , "co anh h u o n g t r y c
tie'p va rat to l o n den hai dan tgc ban la M i e n va Lao".
d. Nguyen nhan thang Iqti:

ww

*dHue:

w.

Canh sat T r u n g u o n g . So B u u dien. So Bao an binh... T o i 19 - 8, cugc k h o i nghia
g i a n h c h i n h q u y e n 6 H a N o i thang I g i .

N g a y 20 - 8, U y ban k h o i nghia t i n h d u g c thanh lap. U y ban q u y e t d j n h
g i a n h c h i n h q u y e n vao ngay 23 - 8. H a n g chuc van n h a n d a n n o i , ngoai thanh
keo ve thj u y chiem cac cong so, chinh quyen ve tay n h a n dan. Chieu 30 - 8,
t r u o c cugc m i t t i n h l o n co hang van quan c h i i n g t h a m gia, v u a Bao D a i t u y e n
bo thoai v j .
* Tqi Sai Gdn:

'

' '

X u uy N a m K i quyet d j n h k h o i nghia 6 Sai Gon va cac t i n h vao ngay 25 - 8.
Sang 25 - 8, cac d o n v j " X u n g p h o n g cong doan:", T h a n h nien tien p h o n g " cong

I, T h a n g Igi ciia Cach m a n g thang T a m d a n h dau b u o c p h a t trien nhay v g t

"cua each m a n g Vi?t N a m , m o dau k i n g u y e n m o i cua dan tgc: k i n g u y e n doe

fa

d a u , Ian l u g t chiem cac co quan dau nao ciia djch: Phu K h a m sai Bac Bg, So

lao d g n g l a m chii.

- Nguyen nhan khdch quan:
,

Chien thang D o n g m i n h t r o n g cugc chien tranh chong b g n phat xit, dac b i ^ t
chien thang phat x i t D u e va b g n quan p h i ^ n N h a t Ban ciia H o n g quan L i e n

Xo da CO vCi t i n h than, c i i n g co n i e m t i n cho nhan dan ta t r o n g s u n g h i ^ p dau
tranh giai p h o n g d a n tgc, tao t h o i co de nhan dan ta d u n g len T o n g k h o i nghia.
- Nguyen nhan chu quan:

('("

D a n tgc ta v o n co t r u y e n t h o n g yeu nuoe n o n g nan, t u n g trai qua n h u n g
piQc da'u t r a n h k i e n cuong, bat k h u a t cho doe lap t u d o . V i vay, k h i D a n g
ing san D o n g D u o n g va MSt tran Vi$t M i n h phat cao co e i i u nuoe t h i toan
d a n n h a t te d u n g len e i i u nuoe, c u u nha.
.'C,'.^'':::^;';

77

Cach mang thang T a m do Dang Cpng san Dong D u o n g va H o C h i Minh

Bai hoc ve s y linh hoat ket hpp dau tranh chinh trj voi da'u tranh via trang,

lanh dao, da de ra duong loi chien luoc, chu truong chi dao chien lug-c va sach

ket hpp voi chien tranh du kich, da'u tranh chinh tri va khoi nghia tung phan,

lu<7c diing din d y a tren co so li luan Mac - Lenin duoc van d y n g sang t^io vao

Idioi nghia 6 nong thon va thanh thj tien toi Tong khoi nghia.

hoan canh Viet N a m .

Bai hpc ve vi?c ket hpp giiia da'u tranh va xay d y n g de ngay eang v&ng

De gianh thing Igi Cach mang thang Tarn, Dang ta co qua trinh chuain bj

manh ve to chiic, tu tuong chinh trj.

trong suot 15 nam, qua cac phong trao each mang 1930 -1931, 1936 - 1939 thoai

3, Nuoc V i ? t N a m D a n chii Cpng hoa ra doi. N p i dung co ban ciia Tuyen

trao each mang nam 1932 - 1935, da due riit nhiing bai hoc kinh nghi^m thanh

ngon

\f>QC lap ngay 2 - 9 -1945.

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cong va that bai, dac bi^t la qua trinh xay dung luc lugng chinh tn, luc lugng

Ngay 25 - 8 -1945, Chii tieh H o C h i Minh eung vai Trung uong Dang va U y

v u trang, can c u dja trong thoi ki van dong giai phong dan tgc 1939 -1945.

lan dan tpc giai phong Vi^t N a m tu Tan Trao ve den H a Npi.

Trong nhi>ng ngay khoi nghia, toan Dang, toan dan nhat tri, dong long,

Theo de nghj ciia H o C h i Minh, U y ban dan tpc giai phong Vi^t N a m cai to

khong so hi sinh, gian kho, quyet tam gianh dpc lap tu do. C a c cap bp Dang va
chop thoi C O phat dong quan chiing noi day gianh chinh quyen.

thanh Chinh phu lam thai nuac Vict Nam Dan chu Cong hoa. Trong nhimg ngay

quan chiing noi day gianh chinh quyen.

Ijch sii nay. H o C h i Minh soan thao ban Tuj/Sn ngon Doc lap, chuan bj cho mpi

Trong cac nguyen nhan tren phai thay rang, nguyen nhan chii quan dong

mg vi^c Chinh phii lam thai ra mat quoc dan.

vai tro quyet djnh, nguyen nhan khach quan chi co tac dung d u a Cach mang

Ngay 2 - 9 -1945, tai quang truang Ba Dinh (Ha Npi) truoc cupc mit tinh Ion

thang Tam nhanh chong gianh dupe thang Ipi va it do mau. Trong cac nguyen

ciia hang chuc van nhan dan thii d6 va cac viing lan can, C h u tjch Ho C h i

nhan chii quan do thi nguyen nhan ve vai tro lanh dao cua Dang va ciia Ho

Ta

up

Dang va H o C h i Minh da de ra duong 161 each mang diing dSn, sang tao

Minh thay mat Chinh phii lam thoi dpc ban Tui/en ngon Doc lap, trjnh trpng

ro

phu hap vai dieu kien lich s u Viet N a m trong cupe da'u tranh giai phong dan

/g

tpc va giai phong giai cap, ket hpp giira dpe lap dan tpc va chu nghia xa hpi.

om

Voi duong 161 each mang do. Dang ta va Ho C h i Minh lanh dao nhan dan ta

.c

dau tranh trong 15 nam, qua cae Ian dien tap (1930 - 1931) (1936 - 1939) (1939 -

tuyen b6'vai quoc dan va the gioi: Nuac Viet Nam Dan chu Cong hoa thanh lap.

s/

C h i Minh la nguyen nhan quyet djnh nhat.

Noi dung cua ban Tuyen ngon Dpc lap:
Khang djnh quyen thieng lieng bat kha xam pham ciia cac dan tpc: "Tat ca
mpi nguoi deu sinh ra co quyen binh dSng, tao hoa cho hp co quyen dupe
song, dupe ty do va m u u eau hanh phiic".
KhSng djnh quyen ty do, dpc lap ciia dan tpc ta tren hai phuong di^n: phap

Minh phat dong cao trao khang Nhat euu nuac, lam tien de cho tong khoi

li va thyc tien: "Nuoc Vi^t N a m co quyen dupe huong ty do dpe lap, va s y th^t

nghia. V a khi thoi co xuat hifn. Dang ta va H o C h i Minh da nhanh chong chop

da tro thanh mpt nuoc ty do dpc lap".

ce

bo

ok

1945). Dae bi?t, khi Nh^t dao chinh Phap (9 - 3 - 1945), Dang ta va H o C h i

nghiem:

w.

e. Bai hgc kinh

ww

Cach mang thang T a m den thang Ipi cu6i ciing.

fa

thoi co phat dong tong khoi nghia gianh chinh quyen trong toan quoc, dua

Bai hoc ve van dung sang tao chii nghia Mac - Lenin vao thyc tien Vi^t
Nam, nam bat dupe tinh hinh the giai va each mang trong nuoc de thay doi
chu truang chii dao chien lupe cho phu hpp.
Bai hpc ve vi^c giai quyet diing dan giua nhi^m v y dan tpc va dan chii, de
cao van de dan tpc, dat nhi?m vy giai phong dan tpc len hang dau.
Bai hpc ve tap hpp, to chiie doan ket lye lupng each mang trong Mat tran

dan tpc th6'ng nhat rpng rai, tren co so lien minh cong n6ng, tao nen sue manh
toan dan, phan hoa va e6 lap cao dp ke thii roi tien len danh bgi chiing.
78

Khang djnh thanh qua ciia Cach mang thang Tam, ban Tuyen ng6n neu ro:
"Phap chay, Nhat hang, vua Bao Dai thoai vi. Dan ta danh do cae xieng xich
thyc dan gan 100 nam nay de xay dyng nen nuoc Vi^t Nam dpc lap. Dan ta danh
do che dp quan chii may muoi the ki ma lap nen che dp dan chii cpng hoa"
Cuol ban tuyen ng6n. Ho C h i Minh thay mat nhan dan Vi?t N a m khSng
djnh y chi sat da ciia nhan dan Vi^t N a m quyet giii viJng nen ty do dpc lap
vua gianh dupe: "Toan the dan tpc Vi^t N a m quyet dem tat ca tinh than va lye
lupng, tinh mang va ciia cai de giir vihig quyen ty do dpc lap ay".
Ngay 2 - 9 - 1 9 4 5 , mai mai di vao lich sir Vi^t N a m la mpt trong nhCing ngay
hpi lan nha't, ve vang nhat ciia dan tpc.

79


Bai hQc ve thyc hif n lien minh cong - nong: Trong qua trinh dien ra Cach
mgng thang Tam, lye luong each mang hang hai va dong dao nha't la cong
nhan va nong dan, nhung nguoi gop phan viet nen trang su vang cua Cach
m^ng thang Tam.

Mat tran thong
nhat dan tpc
phan de Dong
Duong.

Van dpng, to chiic va loi
keo cac giai cap, tang lop va

ton giao vao mat tran de
dau tranh chong chii nghia
de quo'c va phat xit Phap Nhat lam cho Dong Duong
hoan toan dpc lap.

Mat tran Vi?t

Lien hi^p he't thay cac gidi

- Tap hpp dong dao quan

Minh

dong bao yeu nude, khong

chiing, hinh thanh nen lyc

phan

ngheo.

lupng chinh trj each mang

Thanh lap cac doan the ciiu

dong dao dudi sy lanh d^o

quo'c de van dpng quan

ciia Dang, dpng vien dupe

chiing

sue manh eiia ca dan tpc,

Bai hpc ve su dung bao lyc de gianh chinh quyen: Cach mang thang Tam di
tir dau tranh chinh tri den khoi nghia vu trang de gianh chinh quyen trong

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toan quo'c, trong do khoi nghia vu trang giCr vai tro quyet djnh.
Bai hgc ve xay dung chinh quyen nha nude: khi Cach mang thang Tam
thanh cong, Chu tjch Ho Chi Minh thay mat Dang va Chinh phu dpc Tuyen
ngon dpc lap, tuyen bo'khai sinh nuoc Vi^t Nam Dan chu Cpng hoa.
Bai hpc ve cong tac mat tran: De tien toi Cach mang thang Tam, Dang ta da
cho xay dung m|it tran nham doan ket cac luc luong yeu nuac chong ke thu
cua dan tpc va chuan bj cho thSng Ipi cua Cach mang thang Tam. Do la Mat tran
-1939:

s/

m^ing thang Tam no ra va gianh thang Ipi, ben canh lyc lupng vu trang con c6

up

/g

H i n h thuc to chuc

w.

Ten m|t tr|n

fa

1945. Vai tro ciia tung m|t tr^n

Tgp hpp dong dao quan

nhat nhan dan

gia vao m^t tran de tranh

chiing

phan de Doi-^g

chong phat xit va bpn phan

dau tranh doi cac quyen

Duong.

dpng

cac

dan sinh, dan chii. Giao dye

quyen t y do dan chii, com

va giac ngp quan chiing

thang 3 - 1938,

ww

Van dpng quan chiing tham

thupc dia doi

tri^u

nguoi

doi thanh M 3 t ' ao hoa binh.

hieu dypc chii truong ciia

tr|in

Dang, san sang tham gia

dan

chu

Dong Duong.
82

doan the ciiu quoc trong

bj

tien tdi

nam 1945.
7. Chii truomg xay d y n g mat tran thong nhat do H p i ngh; Ian t h u 6 (11 -1939)
va H p i nghj Ian t h u 8 (5 -1941) ciia Dang Cpng san Dong Duong. Ho?t dpng
cua M | t tr|n Vi?t M i n h doi v o i thSng Ipi ciia Cach m^ng thang Tam 1945
De gianh dpc lap, phai tap hpp rpng rai lyc lupng dan tpc, xay dyng mat

M^t tran thong

Den

- Tren co so phat trien cac

a. Chu truong xay dung mat tran:

Vai tro

hang

va CO l$p ke thii.

Tong khdi nghia thang Tam

om

.c

ok

bo

ce

6. Cac hinh thuc to chiic m|t tr|n dan tpc thong nhat tir nam 1930 den nam

doan ket dan tpc, phan hoa

trang, chuan

mgng thang Tam la cupc each m^ng bao lyc, 6 do ket hpp dypc nhieu hinh
tinh, tuan hanh,... de danh chiehi cac try so aia dich, giai tan chinh quyen djch.

thye hi^n chinh sach d^i

phat trien lyc lypng vu

Bai hpc ve su dung hinh thuc va phuong phap dau tranh phong phii: Cach

thuc va phuong dau tranh phong phii nhu vu trang khoi nghia, mit tinh, bieu

each

Mat tran de hinh thanh va

ro

khoi nghia la hp nhat te vung day.

tranh

Ta

Bai hpc ve tap hpp luc lupng chinh trj cua dong dao quan chung: Cach
lyc lypng chinh trj ciia quan chiing da chuan bi san sang, khi c6 l^nh Tong

dau

giau

mang.

dan tpc thong nhat phan de Dong Duong (1939) va Mat tran Vi?t Minh (1941).
- Van dung bai hgc kinh nghiem tif phong trao dan chu 1936

biet

Tap hpp quan chiing dau
tranh cho'ng de quo'c Phap
phat xit Nhat. To chiic cac
cupc khoi nghia vu trang
chuan bj cho thdi ki dau
tranh mdi.

dau tranh each mang.

trgin dan tpc thong nhat. Hpi nghj Trung uong Ian thii 6 (11 - 1939) da chii
truong thanh lap M$t tran thong nhat dan tpc phan de'Dong Duong.
M5t tran thong nhat dan tpc phan de Dong Duong doan ket rpng rai cac
tang Idp, cac giai cap, cac dan tpc, ke ca ca nhan yeu nude d Dong Duong, chia
mui nhpn vao ke thii chii yeu trude m3t la chii nghia de'quoc - phat xit Phap i,Nh^t, gianh dpc lap dan tpc cho cac nude Dong Duong.
Hpi nghj Trung uong Ian thii 8 (5 - 1941) dudi sy chii t r i ciia Nguyen A i
ioc chii truong giai quyet van de dan tpc, tap hpp lyc lupng, xay dyng mat
| r | n thong nhat dan tpc cho timg nude d Dong Duong. 6 Vi?t Nam Dang ta
lanh IgpVi^t Nam dpc lap dong minh (gpi tit la M | t trgn Vi?t Minh).
83


T^TNMH MTV mVH Khang Vifit
M a t t r a n Vi%t M i n h lien hi^p het thay cac g i a i d o n g bao yeu nuac, k h o n g

D e n Cach m a n g thang Tarn, M a t tran V i ^ t M i n h da phat trien rgng khap, va

p h a n bi^i giau ngheo, gia tre, gai trai, k h o n g p h a n bi^t ton giao va x u h u o n g
c h i n h tri/ dang cung n h a u m u u

CUQC

b. Ho fit dqtig cua Mat tran Vi?t

d o n g vai tro quan t r g n g t r o n g k h o i nghia gianh chinh q u y e n .

dan tpc giai p h o n g va sinh t o n .

8. N h u n g d i e m c h u n g va n h u n g net khac n h a u cua cac t h a i k i each m a n g tir

Minh:

1930 d e n 1945

Qua t r i n h chuan bj cua M a t tran V i ^ t M i n h de tien t a i g i a n h thang Igi trong

a. NhUng diem

Cach m a n g thang Tarn

E)eu khMng d i n h vai tro lanh dao ciia Dang trong thuc tien dau tranh each mang.

* Xay dimg luc luang chinh tri:

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E)eu tap hgp va toi luyen quan chung dau tranh, nhat la quan chiing cong - nong.

Tai B^c Son - V u N h a i : Luc l u g n g d u kich thong nhat thanh C u u quoc quan va

D e u la n h i j n g cuge dien tap tren con d u o n g d i t o i thang I g i cua Cach m a n g

phat d p n g chieh tranh d u ki'ch trong 8 thang (hj- thang 7 -1941 den thang 2 -1942)

thang T a m 1945.

sau d o p h a n tan thanh nhieu bp phan de gay co so t r o n g quan c h i i n g .

Deu de lai n h u n g bai hoc k i n h n g h i ^ m quy gia cho t h o i k i each m a n g sau.

Tai C^o B5ng: Cao B3ng la n o i t h i d i e m xay d u n g cac h o i c u u quoc trong

b. Nhung diem

M a t tran Vi?t M i n h . Den n a m 1942 khip 9 Chau deu c6 H g i c u u quoc, U y ban

nha nuoc ciia dan, d o dan, v i dan d o la X6 vie't N g h $ - T i n h theo k i e u N g a .

19 ban x u n g p h o n g " N a m t i e n " de phat trien l y c l u g n g each m a n g x u o n g cac
tinh mieri xuoi.

T h a i k i 1932 - 1935: N o i bat ve sy v i i n g vang ciia D a n g trude c h i n h sach

6 cac n o i khac: D a n g tranh t h i i tap h g p nhan dan vao M a t tran c u u quoc,

k h i i n g bo'da m a n ciia de quoc.

Ta

n a m 1943 dxia ra "Ban de c u o n g van hoa Vi?t N a m " va v a n d p n g thanh lap
* Xay dvng can cit dia each mang:

ro

T h a n g 8 - 1942, hai can c u Bac Son - V u N h a i va Cao Bang noi lien nhau.

up

s/

" H p i van hoa c u u quoc Viet N a m " .

/g

L y e l u g n g each m a n g phat trien trong k h u v y c rgng I o n Cao Bang, B i c Can,

om

L a n g Son/ H a Giang, Thai N g u y e n , Tuyen Quang.
m g t nuoC V i ^ t N a m m o i .

bo

* Xay dvng luc lugng vu trang va chuan bj khai nghia vu trang:

ok

.c

Den t h a n g 6 - 1945, k h u giai p h o n g Vi?t Bac ra d o i , la h i n h anh thu nho ciia

fa

ce

N g a y 7 - 5 - 1944, T o n g bp Vi?t M i n h ra C h i thj "Sua soan k h o i n g h i a " va

ww

w.

keu ggi n h a n d a n "sam sua vCi k h i d u o i t h u e h u n g " . K h o n g k h i chuan bj k h o i
N g a y 22 - 12 - 1944, theo C h i thj ciia H o Chi M i n h , d g i V i ^ t N a m tuyen
t r u y e n giai p h o n g quan duge thanh lap va hai ngay sau da ha d o n Phay Khat N a Ngan,
N g a y 9 - 3 - 1945, N h a t dao chinh Phap, tiep theo C h i thj " N h a t Phap ban
nhau va hanh d p n g ciia ehiing t a " cua Dang, M a t tran V i ^ t M i n h ra l^nh keu
gpi d o n g bao toan quoc day m a n h Cao trao khang N h a t c u u nuoc.
Thang 5 - 1945, sap nhap " V i ^ t N a m t u y e n t r u y e n giai p h o n g q u a n " v o l
" C u u quo'c q u a n " thanh " V i ? t N a m giai p h o n g q u a n " .
HA

rieng:

T h o i k i 1930 - 1931: N o i bat ve vai tro cua lien m i n h cong nong; h i n h thuc

Vi^t M i n h t i n h Cao Bang va U y ban Viet M i n h lien t i n h Cao - Bac - L a n g lap ra

nghia sue soi t r o n g can cu.

chung:

T h o i k i 1936 - 1939: N o i bat v a i v i f c ket h g p cac p h u o n g phap dau tranh,

t$p h g p va xay d u n g d g i quan chinh t r i h i i n g hau ciia quan ehiing.
T h a i k i 1939 -1945: N o i bat v o i vi#c g i u o n g cao ngpn c6 giai p h o n g dan tpc;

t?ip h g p lye l u g n g quan ehiing rgng rai trong mat tran dan tgc t h o n g nhat dau
tranh d a n h d u o i quan x a m luge; to chuc lye l u g n g v u trang ket h g p v a i lye
l u g n g c h i n h t r j noi day gianh c h i n h quyen.
T r o n g n h u n g d i e m ehung va d i e m rieng d o t h i d i e m ehung la rat quan
trpng v i d u t r o n g t h o i k i nao eCing deu chju sy lanh dao t h o n g nhat cua Dang.
So d l CO nhij-ng d i e m rieng la d o hoan eanh Hch sir ciia m o i t h a i k i khac nhau. ^
9) N h u n g d i e u k i ^ n d u a Cach m a n g t h a n g T a m t h a n g I g i
a) Vedieu

kien chu

'

quan
(•1)''";'.;'

* Co su Idnh dao cua Dang Cgng sdn Vi?t

Nam

Cach m a n g n u a c ta d o D a n g Cong san V i ^ t N a m lanh dao. T u n a m 1930,
D a n g ta da g i a n h q u y e n d u y nhat lanh dao each m a n g n u a c ta. D a n g phai trai
qua dau tranh ren l u y e n m o i c i i n g co duge q u y e n lanh d^o d o va d u a Cach
m a n g thang T a m den thSng I g i .
T h u a ke k i n h n g h i ^ m chong ngoai xam hang ngan n a m ciia to tien ta de l?i
va k i n h n g h i ? m ciia gan m g t t r a m n a m chong Phap ciia cac bac tien boi, Cach
m a n g thang T a m la ket qua ciia m u o i l a m n a m dau tranh ciia nhan d a n ta d u o i
sy lanh dao ciia D a n g , d o la ket qua ciia ba cuge dien tap Ion:


* Thuc hien khoi lien minh cong - nong vitng chdc:

CuQC d i e n tap Ian t h u nha't (1930 - 1931) ma d i n h cao la X6 viet Ngh§ - TTnh:

Giai cap cong nhan, n o n g dan V i ^ t N a m chie'm so d o n g t r o n g n h a n dan, la

t r o n g p h o n g trao nay. D a n g ta da g i u o n g cao ngpn c6 dan tgc va dan chu, xay

nhirng n g u o i b i ap buc, boc lot nang ne nha't, v i vay, hp la giai cap hang hai

d y n g dup'c k h o i lien m i n h cong- n o n g v i m g chic, g i a n h h i n d u p e q u y e n lanh

'each m a n g nha't, cong - nong la chii luc ciia each m a n g .

dao each m a n g V i ^ t N a m . T r o n g cao trao X6 viet N g h ^ - T i n h , D a n g ta da hpc

N g a y tir k h i m o i t h a n h lap. D a n g ta da xac d i n h cong - n o n g la goe ciia each

dupe ngh$ thuat d p n g vien va to chuc quan c h i i n g tir n h i i n g n h o m n h o tien len

mang, la lue l u p n g tien p h o n g va hang hai nha't ciia each m a n g .

m p t p h o n g trao r p n g Ion t h u h u t hang chuc van n g u o i , ket h o p chat che phong

T r o n g p h o n g trao each m a n g 1930 - 1931, cong - n o n g da v u n g ra m p t sue

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trao cong nhan v o i p h o n g trao nong dan, sir d u n g each m a n g bao luc gianh

ingnh p h i t h u o n g , giang m p t d o n nang ne vao b p n thuc d a n , p h o n g kieh.

ehinh q u y e n a m p t so v i i n g n o n g t h o n thupc hai t i n h N g h ^ A n v a H a T i n h , de

Trong cupc v a n d p n g dan chii 1936 - 1939, D a n g ta tap h p p d u p e m p t lye

m u d i l a m n a m sau c6 the k h o i nghia gianh chi'nh quyen t r o n g ca nuoe.

l u p n g ehinh t r i q u a n ehiing hang t r i ^ u n g u o i , t r o n g d o d o n g dao va hang hai

Cupc van d p n g dan chii 1936 - 1939: day la cupc d i e n tap Ian t h u hai chuan

^ha't van la cong n h a n va n o n g dan.

bj cho each m a n g thang T a m thang I p i . Cupc van d p n g d o d o D a n g ta to chuc

T r o n g Cach m a n g thang T a m n a m 1945, cong nhan, n o n g dan da lien m i n h

va lanh dao da tap d u p t cho hang trieu quan c h i i n g dau tranh chong b p n phan

chat che va hang hai t h a m gia each mang, cho nen da l o i cuon d u p e toan dan

d p n g thupc dja, d o i t u d o dan chii, d o i cai thien dan sinh, chong chii nghla

noi day tong k h o i nghia gianh ehinh quyen trong ca nuoe, 6 n o n g t h o n va

phat xit, chong chien tranh, bao v ^ hoa b i n h . D a n g ta chii t r u o n g thanh lap M a t

thanh t h j .

tran dan chu D o n g D u o n g de tap h p p r p n g rai luc l u p n g each m a n g . D a n g ta

Thuc hi§n d u p e k h o i lien m i n h cong n o n g v i r n g chae. D a n g ta da c i m g co'

eon chu t r u o n g sir d u n g nhieu h i n h thirc va p h u o n g phap dau tranh p h o n g

ro

da dupe chuan b j ve ehinh t r j , t u t u o n g va to chuc 6 ca thanh thj va n o n g thon;

Ta

up

Trai qua hai cupc dien tap do, p h o n g trao each m a n g d o D a n g ta lanh dao

dupe quyen lanh dao cua giai cap cong nhan, ciia D a n g t r o n g each m a n g . Day

s/

p h i i . N h o do, u y t i n ciia D a n g ngay cang nang cao.

"a m p t dieu v 6 c i m g quan t r png, v i quyen lanh dao d o d u p e c i i n g eo' t h i Caeh

m a n g thang T a m m o i gianh d u p e thang Ipi, c h i n h q u y e n m o i ve tay nhan dan.

* Cong tdc xay dung Mat tran doan kit toan dan:
K h i Chien t r a n h the gioi t h u hai b i i n g no, thuc dan Phap tang c u o n g dan

r i i t ra d u p e n h i r n g bai hpc k i n h n g h i ^ m tir hai cupc d i e n tap d o de lanh dao

ap, boc Ipt n h a n dan D o n g D u o n g , van m e n h cae d a n tpc D o n g D u o n g bj de

each m a n g thang T a m thang I p i .

do? n g h i e m t r p n g . De gianh doe lap, phai tap h p p r p n g rai lue l u p n g dan tpc,

.c

om

/g

n h a n dan ta da trai qua dau tranh khong h p p phap va h p p phap. D a n g ta da

ok

Cupc van d p n g giai p h o n g dan tpc 1939 - 1945 la cupc d i e n tap t h i i ba tryc

bo

tiep d a n den thang Ipi Caeh m a n g thang Tam n a m 1945. T r o n g t h o i gian ay.

ce

D a n g ta da de ra d u o n g 16'i each mang dan toe dan chii n h a n dan, giai quyet

fa

d u n g dan m o i q u a n h$ giira hai n h i ^ m v u chong de quo'c va p h o n g kie'n,

w.

g i u o n g cao n g p n co dan toe, tap h p p d u p e toan dan doan ket d u o i la c6 cua

ww

M a t tran Viet M i n h de dau tranh chong de quoe Phap va phat x i t N h a t c i i n g
tay sai cua c h u n g . Thang 9 - 1939, Chien tranh t h e ' g i o i thir hai b i m g no, tinh
h i n h CO k h o k h a n cho each m a n g . Dang ta b i n h tinh va k j p t h o i chuyen t r p n g
tam cong tac ve n o n g thon, dua vao nong thon xay d u n g can c u dia each mang,
t r o n g k h i do van chii t r p n g p h o n g trao 6 thanh t h j , ket h p p chat ehe p h o n g trao
thanh thj v o i n o n g t h o n ; ket h p p v i f e xay d u n g luc l u p n g c h i n h t r j v o i xay
dvmg Ivc l u p n g v u trang; n a m t h o i co, thue h i ^ n k h o i nghla t i r n g phan, gianh

xay d u n g mat tran dan tpc thong nha't. H p i nghj T r u n g u o n g Ian t h u 6 (11 -1939)
a chii t r u o n g thanh lap M a t tran thong nha't dan toe phan de'Dong D u o n g .
M a t tran t h o n g nha't dan tpc phan de D o n g D u o n g doan ket r p n g rai cae
*ng l o p , cae giai cap, cae dan tpc, ke ca ca nhan yeu nude 6 D o n g D u o n g , chla
i i i i n h p n vao ke t h i i ehii yeu truoe mat la ehu ngia de'quoe - phat xit Phap Jh^t, gianh doe lap dan tpc cho cae nuoe D o n g D u o n g .
Den H p i n g h j T r u n g u o n g Ian t h u 8 (5 - 1941) d u o i sy chu t r i cua N g u y e n
A i Quoe ehu t r u o n g giai quyet van de dan toe, tap h p p lue l u p n g , xay d y n g
^t tran t h o n g nha't d a n tpc cho tirng nuoc 6 D o n g D u o n g . 6 Viet N a m , D a n g
b thanh l a p V i ^ t N a m doc lap d o n g m i n h (gpi tat la M a t tran Vi?t M i n h ) .
M a t tran V i e t M i n h lien hiep he't thay cae g i o i d o n g bao yeu nuoc, k h o n g
^han bi?t giau ngheo, gia tre, gai trai, k h o n g phan bi?t ton giao va xu h u o n g
h i n h t r j , dang c i i n g nhau m u u eupe dan tpc giai p h o n g va sinh ton. M a t tran

ehinh q u y e n 6 dia p h u o n g , tien len tong k h o i nghla, g i a n h ehinh q u y e n t r o n g

V i ^ t M i n h co v a i tro to Ion trong viee chuan bj va lanh dao Cach m a n g thang

ca nuoc.

T a m n a m 1945 thang I p i .

"

''

"


* Co luc luang vu trang do Dang xdy dung va lanh dao

du kich khoi nghia tung phan, thanh lap cac can cu dja each mang va thie't lap

Cupc da'u tranh gianh chinh quyen a mpt nuac bi de quoc thong trj nhu

chinh quyen each mang 6 nhieu dja phuong t u sau ngay 9 thang 3 nam 1945.

nuoc ta nhat dinh phai qua con duong bao luc each mang. De lam tron sii

Chinh nhi>ng t h i n g Igi do da lam tien de eho Cach mang thang Tam. Sau nua,

m^nh lanh dao each mang Vi^t Nam di den thang Igi, ma thang loi quye't djnh

nho CO lue lugng vu trang va nua via trang ke't hgp voi luc lugng chinh tri,

la gianh dup-c chinh quyen. Dang ta luon cham lo xay dung lue lugng chinh tri

nhan dan ta da hang hai, quye't tam noi day trong ca nuoc, lat do chinh quyen

cua quan chiing va tren co so phat trien luc lugng chinh tri ma xay dung luc

cua Nhat va tay sai, thanh lap chinh quyen nhan dan.

i

Trong euge van dgng giai phong dan tgc (1939 - 1945), Dang ta coi trgng
van de ehuan bi khoi nghia vu trang la nhiem vu trung tam ciia toan Dang,

h. Dim ki^

khdch quan:

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lugng vu tranh nhan dan duoi nhieu hinh thuc khac nhau.

Chien tranh the'gidi thu hai la euge chien tranh giCra luc lugng dan chii va

lyc lugng phat xit. Cugc chien tranh nay ke't thiic bang thang Igi eiia lue lugng

toan quan va toan dan ta. Co khoi nghia vu trang moi gianh dugc chinh quyen.

dan chii va su that bai tham hai ciia chii nghia phat xit, tao dieu ki^n v6 cung

Muon tien hanh khoi nghia vu trang phai co luc lugng. M g i hoat dgng ciia

thuan Igi cho phong trao giai phong dan toe the gioi. Cach mang giai phong

Dang trong thoi ki do deu nham muc dich chuan bi luc lugng chinh trj va ly^c

tgc ciia nhan dan Vi?t Nam la mot bg phan ciia lyc lugng dan chii chong

lugng vu trang de Hen toi khoi nghia vu trang gianh chinh quyen. Dang ta

hat xit tren the'gidi.

cung nhan thuc ro r3ng gianh chinh quyen moi chi la buoc dau ciia each m?ng;

Trong cugc Chien tranh the gioi thu hai, bgn Nhat, Phap la ke thii cu the,

sau khi gianh dugc chinh quyen phai bao ve eho duge chinh quyen each mang.

itruoe mat ciia nhan dan ta, ty lam cho nhau suy nhuge bang euge dao chinh

Do do, phai cham lo xay dung va phat trien luc lugng vu trang nhan dan de

ciia Nhat ngay 9 thang 3 nam 1945. Duoi sy lanh dao ciia Dang, nhan dan ta

Ta

tien hanh khoi nghia gianh chinh quyen va de chien da'u bao v^ chinh quyen

triet de Igi dung mau thuan Nhat - Phap de noi day tung phan, tien toi tong

up

s/

each mang sau khi khoi nghia da thang Igi.

ro

Ngay sau khi euge khoi nghia Bae Son bj that bai. Dang ta da quye't djnh

/g

duy tri lue lugng vu trang nhan dan do euge khoi nghia do de lai, roi t u nhiS-ng

om

dgi du kich Bae Son, Dang ta da xay dung Viet Nam Cuu quoc quan, sau do lai

.c

thanh lap Vi?t Nam tuyen truyen giai phong quan, va tho'ng nhat Vi?t Nam

ok

Ciiu quoc quan voi Vi?t Nam tuyen truyen giai phong quan thanh Vi^t Nam

bo

giai phong quan (thang 4 - 1945). Ben canh luc lugng vu trang noi tren la tien

ce

than eua cua quan dgi chinh quy do Trung uong Dang to chuc va lanh dao.

fa

Dang ta da nhieu Ian chi thi eho cac cap tuy hoan canh ma to chuc luc lugng

w.

vij trang nhan dan duoi nhieu hinh thuc trong ca nuoc nhu dgi du kich, dgi

ww

bi?t dgng, t u v f euu quoc, tu v^ chien da'u, to xung phong vu trang...

khoi nghia. Khi quan dong minh danh bai phat xit Nhat vao ngay 14 - 8 - 1945
da tao ra thoi co ngan nam eo mgt cho nhan dan ta noi day tong khoi nghia
gianh chinh quyen trong ea nuoc mgt each nhanh chong va it do mau.
ThSng Igi ciia Cach mang thang Tam nam 1945 la sy ke't hgp chat che
nhCrng dieu ki?n chii quan va khaeh quan. Trong nhiing dieu hifn do, dieu
kif n ehii quan giii vai tro quye't dinh.
10) T i n h chat ciia Cach mang thang Tam
Cach mang thang Tam no ra va gianh dugc thang Igi vao thoi dai ma ngi
dung chii ye'u la sy qua do t u chii nghia tu ban len ehii nghia xa hoi tren pham
vi toan the gioi, mo dau bSng Cach mang xa hoi ehii nghia thang Muoi Nga.
No no ra trong liic chien tranh the gioi thu hai sap ke't thiie, trong liie quan

Truoe va trong Cach mang thang Tam, ta chua xay dung dugc quan dgi

Dong minh dang Chien thSng phat xit Nhat, sau khi da thang phat xit Due va

chinh quy Ion manh, song da co nhieu don vj du kich va nhat la hang chuc van

Italia. Thoi dai va hoan canh lich su da de lai eho Cach mang thang Tam

lyc lugng t u v^ cuu quoc, tu v^ chien da'u... Do la luc lugng vii trang ciia quan

nhi>ng da'u an sau sic. Nhung dieu quan trgng la phai tim tinh chat ciia Cach

chiing da dong vai tro v6 ciing quan trgng trong thoi ki chuan bj khoi nghia va

mang thang Tam ngay trong dieu ki^n cy the eua Vi#t Nam liic euge each

trong cugc Tong khoi nghia thang Tam nam 1945.

mang do dugc tien hanh.

N h u vay, nho co luc lugng vii trang nhan dan, cho nen moi co cugc khoi

Nuoc Viet Nam von la mgt nuoc thuge dja nira phong kien, eho nen each

nghia Bac Son va khoi nghia Nam Ki; moi co tam thang chien tranh du kich 6

mang nuoc ta co hai nhi?m vy la chong de quoc va chong phong kien de gianh

Dinh Ca - Trang xa (Thai Nguyen); moi co cac cugc di?t Nhat, t r u gian, nhat la

dgc lap dan tgc, thuc hi?n khau hi?u "nguoi cay co rugng" va nhung quyen

cac cugc bieu tinh Ion pha kho thoc, giai quye't nan doi; moi co cac cugc danh

89


Cty TNHH MTV nWH Khang

Yl^

dan chii thyc sy cua nhan dan. Hai nhi^m vu chien \UQC do quan h§ khSng khit
vai nhau.

coi do la nhi^m vy trung tam ciia toan dan, phai tap hpp tat ca mpi luc lupng

Lye luQng each mang nuoc ta bao gom bon giai cap trong nhan dan: giai
cap cong nhan, giai cap nong dan, giai cap tieu t u san va giai cap t u san dan tpc,
duoi su lanh dao cua giai cap cong nhan, dua tren co so lien minh cong nong.

trong xa hpi nuoc ta la mau thuan giiia chii nghia de quoc voi dan tpc ta va

yeu nuoc de thuc hi^n cho ky dupe.
Nuoc ta la mpt nuoc thupe dia va nua phong kien, hai mau thuan co ban
iriau thuan giiia giai cap phong kien dia chii voi nhan dan ma chii yeu la nong

Dang ta goi each mang do nhan dan ta tien hanh duoi su lanh dao cua giai
cap cong nhan, cho'ng de quoc va phong kien la cugc each mang dan tge dan
ehii nhan dan.

dan; trong hai mau thuan do, mau thuan giua chii nghia dequoc voi dan tpc ta

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phai dupe coi la mau thuan chii yeu nhat. Do do, each mang Vi^t Nam la each
m^ng dan tpc dan chii, co hai nhiem vy co ban: nhiem vy phan de va nhi^m vu

Khi Chien tranh thegioi thu hai biing no, do tha'm nhuan chu nghia Mae -

phan phong. Giira hai nhi^m vy do, nhi^m vy phan de'phai dupe coi la nhi^m

Lenin va tieh luy dupe kinh nghi^m cua nhieu nam dau tranh. Dang ta da

vy chii yeu.

chuyen huong diing dan ve chi dao chien lupc, giuong cao ngon co giai phong

Tu nam 1930, Dang ta da phan tieh hai mau thuan co ban trong xa hpi nuoc

dan tpc. Chinh nho su chuyen huong do, cho nen dang ta da doan ket dupe

ta, da neu len hai nhi^m vu co ban ciia each mang Vi^t Nam, do do da phat

toan dan chong bpn de quoc va be lu phong kien tay sai eiia ehiing, bao dam

dpng dupe phong trao each mang sau rpng. Nhung mai den nhiing nam 1939 -

cho thang Ipi each mang. Vi vay, tinh chat giai phong dan tpc la tinh chat noi

1941, nhi^m vy giai phong dan tpc moi dupe nhan thiic mpt each ro rang la

h^t cua Cach mang thang Tam.

nhi?m vu chii yeu hon het. Hon niia, do phan tich diing dan nhung bien

Ben canh tinh chat do, Cach mang thang Tam lai co tinh cha't dan chii. Cach
mang thang Tam da dap tan bp may bu nhin cua vua quan phong kien, lap nen
ude Viet Nam Dan chu cong hoa.

chuyen Ion ve tinh hinh the giai va trong nuoc liic bay gio. Dang da dat nhi^m

Ta
s/

ro

chii t u san (kieu moi), vi duoi su lanh dao cua giai cap cong nhan, each mang

up

Ve tinh chat chien lupc, Cach mang thang Tam thupe loai each mang dan

vy giai phong dan tpc thanh mpt nhi^m vu can kip ciia toan dan.

om

/g

do nham myc tieu xoa bo mpi hinh thuc ap biic va boc Ipt phong kien o nuoc

.c

ta, bao dam cho nuoc ta xay dung mot nen kinh tedpe lap, tu chu. Dong thai,

ok

Cach mang thang Tam eung chinh la cupc each mang giai phong dan tpc, vi no

bo

xoa bo ach thong trj eiia dequoc ben ngoai, gianh doe lap cho dan tpc.

ce

Cach mang dan chii t u va each mang giai phong dan tpc a nuoc ta ket hpp

fa

thanh each mang dan tpc dan chii nhan dan. So di co su ket hpp nhu the vi

w.

each mang nuoc ta do giai cap cong nhan lanh dao. Tinh chat giai phong dan

ww

tpc va dan chii nhan dan eiia Cach mang thang Tam rat ro. Song vi tinh chat
noi bat eiia Cach mang thang Tam la giai phong dan tpc, cho nen, ta eCing co
the noi Cach mang thang Tam la mpt cupc each mang giai phong dan tpc, mpt
buoc quyet dinh, mpt bp phan khang khit eiia toan bp each mang dan tpc dan
chii nhan dan.
11) T h i n g Iqi cua Cach mang thang Tam la thang

cua chuyen huong

chi dao chien IUQC va thang Ipi cua vi^c chuyen hinh thuc dau tranh
a) Thang lai cua vice chuyen huong chi dao chien luge
Tong khoi nghla thang Tam gianh dupe thang Ipi, truoc het la do su chi dao
chien lapc diing dSn ciia Trung uong Dang trong van de giai phong dan tpc.

Hpi nghi Trung uong thang 11 - 1939, Dang ta da chii truong giuong cao

;pn CO giai phong dan tpc, dat nhi?m vy giai phong dan tpc len hang dau va
i'p thiet.
Hpi nghj Trung uong Ian thu 8 (5 - 1941) da hoan chinh su chuyen huong

chi dao chien lupc ciia Dang, dinh ra cuong ITnh eu the ve each mang giai
phong dan tpc. Hpi nghj chii truong giuong cao hon nua ngpn co giai phong
dan tpc, dat n h i f m vy giai phong dan tpc len hang dau va cap thiet hon bao
gio het.
De tap trung het thay cho nhiem vy giai phong dan tpc. Dang ta chii truong
tam gac khau hi^u each mang rupng dat, thay bang giam to tuc, tjch thu rupng
dat ciia dequoc Vi^t gian phan quoc chia cho nong dan; dong thai quyet djnh

thanh lap Mat tran Vi?t Minh.
Nho xac djnh diing dan nhiem vy each mang nhu vay, nen chi trong thoi
gian ngSn, Mat tran Vi^t Minh da tap hpp dupe luc lupng each mang ciia dong
dao quan ehiing de chuan bj tieh tdi khoi nghia gianh chinh quyen. Nghj quyet
ciia Hpi nghj Trung uong Dang Ian thii 8 la mpt ehuang ITnh cy the da co tac
dyng quyet djnh doi voi thMng Ipi Cach mang thang Tam.

,

•

h) Thang lai cua viec chuyen hinh thicc dau tranh
Tong khoi nghia thang Tam thang Ipi vi trong khi de ra su chuyen huong
chi dao chien lupc each mang, Trung uong Dang da kjp thoi de ra su chuyen
huong ve hinh thiic dau tranh, dat ra van de chuan bj khoi nghia vu trang.


I) Cac Nghi quyet ciia D a n g trong thai k i 1939 -

C h u y e n tir dau tranh chinh t r i len k h o i nghla v i j trang, dau t r a n h v i j trang
la mot chuyen h u o n g rat Ion, d o i hoi ca m p t qua t r i n h chuan b i . Ne'u noi rang
k h o i nghia V I J trang la m o t ngh$ thuat, t h i m o t noi d u n g chu ye'u cua nghe

;

thuat d o la p h a i bie't lanh dao sir chuyen h u o n g ve h i n h thuc dau tranh cho

quan t r p n g ngang nhau, roi tie'n len t h o i k i dau tranh v u trang chie'm v j t r j chii

Trung uong

trang, chuan bj k h o i nghla, la k h o n g coi t r p n g p h o n g trao c h i n h t r i cua quan

Ian 8 ( 5 - 1 9 4 1 )

c h i i n g nira, n g u p c lai, ne'u k h o n g c6 p h o n g trao chinh t r j sau r p n g ciia quan
c h u n g each m a n g t h i k h o n g the c6 k h o i nghla t h i n g l o i .

C h i thj

Tren co so luc l u g n g chinh t r j phat trien. D a n g xay d u n g luc l u p n g v i i trang

" N h a t - Phap

up

s/

Ta

each m a n g : sau k h i cuoc k h o i nghia Bac Son that bai. D a n g ta chu t r u o n g d u y

ro

/g

khau

"Chinh

phii

trien cua each mang

h i ^ u thanh
Cpng

hoa

lap
dan

dao

dau

su

chien

chuyen

lupc

each

mang, d o la g i u o n g cao

chii".

ngpn

- T h a n h lap M a t tran thong nhat

dan tpc.

C O giai

ban nhau

- Dat n h i e m v u giai p h o n g dan

Hoan

chinh

phong

chi

tpc len hang dau va cap thie't

huong

l u p c t u H p i nghj thang

- T h a n h lap M a t tran V i ^ t M i n h .

11-1939. Chuan bj duong
16'i

thang T a m

- Thay khau h i ^ u " D a n h d u o i

Tao tien de cho

phat

k h o i nghia thang Tam

xit Phap - N h a t "

hang

- Phat d p n g cao
N h a t cuu nuoc.

trao

Cach

chien

- C h u a n bj k h o i nghla v i j tranh

khau hieu " D a n h d u o i phat xit

cho

dao

g i a n h c h i n h quyen.

(12-3-1945)

mang

1945.
Tong

t h i n g Ipi.

khang

- Q u y e t d j n h phat d p n g tong

L a n h dao k j p t h a i , n a m

H p i nghj

k h o i nghla trong ca nuoc, gianh

t h a i ca k h i luc l u p n g

toan quoc

chinh

da d u p e chuan b j , bao

N g h j quyet

om

chuyen

h o n bao g i o he't.

cua c h i i n g t a "

.c

ok

bo

Neu

Nhat".

t h a n h lap d p i Viet N a m t u y e n t r u y e n giai p h o n g quan. Ba ngay sau k h i thanh

(13 den 15-8-1945)

d j n h t h a n h lap U y ban quan s u Bac K i de chi h u y cac l u c l u p n g v i i trang 6

ce

-

va h a n h d p n g

Bang de bao v ^ can c u each m a n g . N g a y 22 - 12 - 1944, H o C h i M i n h ra C h i thj

Thang 4 - 1945, D a n g t r i ^ u tap H p i nghj Q u a n s u Bac K i . H p i n g h j quyet

h u o n g d i i n g dan ve chi

H p i nghj

k h i t h o i C O k h o i nghla chin m u o i . K h o n g phai n o i den chuan b i k h o i nghla v u

lap. D p i da d a n h thMng djch 6 Phay Khat va N a N g a n (Cao Bang).

tpc len hang d a u .

N g h j quyet

cho luc l u g n g each m a n g phat trien m p t each vCrng chMc va k j p t h o i cho den

Vao cuoi n a m 1941, H o C h i M i n h xay d u n g m p t d p i t u v$ chien dau a Cao

Danh

d a n tpc phan de'Dong D u o n g .

ye'u. Su chi dao d i i n g dan cong tac chuan bj k h o i nghla via trang p h a i bao dan;

quo'c quan.

- Dat n h i e m v u giai p h o n g dan

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trang chi la p h u t r o , dan dan dau tranh chinh trj v a dau tranh v u trang t r o nei

d p i d u kich Bac Son h p p nhat v o i d p i d u kich Thai N g u y e n thanh d p i C u u

N g h j quyet

11 - 1939

(rong t u n g t h o i k i , liic dau t h i dau tranh chinh trj van la chii ye'u, dau tranh vCi

t r i d p i d u kich Bac Son va sau d o thanh lap d p i d u kich Thai N g u y e n . Ve sau,

Npi dung

Trung uong

d i i n g dan giua h i n h thuc dau tranh chinh t r j va h i n h t h u c dau t r a n h vu trang

Tac d v n g doi v a i phat

Nghi quyet

H p i nghj

thich h ^ p v a i t i n h h i n h c h i n h t r i tirng liic, phai bie't giO v i i n g m o i q u a n h{"

1945

quyen

truoc

khi

Dong

m i n h vao D o n g D u o n g .

d a m cho t h i n g Ipi ciia

- T h a n h lap U y ban k h o i nghla.

Cach m a n g thang Tam.

13. C h i i truong cua D a n g qua cac thai k i each mang de dua den t h i n g Igi

giai p h o n g q u a n va C u u quoc quan thanh V i | t N a m giai p h o n g quan. D'Sy la

Cach mang thang T a m nam

w.

fa

m i e n Bac. H p i n g h i cQng quyet d j n h h p p nhat hai d p i V i ^ t N a m t u y e n t r u y e n

thang T a m n a m 1945.

ww

l u p n g vu trang t r y c tiep tie'n hanh Tong k h o i nghla v u trang t r o n g Cach m ^ n g

Thai ki
1)1939 - 1 9 4 1

T r o n g t h u c te^ t u sau ngay N h a t dao chinh Phap (9 - 3 - 1945), cong cupc

1945
C h u truang ctia D a n g

Hoan canh lich s u
- Thang 9 - 1939, Chien tranh

- H p i nghj T W

the g i a i t h i i hai b i i n g no, Phap

thang

11

-

1939

Dang
chii

chuan b i de tie'n toi k h o i nghla v u trang trong ca n u o c da b u o c vao m p t t h o i k i

ra sue dan ap boc Ipt nhan dan

t r u o n g dat va'n de giai

m o i ma dac d i e m la cao trao khang N h a t c u u nuoc len m a n h k h a p n o i , k h o i

D o n g D u o n g . Thang 9 -

p h o n g dan tpc len hang

nghla t u n g phan, chien tranh d u kich cue bp dupe phat d p n g , c h i n h quyen

N h a t nhay

each m a n g dja p h u o n g d u p e thanh lap, can c u dja k h a n g N h a t d u p e xay d u n g .

dan ap, boc Ipt nhan dan ta.

- Thanh

D e n k h i N h a t bj D o n g m i n h d a n h bai. D a n g ta chop lay t h o i ca phat d p n g

- N h a n dan Dong D u o n g chju

thong

canh m p t c6

p h a n de'Dong D u o n g .

T o n g k h o i nghia g i a n h chinh quyen t r o n g toan quoc bang cupc d a u t r a n h viJ
.trang ket h p p v o i dau tranh c h i n h t r j .

vao D o n g

hai

1940,

Duong

trong,

mau

dau.

lap M a t tran
nhat

dan

tpc

thuan dan tpc cang them gay gat.
Ita..,

93


- Ngay 9 - 3 - 1945, Nhat dao
chinh Phap doc chiem Dong
Duong. Ke thu cua nhan dan
Dong Duong liic nay la Nhat.

- De ra chi thi "Nhat Phap ban nhau va hanh
dong cua chiing ta".

ww

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Cdu 5. Noi dung co ban eiia Lu^n cuong chinh trj thang 10 - 1930 aia Dang
Cpng san Dong Duong. iSu diem va han che aia Luan cuong la gi? Nhiing han
che do dupe khac phuc nhu the nao trong tien trinh each mang Vi^t Nam t u nam
1930 den nam 1945.

Cdu 6. Neu nhiing sy ki^n tieu bieu evia phong trao each mang 1930 -1935. Phan
tich mpt sy ki?n tieu bieu nhat the hi^n rich chat triet de aia phong trao.
Cdu 7. V i ^ xae djnh lye lye lupng each mang dupe trinh bay trong Cuong linh
chinh tri dau tien cua Dang va trong Luan cuong thang 10 -1930 nhu the'nao?
Cdu 8. V i sao X6 viet N g h | - Tinh la dinh cao ciia phong trao each m^ng

s/

Ta

1930-1931?

ro

up

- Phat dpng mpt cao trao
khang Nhat cuu nuoc.
- Day manh dau tranh via
trang, lap Uy ban quan
su BacKi(4-1945).

- Thanh lap khu giai
phong Vi?t BSc (6 - 1945).

/g

- Tri^u tap Hpi nghi toan
quoc t u 14 den 15 - 8 1945 chu truong tien
hanh khoi nghia.
- Dai hpi quoc dan Tan
Trao t u ngay 16 den 17 8 - 1945 thong qua L^nh
tong khoi nghia.

w.

- Ngay 14 - 8 - 1945, Nhat
dau hang Dong minh khong
dieu kien. Bon Nhat va tay
sai cua chung 6 Dong Duong
hoang mang cue dp. Quan
Dong minh chua vao Dong
Duong. Nhan dan ta da
chuan bi san sang.

1930 -1931 nhu the nao?

om

- Hong quan Lien X6 danh
bai doi quan Quan Dong cua
Nhat.

Cdu 4. Van de dan tQC va giai cap dupe giai quyet trong phong trao each mang

.c

4) 13 - 8 - 1945
den 2 - 9 - 1 9 4 5

bj cho thSng Igi aia Cach mang thang Tam 1945.

ok

- Thang 5 - 1945, Due dau
hang Dong minh khong dieu
kien.
- Thang 8 - 1945, Nhat lien
tie'p bi that bai a Thai Binh
Duong.

Cdu 3. Vi sao phong trao each mang 1930 -1931 la cupe dien tap dau hen chuan

bo

1945
8 -

- Hoi nghi TW Dang Ian
thu 8 (5 - 1941) chu
truong giuong cao hon
nvia ngpn c6 giai phong

dan tgc.
- Thanh lap Mat tran Vi^t
Minh.
- Chu truong khoi nghla
vii trang de danh Phap,
duoi Nhat.

ce

3) 9 - 3 den 13 1945

Cm 2. Nhung bai hpc nit ra tie phong trao each mang 1930 -1931 la gi? Phan tich
mpt bai hoc Ion c6 tac dpng den cac phong trao each mang sau nay ve van de dan
tpc va giai cap.

- Thang 6 - 1941, Lien X6
tham chien, tinh chat chien
tranh the giai thay doi.
- Thang 1 - 1941, Nguyen A i
Quoc ve nude true tie'p lanh
dao each mang.
- Nhat - Phap ca'u ket vol
nhau dan ap, boc lot nhan
dan ta.

fa

2) 5 - 1941 den
9-3-1945

- Thanh lap Uy ban dan
tQc giai phong Vi?t Nam.

- Thoi CO ngan nam c6 mot
cho dan tpc ta da den.

Cau 9. Lap bang so sanh phong trao each mang 1930 -1931 voi phong trao each

m9ng 1936 - 1939 theo cac npi dung: Hoan canh Ijch su; lye lupng tham gia; mye
tieu; hinh thiic dau tranh; ket qua va y nghia lich su.
Cdu 10. Neu nhiing net noi bat nhat ciia phong trao each mang 1930 - 1931 va
1936 -1939. Cac bai hpc kinh nghi^m dupe nit ra t u hai phong trao nay.
Cdu 11. Phan tich nhiing diem chung va nhiing net rieng aia phong trao Cach

mgng 1930 -1931 va 1936 -1939.
Cdu 12. Sy chuyen huong chi dao chien lupe va sach lupe trong cupc van dpng
dan chii 1936 -1939 dupe the hi^n nhu the nao? Sy chuyen huong do c6 gi mau
thuan voi Cuong linh chinh trj dau tien aia Dang khong? V i sao?

i

Cdu 13. Phong trao dan chii 1936 -1939 c6 mang tinh dan tpc hay khong? Vi sao?
Cdu 14. Vi sao thang 5 nam 1941 Dang ta va lanh tu Nguyen A i Quoc thanh lap
Mat tran Vi?t Minh? Vai h-6 aia Mat tran Vift Minh doi voi thang Ipi aia each
n n ^ g thang Tam n3m 1945.
Cdu 15. Cong cupc chuan bj khoi nghia aia Dang tie sau Hpi ngh} Trung uong 8
(5 -1941) da dien ra nhu the'nao?

cAu

Hdi

O N TI?IP

Cau 1. Chiing minh rang phong trao each mang 1930 -1931 dien ra voi quy mo
rpng khap, mang tinh chat each mang trift de va str dung hinh thiie dau tranh
quyet Ii#t.

Cdu 16. Phan tich chii truong chuyen huong chi dao chien lupe aia Dang tu Hpi
ngh} Trung uong thang 11 - 1939 den Hpi nghi Trung uong 8 (5 - 1941). Vai tro
ciia H o Chi Minh trong vi?c hoan chinh chii truong chuyen huong chi dao chien
lupc cua Dang va chuan bj tien toi khoi nghia vu h'ang gianh chinh quyen.

95


Cdu 17. Trinh bay nhung net chinh cua cao trao khang Nhat ciiu nuoc t u
thang 3 -1945 den thang 8 - 1945. Vi sao Cao trao khang Nhat cuu nuac da tao
tien de thuc day thai ca Tong khai nghia thang Tarn nhanh chong chin muoi.
Cdu 18. Cach mang thang Tarn nam 1945 c6 phai la C U Q C each mang bao luc
kh6ng?Visao?
M "
Cdu 19. Hay trinh bay va phan tich nhDng net dpc dao trong Cach mang thang
Tarn nam 1945.
Cdu 20. Cac giai doan phat trien ciia each mang Vi^t Nam trong nhiing nam
1930 -1945. Y nghla ciia moi giai doan dol voi thMng Ipi eiia Cach mang thang Tarn.

C/iuy^n dS 3:

V I £ T NAM T U 1945

DfiN NAM

1954

I , VIET N A M SAU CACH M A N G T H A N G T A M TU" SAU NGAY 2 - 9 - 1945
PEN TRU'OC NGAY 19 - 1 2 -1945
1, Tinh hinh nude ta sau Cach m^ng thang Tam
a. Thudn Igi:

Cdu 21. Cong tac Mat tran dan toe thong nhat duoe Dang ta xay dyng tix nam
1930 den nam 1945 nhu the nao?
Cdu 22. Hay neu va phan tieh de lam sang to: tien trinh phat trien ciia Cach
mg.ng thang Tam la di tu khoi nghla hing phan den Tong khai nghla.
Cdu 23. Neu nhiing Nghj quyet ciia Dang trong giai doan each mang 1930 1945. Phan tieh mpt Nghj quyet eo tac dung den vi?c van dpng Cach mang
thang Tam 1945.

B

da lu lupt keo vao nuac ta. Tir vi tuyen 16 tro ra BSc eo 20 van quan Trung

j|i(!3ic to ehiic phan dong nhu Vif t Nam Quoc dan dang (Vi^t Quoc), Vi?t Nam each

Ta

mang 1930 -1945.

s/

'in^ng dong minh hpi (Vi#t each). Tir vT tuyeh 16 tr6 vao Nam quan dpi Anh tra

up

ro

/g

om

.c

ok

thang l(7i cua qua trinh chuan bj lau dai ket hpp vai chop lay thai co van dong

- Ve doi ngoai: Quan dpi cac nuac Dong minh, dual danh nghTa giai giap quan

Hoa Dan quoc dong 6 Ha Npi va hau he't cac tinh. Chiing keo theo bpn tay chan t u

Cdu 24. Chu truong ve ehie'n lupc, sach luac cua Dang trong giai doan each
Cdu 25. Phan tich cac dieu kien ra dai cua Mat tran Dan ehii Dong Duong, Mat
t r ^ Dan tQC thong nhat phan de'Dong Duong va Mat tran Vi^t Minh.
Cdu 26. T u nam 1930 den 1945, Dang ta da giai quyet nhiem vu phan de va phan
phong nhu the nao? Phan tich su sang tao cua Dang trong vi^c giai quyet hai
nhi?m vu do.
Cdu 27. Hay chung minh r^ng, thang Igi cua Cach mang thang Tam 1945 la

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Nhan dan da gianh quyen lam chii, buoe dau dupe huang
do, nen rat phah
khai, gan bo voi che dp. Cach mang nuac ta eo Dang lanh dao day dan kinh
nghi?m, c6 lanh hi sang suot la Chii tjch Ho Chi Minh. Tren the'giai, h$ thong xa
hpi chii nghla dang hinh thanh, phong trao giai phong dan toe dan cao 6 nhieu
nuoc thupc dja va phy thupe, phong trao dau tranh vi hoa binh, dan chii phat hien
6 rihieu nuac tu ban.
^
h. Kho khdtu

||topn mpt so quan Phap nham quay tro lai xam lupc nuoc ta. Lpi dyng tinh hinh do
phan dpng ngoc dau day lam tay sai cho Phap, cho'ng pha each mang.
- Ve dol npi: Chinh quyen each m^ng vtra mod thanh lap, chua dupe ciing co;
: Ivrpng vCi trang con non yeu.
Nen kinh te'nuoc ta von da lac hau, lai bj chien tranh tan pha nang ne. Hau qua
1 doi cuol nam 1944 dau nam 1945 chua dupe khMc phyc. Nan lyt Ian, lam v6
\ tinh Bae Bp, roi han han keo dai lam cho niia tong niia lam cho niia tong so
|Upng dat khong trong cay dupe. Nhieu xi nghi^p eon n5m trong tay tu ban Phap.

cau sau day:
Npi dung

tSng vpt, dai song nhan dan gap nhieu kho khan.

kc CO so eong nghifp ciia ta chua phye hoi san xuat. Hang hoa khan hiem, gia ca
1939 -1945

ww

Chu truong cua Dang

1936 -1939

w.

1930 -1931

fa

ce

bo

quan chiing da'u tranh.
Cdu 28. Lap bang so sanh cac su kien Hch su trong giai doan 1930 -1945 theo yeu

Nhi^m vu each mang
•

Ket qua
Bai hpc kinh nghif m
Cdu 29. Trong Cach mang thang Tam 1945, Dang ta da van dung nhung bai

hpc kinh nghi?m gi tu phong trao each mang 1930 - 1931 va phong trao dan
chu 1936 -1939?
Cdu 30. Phan tich tinh chat ciia Cach mgng thang Tam nam 1945.
OA

each mang lai chua nam dupe Ngan hang Dong Duong. Trong liic do, quan Trung
Hoa Dan quoc tung ra thj truong cac lo^ii cac lo?d tien ciia Trung Quoc da mat gia,

Hinh thuc dau tranh
Khau hi|u da'u tranh

Ve tai chinh, ngan sach Nha nuoc liic nay hau nhu trong rong. Chinh quyen

lam cho nen tai chinh nuac ta them roi loan.
Ve v3n hoa, di san van hoa lac hau do che dp thyc dan phong kien de lai he't
sue nang ne, han 90% dan so'khong biet chii.
Kho khan Ion nhat dua nude ta dung truoc tinh the "ngan can treo spi toe" la
1*6 khan ve dol ngo^ii. NghTa la phai dol pho voi cac the lye cua Trung Hoa Dan
"luoc 6 mien Bac va ciia Phap 6 mien Nam.


3Si

dirdri^

Hr>0

Ljch

5u

12 - Ths.

Truon^

Ni^pc

Thai

tham gia phong trao xoa nan m u chu. Trong vong m p t nam, t u ngay 8 - 9 - 1945

2. G i a i quyet n h u n g k h o k h a n sau Cach mang thang Tarn n a m 1945. K e t qua va

(Jen ngay 8 - 9 - 1946, tren toan quoc da to chuc gan 76.000 lap hpc, xoa m i l c h i i

y nghia

cho han 2,5 tri^u n g u a i .

- G i a i quyet k h o k h a n ve c h i n h t r i , quan sy:

T r u a n g hpc cac cap pho thong va dai hpc sam dupe khai giang nham dao tao

Ngay 6 - 1 - 1946, to chuc bau vao Quoc hpi v o l 333 d ^ i bieu khap Bac - T n i n g -

nhxiTig cong dan va can bp trung thanh, c6 nang lye phung sy To quoc. N p i dung va

N a m , t u g n g t r u n g cho khoi doan ket toan dan. Ngay 2 - 3 - 1946, tai phien hpp

phuong phap giao due buac dau dupe doi m d i theo tinh than dan tpc - dan chu.

dau tien tai H a N o i , Quoc hoi thong qua danh sach Chinh phu lien hiep khdng chien

- Giai quyet k h o k h a n ve t h i i trong giac n g o a i :

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do Chu tjch H o C h i M i n h d u n g dau va lap ra Ban die thdo Mien phdp. Ban hien phap

Thye hi^n sach lupc hoa hoan v d i quan T r u n g Hoa Dan quoc.

dau tien cua nude Vi?t N a m Dan chu Cgng hoa dup-c Quoc hpi thong qua ngay 9 -

N h u p n g cho cac D a n g V i ^ t Quoc, V i ^ t each tay sal ciia T r u n g Hoa D a n quoc

11 -1946. Luc l u g n g v u trang duoc xay d u n g . Viet Nam giai phong quan, thanh lap

70 ghe trong quoc hpi khong bau cir, 4 ghe Bp t r u o n g trong Chinh p h i i lien hi^p

thang 5 -1945, duoc chah chinh va doi thanh Ve quoc doan (9 - 1945). Ngay 22 - 5 -

chinh thuc.

1945, Ve quoc doan duoc d o i thanh Quan dp i Quoc gia V i ^ t N a m . Cuoi nam 1945,

Nhan n h u p n g cho T r u n g Hoa Dan quoc mpt so quyen Ipi ve k i n h te^ n h u ciing

lyc l u g n g dan quan, t y v | tang len hang chyc van nguoi, c6 mat hau het cac thon

cap mpt phan l u o n g thye, thye pham, p h u a n g tien giao thong van tai, cho phep

xa, d u o n g pho^ x i nghiep tren khap ca nuac.

diing tien T r u n g Quoc tren thj truang.

- G i d i quyet k h o k h a n ve k i n h te - tai c h i n h :

Doi v o i to chuc phan each mang, tay sai a i a T r u n g Hoa Dan quoc ( V i f t quoc,

De giai quyet nan doi, Chinh p h u each mang lam thai de ra nhieu b i^n phap

Vi?t each). Chinh quyen each mang d y a vao quan chiing, kien quyet vach tran a m

cap thoi va lau dai:

m u u va hanh dpng chia re, pha hoai cua chiing. N h u n g ke pha hoai c6 d u bang

nham trah ap bpn phan each mang.
Nhimg bien phdp sach luge nhan nhugng tren day dd han checdc hoqt dong chong pha

ro

B i f n phap lau dai: tang gia san xuat la bi?n phap hang dau va c6 h'nh chat lau

s/

gao dm doi" to chuc "Ngay dong tdm", khong dung gao, ngo, khoai, san... na'u r u p u .

chung thi bj t r i m g t r i theo phap luat. Chinh p h u con ban hai\ m p t so sac l?nh

up

com. se do". Nghe lai Chii tich H o Chi M i n h , tren khap ca nuac, nhan dan ta lap "HU

Ta

B i f n phap cap thai: Chii tich H o Chi M i n h keu go! nhan dan ca nuoc "Nhte&ng

cua Trung Hoa Dan quoc vd tay sai, Idm thai bqi dm mint Idt do chinh quyen each mang

xuat nual". H u o n g u n g lai keu gpi C h i i tjch H o Ch i M i n h , phong trao thi dua tang

ciia quan chiing.

om

/g

dai. C h i i tich H o C h i M i n h keu gpi "Tang gia san xuat! Tang san xuat n-^ay! Tang san

• T h y e h i ^ n sach lupc hoa hoan v o l Phap:

Giai cap cong nhan, bp d p i , can bp, vien chuc nha nuoc, t r i thuc, hpc sinh, cac cong

Ngay 3 - 3 -1946, Ban T h u o n g v u Trung uong Dang hpp, do H o C h i M i n h chu

thuong... t y n g u y ^ n to chuc thanh t i m g doan, t i m g dpi ve nong thon, g i i i p nong

tri, da ehpn giai phap "hoa de tien". Chieu 6 - 3 -1946, tai Ha N p i , C h u tich H o C h i

dan khai hoang, phuc hoa, dap de phong l y t .

M i n h thay mat Chinh p h u Viet N a m Dan chu cong hoa k i v o i G. Xanhtani -

ce

bo

ok

.c

gia san xuat day len khap ca nuac. D u a l khau hi?u "khdng mot tac dai bo hoang".

N h a n h i j n g bi?n phap tich eye tren day, san xuat nong nghiep nhanh chong

fa

di?n Chinh p h i i Phap - ban Hiep dinh So bo. V&i npi d u n g :

w.

dupe phuc hoi, nan d o i bj day l u i mpt budc.

Chinh phu Phap cong nhan nude V i ^ t N a m Dan chu Cpng hoa la m p t quoc gia

ww

De khae phuc tinh trang trong rong ve ngan sach, Chinh phu keu gpi tinh than

tv do, CO chinh p h u rieng, nghj v i f n rieng, quan dpi rieng, tai chinh rieng, va la

t u n g u y f n dong gop ciia nhan dan ca nuac. H u a n g u n g cupc van dpng xay d u n g

thanh vien Lien bang D o n g D u o n g , nam trong khoi Lien hiep Phap.

"Quy doc lap", phong trao "Tuan le vdng" do Chinh p h i i phat dpng, nhan dan ta

Chinh p h i i Viet N a m Dan chii Cpng hoa thoa thuan cho 15000 quan Phap vao

hang hai d o n g gop tien, a i a , vang, bac u n g hp nen dpc lap cua To quoc. N g a y

ttiien Bac thay quan T r u n g Hoa Dan quoc lam nhi?m v u giai phap quan Nhat, so'

23 - 1 - 1946, C h i n h p h u ra sac l?nh p h a t h a n h tien V i ^ t N a m va d e n ngay
23 - 11 - 1946, Quoc hpi quyet d i n h cho l u u hanh tien V i f t N a m trong ca nuoc
thay cho tien D o n g D u o n g cua Phap truac day.
- G i a i quyet k h o k h a n ve van hoa - gjao d y e
Ngay 8 - 9 -1945, C h i i tich H o Chi M i n h k i sac l?nh thanh lap Nha binh dan hoc
xm, la CO quan chuyen lo vi^c chong "giac dot", va keu gpi nhan dan trong ca nuoc

quan nay se dong d nhiung dja diem quy d j n h va n i t dan trong thai han 5 nam.
I

H a i ben n g i m g m p i cupc xung dpt d mien N a m va giir nguyen quan dpi cua
»unh tai v j t r i cii, tao khong k h i thuan Ipi cho d i den cupc d a m phan chinh thuc
Ian cac van de ngoai giao a i a Vi?t N a m , che'dp t u a n g lai a i a D o n g D u o n g , quyen

jloi k i n h t e v a van hoa a i a n g u d i Phap d V i ^ t N a m .


Cty TNHHMTVP^

Ki Hiep dinh Sa bg 6 - 3 - 1946, tqm thai hoa hoan v&i Phap, ta tranh duac cupc chieh

Doi voi to chijrc phan each mang, tay sai cvia Trung Hoa Dan quoc (Vif t quoc,

dau Mi Igi VI phai chong lai nhieu ke thii ciitig mot luc, day duac 20 van quan Trung Hoa

Vi?t each).

Dan quoc ciing bon tay sai ra khoi nuac ta, gianh them thai gian hoa blnh cung co chinh

Chinh quyen each mang dua vao quan chung, kien quyet vach tran am mini va

quyeh each mang, chuan bi luc luang cho moi mat cho cuoc khdng chicn lau dai chohg

hanh dpng chia re, pha hoai ciia chiing. Nhiing ke pha hoai co dii bang chung thi

thuc dan Phap.

bj trung trj theo phap iuat. Chinh phii con ban hanh mpt so sac l^nh nham trah ap

Do ta dau tranh kien quyet, cuoc dam phan chinh thuc giiia hai Chinh phu

bpn phan each mang.

Viet Nam va Phap da dupe to chiic tai Phongtennablo tit ngay 6 - 7 - 1946.

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Nhiing bien phap sach lupe nhan nhupng tren day da han che'eac boat dpng

Cupc dam phan that bai. Trong liic do tai Dong Duong, quan Phap tang cuong

chong pha ciia Trung Hoa Dan quoc va tay sai, lam that bai am mini lat do chinh

ho^t dpng khieu khich. Quan h? Vi^t - Phap ngay cang cang thang, c6 nguy co

quyen each mang ciia quan ehiing.

no ra chien tranh.

4. Phap va Trung Hoa dan quoc k i H i ^ p uoc Hoa - Phap ngay 28 - 2 - 1946.

Truoc tinh hinh do, Chu tich Ho Chi Minh, bay gio dang 6 tham nuoc Phap voi

Chii truong ciia Dang va Chinh phii truoc hanh dpng ciia chung

tu each thupng khach, da ki voi Mute - dai di^n cua Chinh phu Phap tam ban Tqm

* Hif/? uoc Hoa - Phap:

uac ngay 14 - 9 - 1946, nhan nhupng Phap mot so'quyen Ipi kinh t e - van hoa 6

Sau khi chie'm dong cac do thi a Nam 36 va cue Nam Trung Bp, thuc dan

Vi?t Nam. Ban Tam uoc da tao dieu ki^n cho ta co them thai gian xay dtmg, ciing

Phap chuan bj tien quan ra Bac de thoii linh ca nuoc ta. De thuc hien mue dich

CO luc lupng, chuan bi buac vao cupc khang chieh toan quoc chong Phap lau dai.

do, chae chan Phap se vap phai lui: lupng khang chien ciia quan dan va ea sy

- Ket qua va y nghia:

CO mat eiia quan Trung Hoa Dna quoc 6 mien Bac. Vi the, Phap dung thii doan

up

Buoc dau day liii dupe nan doi, giai quyet dupe mpt phan kho khan ve tai

s/

de bao v^ chinh quyen each mang con non tre.

Ta

Buoc dau xay dung va cung co' dupe chinh quyen nha nuoc, tao co so phap li

ro

chinh, van hoa - giao due.

/g

Loai dupe quan Trung Hoa Dan quoc va bpn tay sai a mien Bac va tao dupe

om

thoi gian de ehuan bi buoc vao cupc khang chieh lau dai chong thuc dan Phap.

.c

Dua each mang nuoc ta thoat khoi tinh trang kho khan n h u "ngan can treo

ok

spi toe".

bo

3. Cupc dau tranh ciia quan va dan ta voi quan Trung Hoa Dan quoc va bpn

ce

phan each mang 6 phia Bac sau Cach mang thang Tam nam 1945

dieu dinh voi Chinh phii Tiung Hoa dan quoc de ra Bae thay the quan Trung

Hoa dan quoc giai giap quan Nhat. Trong khi do, Trung Hoa dan quoc thay
can phai riit ve nude, tap trung doi pho voi phong trao each mang do Dang

Cpng san Trung Quoc lanh dao.
Trung Hoa Dan quoc va Phap da thoa hiep vdi nhau, ki ket ban Hiep uoc
Hoa - Phap ngay 28 - 2 - 1946. Theo do, Phap dupe dua quan ra B3e thay the
quan Trung Hoa Dan quoc lam nhiem vu giai giap quan Nhat. Doi lai, Trung
Hoa Dan quoc dupe Phap tra lai mpt so quyen Ipi tren da't Trung Quoc, dupe van
chuyen hang hoa qua cang Hai Phong vao Hoa Nam khong phai dong thue.
* Chu truong cua Dang va Chinh phu:

fa

Trong tinh the'eimg mpt luc phai doi pho voi nhieu ke thii. Dang ta chu truong

ww

w.

phan hoa ke thii bSng viee thye hi^n sach lupe men deo va dao bao nguyen tSc
cung ran.

Dau tranh voi quan Trung Hoa Dan quoc o mien Bac: Thuc hi^n sach lupe hoa
hoan voi quan Trung Hoa Dan quoc.
Nhupng cho cac dang Vi?t quoc, Vi^t each tay sai ciia Trung Hoa Dan quoc 70
ghe trong quoc hpi khong bau eu, 4 ghe Bp truang trong Chinh phu lien hi^p
chinh thuc. Nhan nhupng cho Trung Hoa Dan quoc mpt so quyen Ipi ve kinh te^
nhu ciing cap mpt phan luong thuc, thuc pham, phuong ti?n giao thong v|in tai,
cho phep dung tien Trung Quoc tren thj truang.
inn

'1 Kh^n^ Vlft

Hiep ude Hoa - Phap buoc nhan dan ta phai chpn mpt trong hai eon dudng:
hoae la cam vii khi chong lai thuc dan Phap khi chiing ra mien BSc; hoae la hoa
hoan vdi Phap de nhanh chong gat 20 van quan Trung Hoa Dan quoc ra khoi
mien Bac, tranh thii thoi gian hoa hoan, xay dung dat nude, chuan bi luc lupng
de doi pho vdi cupc chieh tranh ciia Phap ve sau.
Trudc tinh the ma Hipp ude do dat ra. Dang va Chinh phii ta da thuc hi^n
sach lupe hoa vdi Phap. Ho Chii tjch da ki vdi Xanhtani (Sainteny), dai di?n
Chinh phii Phap ban Hiep djnh So bp 6 - 3 -1946.
^

Theo do, Chinh phii Phap eong nhan nude Vi?t Nam Dan chii Cpng hoa la

mpt quoc gia t u do, cd chinh phii, nghj vien, quan dpi va tai chinh rieng nam
^ r o n g khoi Lien hiep Phap; Chinh phii Vi^t Nam thda thu|n cho 15.000 quan


chu dpng, hoa hoan wai Phap de gat 20 vgn quan T r u n g Hoa Dan quoc ra k h o i

Phap ra m i e n BSc thay quan T r u n g H o a dan quoc l a m n h i e m v u giai giap quari

mien Bac, tranh thii thoi gian de chuan bj luc l u p n g d o i pho v o i cupc chien tranh

N h ^ t , so q u a n nay se r i i t d a n t r o n g t h o i han 5 n a m ; hai ben t h u c h i ^ n n g u n g

v o i Phap sau nay. V i f e hoa v o i Phap bang k i H i ^ p d i n h so bp (6 - 3) va Tam uoe

ban, tao k h o n g k h i t h u a n Igi c h o vi$c m o cuoc d a m phan c h i n h thuc.

(14 - 9)1946.

H i ^ p d j n h So bp 6 - 3 - 1946, c6 y nghia rat I o n . N o da dap tan am m u u cau

- Thang Icri ciia chii tnecmg do:

ket giifa Phap va T r u n g H o a d a n quoc, loai bo dupe m p t ke t h u n g u y h i e m la

C h i i t r u o n g ciia Dang, Chinh p h i i va Chii tjch H o C h i M i n h the h i ^ n su sang

T r u n g Hoa dan quoc va tay sai; tranh d u p e m p t cupc chien tranh chong nhieu

suot, tai tinh, k h o n kheo, dua nhan dan ta v u p t qua n h i i n g t h u thach to Ion liic do

ke t h u k h i luc l u p n g ciia ta c o n y e u ; tranh t h i i t h o i gian hoa hoan de chuan bi

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va sSn sang tien vao cupc dau ma ta chae chan khong the tranh khoi.

l y c l u p n g cho cupc chien d a u sau nay.

Tranh dupe ciing m p t liie doi pho v o i nhieu ke t h u , trong k h i luc l u p n g ciia ta

Sau H i ? p d i n h So bp, ta t i e p tuc dau tranh ngoai giao, d a m p h a n c h i n h thuc

con yeu.

v o i Phap tai Phongtennoblo, n h u n g do Phap ngoan co, cuoi c u n g hpi nghj that

6. Y nghia t h i n g I g i va bai hgc k i n h n g h i ^ m ciia cugc dau tranh bao v ^ c h i n h

bai. De tiep tuc t h o i gian hoa hoan. C h i i tjch H o C h i M i n h da ky v a i dai dien

quyen t h o i k i tvr thang 9 -1945 den t h i n g 12 n a m 1946

c h i n h p h u Phap ban Tam uac 14 - 9 - 1946, nhan n h u p n g t h e m cho Phap mot

Thang lai ciia each mang Vict Nam trong thoi ki tie thang 9 - 1945 den 12 - 1946 la

so'quyen I p i k i n h te - van hoa 6 Viet N a m .

thang Iffi to l&n va co y nghia cue ki quan trong:

T r a n h t h i i t h o i gian hoa hoan, chung ta da cung co va xay d u n g luc l u p n g

Tren ITnh vuc xay d u n g dat nuoe, n h u n g ket qua trong nam dau ciia che dp

ve m p i mat (ve c h i n h t r j , k i n h te, quan su...). Phap co y gay chien tranh (khieu

dan chii epng hoa ve kinh te^ tai chinh, van hoa, gop phan tang them sue manh

khich, tang quan, d a n h chiem L a n g Son, H a i Phong, gay x u n g d o t 6 H a N p i ) ,

cho N h a nuoe ta trong cupc dau tranh nham danh bai am m u u ciia T r u n g Hoa

cho nhan dan ta buoe vao cupc khang chien toan quoc.

up

bat ta dau hang. Ta k h o n g the n h a n n h u p n g dupe nUa, k h a n g chien toan quoc

Dan quoc, chi v i ^ n tich cue cho N a m Bp danh thuc dan Phap va chuan b i the lyc

s/

chien dau va giao q u y e n k i e m soat t h u d o H a N p i cho c h i i n g , thuc chat la Phap

Ta

giri toi hau t h u ngay 18 - 12 - 1946 d o i chinh p h u ta giai tan luc l u p n g t y vc

Tren ITnh v y c bao v$ chinh quyen each mang g i u v i j n g nen dpc lap dan tpe,

ro

bat dau (19 -12 -1946).

n h u n g thang Ipi eiia toan Dang, toan dan ta lai cang co y nghia Ion lao. V o i thang

/g

5. C h i i t r u o n g "cung ikn ve n g u y e n tac, m e m dec ve sach lupc" dug^c Dang,

Ipi nay nhan dan ta da v u p t qua n h i i n g kho khan t h u thaeh hiem ngheo nhat.

om

C h i n h p h u va C h i i tich H o C h i M i n h van d u n g trong t h a i gian t u 9 - 1945 den

nang giir vii-ng chinh quyen each mang.

ok

- Chu tntcmg "cung ran vengiiyen tdc, mem deo vcsdch lieac".

Thang Ipi nay eon ehiing to rang nhan dan ta d u o i sy lanh dao ciia Dang d i i kha

.c

tnrac 19 -12 -1946. T h i n g I g i ciia chii t r u o t i g do.

Thang Ipi nay co y nghia quoc te sau sac, gop phan tang them sue manh cua

bo

T u thang 9 -1945 den truoc 6 - 3 -1946, thuc hien viec nhan n h u p n g v a i Trung

cac lyc l u p n g each m a n g the'gidi trong sy nghi^p dau tranh chong chii nghia thye

ce

Hoa Dan quoc: N h a n cung cap l u a n g thuc, thuc p h a m cho 20 van quan Trung

dan, de quoc.

fa

Hoa Dan quoc a mien Bae, chap nhan ciia bpn tay sai ciia T r u n g Hoa Dan quoc 71'

- Nhimg bai hoc kinh nghiem:

w.

ghe trong Quoc hpi va 4 ghe trong Chinh phii, nhan tieu tien " Quan k i m " "Quoc

Bai hpe ve vi^c biet dua va sue manh ciia quan chiing nhan dan, biet phat h u y

ww

tg" mat gia trj ciia T r u n g Hoa Dan quoc Dang phai lanh dao chinh quyen. H o Chi

cao dp sue manh sang tao ciia quan chiing nhan dan.

M i n h phai d u n g dau Chinh phii, dpc lap, chii quyen ciia dat nude phai dupe ton

Bai hpe ve biet Ipi d u n g va khai thac tri^t de mau thuan trong hang n g u ke thu,

trpng. Kien quyet t r i m g t r i bpn tay sai phan each mang.

xac d j n h d i i n g ke t h u chii yeu, truoc mit, co lap va tap trung luc l u p n g dahh d i i n g
ke thu.

T u 6 - 3 - 1946 den truoc 19 - 12 - 1946, thuc hien viec hoa v a i Phap de duoi

Bai hpe ve biet tranh thii kha nang hoa binh va p h u o n g phap d a m phan

quan T r u n g Hoa Dan quoc ra khoi mien Bae. Ngay 28 - 02 - 1946, Phap - Trung
Hoa Dan quoc k i Hoa uoe Hoa - Phap, theo hoa uoe nay Phap n h u p n g cho Trung

t h u o n g l u p n g degiit v i j n g va phat trien lyc l u p n g each mang, dong thoi phai l u o n

Hoa Dan quoc m p t so' quyen Ipi ve kinh te^ eon T r u n g Hoa Dan quoc chap nhan

chuan b i s i n sang u n g pho v o i kha nang chien tranh Ian rpng quyet liet va keo dai.

cho Phap dua quan ra khoi mien Bae cung T r u n g Hoa Dan quoc giai giap phat xrt

Bai hpe ve vi^c ket h p p giua n h i ^ m v y khang chien va kien quoc, xay d u n g d i

Nhat, n h u n g thyc te'mo rpng chien tranh xam lupc nuoe ta. Truoc tinh hinh do ta

b

doi v o i bao v ^ To quoc.
103


11. NHCNG NAM DAU KHANG CHIEN TOAN QUOC CHONG PHAP
(1946 -1950)

- Y nghia: Day la l o i hieu trieu, la ngpn c6 dan dat toan quan, toan dan ta thuc
j^j^n cupc khang chien chong Phap xam lupc.

1. CuQc k h a n g chien toan quoc chong thyc dan Phap b u n g no
4

Mgay 21 - 12 - 1946, Chii tich H o Chi M i n h g u i t h u den nhan dan Vi$t N a m ,

Sau k h i k i H i e p djnh So b? 6 - 3 -1946 va Tarn uoc 14 - 9 -1946 ve Vi?t N a m ,

j j i a n dan Phap va nhan dan cac nuoc Dong minh.

Chinh p h u ta thuc hi^n nghiem chinh n h u n g dieu khoan cua H i ^ p djnh va T ^ m

Tir thang 3 -1947, Tong Bi t h u Dang Cong san D o n g D u o n g T r u o n g C h i n h viet

uoc. Con C h i n h phu Phap da bpi uoc:

pi^t loat bai bao giai thich cu the ve d u o n g loi khang chien, den thang 9 - 1947, i n

O N a m Bo va N a m T r u n g Bo, thuc dan Phap Hen danh cac v u n g t u do ciia ta.

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thanh tac pham Khang chien nhal dinh thang lai.

6 Bic Bp va Bac T r u n g Bo, ha tuan thang 11 -1946 thuc dan Phap khieu khich tien

2. D t f o n g l o i k h a n g chien chong Phap ciia D a n g ta

cong ta 6 H a i Phong va Lang Son. Thang 12 -1946, chung chiem dong trai phep 6

D u o n g loi khang chien chong thuc dan Phap ciia Dang ta dupe the hi?n trong

Da Nang, H a i D u o n g , dua them vi^n binh deh Hal Phong. 6 Ha N o i , trong cac

cac van ki?n: N g h i quye't H p i nghj Ban T h u o n g v u T r u n g u o n g D a n g ngay 18

ngay 15 va 16 - 1 2 quan Phap ban sung, nem luu dan 6 nhieu noi: dot nha Thong

19 _ 12 - 1946); L o i keu gpi toan quoc khang chien ciia Chii tich H o C h i M i n h

tin 6 thanh pho Trang Tien, chiem dong co quan Bp Tai Chinh va Bp Giao thong

dem 19 - 12 -1946; T h u ciia H o C h i M i n h ngay 21 - 12 - 1946 va tac p h a m Khang

cong chinh. C h i i n g con cho xe pha cac cong sir cua ta 6 pho L 6 Diic, gay ra

chien nhat d i n h thang Ipi ciia T r u o n g Chinh vao 3 -1947.

n h u n g v u tan sat d a m m a u 6 pho H a n g Biin, pho Yen N i n h , dau cau L o n g

N p i d u n g CO ban ciia d u o n g loi khang chien: Toan dan, toan d i ^ n , lau dai va t u

Bien, k h u Cua Dong...

luc canh sinh.

Trang tron hon, trong cac ngay 18 va 19 -12 - 1946, t u o n g Mooclie giri toi hau

Khang chien toan dan:

Ta

t h u d o i ta pha bo m o i cong su va chuong ngai tren cac d u o n g pho^ giai tan lye

Toan dan khang chien, toan dan danh giac theo khau h i ^ u " M o i n g u o i dan la

mpt chien sT, m o i lang xa la mpt phao dai". Neu khong dpng vien dupe toan dan

up

cau do khong dupe chap nhan thi cham nhat la vao sang 20 - 1 2 -1946, quan Phap

tiiam gia khang chien thi khong the khang chien lau dai.

ro

se chuyen sang hanh dpng!

s/

l u p n g t u v^ chien dau, de quan Phap lam nhiem v u g i i i trat t u 6 H a N p i . N e u yeu

Cach mang la sy nghiep ciia quan chiing, do quan chiing nhan dan quye't djnh

/g

Truoc thai dp va hanh dpng ciia thuc dan Phap, nhan dan ta chi con m p t con

om

sy thanh bai ciia each mang.
KMng chien toan dim:

.c

d u o n g la cam v u k h i d u n g len chong thuc dan Phap, cuu To quoc.

De keu gpi dong bao ca nuoc chong Phap, vao dem 19 - 12 - 1946, thay m | t

ok

M u o n huy dpng dupe toan dan tham gia khang chien phai thuc hi?n cupc

T r u n g u o n g Dang va C h i n h phii, Chii tii:h H o C h i M i n h ra Uri keu ggi toan quoc

bo

khang chien tren tat ca eac mat tran kinh te) chinh tri, quan su, van hoa... Co vay,
nhan dan ta mod phat huy dupe kha nang ciia m i n h trong khang chien.

ce

khang chien. Cupc khang chien toan quoc bung no.

Khang chien lau dai:

fa

- Noi dung ciia lai keu ggi:

N e u thien chi ciia ta va am m u u xam lupc ciia thuc dan Phap: " C h i i n g ta m u o h

w.

Khang chien lau dai de phat huy truyen thong danh giac g i i i nuoc ciia dan tpc

hoa binh, chiing ta phai nhan nhupng. Chiing ta cang nhan nhupng, thyc dan

ww

ta, do la "Lay yeu danh manh, lay it dich nhieu". Khang chien lau dai de chiing ta

Phap cang Ian toi v i chiing quye't tam cuop nuoc ta mpt Ian nua".

tranh thii dupe sy dong tinh ling hp ciia nhan dan tieh bp the'gioi, v i cupc khang

N o i len s u quye't tarn ciia quan dan ta trong cupc khang chien chong Phap:
"Khong! C h i i n g ta tha hi sinh tat ca, c h u nhat d i n h khong chju mat nuoc, nhat

chien ciia ta la cupc khang chien chinh nghla. Khang chien lau dai de danh bai am
•

JTiuu "Danh nhanh thSng nhanh ciia Phap".

djnh khong chju lam no le".

Khang chien tie htc canh sinh:
Ta rat coi trpng sy g i i i p d o ciia cac nuoc n h u n g van l u o n d a m bao p h u o n g

The hi^n cupc khang chien ciia ta la cupc khang chien toan dan: "He la n g u o i
V i f t N a m thi phai d u n g len danh thuc dan Phap de cuu To quoc".

cham khang chien hr luc canh sinh. V i c6 no lye chii quan m o i phat huy he't sue
nianh ciia m i n h . N e u khong d y a vao sue lye eua m i n h thi se khong the khang

Khang djnh cupc khang chien ciia nhan dan ta la cupc chien tranh nhan dan:
" A i CO Sling d u n g siing, ai c6 g u o m dung g u o m , khong c6 g u o m thi d i i n g cuoc,
thuong, gay gpc".
104

^ ^

chien lau dai dupe.

i


Duong loi khdng chieh cua Dang la dung dan, sang tao, ngdy cdng duac hodn thien VQ

* Cuoc chien dau a cac do thi khdc

phdt trien trong cuoc khdng chieh chong thuc dan Phdp, Id ngon ca dan ddt todn dan, dCnu^

C> thanh pho N a m Dinh, quan dan ta bao vay djch tu ngay 19 -12 -1946 den

vien dugc site mqnh cua ca dan toe. Ld dnh sang soi duang cho cuoc chieh dd'u vd chiC't,

12 - 3-1947, loai khoi vong chieh dau hon400 ten.

thdng cua nhdn dan ta.

O thanh pho Vinh, ngay tu dau cupc chien dau, quan dan ta da bupc djch

3. Cupc chien dau a cac do thi

dau hang.

a. Nguyen nhdn:

6 thanh pho Hue^ trong 50 ngay dem quan dan ta bao vay, co lap san bay danh

Sau khi Hi^p dinh So bp (6 - 3) va Tarn uoc (14 - 9) dugc ki ket, thuc dan Phap

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liii nhieu cupc chien tranh pha vay ciia djch.

ngang nhien xe bo Hiep djnh va Tarn uoc thuc hi^n am muu "danh nhanh thang

6 thanh pho Da N i n g , quan ta tien cong bao vay, co lap san bay va danh lui

nhanh", de thuc hien am muu do, Phap da mo cac cuoc tan cong truoc tien vao

nhieu dpt tien cong pha vay ciia djch.

cac do thj nham danh lip co quan dau nao khang chieh cua ta tai H a Npi, tieu diet

c. Tdc dung cua

luc lugng vij trang cua ta 6 do thj.

CUQC

chien dau a cac do thi:

Kim chan djch lai, khong cho chiing mo rpng dja ban chie'm dong.

Ta thuc hien cupc chieh dau 6 cac do thj de tieu hao sinh lyc djch, giam chan

Chan dung am muu danh nhanh, thang nhanh ciia Phap.

djch trong thanh pho^ dam bao cho co quan dau nao khang chieh ciia Dang va

Tao dieu kien cho ca nuoc chuyen vao thoi ki khang chieh lau dai.

Chinh phii riit ve can cu each mang an toan.

4. Tich cue chuan bi cho cupc khang chien lau dai

Do thj la trung tarn kinh te va chinh tri, ta chieh dau 6 cac do thj chii yeu la

a. Nguyen nhdn:

giam chan djch, thuc hien "vuon khong nha trong".

Djch thuc hien am muu "danh nhanh, thang nhanh", de pha san am muu do,

Ta

b. Dim bien

ta phai danh lau dai.

up

s/

* Cuoc chieh dau a thu do Ha Noi

ro

Trua ngay 19 - 12 - 1946, Trung uong Dang Cong san Dong Duong da chi thj

/g

cho cac mat tran trong ca nuoc "Chi trong vong 24 gio la cung, giac Phap se no

om

Sling. Tat ca hay san sang!"

.c

Khoang 20 gio ngay 19 - 12 - 1946, cong nhan nha may difn Yen Phu (Ha Noi)

ok

pha may, ca thanh pho' tat di^n, cuoc chieh dau bat dau. V f quoc quan, cong an

bo

xung phong, tu ve chieh dau dong loat tien cong cac vj tri quan Phap.

So sanh luc lupng giua ta va djch liic dau chenh lech: djch manh hon ta ca ve
quan su, kinh te.
Cupc khang chieh ciia nhan dan ta la cupc chuyen hoa lye lupng lam cho djch
yeu dan, ta cang danh cang manh.
Cupc khang chieh ciia nhan dan ta la cupc khang chieh chinh nghla, nen danh
lau dai de tranh thii s u dong tinh ling hp ciia cac nuoc tren the'gioi.
a. Thuc hien cuoc khdng chieh Idu dai:
- Cong tdc di chuyen, thuc hien di chuyen, "Tieu tho khdng chien": Hon hai thang

thanh, hai ben gianh nhau timg khu nha, goc pho'nhu 6 Bac bo phii, Buu difn Bo

sau khi riit khoi H a Npi, cac co quan Dang, Chinh phu. Mat tran, cac doan the...

Ho, dau cau Long Bien, san bay Bach Mai, ga Hang Co, 6 cac pho' K h a m Thien,

len tai Vi^t BSc. Nhan dan 6 cac do thj nhanh chong tan cu ra cac viing hau

Hang Dau, Hang Bong, Hang Da, Hang Trong...

phuang va tien hanh pha hoai nha cua, duang sk, cau cong, khong cho djch su

ww

w.

fa

ce

T u 19 - 12 den 29 - 12 - 1946, nhung cuoc chien dau ac liet da dien ra d npi

Tir ngay 30 - 2 - 1946 den ngay 17 - 2 - 1947, djch phan cong ta phai thu h?p
p h ^ vi chieh dau, chuyen luc luong ve Lien khu L Trong qua trinh chieh dau,
Trung dodn thu do chinh thuc thanh lap.
Cuoc chieh dau 6 H a Noi da danh bai am muu va ke'hoach "danh up" ca quan
dau nao ciia ta tai H a Npi va tieu diet luc lupng vO trang cua ta 6 do thj.
Qua cupc chieh dau nay ta da tieu hao mot bp phan sinh luc djch, giu chan djch
va chan dung am muu danh nhanh, thMng r\hanh cua Phap, tao dieu ki^n cho ca
nuoc vao cupc chieh dau lau dai.
1

dung voi nhung khau hi^u "Vuan khdng nha trong". Tan cu ding Id khang chiim",
,, "Pha hoqi de khdng chieh" v.v...
- Xdy dimg hec hfong moi mat:
Ve chinh tri, Chinh phii quye't djnh chia ca nuoc thanh 14 khu hanh chinh. Cac
liy ban hanh chinh chuyen thanh Uy ban khdng chien hanh chinh de thuc hien nhiem
vu khang chieh va kien quoc. Mat tran dan toe thong nhat dupe mo rpng, thanh
lap Hpi Lien Hi?p quoc dan Vi?t Nam (Lien Viet).
Vekinh te, Chinh phii de ra cac chinh sach nhSm duy tri va phat trien san xuat,
truoc he't la san xuat luong thyc.

107


V&i chieh thang Viet Bac, cugc khang chien toan quoc chong thuc dan Phdp xam
lucre chuyen sang giai doan mai.
6. Day manh khang chien toan di?n

Vequan su, Chi'nh phu quy djnh mpi nguoi dan tu 18 den 45 tuoi dxxqc tuyen
chpn tham gia cac luc lugng chieh dau. Luc lugng vu trang cac cap khong ngung
tang len ve so lugng va trang bj.

a. Am tnttu cua Phdp sau thai bai a Vi^t Bac

Ve van hod, phong trao binh dan hoc vu tie'p tuc dugc duy tri va phat trien.

Sau that bai d Vi^t Bac, phong trao dau tranh cua nhan dan Phap doi giam

Truong pho thong cac cap dugc xay dyng. Vi^c cham soc sue khoe cho nhan dan

bot ngan sach quan su, doi cham dut chien tranh xam luge 6 Dong Duong

dugc chu trgng.

ngay cang len cao.

^

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5. Chien dich Vi?t B3c thu - dong 1947

Truoc tinh hinh do, Phap bugc phai thay doi chieh luge chieh tranh Dong

Thang 4 - 1947, Chinh phii Phap cu Bolaec sang lam Cao uy Phap 6 Dong

Ipuong, t u "danh nhanh, thang nhanh" sang "danh lau dai", thyc hi?n chinh

Duong, thay Dacgianglio. Bolaec vach ra kehoach tieh cong Vi?t Bac nham: Danh

feach "diing nguoi Vi^t danh nguoi Vi?t, lay chien tranh nuoi chien tranh".

pha can cu dja, tieu di#t co quan dau nao khang chieh va quan chu luc cua ta. Triet

b. CuQC khang chien cua ta sau thang lai a Viet Bac

duong lien lac quoc te'ciia ta. Gianh thang Igi quan su, tieh toi thanh lap chinh

Thyc h i f n phuong cham chien luge "ddnh lau dai" pha am muu moi ciia

phii bu nhin, nhanh chong ket thiic chieh tranh.

jch. Dang va Chinh phii ta chii truong tang cuong sue manh va hi^u lyc cua

Thuc dan Phap huy dong 12000 quan va hau het may bay 6 Dong Duong tieh

linh quyen dan chii nhan dan t u trung uong den co so, tang cuong lyc lugng

cong Vi?t Bk Hi ngay 7 -10 -1947.

lyu trang nhan dan, day manh cugc khang chieh kieh quoc.

Khi vua tieh cong Vi^t Bac, Dang ta da c6 chi thj "Phdi phd tan cuoc Hen cdng miia

Dau nam 1949, Chinh phu quyet djnh to chuc bau cu Hoi dong nhan dan va
ban khang chieh hdnh chinh cac cap.

Ta

dong cm giac Phdp". Tren khap cac mat tran, quan dan ta da anh dijng chieh dau,
timg buoc day liii cupc tieh cong cua djch.

s/

Idfy

ro

Chg Ra, Ngan Son, Bach Thong...bugc Phap phai rut lui khoi Chg Don, Chg Ra

up

6 Bac Kan, quan ta chu dong bao vay va tieh cong djch 6 Chg Moi, Chg Don,

/g

cuoi thang 11 -1947.

om

6 mat tran huong dong, quan ta phuc kich chan danh djch tren Duong so' 4,

.c

tieu bieu la tran phuc kich 6 deo Bong Lau (30 -10 -1947).

Thang 6 - 1949, Mat tr|n Vi?t Minh va Hgi Lien Vi^t quyet dinh tieh toi

jkjfltohg nha't hai to chuc.
Tren mat tran quan su: Dang va Chinh phu chu truong dgng vien nhan dan
Jjijttiyc hien via trang toan dan, phat trien chieh tranh du kich, tieh hanh du kich chieh
chinh, van dgng chieh la phu, roi tu du kich den tieh dan len van dgng chieh.
Tren mat tran kink te: Chinh phu ra cac sac lenh giam to 25%, giam tuc, hoan

doan tau chieh djch gom 5 chie'c, c6 may bay yem trg, di tit Tuyen Quang den

xoa ng, chia lai rugng dat cong, tam cap rugng da't vang chti, rugng dat cap

Doan Hung thi roi vao tran dja phuc kich. Ngay 10 - 11 - 1947, doan tau tu

tay de quoc, bgn phan dgng. Cong nghiep va thii cong nghifp phat trien

Chiem Hoa ve Tuyen Quang lai bi quan ta phuc kich d Khe Lau (nga ba song

quy mo nho va phan tan, chu trgng cong nghifp dja phuong va cong

w.

Gam - song L6).

fa

ce

bo

ok

6 mat tran huong tay, quan ta chan danh djch nhieu tran tren song L6. Mot

l^i dugc.

ww

N h u vay, hai gong kim Dong va Tay cua djch da bi be gay, khong khep kin
Cugc chieh dau hon hai thang giCra ta va djch da ket thiic bang cugc rut

;hi?p quoc phong, dap ung nhu cau can thiet yeu cua doi song va chieh dau.
iJren mat tran vein hod, gido due: Nam 1948, tai Hgi nghj van hoa toan quoc,
Bi thu Truong Chinh dgc bao cao chu nghia Mdc vd van de van hod Viet
I, neu ro nen van hoa moi each mang Vi?t Nam dugc xay dyng theo

chgy cua dai doi quan Phap khoi Viet Bac ngay 19 -12 -1947. Co quan dau nao

muong cham: Dan tgc - Khoa hgc - Dai chiing.

khang chien dugc bao toan. Bo dpi chii luc cua ta da truong thanh.

1 Phong trao "Binh dan hgc vy" va giao dye pho thong cac cap dugc duy tri

Quan dan ta da loai khoi vong chieh dau hon 6000 dich, ban roi 16 may bay,
ban chim 11 tau chien, ca no, pha hiiy nhieu phuong tien chien tranh.
Phap tuy van con chiem dong mgt so vj tri tren duong so 3, so 4; nhung
khong thyc hi^n dugc y do "ddnh nhanh, thing nhanh".

i phat trien. Thang 7 - 1950, Chinh phii de ra chii truong cai each giao dye
po thong nham xoa bo nhiing tan tieh ciia nen giao due thuc dan phong kien,
g giao dye phyc vy nhi?m vy khang chieh kieh quoc va dat nen mong
nen giao dye dan tgc, dan chii Vi^t Nam.
109


* Tdc

dung:

N g a y 16 - 9 - 1950, cac d o n v i quan d p i ta no siing m o dau chien d i c h b5ng

BQ may c h i n h q u y e n ciia ta 6 cac cap dirp'c c i i n g co'va xay d u n g gop phan

tran danh vao v i t r i D o n g Khe va da gianh thang i p i . M a t D o n g Khe, quan djch

to Ion t r o n g viec to chuc, lanh dao khang chien thSng Ip-i va l a m pha san h ^

That K h u e lam vao t i n h the'bj u y hie'p, Cao B^ng bj co lap. T r u a c n g u y co bj

thong chinh q u y e n b u n h l n tay sai cua d i c h .

tieu d i ^ t , quan Phap buoc phai r u t k h o i Cao BSng theo D u o n g so 4. De y e m t r p

C h i n h sach k i n h te da gop phan cai t h i ^ n d o i song n h a n d a n , bao d a m n h u

cho cupc r i i t quan nay, Phap h u y d p n g quan t u That Khe tien len D o n g Khe de

cau cho k h a n g chien lau d a i .

(jon canh quan t u Cao Bang riit ve; d o n g t h o i cho quan d a n h len Thai N g u y e n

Cac c h i n h sach v a n hoa, giao due, y te c6 tac d u n g xay d u n g co so van hoa

iL
ie
uO
nT
hi
Da
iH
oc
01
/

de t h u h i i t bot c h i i luc ciia ta. Doan dupe y d j n h ciia djch, quan ta c h i i d p n g

cua che d o d a n chii nhan dan.

jtiai phuc, chan d a n h d i c h nhieu n o i tren D u a n g so'4, khien cho hai canh quan

Ta't ca cac thanh t u u do c6 tac d u n g ciing co va tang c u a n g hau p h u a n g

nay k h o n g gap nhau dupe. Q u a n Phap hoang loan, phai r i i t chay, D u o n g so'4

k h a n g chien, la n h a n to quye't d j n h t h u a n g xuyen d o i v o i t h a n g Igi ciia cupc

dupe giai p h o n g ngay 22 - 10 - 1950.

khang chien.

Chien djch bien g i o i ket thiic, ta da loai k h o i v o n g chien dau h a n 8000 djch,

7. C h i e n d i c h Bien g i o i t h u - d o n g 1950

thu tren 3000 tan v u k h i va p h u o n g t i ^ n chien tranh. Giai p h o n g tuye'n bien

a. Hodn cdnh lich su:

gioi V i ? t - T r u n g tir Cao Bang den D i n h Lap dai 750km v o i 35 v a n dan; chpc

Buoc sang n a m 1950, cupc khang chien co them nhieu t h u a n I p i n h u n g cung

thiing "hanh lang Dong - Tm/"eua Phap. Ke'hoach Rave bj pha san.

phai d o i m a t v o i n h i r n g thach thuc m o i :
N g a y 01 - 10 - 1949, each m a n g T r u n g Quoc thanh cong, n u o c C o n g hoa

* y nghta: Vai chien thang Bien giai, con ditang noi nuac ta voi cac nitac

XHCN

ditac khai thong; quan doi ta da truang thanh, gianh dugc the chu dong tren

tritang

chinh (Bac Dong Duang),

nhan dan T r u n g Hoa, ngay 30 - 1 - 1950, C h i n h p h i i L i e n X6 va t r o n g v o n g m o t

8. Tir chien t h i n g V i ^ t Bac thu - dong 1947 den chien t h i n g Bien giai thu -

s/

ma buoc phdt trien mai cua cuoc khang chien.

dong 1950 la mpt buoc phat trien cua cupc khang chien chong Phap
Truac hel, chien dich Viet Bdc thu - dong 1947 la chien dich ma:

ro

quan he ngoai giao v o i nuoc Viet N a m D a n chii Cpng hoa.

up

thang sau, cac n u o c t r o n g phe X H C N Ian l u p t cong nhan va dat quan h$ va dat

Ta

nhan dan T r u n g H o a ra d o i . N g a y 18 - 1 - 1950, C h i n h p h u n u o c Cpng hoa

'

D j c h chii d p n g tan cong len V i ^ t Bac de tieu d i ^ t co quan dau nao khang

Rove. V a i ke hoach Rave, M l tirng buoc can t h i ^ p sau va "dinh liu true tiep" vao

chien ciia ta, tieu d i ^ t bp d p i ehii lire ciia ta n h a m gianh thang I p i quye't d j n h ve

cupc chien t r a n h D o n g D u o n g .

quan sir d i den ket thiic nhanh chien tranh. Con ta chii d p n g phan cong djch de

.c

om

/g

N g a y 13 - 5 - 1949, co s u d o n g y ciia M i , C h i n h p h i i Phap de ra ke hoach

ok

N g a y 7 - 2 - 1950, M I cong nhan C h i n h p h i i b u n h i n Bao D a i ; ngay 8 - 5 -

"pha tan cupc tan cong vao m i i a d o n g ciia giac Phap len Viet Bac".

bo

1950, M l d o n g y v i e n t r p k i n h te va quan s u cho Phap, n h a m t i r n g b u o c nSm

T r o n g chien d j c h nay, ta thuc h i ^ n kieu chien tranh d u kich ngan ngay, bao

ce

q u y e n d i e u k h i e n chien tranh a D o n g D u o n g .

fa

vay C O lap va chan d a n h cac cupc hanh quan ciia djch.

Thirc h i ^ n ke hoach Rave, t u thang 6 -1949 Phap d u a n h i e u via k h i m a i vao

w.

Qua chien d j c h V i ^ t Bac, ta da danh bai chien lupc "danh nhanh, thang

V i ^ t N a m , tap t r u n g quan a N a m Bp, T r u n g Bp ra Bac, tang c u a n g h ^ thong

ww

nhanh" ciia djch, bupc c h i i n g phai ehuyen sang danh lau dai v d i ta.

'

''

p h o n g n g u tren d u a n g so 4, thie't lap "Hanh lanh Dong - Tdy". Tren co so d o

Tiep den, chien dich Bien giai thu - dong 1950, la chien dich:

Phap chuan b i m p t ke hoach q u y m o Ian v o i tien cong V i ^ t Bac Ian t h i i hai,

Ta c h i i d p n g tan cong djch n h a m tieu diet sinh l y e djch k h a i thong bien

m o n g gianh thang I p i , nhanh chong ket thiic chien t r a n h .

gioi. Cling co va m o r p n g can c i i dja Viet Bac, tao da thuan I p i m a i thiic day

b. Chien dich Bien gi&i thu - dong nam 1950
De khac phuc k h o khan do, d u a cupc khang chien phat t r i e n len b u a c m o i ,

khang chien tien len.
-

T r o n g chien d j c h Bien gic?i, ta thuc hien each d a n h cong kien ket h p p vai

thang 6-1950, D a n g va C h i n h p h i i ta quye't d j n h m o chien d i c h bien g i o i nhSm:

IV$n d p n g dai ngay.

Tieu d i ^ t m p t bp phan quan t r p n g sinh luc d i c h . M o d u o n g lien l^c v o i T r u n g

'I

Quo'c va t h e ' g i a i d a n chii. M o r p n g va c i i n g co'can c i i dia Viet Bac, d o n g thdi
tao nhij'ng t h u a n I p i m o i thiic day cupc k h a n h chien tien len.
I to

..|- t i \

Qua chien djch Bien g i a i ta gianh dupe quyen chii d p n g ve chien lupc tren

p i h i e h t r u a n g c h i n h (Bac Bp), djch bj day vao the'bj d p n g d o i p h o .