BỒI DƯỠNG học SINH GIỎI LỊCH sử 12 phần 3

Thang lai trong Dong - Kuan 1953 - 1954 da lam cho Nava khong the tap trung

Tren ca so phan tich tinh hinh, Trung uong Dang da quyet dinh mo chien

luc litgng a Dong bang Bac Bo ma phdi phan tan luc luang dot pho vai ta a nhung

dich Di?n Bien Phii, bien Dien Bien Phii thanh diem "quyet chien chien luge

diem xung yen. Den day kchoach Nava bu&cdau hipha sdn.

giiia ta va dich".

3. Chien dich lich six Di?n Bien Phu 1954

c. Chien dich Dien Bien Phu Id thang Iqi quan su Ian nhat cua ta trong

a. Am muu cua Phdp - Ml trong viec chiem dong, xay dung tap dodn ai diem

]chdng chien chang Phdp

Dien Bien Phu

Trong eugc khang chien chong thuc dan Phap t u nam 1945 den nam 1954,

Ngay 20 - n -1953, thuc dan Phap cho quan nhay dii xuong Dien Bien Phu,

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quan dan ta da gianh dugc nhieu thing Igi tren cac mat tran kinh te, chinh tri,

khi den Dien Bien Phu, cac tuong ta Phap - M I thay rang, Dien Bien Phii la mot

quan su va ngoai giao. Trong do mat tran quan su giii vai tro quye't dinh nhat.

dja ban rat quan trong nam giiia canh dong Muong Thanh, xung quanh c6 nui
bao

Tren mat tran quan su, quan dan ta tung buoc danh bai cac am muu ciia

bQC.

thvrc dan dan Phap de tien len mo chien dich Dien Bien Phii, danh bai hoan

Voi vj tri dja l i cua Dien Bien Phu, ve lau dai chung muon bien noi day

toan thuc dan Phap, buoc chiing phai ki ket Hiep dinh Gionevo cong nhan doc

thanh mot can cu luc quan va khong quan c6 tac dung Igi hai trong am mun

lap chii quyen, thong nhat va toan v?n lanh tho ciia nude ta cung nhu Lao va

xam luge Dong Nam A.

Campuchia.

5'

De thuc hi#n y do do, Phap cho xay dung Di^n Bien Phii thanh tap doan cu

Mo dau eugc khang chien, quan dan ta gianh thang Igi trong eugc chien dau

diem manh gom 49 cum cu diem dugc chia thanh 3 phan khu: Phan khu phia Bac,

a cac do thi t u vT tuyen 16 tro ra Bac. Qua eugc chien dau nay, quan dan ta da

phan khu trung tarn Muong Thanh va phan khu Hong Ciim voi phia Nam.

Ta

danh bai am muu "danh l i p " ciia djch, dam bao cho co quan dau nao khang

Voi each bo phong nhu vay, cac tuong ta cua Phap - M i deu chii quan cho

s/

chien ciia Dang va Chinh phii riit ve chien khu Viet B^e an toan, ehuan bj cho

rang Di^n Bien Phii la mot "phao dai khong the cong pha", mot "vecdoong" cua

up

Tiep do la thang Igi trong chien dich Viet Bac thu - dong nam 1947. Chien

man tuyen bo rang: Neu bo doi ta danh len Di?n Bien Phii se khong tranh khoi

thang Vi?t Bac thu dong nam 1947, quan dan ta da danh bai am muu "danh

/g

ro

the ki XX, mpt "con nhim khong 16" eiia niii rung Tay Bac va t u do chung ngao

eugc khang chien lau dai.

nhanh, thang nhanh" ciia Phap, huge chiing phai chuyen sang danh lau dai voi

om

bj nghien nat.

.c

b. Chu truong ma chien dich Bi^n Bien Phu cua ta

ok

Truac su pha san buoc dau trong ke hoach quan su Nava, dich quyet dinh

bo

xay dung tap doan cu diem manh 6 Di^n Bien Phii, bien Dien Bien Phii thanh

ce

mpt "phao dai khong the cong pha", "mot vecdoong" ciia the' ki XX "mot con

fa

nhim khong 16" 6 rung niii Tay Bac. Va bien Dien Bien Phii thanh trung tam

ww

doan cu diem Dien Bien Phu.

w.

diem cua ke hoach Nava. V i vay, muon ket thiic chien tranh phai tieu di^t tap

ta. Voi chien thang Viet Bac, ta da lam xoay chuyen cue dien tren chien truong
Dong Duong, lam thay doi tuong quan luc lugng giOa ta va dich: Djch t u cho
danh ta do sang the ta danh djch do. Hay noi each khac, ta t u cho phong ngy
chuyen sang the tan cong djch.
Den chien djch Bien gioi thu - dong nam 1950, ta chii dong mo chien djch
danh dich tren duong so 4. Voi thang Igi ciia chien djch Bien gioi da dua eugc
khang chien ch6'ng thuc dan Phap ciia quan dan ta chuyen sang mot buoc phat

Vao ngay 6 - 12 - 1953, Trung uong Dang da hop va nhan dinh: Dien Bien

Wen nhay vgt, mo ra mot buoc ngoat lich su trong qua trinh khang chien

Phii la tap doan eii diem manh nhung the yeu ciia djch 6 D i f n Bien Phii de bi

chong Phap ciia nhan dan ta. Thang Igi ciia chien djch Bien gioi thu - dong

CO lap, chi tiep te'dugc bang duong khong, neu ta eat dut duong hang khong,

nSm 1950, ta da gianh the chii dgng tren chien truong chinh Bac Bg, day djch

dich se roi vao the " t u 16".
Quan doi ta da truong thanh va c6 kinh nghi^m c6 the danh djch 6 tap
doan cu diem.
Hau phuong ciia ta da viing manh, c6 the kh5c phuc nhving kho khan dam
bao chi vi^n cho chien truong.

the'bj dgng d6i pho voi ta.
Trong nhiing nam 1951 - 1953, ta lien tiep mo cac chien dich 6 trung du,
Lao va tiep tuc gianh dugc thang Igi, tiep tuc gianh, giua va phat trien the chii
Voi ba thu quan.


Ijtoay chuyen cue d i e n chien tranh, tao dieu ki?n thuan l o i cho cupe dau tranh

D e n n a m 1953, trai qua tarn n a m khang chien va kien quo'c, l y c l u o n g khang

ngoai giao cua ta gianh thang l a i .

chien cua n h a n d a n ta Ian m a n h dang ke. T r o n g k h i do, phia Phap bi thiet hai

Nhu vay, qua cac thdng lai cua quan dan ta tif nam 1946 den chien cupc dong -

tieu t o n h o n 2000 t i p h r a n g . V i i n g chie'm d o n g b i t h u h^p. Q u a n Phap treii

xuan 193 - 1954, ta da danh bai cac am mini ciia dich, gianh dugc nhieu thang Igi to

chien t r u o n g ngay cang d i vao the p h o n g n g u , bj d p n g . V i vay, ngay 7 - 5 -

Icfn va den chien dich Dien Bien Phii la dinh cao cugc khang chien, ta da danh bai hoan

1953, v o i s u thoa t h u a n cua MT, C h i n h p h i i Phap c u t u o n g N a v a l a m T o n g chi

toan thuc dan Phap xam luge. Day la thang Igi quan su Ian nhd't va la th&ng Igi quyel

h u y quan d o i v i e n c h i n h cua Phap 6 D o n g D u o n g . N a v a de ra k e h o a c h chien

clinh buoc thuc dan Phap phai chd'm diet chien tranh xam luge Dong Dieang.

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ngay cang I o n , den n a m 1953 bj loai khoi v o n g chien dau h o n 39 v a n quan va

\ugc v o i h i v o n g t r o n g 18 thang gianh lay m o t thang l o i quye't d i n h de "Kei

d. Ynghia

vd dnh huong cua chien thdng Dien Bien

Phii

thuc chien tranh trong danh dit". N h u n g Nava da bj that bai ngay tir buoc dau

* Y nghia lich su:

t r o n g ke hoach ciia m i n h . V o i vi^c phan tan luc i u p n g djch 6 D i ^ n Bien Phu,

Chien thang D i f n Bien Phi; la thang Ipi Ian nha't, vT dai nha't cua cupc khang

Xeno, P l a y k u , L u o n g p h a bang, ta da pha san buoc dau ke hoach Nava. Bupc

chien cho'ng t h y c dan Phap, n h u m o t " C h i Lang, m o t Bach Dang, m p t D o n g

N a v a p h a i tap t r u n g l y c l u p n g 6 D i ^ n Bien Phu, bien D i f n Bien Phu thanh

E)a" ciia t h e ' k i XX.

Chien thang D i e n Bien Phii la nhan to quye't d j n h bupc thuc d a n Phap phai

d i e m quye't chien chien l u p c v o i ta.

ki H i ? p d i n h G i o n e v o thira nhan nen dpc lap, chii quyen, t h o n g nha't va toan

N a m d u p e y d o cua d j c h 6 D i ^ n Bien Phii, dau thang 12 - 1953, Bp C h i n h tri

v?n lanh tho cua ba nuoc D o n g D u o n g .

T r u n g u o n g D a n g h p p t h o n g qua ke hoach tac chien cua Bp T o n g t u lenh va

Chien thang D i e n Bien Phii da bao ve va phat trien n h i j n g t h a n h qua ciia

d i c h 6 day, giai p h o n g v u n g Tay Bac, tao dieu kien cho Lao giai p h o n g Bac

Cach m a n g thang T a m n a m 1945, giai p h o n g hoan toan m i e n Bac, cha'm d u t

ro

1954, quan ta no sung tan cong tap doan c u d i e m D i ^ n Bien P h i i .

/g

Chien d j c h D i ^ n Bien Phii d u p e chia lam ba d o t :

om

Dot 1, tie ngay 13 den ngay 17 - 3 - 1954; quan ta tie'n cong tieu diet cac cii

.c

d i e m H i m L a m va toan bp phan k h u Bac. Ke't qua, ta loai k h o i v o n g chien dau

ok

gan 2000 d j c h .

bo

Dat 2, tie ngay 30-3 den ngay 26 - 4 - 1954: quan ta d o n g loat tie'n cong cac eit

ce

d i e m phia d o n g k h u T r u n g tam M u o n g T h a n h n h u Ei, D i , C i , A i . . . Ta chie'm

fa

p h a n I o n cac c u d i e m cua d i c h tao them dieu kien de bao vay, chia cat, khong

w.

che d j c h . Sau d o t nay, MT khan cap vien t r p cho Phap va de dpa n e m b o m
quye't t a m g i a n h thang I p i .

ww

n g u y e n t u D i e n Bien P h i i ; ta k j p t h o i khac phue kho k h a n ve tiep te^ nang cao
Dot 3, tif ngay 1 - 5 den ngay 7 - 5 - 1945: quan ta d o n g loat tien cong phan

ach thong t r j ciia t h y c dan Phap t r o n g gan m p t the'ki.

s/

up

Lao. D a u thang 3 - 1954, cong tac chuan bj m p i mat da hoan tat. N g a y 13 - 3 -

Ta

quye't d j n h m o chien dich D i e n Bien Phu. M u c tieu cua chien djch la tieu diel

Chien thang D i ^ n Bien Phii giang m p t d o n m a n h me vao h ^ t h o n g t h y c dan,

mo dau s y sup d o cua chii nghla thuc dan cu.
* A n h hudmg:
Co v u m a n h me p h o n g trao giai p h o n g dan toe tren the g i a i , truac he't la a
chau A, chau Phi, gop phan t h u hep tran dja ciia chii nghia de'quoc.
N e u t a m g u o n g ve chong chii nghia thuc dan, do la, m p t dan tpc dat k h o n g
rpng, n g u o i k h o n g d o n g neu quye't tam chien dau v i dpc lap t u do, c6 d u a n g
loi quan sy c h i n h t r i d i i n g dan, dupe sy i i n g hp quoc t e ' t h i hoan toan c6 kha
nSng d a n h bai m p t de'quoc m a n h .
Thang I p i D i ^ n Bien Phii c6 tac d u n g thiic day p h o n g trao giai p h o n g dan
tpc ngay cang d a n g cao, nha't la p h o n g trao giai p h o n g dan tpc d onau Phi.
e. Chien thang Dien Bien Phu Id "cdy CQt moc bang

vdng"

k h u T r u n g t a m M u o n g T h a n h va phan k h u N a m , Ian l u p t tieu diet cac d i e m de

Chien thang D i ^ n Bien Phii l . i d i n h cao ciia cupc k h a n g chien chong t h y c

k h a n g con lai ciia djch. Chieu 7 - 5, quan ta danh vao so chi h u y djch. 17 g i a 30

dan Phap x a m lupc ciia nhan dan ta, da ghi dau sen phat trien v u p t bac ciia

ngay 7 - 5 -1954, t u o n g D o Caxtori (De castrie) cung toan b p Ban t h a m m u u bj

"^en ngh^ thuat q u a n s u V i ^ t N a m , ma tam voc ciia no n h u m p t Bach Dang,

b^t. La CO "Quyel chien qmje\ ciia quan d p i pha't p h o i t u n g bay tren noc
h a m t u o n g D a C a x t o r i . Tap doan c u d i e m 6 D i e n Bien P h i i b j t i e u d i f t.
V o i thang l o i ciia chien djch Hch sir D i | n Bien Phii da dap tan hoan toan ke
hoach Nava, giang d o n quye't d j n h vao y chi x a m lupc cua t h y e dan Phap, lam

C h i Lang, m p t D o n g Da ciia the'ki XX.
Chien thang D i ^ n Bien Phii > u n g d a n g d u p e xem la "cay cpt moc bang
^^ng" t r o n g Ijch sir chong ngcai xam ciia dan tpc ta. L a n d a u tien hang n g h i n
^ quan, ke ca v i e n t u o n g chi h u y , b i n h l i n h ciia q u a n d p i m p t c u a n g quoc


Cty TNHHMTypWH

Khan0 Vlfit

p h u o n g Tay b j q u a n d p i rriQt nuac, v o n d u p e coi la n h u p c tieu, la thupc dia bat

D i ? n Bien P h i i c6 dau ah sau sSc ve n h i e u mat d o i v o i p h o n g trao giai

l a m tu b i n h . D a y la m p t that bai nang ne nha't, m p t d o n chi t u d a n h sup hoan

p h o n g d a n tpc n u a sau the k i XX, va n h u la m p t tat ye'u, D i f n Bien Phii tro

toan y d o tiep tuc cupc chie'n tranh xam lupc cua t h y c dan Phap. That bai 6

thanh m p t bau vat, m p t n i e m t u hao Ion lao d o i v o i cac dan tpc d a n g chie'n dau

D i ? n Bien Phu bupc Phap p h a i k i H i ^ p d i n h G i o n e v o thang 7 - 1954 ve lap \g,[

v i s u nghi^p giai p h o n g dan tpc k h o i chii nghla thuc dan. Bao Su that each mang

hoa b i n h 6 D o n g D u o n g .

thang Tu ciia A p g a n i x t a n ra ngay 7 - 5 - 1984, viet : "Chie'n thang D i ^ n Bien

/ . DifM Bien Phu lam "chan dong dia

Phii k h o n g nhCrng la n i e m t u hao ciia nhan dan Viet N a m anh h u n g , m a eon la

cau"

d i san q u y bau cua p h o n g trao each mang the g i o i , nha't la p h o n g trao giai

n g u y e n cac dan tpc thupc dia v i i n g len d a n h d o chii nghia de quoc, chii nghin

p h o n g dan tpc, 30 n a m qua n h i r n g bai hpc va n h u n g k i n h n g h i e m q u y bau ciia

t h y c dan de gianh lay q u y e n song, quyen l a m n g u o i cua m i n h . D i ? n Bien Phu

Di?n Bien Phii van con m a n g t i n h thoi dai nong h o i " .

da d i vao y thuc ve doc lap dan tpc d o i v o i cac dan tpc thupc dia, n u a thutx

4. H p i n g h i G i o n e v o 1954 ve D o n g D u o n g

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T h a n g I p i t r o n g chien djch D i ? n Bien Phu da m o ra m p t k i n g u y e n m o i , ki

dja. N h u A l e n Henghe (Camorun) da phat bieu "ThSng I p i cua Vi?t N a m o

,

a. Hoan cdnh Ijch su

D i ? n Bien Phu c6 t i n h chat quyet d i n h l a m thuc t i n h y t h i i c d a n tpc va l o n g you

Buoe vao d o n g - x u a n 1953-1954, d o n g t h o i v o i cupc tien cong q u a n su, ta

n u o c ciia nhan dan cac nuoc thupc dja cua Phap 6 chau P h i " .

day m a n h cupc dau tranh ngoai giao, m o ra kha nang giai quyet bSng con

T h a n g I p i cua chie'n djch D i ^ n Bien Phii c6 tac d u n g d p n g vien, co v u cac

d u o n g hoa b i n h cupc chien tranh 6 D o n g D u o n g .

d a n tpc b i ap buc, tao ra n i e m t i n v6 bien ve thang I p i t r o n g cupc dau tranh

,,,,

T h a n g 1-1954, h p i nghj ngoai t r u o n g bon nuoc L i e n X6, M i , A n h , Phap hpc

tgi Beclin da thoa t h u a n ve vi^c trieu tap m p t hpi n g h i quoc te 6 G i o n e v o de

s u D i ? n Bien Phu la tia lira gay ra m p t loat v u no khac gop p h a n chain d u t chu

giai quyet v a n de Trieu tien va lap lai hoa b i n h 6 D o n g D u o n g .

up

b} ap buc la k h o n g the l u o n g het d u p e va d o la m p t t r o n g n h i m g nhan to

s/

nghla t h y c d a n Phap 6 chau P h i . . . Su c6 v u m a n g lai k h a p n o i cho cac d a n toe

Ta

chong chu nghla thuc dan. Tap chi A - Phi - M i L a t i n h viet: " C h i e n thang Hch

ro

k h o n g the thieu d e m lai n i e m t i n t u o n g " .

/g

Chie'n thang D i ^ n Bien Phu d u p e coi n h u la moc m o dau qua t r i n h pha san

om

cua chii nghla thuc dan tren p h a m v i toan the g i o i . Lacbi Bahali, Bi t h u thu

.c

nha't D a n g C p n g san A n g i e r i v i e t : " D i ^ n Bien P h i i . . . tieng c h u o n g bao g i o chet

ngay 26-4-1954, h p i nghj G i o n e v o c h i n h t h i i c d u p e khai mac, ban ve v a n de
Trieu Tien. D e n ngay 8-5-1954, m p t ngay sau k h i chien djch D i ? n Bien Phii ket
tiiuc, H p i nghj G i o n e v o bat dau thao l u a n ve v a n de lap lai hoa b i n h 6 D o n g
D u o n g . Phai doan c h i n h p h i i ta d o Pho t h i i t u o n g Pham V a n D o n g l a m
T r u o n g doan c h i n h t h u c d u p e m o i hp.

ok

a i a chii nghla thuc dan Phap k h o n g n h u n g 6 V i | t N a m ma ca bp p h a n con lai

bo

ciia k h o i thupc d i a ciia n o " .

ce

D i ? n Bien P h i i da d e m lai cho p h o n g trao giai p h o n g dan tpc n u a sau the'ki

fa

XX n h i i n g bai hpc k i n h n g h i e m q u y gia t r o n g s u nghi^p d a u t r a n h giai phong

w.

k h o i ach t h o n g t r j ciia chii nghla de quoc. T h i i t u o n g Ben Benlla cho rang:

ww

" . . . T i n chien thSng D i e n Bien Phii den v o i c h i i n g t o i cho thay ro con d u o n g
d a n den thang I p i , nen c h i i n g toi quyet d j n h tien hanh d a u t r a n h via trang

G i i i a liic quan ta chuan bj m o d p t tien cong t h i i ba 6 D i e n Bien Phii t h i

Can c u vao dieu kien cu the ciia cupc khang chien eung n h u so sanh luc l u p n g
giua ta v o i Phap va x u the chung ciia the gioi la giai quyet cac van de tranh chap
|)«uig t h u o n g l u p n g . Vi^t N a m da k i H i e p d j n h Gionevo ngay 21 - 7 -1954.
I

b. Ngi dung co ban vd y nghia Ifch sic cm Hi^p dinh Gioneva nam 1954 ve

pong

Ducmg

- Noi dung Hiep dinh:

1954 chien thSng 6 D i ? n Bien P h i i t h i ngay 7 - 7 - 1954, U y ban

Cac nuoc t h a m d u h p i n g h i cam ket ton trpng eae q u y e n d a n tpc co ban la

each m a n g A n g i e r i h p p phat d p n g dau tranh v i i trang. Cupc d a u tranh t r u o n g

pc lap, chii q u y e n va toan ven lanh tho eiia ba n u o c Viet N a m , Lao,

k i gian k h o n h u n g v 6 c i i n g anh d u n g da d u a n h a n d a n A n g i e r i den t h i n g l(?i

!ampuchia; cam ket k h o n g can thiep vao cong vi^c n p i bp eiia ba nuoc.

N g a y 7-5-

n h u ngay n a y " .
D i ? n Bien Phii c h i i n g m i n h m p t each h u n g h o n cho chan l i ciia t h o i dai ngay

Cac ben t h a m chie'n thuc h i ^ n n g u n g ban, lap lai hoa b i n h tren toan D o n g
t)uong.

nay rang m p t dan tpc d i i nho, k h i da doan ket d u n g len theo m p t d u o n g 16'

Cac ben t h a m chien thuc h i ^ n eupe d i chuyen, tap ket d p i quan 6 hai v i i n g :

d u n g d5n cho dpe lap t u d o t h i d i i kha nang chie'n thang d p i quan x a m lupc

H i ^ p d j n h cam vi^e d u a q u a n d p i , nhan v i e n quan su, via k h i nuoc ngoai

ciia chii nghla de'quoc, chii nghla thuc dan h u n g han nha't.

ao cac n u o c D o n g D u o n g k h o n g dupe t h a m gia bat k i k h o i Hem m i n h quan


3Sl duOn^ HSG L/ch Si> 12 - The. Trucme Ngpc Thai

doan each m a n g xa h p i chii nghia, tao co so de nhan d a n ta giai phong m i e n
N a m , t h o n g nhat To quoc.

sv nao va k h o n g de cho n u a c khac d u n g l a n h t h o ciia m i n h vao vi#c gay chien
t r a n h hoac phuc v u m u c d i c h xam luQ-c.

T h a n g Ipi ciia cupc khang chien da giang d o n nang ne vao t h a m vong xam

Vi?t N a m tie'n t o i t h o n g nhat bSng cupc tong t u y e n c u t u d o t r o n g ca niroc,

lupc, am m u u no djch ciia chii nghia de'quoc sau Chien tranh the g i o i t h i i hai,

se du(?c to chuc vao thang 7 -1956 d u o i sy k i e m soat va g i a m sat va k i e m soat

gop p h a n l a m tan ra he thong thupc dia ciia ehiing, co v u m a n h me tinh than

ciia m p t U y ban quoc te (trong d o A n D p l a m chii tjch, c u n g hai n u o c Ba Lan

giai p h o n g d a n toe tren the g i o i , truoc het la cac n u a c chau A , chau Phi, MT
Latinh.

va Canada).

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- Nguyen nhan thSng hi:

Trach n h i ^ m t h i hanh H i e p d j n h thupc ve n h i j n g n g u o i k i hi?p d i n h

N h o lanh dao sang suot ciia Dang, d u n g dau la C h i i tjch H o C h i M i n h , v o i

G i o n e v o va n h i r n g n g u o i ke tuc ho.

d u o n g loi k h a n g chien d i i n g d i n , sang tao. Toan dan, toan quan doan ket,

- Y n^/iffl Ixch su:

d i i n g cam t r o n g chien da'u, t r o n g lao d p n g san xua't.

H i ^ p d j n h G i o n e v o 1954 ve D o n g D u o n g la v a n ban p h a p l i quoc te ghi

N h o h | t h o n g c h i n h quyen dan chii nhan dan t r o n g ca nuoc, co mat tran

n h a n cac q u y e n d a n toe ca ban ciia nhan dan cac nuoc D o n g D u o n g va dupe

dan tpc t h o n g nhat d u p e c i i n g co va m o rpng, co lue l u p n g v i i trang som d u p e

cac c u a n g quoc c u n g cac nuoc t h a m d y H p i n g h i cam ket t o n t r p n g .

xay d u n g va k h o n g n g i m g Ion manh, co hau p h u a n g rpng lan, v i r n g chae ve

N o d a n h da'u thang I p i cupc khang chien chong Phap, song chua t r p n ven v i

mpi mat.

m a i giai p h o n g d u p e m i e n Bac. Cupc da'u tranh each m a n g v a n p h a i tiep tuc

N h o tinh than doan ket ciia nhan dan ba nuoc D o n g D u o n g chong ke thu ehung.

n h a m giai p h o n g m i e n N a m , t h o n g nhat dat nuoc.

Ta

N h o CO s u d o n g t i n h , l i n g hp va g i i i p d o ciia T r u n g Quoc, L i e n X6 va eiia

V o i H i ^ p d j n h Gionevo, Phap bupc phai chain d i i t chien t r a n h x a m lupc,

s/

cac nude dan chii nhan dan khac, ciia nhan dan Phap va loai n g u o i tie'n bp.

up

n i t het q u a n d p i ve nuoc; de'quoc MT that bai t r o n g am m u u keo d a i , m o rpng,
Gionevo

T r o n g cac n g u y e n nhan neu tren t h i n g u y e n nhan ve su lanh dao ciia Dang,
d i i n g dau la C h i i tjch H o C h i M i n h la n g u y e n nhan quyet d j n h nhat.

/g

c. Biem khac nhau giiia Hiep Ainh So bo voi Hiep dinh

ro

quoc te'hoa chien t r a n h xam lupc D o n g D u o n g .

- Nguyen nhan qm/ei dinh nhat:

T r o n g cupc k h a n g chien chong thuc dan Phap t r o lai x a m lupc nuoc ta.

quoc gia t u do, nam t r o n g l i ^ n hiep Phap va t r o n g lien bang D o n g D u o n g . Con

D a n g ta va C h i i tjch H o C h i M i n h da de ra d u o n g 16! khang chien toan dan,

.c

om

H i f p d j n h So bp (6 - 3 - 1946), C h i n h p h i i Phap cong n h ^ n n u o c ta la m o t

ok

t r o n g H i ? p d j n h G i o n e v o (21 - 7 - 1954 ), Phap va cac nuoc t h a m d u h p i nghi

bo

cam ket t o n t r p n g dpc lap chii quyen, t h o n g nhat va toan v?n lanh tho ba nuoc

ce

Dong Duong.

fa

T r o n g liic k i H i ? p d j n h So bp d o ta con yeu h o n d i c h nen ta p h a i chap nhan

w.

dieu khoan d o . D a y la sach lupc m e m deo de phan hoa ke t h u . C o n t r o n g k h i

ww

k i H i ? p d j n h G i o n e v o ta da gianh dupe thang Ipi quyet d j n h 6 D i ? n Bien Phii,
quyet d j n h s u that bai ciia thuc dan Phap 6 D o n g D u o n g .
So v o i H i ? p d j n h So bp, H i e p d j n h Gionevo la m o t buoc tie'n v u p t bac t r o n g
da'u tranh ngoai giao ciia ta.
5. Y n g h i a l i c h s u va n g u y e n n h a n t h i n g I g i ciia cupc k h a n g c h i e n c h o n g
Phap (1945 - 1 9 5 4 )
- Y ttghia:

toan dien, lau dai va t u lue canh sinh. D u o n g l o i d o d u p e ap d u n g t r o n g suot
tie'n t r i n h each m a n g t u n a m 1946 den nam 1954. N h o co d u o n g loi do. Dang ta
da doan ket d u p e m p t luc l u p n g each mang ciia d o n g dao quan ehiing de thuc
hi?n cupc k h a n g chien toan dan va da tie'n hanh khang chien tren cac mat tran
k i n h te, c h i n h t r i , v a n hoa, quan su. C u n g n h o eo d u o n g loi d o ma D a n g ta
lanh dao nhan dan ta chien da'u lau dai, ben b i , lan l u p t d a n h bai tirng am m u u
ciia djch de tie'n len d a n h bai hoan toan cupc chien tranh xam lupc ciia thuc
dan Phap co s u g i i i p siic ciia M i .
Su lanh dao ciia D a n g , d i i n g dau la Chii tjch H o C h i M i n h v o i d u o n g 161

each m a n g d i i n g dan da g i i i p cho toan Dang, toan q u a n va toan dan ta doan
ket m p t long, chien da'u v i muc tieu dpc lap dan tpc va chii nghia xa h p i . Toan
Dang, toan quan va toan dan ta chien da'u v o i tinh than "Tha h i sinh tat ca c h i i
nhat d j n h k h o n g chju mat nuoc, nhat d j n h khong chju l a m no ie". V o i t i n h

ThSng I p i ciia cupc k h a n g chien chong Phap da cha'm d i i t cupc chien tranh

than a'y, cupc chien da'u d i i lau dai, dua vao siic m i n h la c h i n h n h u n g ehiing ta

x a m lupc, d o n g t h a i cha'm d i i t ach t h o n g trj ciia t h y c dan Phap t r o n g gan m p t

da gianh d u p e thang I p i cuoi cung, bupc thuc dan Phap phai cong nhan dpc

the k i tren dat n u o c ta; m i e n Bac nuoc ta d u p e giai p h o n g , c h u y e n sang giai

Jap chii q u y e n , t h o n g nhat va toan v?n lanh tho ciia ba nuoc D o n g D u o n g .


3SidLf&n0HSO

1 irhSCr 12 - Ths. Trtrang Ngpc men
cAu

Hbi

Cdu 9. T u sau khi riit khoi do thi den truoc chien dich Viet Bac thu - dong

O N T(=IP

nam 1947, ta da lam gi dechuan bi cho cuoc khang chien lau dai?

Cau 1. Tinh hinh nude ta sau Cach mang thang Tarn c6 nhung thuan M va

Cdu 10. So sanh chien thang Viet Bac thu - dong 1947 va chien djch Bien gidi

kho khan gi? Neu kho khan Ion nha't dua nuoc ta dung truoc tinh the nhu

thu - dong 1950, theo cac tieu chi sau:

"ngan can treo sgi toe".

Tieu chi so sanh

Cdu 2. Vai tro cua quan chiing nhan dan dupe the h i f n nhu the nao trong

1)

vi?c giai quyet nhung kho khan ve do'i npi sau Cach mang thang Tarn.

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3) Qiai phong da't dai

nhu the nao doi voi Phap trong hai thoi k i : truoc ngay 6 - 3 - 1946 va t u ngay
6 - 3 -1946?
dau tranh bao v^

4) Y nghla quan trong

chinh quyen thoi ki t u thang 9 -1945 den thang 12 nam 1946?

nhat ciia thang loi

Cdu 6. CUQC khang chien toan quoc chong thuc dan Phap biing no ngay

Cdu 11. Tai sao noi sau chien thing Bien gidi thu - dong nam 1950 cupc

19 - 12 - 1946 trong hoan canh nhu the nao? Phan tich npi dung co ban ciia

khang chien ciia ta budc sang giai doan phat trien.

Ta

duong 161 khang chien chong Phap ciia Dang ta.

Cdu 12. T u sau chien thang Bien gidi thu - ddng nam 1950 den truoc dong -

/g

ro

qua trinh khang chien.

Cdu 8. Lap bang thong ke ve duong 161 khang chien chong Phap cua Dang ta

up

Duong 161 khang chien toan dan va toan di^n duoc the hien nhu the nao trong

s/

Cdu 7. Phan tich duong 161 khang chien chong thyc dan Phap ciia Dang ta.

om

theo yeu cau duoi day:

.c

Npi dung

ok

1) Nghj quyet Hpi nghj Ban

bo

Thuong vy Trung uong Dang

ce

ngay 18 va 19 - 12 - 1946)

3) Thu cua Ho Chi Minh ngay
21 - 1 2

-1946

4) Tac pham Khang chien nhat
djnh

thing

w.

Chi Minh dem 19 - 1 2 -1946

ww

khang chien ciia Chii tjch Ho

fa

2) Loi keu gQi toan quoc

tan

khoi vung chien

Cdu 4. Dang va Chinh phii each mang da thuc hi|n chii truong, sach lug-c

Cac van ki?n

dong

Chien dich bien gioi

2) Quan djch bi loai

ta sau Cach m^ng thang Tarn nam 1945.

CUQC

Chii

Chien dich Vi^t Bic

c6ng dich

Cdu 3. Phan tich tinh diing dSn va sang tao ve duong loi doi ngoai cua Dang

Cdu 5. Y nghia thang Igi va bai hpc kinh nghi?m cua

|i,,

xuan 1953 - 1954, hau phuong khang chien da phat trien nhu the nao tren cac
m^t chinh tri, kinh te^ van hoa, giao due, y te?
Cdu 13. Chung minh the chii dpng danh dich tren chien truong rhinh Bac Bp
cua quan ta van dupe giir vung sau chien thang Bien gidi thu - dong nam 1950
den trudc dong - xuan 1953 - 1954.
Cdu 14. Lap nien bieu nhung thang Ipi tieu bieu aia nhan ta tren cac mat tran
quan su, chinh tri - ngoai giao, kinh te - tai chinh trong khang chien chong thye
dan Phap tir sau thu - dong n3m 1950 den trudc ddng - xuan 1953 - 1954 theo

bang thdng ke.
Thai gian
Tu cu61 nam

Quan syt
1950

den giua nam 1951.

Igi ciia Truong

Chinh vao 3-1947

Tu giiia thang 11 -

Npi dung va phuong cham

1951 den cuol thang

cua cupc khang chien

2 -1952.

Chinh tri -

K i n h te - tai

ngoai giao

chinh

T u ngay

CAuyen de 4:

14 - 10 -

1952 den ngay

10-12

I. C A C H M A N G M I E N B A G T l / N A M 1954 D E N N A M

-1952.
ngay

18

g i n vet t h u o n g c h i e n t r a n h

- 5 -

* Hoan thanh cai each ruong

1953.

dat

Can c u vao hoan canh thuc te'mien Bac va nham dap u n g yeu cau ve q u y e n

nam

1951

den

Igi k i n h te, c h i n h t r i ciia n o n g dan, cung co khoi lien m i n h cong nong, m o rgng

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Tit

1975

1. T h a i k i 1 9 5 4 - 1 9 5 7 : H o a n t h a n h cai each r u p n g dat, k h o i phue k i n h te, h a n

T u ngay 8 - 4 - 1953
den

VIET NAM T U 1954 D^N NAM 1975

n a m 1953.

mat tran dan tgc t h o n g nha't. D a n g va C h i n h p h u quyet d j n h "Day m a n h phat

d g n g quan c h i i n g thuc hien cai each r u g n g dat".
Thuc hi^n chu t r u o n g cua T r u n g uong, trong hai nam (1954 - 1956), mien Bac

Cau 15. T i n h bay dien bie'n cupc tien cong chien \\xqic D o n g - Xuan 1953 -

tien hanh cai each rugng dat 6 3314 xa thugc 22 tinh dong b5ng va trung d u .

1954 ciia q u a n dan ta.

Q u a 5 d g t cai each r u g n g dat, da tjch thu t r u n g inua khoang 81 van hecta

Cdu 16. Chien d j c h lich sir D i e n Bien Phii d u g c chuan bj va gianh thang Igi

r u g n g dat, 10 v a n n g h i n trau bo, 1,8 trieu nong cu t u tay giai cap dja ehii d e m

n h u the'nao? Y nghla cua chien thang Dien Bien P h i i .

cho tren 2 trieu hg n o n g dan lao d g n g .

Cau 17. H a y c h u n g m i n h : D i f n Bien Phii la thang Igi quan sy Ion nha't cua ta

Ke't qua: Giai cap dja ehii can ban bj xoa bo. N o n g dan da lam chu nong thon,

trong khang chien chong Phap va la thang Igi quyet d i n h bugc thuc dan Phap

nguyen vgng lau d o i ciia nong dan la "ngifffi cay co riion;^" da dugc thuc hien.

s/

Ta

phai cha'm d u t chien tranh xam luge D o n g D u o n g .

ro

H i e p d j n h G i o n e v o (21 -7 -1954 ) de thay buoc tien ciia ta t r o n g da'u tranh

up

Cau 18. N e u d i e m khac nhau co ban gii>a H i e p d j n h So bg (6 - 3 - 1946) v o i

/g

ngoai giao?

om

Cau 19. Phan tich boi canh Ijch su cac giai doan phat trien cua cugc khang

.c

chien chong Phap ciia nhan dan ta tir nam 1946 den nam 1954.

ok

Cdu 20. Cugc da'u tranh tren ITnh vuc ngoai giao d u g c the h i ^ n n h u the'nao

bo

t r o n g cugc khang chien chong Phap t u nam 1946 den n a m 1954?

ce

Cdu 21. N e u n h i r n g th^ng i g i ve quan su ciia quan dan ta t r o n g cugc khang

fa

chien chong Phap (1946 - 1954). Phan tich mot th^ng Igi quyet d j n h nha't.

ww

w.

Cdu 22. V a n de r u g n g dat cho dan cay d u g c D a n g ta de ra va thuc h i ^ n n h u
the'nao t r o n g cugc khang chien chong Phap (1946 - 1954)? Tac d u n g cua vi^c
thuc hi^n van de r u g n g dat dan cay d o i v o i cugc khang chien.

Sai l a m : Da'u to ea nhOng n g u o i co cong v o i each m a n g , q u y n h a m m o t so'

nong dan, can bg, d a n g vien thanh dja c h i i .
* Khoi phuc kinh te, han gan vet thuong chien

j•
tranh

Cong cugc k h o i phuc k i n h te d u g c toan dan tich cue h u o n g l i n g va trien

khai t r o n g ta't ca cac nganh.
T r o n g n o n g nghiep, nong dan hang hai khai khan r u g n g dat bo hoang, bao
d a m cay cay he't r u g n g dat vang chu, tang t h e m dan trau bo, sam them cong
cu. H e thong de dieu da d u g c tu bo. N h i e u cong t r i n h t h u y n o n g m o i d u g c xay
d y n g , CO tac d y n g m o rgng dien tich t u o i va tieu nuoc.

i

,

T r o n g cong nghiep, giai cap cong n h a n da nhanh chong k h o i phuc va m o
hau he't cac co so cong nghiep. D e n c u o i n a m 1957, mien B^c co ta't ca 97 nha
may, x i nghiep Ion nho N h a nuoc quan l i .
Cac nganh thu cong nghiep m i e n Bac cung dugc k h o i phuc nhanh chong.
Den n a m 1957, nganh t h i i cong nghiep da cung cap gan 59% so hang hoa cong
nghiep t r o n g ca nuoc, giai quyet phan nao vi^c l a m cho n g u o i lao d g n g .
T r o n g t h u o n g nghiep, he t h o n g m a u djch quoc d o a n h va h g p tac xa mua
ban d u g c m o rgng, da cung cap ngay cang nhieu mat hang cho nhan dan; giao
l u u hang hoa giira cac dia p h u o n g ngay cang phat trien; hoat d g n g ngoai
t h u o n g dan dan tap t r u n g vao tay N h a nuoc. Den cuoi nam 1957, mien Bac dat
quan he b u o n ban v o i 27 nuoc.


Giao t h o n g van tai duoc chii trong, k h o i phuc gan 700km d u o n g sat, sua

3. T h o i k i 1961 - 1965: Xay dung buoc dau co so vat chat, k l thuat ciia chu

chua va l a m m o i hang n g h i n kilomet d u a n g 6 to, xay d u n g va m a r p n g them

nghia xa hpi

m p t so cang n h u H a i Phong, C a m Pha, Ben T h u y ; d u o n g hang k h o n g dan

* D a i hpi dai bieu toan quoc Ian thu I I I ciia D a n g (thang 9 - 1960)

d y n g quoc teduQC k h a i thong.
Van

•

- Hoan earth: Gi&a liic each m a n g 6 hai m i e n N a m - Bac co n h i r n g b u o c tien

hoa giao due d u g c day m a n h . N e n giao due d u g c phat t r i e n theo

quan t r g n g . D a n g Lao d g n g Vi#t N a m to chiic D a i h g i dai bieu toan quoc Ian
t h u I I I . D a i hgi h g p t u ngay 5 den 10 - 9 -1960 6 H a N o i .

h u o n g xa h o i c h i i nghla. He t h o n g giao due pho t h o n g theo c h u o n g t r i n h 10

- Noi dung Dai hpi

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n a m da d u g c k h a n g d i n h , giao due dai hoc dugc ehii y phat t r i e n .
H e t h o n g y te eham soc sue koe cho nhan dan d u g c N h a nuoe q u a n t a m xay

Dai hgi de ra n h i e m v u chien luge ciia each m a n g ca nuoe va n h i e m v y ciia

d y n g . N e p song lanh m a n h , g i i i g i n v ^ sinh dugc van d g n g thue hien 6 khap

each m a n g t u n g m i e n ; chi ro v j t r i , vai tro ciia each m a n g t u n g m i e n , m o i quan

mgi noi.

h? givea each m a n g hai m i e n . Cach m a n g xa hgi chii nghla 6 m i e n Bac co v a i tro

T r o n g giai doan nay, c h i n h q u y e n va quan d g i d u g c eiing co, tang cuong

quye't d j n h nhat d o i v a i s u phat trien ciia each m a n g ca nuoe. Cach m a n g dan

kha nang phong t h u dat nuac, m o rgng quan he ngoai giao. M a t tran To quoc thanh

tgc dan chii nhan dan 6 m i e n N a m co vai tro quye't d i n h true tiep d o i v o i s u

lap thang 9 -1955 da tang cuong khoi dai doan ket dan tgc xay d u n g dat nuoe.

nghiep giai p h o n g m i e n N a m .

2. T h a i k i 1958 - 1960: C a i tao quan h f san xuat, b u o c dau phat trien k i n h te -

Cach m a n g hai m i e n co quan h ^ mat thie't, gan bo va tac d g n g Ian nhau

van hoa

n h a m hoan t h a n h cugc each m a n g dan tgc dan chii nhan d a n t r o n g ca nuoe,

T r o n g 3 n a m tiep theo (1958 - 1960), m i e n Bae lay cai tao xa h g i chii nghla

thue h i ^ n hoa b i n h t h o n g nhat dat nuoe.

Ta

l a m t r g n g t a m : cai tao d o i v a i eong nhiep, t h i i eong nghiep, t h u a n g nghiep

ro

Thue hien chii t r u o n g tren, k h a p n o i soi noi p h o n g trao t h i d u a xay d u n g

up

n o n g nghiep.

s/

nho, eong t h u o n g nghiep t u ban t u doanh, t r o n g d o k h a u c h i n h la h g p tac hoa

/g

h g p tac xa. Cugc van d g n g h g p tac xa nong nghiep d u g c tien hanh theo

om

n g u y e n tac t u n g u y e n , eung co Igi va quan l i dan chii; t u n g b u o c d u a n g u o i

.c

n o n g dan vao l a m an tap the d i tir to d o i eong len h g p tac xa bac thap, den bac

ok

cao, t u quy m o nho den q u y m o Ion.

bo

Do'i v o l t u san d a n toe, cai tao hang p h u a n g phap hoa b i n h , s u d u n g mat

D a i hgi t h o n g qua Bao cao c h i n h t r i , bao cao sua chira d o i D i e u 1^ D a n g

va t h o n g qua ke'hoaeh N h a nuoe 5 n a m t h i i nhat (1961 -1965) n h a m xay d u n g

buoc dau CO so vat chat - k l thuat eiia chii nghla xa h g i , thue h i ^ n m g t buoc
eong nghiep hoa xa h g i chii nghla.

am * n

D a i hgi bau Ban Chap hanh T r u n g u o n g m o i eiia D a n g . H o C h i M i n h
dugc bau l a m C h i i tjch Dang, Le D a n giu chiic Bi t h u t h i i nhat ciia D a n g .
- Y nghla: D a i hgi dai bieu toan quoc Ian t h i i I I I eiia D a n g " n g u o n anh sang
m o i , luc l u g n g m o i cho toan D a n g va toan dan ta xay d u n g thang Igi chii nghla
xa hgi a m i e n Bac va da'u tranh thue hien hoa b i n h tho'ng nhat nuoe nha".
* M i e n O i c thue h i ? n ke hoach Nha nuoe 5 nam (1961 -1965)

hgp doanh.

N h i ^ m v u co ban ciia ke'hoaeh 5 n a m la ra sue phat trien eong nghiep va

w.

fa

ce

tieh eye eiia t u san dan toe, d u a hg vao l a m an tap the d u o i h i n h thue eong t u

ww

D o i v o i l u c l u g n g tieu t h u o n g , tieu chii, t h g t h i i eong, d u a vao eon d u o n g
lam an tap the t r o n g cac h g p tac xa t h i i eong nghiep, h g p tac xa m u a ban.
Ket qua cai tao la da xoa bo co ban che'dg n g u o i boc lot n g u o i , co tac d u n g
thiie day san xuat phat trien, nhat la trong dieu kien ehie'n tranh, h g p tac xa da
bao d a m d o i song vat chat, t i n h than cho nhtrng n g u o i ra d i chien da'u, phyc
v u chien d a u .
D o n g t h o i v a i n h i e m v u cai tao xa hgi chii nghTa, eong nghiep quoc doanh
d u g c u u tien dau t u xay d u n g . D e n n a m 1960, m i e n Bac co 172 xf nghiep Ian
d o t r u n g u o n g q u a n l i , tren 500 x i nghiep d o dja p h u o n g q u a n l i .

n o n g nghiep, tiep tuc eong cugc cai tao xa hgi chu nghla, c i i n g co va tang
c u o n g thanh p h a n k i n h te'quoc doanh, cai thien mot buoc d o i song vat chat va
van hoa ciia nhan d a n lao d g n g , eiing c o q u o c p h o n g , tang c u o n g trat t u va an
n i n h xa h g i . T r o n g k i n h te^ nganh eong nghiep d u g c u u tien dau t u xay d u n g .
T r o n g n o n g nghiep, sau k h i dua dai bg phan n o n g dan vao cac h g p tac xa

n o n g nghiep, t u n a m 1961, cac dja p h u a n g thue hien chii t r u o n g xay d u n g h g p
tac xa san xuat n o n g nghiep bac cao.

''

'

T h u o n g nghiep quoc doanh d u g c N h a nuoe u u tien phat trien nen da chiehi
* iTnh t h i t r u o n g , gop p h a n phat trien k i n h te. C l i n g co quan h? san xuat m o i , on
d j n h va cai t h i ^ n d o i song nhan dan.

134

135


thong giao thong ctuang bq>, duong sat, duong lien tinh, lien huy?n,

SO kinh te^ cong trinh van hoa, giao due, y te ma nhan dan ta da tao nen
trong hon 10 nam truoc.
co
CO

duong song, duong hang khong dug-c cung co. Vi^c di lai trong nuoc va giao
thong quoc tethuan Igi hon.

* M i e n BSc vvra san xuat, vira chien dau chong chien tranh pha hoai

thong giao due tu pho thong den dai hoc phat trien manh.

Mien Bac chuyen mgi hoat dgng sang thoi chien, thuc hien quan sii hoa

thong y te, cham lo sue khoe dugc dau tu phat trien. Nhiing loai dich

toan dan. Mien Bic vua san sang chong lai hanh dgng danh pha ciia MT vua

b^nh a mien Bac co ban dugc xoa bo.

lao dgng san xuat.

Quan doi nhan dan Viet Nam dugc xay dung tung buoc thanh quan dgi

i

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Trong chien dau, mien Bac da ban roi va pha huy 3 243 may bay MT; ban

chinh quy va buoc dau dugc trang bj hien dai, du sue bao ve vung chic mien

chay va chim 143 tau chien MT. Ngay 1 - 11 - 1968, MT tuyen bo ngung h l n

Bac va dap ung nhu cau ngay cang tang cua each mang mien Nam.

chien tranh pha hoai mien Bac.

Nhi>ng thanh tuu dat dugc trong viec thuc hien ke hoach 5 nam (1961 -

Trong san xuat, mien Bic lap dugc nhi>ng thanh tich quan trgng: Trong

1965) va noi chung trong 10 nam (1954 - 1964) da thay doi bg mat xa hgi mien

nong nghifp, dien tich canh tac mo rgng, nang sua't lao dgng khong ngung

Bic. Tai Hoi n;^hi Chinh tri dqc biet thcin^ 3 - 3964, Chu tjch Ho Chi Minh noi:

tang len. Trong cong nghi^p, nang luc san xuat 6 mot so nganh dugc giO vOng.

"Trong 10 nam qua, mien BMc nuoc ta da tien hanh buoc dai chua tung thay

cac CO so cong nghiep Ion kjp thoi so tan. Cong nghiep dja phuong va cong

trong Ijch su dan tgc. Dat nuoc, xa hgi va con nguoi deu doi moi".

nghiep quoc phong deu phat trien.

4. Thai ki 1965 - 1968: Mien BIC vira san xuat vira chien dau chong chien

* Mien Bac thuc h i ^ n nghia vu hau phuong Ion

tranh pha hoai Ian thu nhat cua M i

La hau phuong Ion cua khang chien chong mT cuu nuoc, mien Bic luon

* M l tien hanh chien tranh khong quan va hai quan pha hoai mien Bac

Ta

huong ve mien Nam. Vi mien Nam rugt thjt, mien Bic phah dau "Moi n^u&i

Cuoi nam 1964 dau nam 1965, dong thoi voi day manh chien tranh xam

s/

ro

mien BSc. Ngay 5 - 8 - 1964 sau khi dung len "sic kicn Vinh BSc Bo", MT cho may

lam vice bang hai". Vi tien tuyen keu ggi, hau phuong san sang danh dap lai

up

luge mien Nam. MT mo rgng chien tranh khong quan va hai quan pha hoai

"Thoc khong thieu mot can, quan khong thieu mot ngitvi"
Tuyen duong van chuyen chien luge Bic - Nam mang ten Ho Chi Minh tren

bp (dgc day nui Truong Son) va tren bien (dgc theo bo bien) b i t dau khai thong h>

Binh), Vinh - Ben Thuy (Nghf An), Lach Truong (Thanh Hoa), thj xa Hon Gai

thang 5 -1959, dai hang nghin cay so, da noi lien hau phuong voi tien tuyen.

om

/g

bay nem bom bSn pha mot so noi 6 mien Bac, nhu cua song Gianh (Quang

Qua hai tuyen duong van chuyen chien luge do, trong 4 nam (1965 - 1968)
mien Bac da dua hon 300.000 can bg, bg dgi vao mien Nam tham gia chien

doanh trai quan M i 6 Playku, MT cho may bay nem bom b i n pha thj xa Dong

dau, phuc vu chien dau, xay dung kinh te^ van hoa tai cac vung giai phong, va

Hoi, dao Con Co (Quang Binh)..., chinh thi>c gay ra cugc chien tranh bSng

cijng da gui vao Nam hang chuc van tan vu khi, dan dugc, quan trang, quan

ok

- 1965, lay co "tra dua" viec quan giai phong mien Nam tien cong

w.

fa

khong quan va hai quan pha hoai mien Bac (Ian thu nhat).

ce

bo

Ngay 7-2

.c

(Quang Ninh).

Tien hanh chien tranh pha hoai, M I am muu pha tiem luc kinh te, quoc

dyng, xang dau, luong thuc, thuc pham, thuoc men va nhieu vat dung khac.
Tinh chung site nguoi, sue cua t u mien Bac chuyen vao Nam trong 4 nam da
tSng gap 10 Ian so voi thoi ki truoc.

chi vi^n tu ben ngoai vao mien BSc va tu mien Bac vao mien Nam; uy hiep tinh

5. Thoi k i 1969 - 1973: Mien Bic khoi phuc va phat trien k i n h te - xa hpi,

ww

phong, pha cong cugc xay dung chu nghai xa hgi 6 mien Bac; ngan chan nguon
than, lam lung lay y chi chong M I cua nhan dan ta 6 hai mien dat nuoc.
May bay, tau chien MT nem bom, b i n pha lien tuc, k h i p mgi noi, mgi liic,
trong mgi thoi tiet, voi cuong do ngay cang tang. Trung binh moi ngay co 300
Ian chie'c may bay di gay tgi ac voi 1600 tan bom dan trut xuong cac lang mac,

chien dau chong chien tranh pha hoai Ian t h u hai ciia M i
* Mien Bic khoi phuc va phat trien kinh te - xa hgi
Tren khap mien Bac day len phong trao thi dua hgc tap, cong tac, lao dgng

in xuat, n h i m truoc het khoi phyc va phat trien kinh te - xa hgi.

pho xa,. Bom dgn cau chiing ta da cuop di biet bao sinh mang va gay thuong

Trong nong nghiep, ta co mgt so chu truong khuyen khich san xua't. Chan

tich cho bao nhieu nguoi khac. Bom dan cua chiing da tan pha biet bao cua cai.

f i i o i dugc dua len thanh nganh chinh. Cac hop tac xa tich cue ap dung tieh bg
«^oa hgc kT thuat, nhieu bifn phap tham canh tang vu. Nho do, nhieu hgp tac


* So sanh hai cupc chien tranh pha hoai cua MT 6 mien BSc

xa dat duQc m u c tieu 5 tan, m o t so h o p tac xa dat tir 6 den 7 tan. San luQng
l u o n g thuc n a m 1970 tang Hon 60 van tan so v o i nam 1968.

T i e u c h i so sanh

T r o n g Cong nghiep, nhieu ca so cong nghiep t r u n g u o n g va dja p h u o n g tar,

C h i e n t r a n h pha hoai Ian

C h i e n t r a n h p h a h o a i Ian

t h u nhat

t h u hai

pha dugc k h o i p h y c nhanh chong. N h i e u cong t r i n h dang l a m dang d o duoc

1.

UTJ tien dau t u xay d u n g tiep, d u a vac heat d o n g .

danh pha

-1968.

2. Q u y m o danh

D a n h pha m g t so' n o i 6

pha

m i e n B^c,

He thong giao thong van tdi, nha't la cac tuyen giao t h o n g chien lup-c, h\a
hoai nang ne d u g c k h a n t r u a n g k h o i phuc.

gian

song nhan dan o n d j n h . M o t so kho khan do sai lam k h u y e t d i e m cua ta trong
chi dao, quan l i k i n h te - xa hoi buoc dau dugc khac phuc.

I V cu. N g a y 16 - 4 - 1972, N i c h - x o n tuyen bo'chinh thuc gay ra cugc chien tranh
k h o n g q u a n va hai quan pha hoai m i e n Bac (Ian t h u hai); den ngay 9 - 5 - 1972,

N h o d u g c chuan bj t r u o c va v a i t u the l u o n l u o n san sang chien d a u , mien

3. A m m u u

Den ngay 9 - 5 - 1972, t u y e n

Thuy

Hon

bo

phong

toa

cang

Hai

Phong cung cac cua song,

(Quang N i n h ) . N g a y 7 - 2

l u o n g lach, v i i n g bien mien

- 1965,

Bac.

danh pha thj xa
Co

N g a y 14 - 12 -

Nichxon
hoach

phe

ma

1972,

chuan

cugc tap

ke
kich

k h o n g quan bang m a y bay
B52

tiem luc k i n h te^
phong,

pha

cong

/g

om

xa h g i 6 m i e n Bac.

vao

Ha

N g i va

Hai

ce

hoai Ian t h u hai ( t u 6 - 4 - 1972 den 15 - 1 - 1973), m i e n Bac ban r o i 735 may bay

fa

M l (trong do c6 61 may bay B52, 10 may bay F i l l ) , ban c h i m 125 tau chien loai

chien

tranh

pha hoai Ian t h u nha't.
C u u nguy cho chien luge
G i a n h thang Igi quye't d j n h
ve quan su, bugc ta phai

m i e n Bac va t u m i e n Bac

chap nhan d a m phan 6 h g i

vao m i e n N a m .

n g h i Pari theo n h i r n g dieu

t u ben

ngoai

U y hie'p t i n h than, lam

w.

cugc

vao

vifn

1.

Nhu

" V i ^ t N a m hoa chien tranh".

N g a n chan n g u o n chi

.c

ok

xa

cugc xay d u n g chii nghai

va da danh bai hoan toan cugc tap kich k h o n g quan cua M I , lam nen tran Dicii

bo

thi

(Thanh
Gai

quoc

Q u a n dan ta 6 m i e n B3c da danh tra djch n h i i n g d o n d i c h dang t u tran dau

khoan c6 Igi cho M I .

l u n g lay y chi chong M I

ww

Dien Bien Phu tren khong la tran thang quye't d j n h cua ta, da bugc M i phai

cua

t u y e n b o ' n g i r n g han cac hoat d o n g chong pha m i e n Bac (15 - 1 - 1973) va H i # p
djnh Pari ve cham d u t chien tranh, lap lai hoa b i n h o V i ^ t N a m (27 - 1 -1973).

(Ngh^ An),

Truong

Pha

vac H a N g i va H a i Phong bat dau t u chieu toi 18 den het ngay 29 - 1 2 -1972.

bay F i l l ) , bat song 43 p h i cong M I . T i n h chung, t r o n g ca cugc chien tranh pha

may bay n e m b o m ban pha

Phong.

ro

up

s/

N g a y 14 - 12 - 1972, gan 2 thang sau k h i tuyen b o ' n g u n g nem b o m ban pha

N g a y 6 - 4 - 1972, M I cho

- Ben

Ta

Bac da c6 the chu d o n g , k j p t h o i chong tra djch ngay t u tran d a u .

Bien Phu tren khong. Ta da ban r o i 81 may bay (trong do 34 may bay B52, 5 may

n h u cua song

(Quang Binh)...

m i e n Bac.

T u 6 - 4 - 1972 den 15 - 1 1973.

D o n g H a i , dao Con

t u y e n bo p h o n g toa cang H a i Phong ciing cac cua song, l u o n g lach, v i i n g bien

N i c h - x o n phe chuan ke'hoach m o cugc tap kich k h o n g quan bang may bay B52

1-11

m g t so' n o i thugc k h u I V cu.

Hoa),

N g a y 6 - 4 - 1972, MT cho may bay nem b o m ban pha m g t so' n o i thugc khu

m i e n Bac t u v i t u y e n 20 t r o ra, de ho t r g cho m u u do c h i n h trj - ngoai giao m o i ,

1964 den

Gianh (Quang Binh), V i n h

Lach

* M i e n Bac vvra chien dau chong chien tranh pha hoai vira san xuat

k h o i v o n g chien dau hang t r a m p h i cong M i .

Tu 5 - 8 -

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Van hod, giao due, y te, cung nhanh chong d u g c k h o i phuc va phat trien. D6i

Thai

nhan

dan ta a

hai

m i e n dat nuac.

* M i e n Bac thyc h i ^ n nghia vu hau phuong Ion

4. Ket qua chien

T r o n g d i e u k i ^ n t u o n g doi hoa b i n h , ca trong chien t r a n h pha hoai, mien

dau

T r o n g 4 nam ( t u 5 - 8 -

Da ban r o i 81 may bay

den 1 - 11 - 1968),

(trong d o 34 may bay B52, 5

m i e n Bac ban r o i va pha

may bay F i l l ) , bat song 43

t h o i hau qua cua n h i i n g tran danh pha ac l i ^ t , v u g t qua n h u n g cugc bao vay

h u y 3243 may bay,

p h i cong M I . T i n h chung,

p h o n g toa gat gao ciia djch, bao d a m tiep nhan tot hang vien t r g t u ben ngoai

k h o i v o n g chien dau hang

t r o n g ca cugc chien

va chi v i ^ n theo yeu cau cua tien t u y e n mien N a m , c6 ca chien t r u a n g Lao va

n g h i n p h i cong M i , ban

pha hoai Ian t h u hai ( t u 6-4-

Bac da tap t r u n g I a n kha nang ve luc l u g n g va p h u o n g t i ^ n de khac phuc kjp

cua

quan

dan m i e n Bac

1964

loai

tranh

Campuchia.
I-JO

Lty INRHM7VUVVH Khang Vm
chay,

ban chim 143 tau

chie'n.

1972 den 15 -1 -1973), mien

II. C A C H M A N G M I E N N A M T l / N A M 1954 D E N N A M 1975

Bac

ban roi 735 may bay

1. Thoi k i tu- nam 1954 den nam 1960: Mien Nam dau tranh chong che dp M I -

Ngay 1 - n - 1968, MI

MT (trong do c6 61 may bay

pi^m, giu gin va phat trien luc lupng each mang, tie'n toi phong trao "Dong k h o i "

tuyen bo ngung han chie'n

B52, 10 may bay F i l l ) , ban

a. Daii tranh chong che do Mi - Diem, giii gin vd phat trien luc luqtng each

tranh pha hoai mien Bac.

ch\ 125 tau chie'n loai khoi

inang (1954

vong chie'n dau hang tram

-1960).

Ngay tu thang 7 - 1954, nhan ro de quoc MT la tro luc chinh ngan can viec
l^p lai hoa binh 6 Dong Duong va dang tro thanh ke thu chinh, true tie'p ciia

Buoc

MT phai tuyen bo

nhan dan Dong Duong. Trung uong Dang de ra cho each mang mien Nam

ngung han cac hoat dong

nhiem vu chuyen cupc dau tranh vu trang chong Phap truoc do sang dau tranh

chong pha mien Bac va ki

chinh tri cho'ng MT - Diem, doi chung thi hanh Hiep djnh Gionevo 1654 ve

Hiep djnh Pari ve cham dut

Dong Duong, giO gin va phat trien each mang.

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phi cong Ml.

chie'n tranh, lap lai hoa binh

Mo dau la "phong trao hoa binh"

6 Viet Nam.

»"

cua tri thuc va cua tang lop nhan dan Sai

Gon - C h o L o n thang 8-1954.

6. T h o i k i tu nam 1973 den nam 1975: Mien Bac khoi phuc va phat trien

'
fJwi,

|||; Thang 11 - 1954, MT - Diem tie'n hanh khiing bo, dan ap, lung bat cac nha

k i n h te, ra sue chi v i f n cho mien Nam

lanh dao phong trao. Nhung phong trao dau tranh vi muc tieu hoa binh cua

Hiep djnh Pari nam 1973 ve Viet Nam, quan MI buoc phai rut khoi nuoc ta,

Ta

cac tang lop nhan dan tie'p tuc dang cao, Ian rpng, loi cuon hang trieu nguoi
tham gia, gom tat ca cac tang lop nhan dan, cac dang phai, cac dan tpc it

s/

lam thay doi so sanh lire lupng d mien Nam c6 Igi cho each mang. Mien Bac tro

nguoi... hinh thanh nen mat tran chong MT - Diem.

up

lai hoa binh, tie'n hanh khac phuc hau qua chie'n tranh, khoi phuc va phat trien

* Muc tieu phong trao:

ro

kinh te - xa hpi, ra siic chi vien cho tien tuyen mien Nam.

Dau tranh vua doi MT - Diem thi hanh Hiep dinh Gionevo, doi hiep thuong

/g

Sau hai nam (1973 - 1974), ve co ban mien B^c khoi phuc xong cac co so

tong tuyen cir do thong nhat dat nuoc.

om

kinh te^ cac he thong thuy nong, mang luoi giao thong, cac cong trinh van hoa,

dan ap, chong chie'n djch "to cong," diet cong" ciia chiing, doi cac quyen tu do,

ok

Den cuoi nam 1974, san xua't cong nghiep, nong nghiep tren mot so mat tran

dan sinh, dan chii.

bo

quan trong da dat vupt muc nam 1964 va nam 1971 la hai nam dat muc cao

* H'lnh thi'fc: Dau tranh giii gin chinh trj, hoa binh chuyen sang dau tranh vu

ce

nhat trong 20 nam xay dung chu nghia xa hoi 6 mien Bac.

^

Chong cai gpi la "tnmg can dan i/" cua Diem, cho'ng MT - Diem khung bo',

.c

giao due, y \&, kinh te'co buoc phat trien.

'"

trang tu ve, roi dung bao luc each mang.

fa

Thirc hien nghia vu hau phuong, trong hai nam 1973 - 1974, mien Bac dua

ii!;

b. Phong trao "Dong kh&i" (1959 - 1960)

thanh nien xung phong, can bo chuyen mon, nhan kl thuat dot xua't trong hai

* Nguyen nhan bung no

thang dau nam 1975. Mien Bac gap rut dua vao mien N a m 57.000 bo dpi (trong

Trong nhirng nam 1957 - 1959, each mang mien N a m gap muon van kho

ww

w.

vao chie'n truong mien Nam, Campuchia, Lao gan 20 van bo dpi, hang van

khan. Ngo Dinh Diem ban hanh dao luat dat cong san ngoai vong phap luat.

tong so 108.000 bp dpi ciia ke'hoach dpng vien 1975).
Ve vat chat - k! thuat, mien B3c da co nhirng no luc phi thuang, dap ung

Luat 10/59 (thang 5 - 1959) cho phep tay sai Diem th^ng tay gie't hai bat cu

day du va kip thoi nhu cau to Ion va cap bach cua cupc tong tie'n cong chien

nguoi yeu nuoc nao hoac bat cii ai co bieu hien chong lai chiing, lam cho hang

lupc 6 mien Nam.

Van can bp, dang vien bj gie't hai, hang chuc van dong bao yeu nuoc bj tu day.

* y n^hia: Kjp thoi phuc vu cho cupc Tong tie'n cong va noi day giai phong

^Cupc dau tranh ciia nhan dan ta o mien Nam doi hoi co mpt bi^n phap quyet
iiet de dua each mang vupt qua kho khan thir thach.

hoan toan mien N a m trong nam 1975. Chuan bj mpi dieu ki^n thuan Ipi cho
vi^c tie'p quan viing giai phong sau khi chien tranh ke't thiic. Tie'p tuc the hi#n
vai tro ciia hau phuang Ion doi voi tien tuyen Ion.

I

• -'

'

''''''

Thang 1 - 1959, Hpi nghj Ian thir 15 Ban Chap hanh Trung uong quyet djnh

!
....

1/11


D i f m , va nhan m a n h ; ngoai con d u o n g d i i n g bao luc each mang, nhan dan

phong trao dau tranh ciia quan c h i i n g chong " t o c p n g " , " d i # t c p n g " , d o i t h i

m i e n N a m k h o n g c6 con d u a n g nao khac.

lianh H i ? p d j n h Gionevo, d o i hoa b i n h , dan chii..., da d i tir dau t r a n h c h i n h t r j
(Jen ket h o p v o i dau t r a n h v u trang t u v#.

Dugc N g h j quye't 15 cua T r u n g u o n g soi sang, p h o n g trao noi day t u cho U.

H p i n g h j Ian t h u 15 Ban Chap hanh T r u n g u o n g D a n g xac d j n h eon d i r o n g

te 6 t u n g dia p h u o n g Ian rong khap m i e n N a m thanh cao trao each mang, tieu

phat trien co ban cua each m a n g m i e n N a m la khai nghia gianh chinh quyen bang

bieu v o i cugc " D o n g k h o i " a Ben Tre.

luc luang chinh tri ciia quan chung la chu yeu, ket hap vai luc luang vu trang.

* Dien bien

Phong trao " D o n g k h o i " rpng Ion, tieu bieu la k h o i nghia Tra Bong va noi

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Cupc noi day a VTnh Thanh (Binh D j n h ) , Bac A i ( N i n h Thuan) thang 2-1959.
6 Tra Bong (Quang N g a i ) thang 8 - 1959, roi Ian ra k h l p m i e n N a m thanh cao

day 6 Ben Tre. D e n n a m 1960 6 hang t r a m xa thon c h i n h q u y e n d i c h tan ra,

trao each mang, tieu bieu v o i cuoe "Dong k h a i " 6 Ben Tre.

chinh q u y e n each m a n g dupe h i n h thanh.
Phong trao " D o n g k h o i " da d u a toi sir ra d o i ciia Mat tran Dan tgc giai phong

Tai Ben Tre, ngay 17 - 1 -1960, cuoe " D o n g k h o i " no ra 6 ba xa d i e m la D j n h

mien Nam Viet Nam (20 - 1 - 1960), thanh lap T r u n g u o n g cue m i e n N a m , Q u a n

T h u y , Binh K h a n h va Phuac H i e p thupc h u y e n M o Cay roi n h a n h chong Ian ra

giai p h o n g m i e n N a m . " D o n g k h o i " da lam l u n g lay c h i n h q u y e n N g o D i n h

cac huyen Ian can.

Di?ni va giang m o t d o n nang ne vao chinh sach thuc d a n k i e u m o i cua M i .

H o a n h i p v o i cuoe " D o n g k h o i " 6 Ben Tre, nhan dan cac t i n h Tay N i n h , M l

N h u vay, each m a n g m i e n N a m da tir dau tranh chinh tri giie gin life luang

Tho, Tan A n , Tra V i n h , Bac L i e u , Rach Gia, ca M a u , C h a u Doc, L o n g Xuyen,
Soc Trang, Can T h o , K i e n Phong, Kien Tuong... d o n g loat noi day, l a m chii 2/3

lien dan len dau tranh chinh tri

xa ap. Tir giira n a m 1960 t r o d i , p h o n g trao " D o n g k h o i " Ian ra k h a p cac t i n h tu

quyen lam chu, phat trien thanh chien tranh each mang.
d. Qua phong trao Dong khai a mien Nam

Ta

Ca M a u cac t i n h ven bien m i e n T r u n g va Tay N g u y e n .

gap

T h i n g Igi cua p h o n g trao " D o n g k h o i " m o ra v u n g g i a i p h o n g r p n g Ion,

/g

ro

l i e n hoan.

s/

qua

up

*m

Thang Ipi ciia p h o n g trao " D o n g k h o i " dan den sir ra d o i ciia M a t tran dan

om

Phong trao " D o n g k h o i " thang Igi d a n h dau buoc ngo3t cua each mang

bo

ce

fa

C h a m d u t t h o i k i o n d j n h t a m t h o i che d p t h y c d a n m o i eiia M I 6 m i e n

w.

N a m , m o ra t h o i k i k h i i n g hoang cua che dp Sai Gon.

ww

the gia gin luc luqng sang the tien cong

nhau".

Tir k h i M i thay chan Phap xam lupc mien N a m V i ^ t N a m , d u d i su lanh dao

dia Dang, nhan dan ta d u n g len thuc h i ^ n cupc khang chien chong M i c i h i nuoe.
Tir n a m 1954 den nam 1958, nhan dan m i e n N a m vira d a u tranh, vira t i m
cua

11 - 1954, M l - D i e m tien hanh k h i i n g bo, dan ap, l i i n g bat cac nha lanh dao
phong trao. N h u n g p h o n g trao dau tranh v i mue tieu hoa b i n h ciia cac tang l o p

m i e n N a m , chuyen each m a n g tir the g i u g i n lire l u p n g sang the tien cong.

each mang mien Nam

dan

tri thuc va cua tang Idp nhan dan Sai Gon - C h p L o n thang 8 - 1954. D e n thang

ok

*Ynghia

(1959 - 1960) "y Dang, long

kiem con d u o n g dau tranh cho p h i i h o p . M o dau la "phong trao hoa binh"

.c

tQC giai p h o n g m i e n N a m V i ^ t N a m ngay 20 -12 -1960.

c, Phong trao "Dong khai" (1959 - 1960) da chuym

hap vai dau tranh vu. trang, khai nghia gianh

tit

nhan dan tiep tuc d a n g cao, Ian rpng, loi cuo'n hang t r i | u n g u o i t h a m gia, g o m
ta't ca cae tang l o p nhan dan, cac dang phai, cac dan tpc i t n g u o i . . . h i n h thanh
nen mat tran chong M I - D i e m .
T r u o c Ian song d a u t r a n h m a n h me cua d o n g bao m i e n N a m , MT - D i ^ m

M l xam lupc m i e n N a m V i f t N a m , d u n g len c h i n h q u y e n N g o D i n h D i ? m ,

cang ra sue d a n ap, l a m cho nhieu co so each m a n g b j v 6 16 n h u n g chung

a m m i m chia eat lau dai dat nude ta, bien m i e n N a m thanh thupc dia kieu m o i

khong the dap tit d u p e p h o n g trao. Gang d a n ap, p h o n g trao d a u tranh each

va cSn c i i quan sy ciia M I . T h y c h i ^ n chinh sach " t o epng", " d i ^ t c p n g " , " l u a t

•n^ng cang dang cao.

10-59", "cai each d i e n d j a " , lap " k h u d i n h d i e n " , " k h u trii mat"... M i D i ^ m da

V o i k h i the d a u t r a n h cua d o n g bao m i e n N a m n h u vay, ngay 15 - 1 - 1 9 5 9 ,

k i m k?p, boe Ipt va dan ap kho'c l i ^ t , p h o n g trao each m a n g m i e n N a m b j ton

I>ang ta t r i f u tap H p i n g h j Ian t h u 15 Ban Chap hanh T r u n g u o n g quye't d j n h

that n ^ n g ne.

<*e nhan d a n m i e n N a m sir d y n g bao luc each m a n g d a n h do c h i n h q u y e n NC -

Cach m a n g m i e n N a m chuyen tir cupc dau tranh via trang chong Phap sang

^ i ? m , va nhan m a n h ; ngoai eon d u o n g d i i n g bao luc each m a n g , nhan dan

dau tranh chinh tri chong Mi Diem decung cohoa binh, giif gin luc luang each mang.

**»ien N a m k h o n g co con d u o n g nao khac. P h u o n g h u o n g co ban cua each


3Si dtrdn^ HSG Ljch Si> 12 - The. TnKmg N0< v rh,r,

m a n g m i e n N a m la "dua

* Am mini va thi'i doan cua Mi

vao luc l u a n g c h i n h t r i cua quan c h i i n g la chii ye'u

MT de ra" k e h o a c h Xtalay - Tay-lo" v o i npi d u n g chu ye'u la b i n h d j n h m i e n

ket h o p v o i luc l u o n g v u trang de danh do ach thong trj ciia d e q u o c va phong

N a m t r o n g v o n g 18 thang.

kien, thiet lap c h i n h quyen each m a n g cua nhan d a n " .

T h u c h i ^ n k e h o a c h , MT tang c u o n g v i ^ n t r p cho quan s u D i e m , tang nhanh

D u o i anh sang N g h j quyet 15 cua Dang, p h o n g trao dau t r a n h cua d o n g bao

lire l u p n g quan d p i Sai G o n , tie'n hanh d o n dan lap " A p chien lupc", su d u n g

m i e n N a m no ra n h u nuoc v o bo. M o dau la cac cupc k h o i nghla t u n g phan
n h u : cuoc noi day 6 VTnh Thanh (Binh D i n h ) , Bac Ai

pho bien cac chien thuat m o i "true thang van",

( N i n h Thuan) thang 2 -

"thiet xa van".

Vien t r p quan sy

ciia MT tang gap d o i . Bp chi h u y quan su MT ( M A C V ) d u p e thanh lap tai Sai

1959. 6 Tra Bong (Quang N g a i ) thang 8 - 1959, roi Ian ra khap m i e n N a m

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Gon ngay 8 - 2 - 1 9 6 2 .

t h a n h cao t r a o each m a n g , tieu bieu v o i cuoc " D o n g k h o i " 6 Ben Tre ngay

" A p chien lupc" dupe xem n h u " X u o n g song ciia "chien t r a n h dac b i ^ t " va

17 _ 1 _ I960. H o a n h j p v o i cuoc " D o n g k h o i " o Ben Tre, nhan d a n cac t i n h Tay

nang len thanh "quoc sach". C h u n g coi viec lap: A p chien l u p c " n h u m o t cupc

N i n h , M i Tho, Tan A n , Tra V i n h , Bac Lieu, Rach Gia, Ca M a u , Chau Doc, Lonj;

chien tranh tong luc n h a m day luc l u p n g each mang ra khoi cac ap, tach dan ra

X u y e n , Soc Trang, Can Tho, Kien Phong, Kien T u o n g . . . d o n g loat noi day.

khoi each mang, tien toi nam dan, thuc hien chuong trinh "binh d j n h " mien N a m .

" D o n g k h o i " con Ian ra khap cac tinh t u Ca M a u cac t i n h ven bien m i e n T r u n g

b. Mien Nam chien dau chong chien luac "Chien tranh dac hiet" cua

va Tay N g u y e n .

Mi

D a p l i n g yeu cau ciia each mang t u k h o i nghla t u n g phan phat trien len

Phong trao " D o n g k h o i " t h ^ n g Igi danh dau buoc ngoat cua each mang

chien tranh each m a n g , chong "Chien tranh d^c biet" ciia MT va chinh q u y e n

m i e n N a m , chuyen each m a n g tir the g i u gin luc l u g n g sang the tie'n cong.

,'Sai Gon.

M a t tran dan tpc giai p h o n g m i e n N a m ra d o i (20 - 12 - 1960), T r u n g u o n g

Cyc mien N a m V i ^ t N a m thanh lap (1 - 1 - 1961), cac l y e l u p n g v u trang each
mang thong nha't thanh Quan giai phong mien Nam (5 - 2 - 1961).

cua d o n g bao m i e n N a m dien ra soi noi, m a n h me, quyet liet va da gianh dupe

D u o i n g p n co doan ket c i i u n u o c ciia M a t tran dan tpc giai p h o n g do D a n g

thSng Ipi v o cung to Ion. D o chinh la l i do de giai thich cau noi ciia d o n g chi

i a n h dao, quan giai p h o n g m i e n N a m ciing v o i nhan dan day m a n h dau tranh

N g u y e n C h i Thanh: " Q u a p h o n g trao D o n g k h o i o m i e n N a m (1959 - 1960) y

chong M l va c h i n h q u y e n Sai Gon, ket h p p dau tranh c h i n h t r i v o i dau tranh

Dang, long dan gap n h a u " . Y D a n g 6 day la N g h i quyet 15 va long dan la sue

v u trang, noi day v o i tien cong tren ca ba v u n g chien lupc ( r u n g n i i i , nong thon,

.c

om

/g

ro

up

N h u vay, n h o c6 N g h j quyet 15 ciia D a n g soi d u o n g p h o n g trao dau tranh

s/

m o ra t h o i k i k h u n g hoang cua c h e d o Sai Gon.

Ta

C h a m d u t t h o i k i on d j n h tam thoi c h e d o thuc dan m o i cua MT a m i e n N a m ,

ok

m a n h quat k h o i cua d o n g bao mien N a m .

bo

2. T h a i k i tu nam 1961 den nam 1965: Mien Nam chien dau chong " C h i e n

ce

tranh dac bi?t" cua MT

fa

a. C h i e n luQfc " C h i e n tranh dac bi?t" ciia de quoc M I a mien N a m

w.

* Khdi nicm vc "Chien tranh dac bict": Chien lupc "Chien tranh dac b i f t " la

ww

m o t h i n h t h i i c chien tranh xam lupc thuc dan m o i , d u p e tien hanh bMng quan
d p i tay sai, d u o i s u chi buy ciia he thong "co v a n " M I , d u a vao v u k h i , trang bi
ki thuat, p h u o n g tien chien tranh cua M I , nham chong lai cac l y c l u p n g each
m a n g va nhan dan ta.
* Hoan cdnh: Sau p h o n g trao " D o n g k h o i " (1959 - 1960), nhan d a n ta 6 mien

dong bang, do thj), tien cong dich bang ca ba m i i i chinh t r j , quan sy, b i n h van.

T r o n g nhu-ng nam 1961 - 1962, quan giai p h o n g da day l u i nhieu cupc chien
cong, d o n g t h o i v o i tien cong tieu diet nhieu d o n bot le ciia djch. N a m

quan dan ta da tien hanh nhieu cupc can quet Ion ciia d j c h vao chien k h u D ,
(cSn c i i U M i n h , Tay N i n h va Tay Bac Sai Gon.
Cupc dau t r a n h chong va pha " A p chien lupc" d i l n ra gay go, quyet li?t
giOa ta va d i c h , co hang chuc tri?u l u p t n g u o i tham gia pha " A p chien lupc" d i
6i v o i xay d y n g lang chien tranh. V o i quyet tam " m o t ta'c da't k h o n g d i , m p t l i
hong r o i " , nhan dan m i e n N a m kien quyet b a m da't, giir lang, pha d e ' k i m k?p
ciia d i c h .
M I va c h i n h q u y e n Sai G o n d u tap t r u n g siic vao d o n d a n lap " A p chien

N a m tiep tuc noi day, ket h o p dau tranh chinh t r j v o i dai tranh vu trang chong

lupc" n h u n g cGng chi t h y c hien d u p e m p t phan k e h o a c h . D e n cuoi n a m

M l va c h i n h q u y e n Sai Gon. T r o n g k h i do tren the g i o i , p h o n g trao giai phong

each m a n g k i e m soat tren nira tong so v o i gan 70% n o n g dan.

dan tpc dang len m a n h me, true tiep de doa he thong thupc dja ciia chu nghuT
dequoc.

1962

1962,

Chien thSng A p Bac danh dau b u o c t r u o n g thanh ciia l y c l u o n g v u trang
each m a n g m i e n N a m , da d a n h bai cac bi?n phap chien thuat: true thang

van",
145


"thiei xa van" cua d\ch, danh sap long tin ciia quan dpi Sai Gon vao trang bj vu
khi hien dai ciia M i . Chien thang nay cung chiing minh quan dan nnien Nam
hoan toan c6 kha nang danh bai "Chien tranh dac bi§t" cua M I va chinh quyen
Sai Gon, sau tr^n A p Bac, phong trao "thi dua Ap Bac giet giac lap cong" day len
k h i p mien Nam.

"Chien tranh cue bp" la loai hinh chien tranh xam lupc thyc dan moi, dupe
tien hanh bang luc lupng quan dpi M i , quan dong minh ciia M i va quan dpi Sai
Gon nham chong lai each mang va nhan dan mien Nam.
De thyc hi^n "Chien tranh eye bp", vua moi vao mien Nam, M i da cho quan
ina ra ngay cupc hanh quan " t i m di^t" vao cSn cii ciia Quan giai phong 6 Van

Phong trao dau tranh chinh trj aia cac tang lop nhan dan trong cac do thj,

Ttrong (Quang Ngai). Tiep do. M i mo lien hai cupc phan cong chien lupc miia

ca 6 nhung thanh pho Ion nhu Sai Gon, Hue, Da Nang, c6 nhung buoc phat

y i o (dong - xuan) 1965 - 1966 va 1966 - 1967 bang hang loat cupc hanh quan

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trien manh me, noi h^t la dau tranh cua "dpi quan toe dai" cua cac ba m? va cac

"tim diet" va "binh dinh" vao vung: "dat thanh Vi^t Cpng".

chi; cua cac tin do Ph^t giao chong lai sy dan ap, ki thj ton giao ciia chinh

b. Chien dau chong chien lucre "Chien tranh cue bg" cua Ml

quyen Diem.

Voi y chi khong gi lay chuyen "Quyei chien quyel thdng giac Mi xam lucre"

Phong trao dau tranh chinh trj 6 do thj ciing voi phong trao pha "Ap chien

dupe sy phoi hpp chien dau va chi vi?n ciia mien B^e, quan dan ta mien Nam

lupc" 6 nong thon va nhung don tien cong lien tiep ciia cac lire lupng vu trang

da anh dung chien dau va lien tiep gianh thang Ipi.

each mang da day nhanh qua trinh suy sup ciia chinh quyen Ngo Dinh Di^m.

6 Van Tuong (Quang Ngai) vao ngay 18 - 8 -1965, sau mpt ngay chien dau,

Sau khi len lam l o n g thong, Giionxon quyet djnh day manh hon nCra

mpt trung doan ehii luc ciia ta cung voi quan du kich va nhan dan dja phuong

"Chien tranh dac bi?t". Ke hoach Gionxon - Mac Namara thay the ke hoach

da day lui dupe cupc hanh quan ciia d}ch, loai khoi vong chien dau 900 djch,

Xtalay - Taylo dupe vach ra nham tang cuong vi^n trp quan su, on djnh chinh

ban chay 22 xe tang va xe bpe thep, ha 13 may bay.

quyen Sai Gon, binh djnh mien Nam c6 trpng diem trong 2 nam (1964 -1965).

Ta

Van Tuong dupe coi la "Ap Bac" do'i voi quan M i va quan dong minh, mo

Phong trao dau tranh chinh trj phat trien trong cac do thi, nhat la 6 cac do

/g

Sau chien thang Ap Bac, quan giai phong nhanh chong truong thanh va tien

om

len danh nhirng tran c6 quy mo Ion. Cuoi nam 1964, quan va dan Dong Nam

.c

Bp mo chien djch tien cong Dong - Xuan 1964 -1965 voi tran mo man danh vao

ok

ap Binh Gia.

bo

Thira t h i n g sau chien thang Binh Gia, quan giai phong va nhan dan mien

ce

Nam day manh tien cong Xuan - He 1965 va gianh nhieu thang Ipi trong cac

fa

chien djch A n Lao (Binh Djnh), Ba Gia (Quang Ngai), Dong Xoai (Bien Hoa).

w.

Tung don vj Ion ciia djch bi tieu di?t gpn, hoac thi^t hai nang. Quan dpi Sai

ww

Gon, lyc lupng nong cot ciia "Chien tranh dac bi^t", khong con dii siic duong
dau voi cupc tien cong Ion ciia quan giai phong va dung trudc nguy co tan ra.
3. Thai ki Kr nim 1965 den nam 1968: Mien Nam chien dau chong "Chien
tranh c\ic b p " cua M I
a. Chien luge "Chien tranh cue bq" ciia dequoc Mt a mien Nam
Sau that bai chien lupc "Chien tranh dMc bi^t", M I day manh chien tranh
xam lupc mien Nam, chuyen sang chien lupc "Chien tranh cue bo" va mo rpng

chien tranh pha hoai" mien Bac.

s/

ro

trao dang cao, eang thu hiit nhieu nguoi tham gia.

dau cao trao "71m Mi ma danh liing nguy ma diet" tren kh3p mien Nam. Nhieu

up

thj Ion Sai Gon, Hue, Da N i n g , cang lam roi loan hau phuong ciia dich. Phong

"Vanh dai diet Mi" xuat hi?n nhu 6 Hoa Vang, Chu Lai (Quang Nam), Cu Chi

(Sai Gon)... Mpt phong trao thi dua tro thanh "Dung st diet Mi" vk "Dcm vi anh
hiing diet Mt" soi noi khap noi.

,» rs ii r

Sau tran Van Tuong kha nang chien t h i n g M I trong "Chien tranh cue bp"
ciia quan dan ta eon tiep tuc dupe ehung minh trong hai mua kho.
Buoc vao kho thu nhat (Dong - Xuan 1965 -1966) voi 720 000 quan, djch mo
dpt phan cong voi 450 cupc hanh quan, trong do c6 5 cupc hanh quan "tim di?t"
Ion, n h i m vao hai huong chien lupc chinh 6 Dong Nam Bp va Lien Khu V, voi
myc tieu danh bai chii lye Quan giai phong.
Quan dan ta trong the tran chien tranh nhan dan, voi nhieu phuong thue
tac chien, da chan danh djch tren mpi huong, chii dpng tien cong dich tren
mpi noi. Quan ta da loai khoi vong chien dau 104 000 dich, ban roi 1 430

n^ay bay.
Buoc vao mua kho thu hai (Dong - Xuan 1966 - 1967), voi lyc lupng dupe
*Sng len hon 980 000 quan, chiing mo dpt phan cong voi 895 cupc hanh quan,
*rong do c6 3 cupc hanh quan Ion "tim diet" va "binh dinh", ion nhat la cupc
hanh quan Gianxon Xiti danh vao can cu Duong Minh Chau (B3c Tay Ninh),
^ a m tieu di^t quan chii lyc va co quan dau nao ciia ta.
147


C u n g v o i n h u n g cuoc chii d o n g tien cong d i c h tren chien t r u a n g T r j -

chung da nhanh chong to chuc lai luc l u g n g phan cong quan ta gap k h o n g it

Thien, D u o n g so 9... quan ta m o m a n g hang loat tran phan cong danh bai cac

kho khan va ton that. Q u a n each mang vao chie'm giCr thanh pho t r o n g d g t 1 bl

cuoc hanh quan " t i m diet" va " b i n h d j n h " cua djch. Loai k h o i v o n g chien da'u

day ra ngoai.
* y nghia: Mac d i i co n h i r n g ton that va h ^ n che'do, cupc T o n g tien cong va

151 000 ten d i c h , bin r o i 1 231 may bay.

noi day co y nghIa he't sue to Idn:

6 hau k h i p cac v i i n g nong thon, quan c h i i n g dug-c sir ho trg- cua l y c l u g n g

L a m l u n g lay y chi xam lugec cua quan M I , bugc M I phai t u y e n bo " p h i M I

v u trang da d u n g len da'u tranh chong ach k i m kep ciia d j c h , pha t u n g mang

hoa" chien tranh xam luge (tue thua nhan that bai cua "Chien tranh cue bg").

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"Ap chien luge". T r o n g hau khap cac thanh t h j , giai cap cong nhan, cac tang i6p
nhan dan lao d o n g khac, hoc sinh, sinh vien, Phat t u , b i n h sT Sai Gon... da'u

M I phai t u y e n bdeha'm d u t k h o n g dieu kien chien tranh pha hoai m i e n Bae,

tranh d o i M i riit ve nude, d o i t u do dan chu. V i i n g giai p h o n g d u g c m o rong,

chju den ban d a m phan 6 Pa ri de ban ve cha'm d u t chien tranh.

u y t i n cua M a t tran dan toe giai p h o n g m i e n N a m d u g c nang cao tren t r u o n g

Cuoc T o n g tien cong va noi day da m o ra buoc ngoat cua eugc k h a n g chien

quoe te.

chong M I c i i u nuoe cua quan dan ta.

Den euoi nam 1967, M a t tran giai p h o n g c6 eo quan t h u o n g true 6 hau he't

d. Nhimg diem giong vd khdc nhau giiia chien luoc "Chien tranh dac hi^t"

cac nude xa h p i ehii nghia va 6 m p t so nuae t h e ' g i o i t h u ba. C u a n g l l n h cua

vd Chien luoc "Chien tranh cue bg" cua Mi d Vi?t Nam

M a t tran d u g c 41 nuoe, 12 to chue quoe te, 5 to chuc k h u v u c len tic'ng u n g ho.

* Giong nhau:

c. Cuoc Tong tien cong vd noi day Tei Mau Than nam 1968

Deu la chien tranh xam luge t h y e dan m d i ciia M I , n h a m bien m i e n N a m

* Hoan cnnh: Buoc vao mua xuan 1968, xuat phat t u nhan d i n h so sanh luc

thanh thupe dja kieu m a i cua M I . Deu thuc hien am m u u chong lai each mang va

Ta

l u g n g thay d o i c6 Igi cho ta sau hai mua kho. N a m 1968 ta Igi d u n g m a u thuan

nhan dan mien N a m . Deu su d u n g v u k h i va p h u o n g t i ^ n chien tranh cua M I .

"Chien tranh cue b p " m o rpng ca hai mien N a m - Bac.

/g

m i n h , danh d o n m a n h vao chinh q u y e n va d g i Sai G o n gianh c h i n h q u y e n ve

Ve t i n h chat ac liet: "Chien tranh cue b p " ac liet h o n , the hien 6 muc tieu,

om

tay nhan dan, bugc M I phai d a m phan, rut quan ve nude.

.c

lye l u p n g tham chien, vQ k h i , hoa l y c va p h u o n g tien chien tranh.

* Dien bie'n: Cuoc tong tien cong va noi day d u g c m o dau bang eugc tap kieh

ok

" C h i e n tranh dae biet" dupe tien hanh bt^ng quan d g i tay sai d u d i sy chi

chien luge cua quan chii luc vao hau k h ^ p cac do thj t r o n g d e m 30 rang sang

bo

h u y eua co van M I , d y a vao v u k h i , trang bj k l thuat, p h u o n g tien chien tranh

ngay 31 - 1 - 1968 (dem giao thua Te't M a u Than). Cuoc tong tien cong va noi

ce

cua M I n h a m thuc h i ^ n m u u do co ban la " D i i n g n g u d i Viet d a n h n g u d i V i ^ t " ,

day dien ra ba d g t : 3 0 - 1 - 2 5 - 2 ; thang 5 va 6; thang 8 va 9 -1968.

fa

"Thay m a u da cho xae ehe't". Tien hanh " Chien tranh dae b i ^ t " , M I - n g u y m d

Tai Sai Gon, quan giai p h o n g tien cong vao cae v j t r i dau nao eua d j c h , n h u

w.

rpng nhieu cupc hanh quan can quet, mue tieu la chong pha each m a n g va b i n h

ww

Toa dai s u M I , D i n h "Doe lap". Bp Tong tham m u u q u a n Sai G o n , Bp T u lenh
biet k h u T h i i do, T o n g nha canh sat, Dai phat thanh, san bay Tan Son Nha't.
* Kt't qua: T u t r o n g eupe T o n g tien cong va noi day, eo them nhieu luc l u p n g
m a i ehong M I , chong c h i n h quyen Sai G o n xuat hien, mat tran doan ket dan

* Khac nhau:
Ve quy m o chien tranh: " C h i e n tranh dac biet" dien ra a m i e n N a m , con

ro

* Muc dich: N h a m tieu d i f t m g t bp phan luc l u g n g quan MT, quan dong

up

tien cong va noi day tren toan m i e n N a m , t r o n g tam la do t h j .

s/

a M l t r o n g n a m bau c u tong thong (1968), ta chii t r u o n g m o m g t eugc Tong

d j n h m i e n N a m . C h i i n g coi " A p chien l u p c " la quoe saeh n h ^ m tach each m a n g
ra khdi dan de t h y c h i ^ n eai gpi la "Tat nude bat ca".
" C h i e n tranh cue b p " v d i muc tieu la v u a tieu diet quan chu lye v u a b i n h

tpe, chong M I c u u nuac d u g c m o rgng. To chuc Lien minh cac luc lugng dan tgc,

d j n h m i e n N a m , pha hoai m i e n B3e. L y e l u g n g tham chien d o n g , g o m ca M I ,

dan chu hoa binh a Sai Gon, H u e ' v a toan mien N a m , dai dien cho tang l o p t r i

c h u hau, n g u y , t r o n g do quan M I giir vai tro quan t r o n g va k h o n g n g i r n g tang

thuc, t u san dan tgc tien bp 6 thanh thj d u g c thanh lap.

len ve so l u g n g va trang b i . C h u n g su d u n g v i j k h i hien dai, hoa lye m a n h ca

Cupc T o n g tien cong va noi day Te't M a u Than da danh d o n bat n g d , lam
cho djch choang vang. N h u n g do luc l u g n g djch con d o n g (hon ni>a t r i ^ u linh
M I va d o n g m i n h , gan 1 trieu quan d g i Sai Gon) co so 6 thanh t h j m a n h , nen

!? tren bg, tren k h o n g , tren bien, toe do nhanh va m d lien tue nhieu chien djch
n h ^ m " t i m d i e t " va " b i n h d i n h " vao "Da't thanh Viet edng".

1

T r o n g hai n a m 1970

4, T h a i k i tu nam 1969 den nam 1973: Mien Nam chien dau chong " V i ? t Nam
luoc

tranh" cua dequo'c

"Viet Nam

hod

chien

tranh"

vd "Dong

Duong

hod

quan s u va chi'nh t r i .

chien

T r o n g hai ngay 24 va ngay 25 - 4 -1970, H g i n g h i cap cao ba nude V i ^ t N a m

Mi.

- Lao -Campuchia h g p n h a m bieu thj quyet t a m cvia n h a n d a n ba nude D o n g

D a u n a m 1969, N i c h x a n vua len n a m chinh quyen da de ra chien luoc toan

D u o n g doan ket chien dau chong MT.

cau "Ngan de thuc tc" (thay cho chien luge "Phan u n g l i n h hogt" ciia Kennodi)
CUQC

T u ngay 30 - 4 den ngay 30 - 6 -1970, quan d g i V i ^ t N a m cd s u p h o i h g p ciia

chien tranh xam luge thi^c dan m o i ; thuc h i ^ n chien luge "Vict

quan dan C a m p u c h i a da dap tan cugc hanh quan xam luge Campuchia va

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va tiep tuc

nhan dan ta cung v d i n h a n d a n hai nude

Campuchia va Lao g i a n h n h i i n g thang Igi cd y nghia chien luge tren m | t tran

hoa chien tranh" ciia M l
a. Chien

- 1971,

Nam hod chien tranh" a m i e n N a m va m o r p n g chien t r a n h ra toan D o n g D u o n g

quan d g i Sai G o n , loai k h o i v o n g chien dau 17.000 d j c h , giai p h d n g nhieu v u n g

v o i chien luge " D o n g D u o n g hoa chien tranh".

rgng I d n dat dai v d i 4,5 trieu dan.

Chien luge " V i ^ t N a m hoa chien tranh" duge tien hanh bang lue l u g n g quan

T u ngay 1 2 - 2 den ngay 2 3 - 3 - 1 9 7 1 , quan d g i V i ^ t N a m cd s u phd'i h g p ciia

d g i Sai Gon la ehu ye'u, c6 su p h o i h g p ve hoa li^c va k h o n g q u a n M I , va van do

quan dan Lao da tap tan cugc hanh quan m a n g ten " L a m Son -719" ehiem g i u

M l chi b u y bang h ^ t h o n g eo' van.

d u d n g 9 - N a m Lao eiia 4,5 van quan M i va quan d g i Sai Gon, loai k h o i v o n g

De thuc hien chien luge " V i e t N a m hoa chien t r a n h " M i da:

chien da'u 22.0000 d j c h , d u o i het quan M I va quan d g i Sai G o n k h o i d u o n g 9 -

Rut dan q u a n MT va quan d o n g m i n h k h o i chien tranh de g i a m x u o n g mau.

N a m Lao, giu h a n h lang chien luge each m a n g D o n g D u o n g .

Tang c u o n g luc l u g n g quan d g i Sai C o n n h a m thye hi?n am m u u " D u n g

Thang Igi tren mat tran quan su da ho t r g va thuc day p h o n g trao da'u tranh

n g u a i V i f t d a n h n g u o i V i e t " . M I d i i n g luc l u g n g quan d g i Sai G o n de thuc

chinh t r i , chong " b i n h d j n h " .

up

Quoc, hoa hoan v o i Lien X6 n h a m ban che s u g i i i p d o ciia eac n u a c d o d o i v o l

s/

M I con d i m g t h i i doan ngoai giao xao quyet n h u thoa t h u a n v o i T r u n g

Ta

hi?n " D o n g D u o n g hoa chien t r a n h " .

om

hod chien tranh " ciia Mt.

Duong

/g

b. Chien dau chong chien luge "Viet Nam hod chien tranh" vd "Bong

ro

cugc khang chien ciia nhan dan ta.

6 k h a p n o i eae thanh thj, p h o n g trao ciia eac tang Idp n h a n dan no ra lien

tyc. Dac bi?t d Sai Gon, Hue^ Da N a n g , p h o n g trao hoe sinh, sinh vien no ra
ram r g da t h u h i i t d o n g dao g i d i tre t h a m gia. Phong trao t u d i tre, hgc sinh,
sinh v i e n cd vai tro q u a n t r o n g , t h u d n g la "Phong trao chdm ngdi no"' cho p h o n g
trao c h u n g ciia tang I d p nhan dan thanh t h i .
Tai eac v u n g ndng t h o n , d o n g bang, r u n g n i i i , ven t h j , k h a p n o i cd p h o n g

chien tranh xam luge toan di?n dugc tang c u o n g va m o r g n g ra toan D o n g

trao ciia q u a n c h i i n g nd'i day ehd'ng " b i n h d j n h " , pha "a'p chien luge" ciia djch.

D u o n g , v u a chien dau chong chien djch tren chien t r u o n g , vira dau tranh v o i

Den dau nam 1971, each mang gianh quyen lam chii them 3600 ap v d i 3 trieu dan.

bo

ok

.c

Chien dau chong chien luge " V i ^ t N a m hoa chien t r a n h " la chong lai cugc

ce

djch tren ban d a m phan.

c. Cugc tien cong chien luge nam

1972

Bude vao n a m 1972, quan ta m d cugc tien cong chien luge t u ngay 30 - 3

s u ra d o i ciia C h i n h p h i i each m a n g lam t h o i Cong hoa m i e n N a m ngay 6 - 6 -

danh vao Q u a n g T r j , lay Q u a n g T r j l a m h u d n g tien cong chii ye'u, r d i phat

1969. D o la c h i n h p h i i cua nhan dan m i e n N a m . V u a ra d o i , c h i n h p h i i each

trien rgng ra k h i p chien t r u d n g m i e n N a m , keo dai t r o n g n a m 1972.

ww

w.

fa

Thang Igi chinh t r i m o dau giai doan chong " V i ^ t N a m hoa chien t r a n h " la

m a n g l a m t h a i da d u g c 23 nuoc cong nhan, trong d o c6 21 nuae dat quan he
ngoai giao.

Q u a n ta tien cong d i c h v d i c u o n g d o m a n h , q u y m o I d n , tren hau k h a p eac
dja ban chien luge q u a n t r g n g . C h i t r o n g thdi gian ngan (den eudi thang 6 -

GiCra liie cugc chien chong M I c u u nude ciia nhan dan ta 6 ea hai m i e n dang

1972), q u a n ta choc t h i i n g ba p h d n g tuyen m a n h nhat eiia d i c h , la Q u a n g T r i ,

tren da thang Igi, thi Chii tjch H o Chi M i n h qua d o i ngay 2 - 9 - 1969. D o la mot

Tay N g u y e n , D o n g N a m Bg, loai k h o i v o n g chien da'u h o n 20 v ? n d j c h , giai

ton that Ion, khong gi eo the b i i dap d o i v o i dan toe ta, d o i v o i each mang nuac ta.

p h d n g nhieu v i i n g dat d a i rgng I d n va d o n g dan.

T h u c hien d i chiic ciia C h i i tjch H o C h i M i n h , nhan d a n 6 hai m i e n day
m a n h k h a n g chien chong M I c u u nuac.

Sau d o n m d dau bat n g d ciia quan ta, quan d g i Sai G o n cd s u y e m t r g eiia
M l da p h a n cong lai, gay cho ta nhieu thiet hai; con M I t r d lai chien tranh pha
pha hoai m i e n Bac.

150

.

..

Cupc tien con^ chien luoc nam 1972 da ^^idn;^ don nqng nevao chien luge "Viet
Nam hod chien tranh", buoc Ml phdi tui/en bo "Mi hod" tra lai chien tranh xdm luge
(tiec thim nhqn that bqi cua "Vict Nam hod chien tranh").

Ve q u y m o

d. Tinh dodn kit chien dau cua quan dan Viet Nam,

Lao va

Campuchia

Vua

gay

tranh

cue

"chien
bp"

m i e n N a m , vira gay

chien

Lao, Campuchia.

Voi

tranh

pha

tranh

xam

luge

la

D u g c tien hanh bSng

v u a tieu di?t quan

luc l u g n g quan d g i Sai

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Chien dau chong chien \ugc " V i ^ t N a m hoa chien t r a n h " la chong lai cuoc
chien tranh x a m luge toan dien d u g c tang c u o n g va m o rgng ra toan D o n g

Khac

ehu

D u o n g , v u a chien dau chong chien djch tren chien t r u o n g , v u a dau tranh v o l

nhau

djnh

muc
luc

tieu

vua

binh

mien

pha hoai mien

djch tren ban d a m phan.

Luc

T r o n g hai n a m 1970 - 1971, nhan dan ta cung v o i nhan dan hai nuoc
Campuchia va Lao gianh n h u n g thang Igi c6 y nghia chien luge tren mat tran
quan sy va c h i n h t r j .
T r o n g hai ngay 24 va ngay 25 - 4 - 1970, H o i nghj cap cao ba nuoc V i ^ t N a m
- Lao -Campuchia h o p nham bieu thj quyet tam ciia nhan dan ba nuoc D o n g

lugng

su

Nam,

phoi h g p ve hoa luc va

Bac.

k h o n g quan MT, va van

tham

d o MT chi h u y bang h f

chien dong, g o m ca

tho'ng CO van.

MT, ehu hau, nguy,

- Riit dan quan MT va

t h u doan

trong do quan MT

quan

giir

chien

Ta

ro

up

s/

T u ngay 30 - 4 den ngay 30 - 6 - 1970, quan d p i Viet N a m c6 su p h o l h g p ciia

G o n la ehu ye'u, c6

Ve am m u u ,

vai

trpng

D u o n g doan ke't chien dau chong M l .

/g

r p n g Ian dat dai v o i 4,5 trieu dan.

tranh 6

chien

hod chien tranh" cua Mi

quan d p i Sai Gon, loai k h o i v o n g chien dau 17.000 djch, giai p h o n g nhieu v u n g

V u a gay chien

Vi$t N a m , vu-a m o rpng

hpai a m i e n Bac

trong chien dau chong chien luge "Vi(t Nam hod chien tranh" va "Dong Duong

quan dan Campuchia da dap tan cupc hanh quan x a m luge Campuchia va

6

tro
va

quan

om

.c

ok

d u o n g 9 - N a m Lao cua 4,5 van quan M I va quan d p i Sai Gon, loai k h o i vong

minh

khoi

de

giam

x u o n g m a u . Tang c u o n g

n g u n g tang len ve

luc l u g n g quan d g i Sai

so' l u g n g va

trang

Gon n h ^ m thuc hi^n am

bj. C h u n g sir d u n g

m u u " D u n g nguoi Vi^t

v u k h i hi^n dai, hoa

danh nguoi Viet".

tren

quan dan Lao da tap tan cupc hanh quan m a n g ten " L a m Son -719" chiem g i i i

tranh

khong

lye m a n h ca tren bp,

T u ngay 12 - 2 den ngay 23 - 3 - 1971, quan d p i Viet N a m c6 s u p h o i h g p cua

dong

khong,

- D u n g luc l u g n g quan

tren

d g i Sai G o n de thuc hien

bien, toe d p nhanh

" D o n g D u o n g hoa chien

chien dau 22.0000 djch, d u o i het quan M i va quan d p i Sai G o n k h o i d u o n g 9

t r a n h " . Thoa t h u a n v o i

chien

N a m Lao, g i u hanh lang chien luge each m a n g D o n g D u o n g .

T r u n g Quoc,

" t i m diet" va "binh

v o i Lien X6 n h a m

han

d j n h " vao "Dat thanh

che s u g i u p d o ciia

cac

Vi^t cpng".

nuoc

fa

ce

bo

va m o lien tue nhieu

w.

5. Nhung diem giong va khac nhau giua hai chien luge " C h i e n tranh eye bp"

T i e u chi
so sanh

N h u n g diem
giong va
khac nhau

ww

(1965 -1968) va " V i ? t Nam hoa chien tranh" (1969 -1973) cua M I 6 mien Nam.

C h i e n tranh cue bp

djch

nham

do

khang

V i ? t N a m hoa

hoa

hoan

do'i v o i euge

chien

ciia

nhan

dan ta.

chien tranh

Bj

bai,

phai

That bai, phai chap nhan

chap nhan ngoi vao

ki

m o i cua MT nham chong lai each m a n g va nhan dan V i ^ t N a m .

ban d a m phan v o i

eong nhan doc lap, ehii

- Deu su d u n g co van MT, v u k h i va p h u o n g tien chien tranh cua MT.

ta 6 H p i nghj Pari

quyen,

de giai quyet van de

toan

Vif t Nam.

Viet N a m .

G i o n g nhau: - D e u la chien luge chien tranh xam luge theo kieu thuc dan

- Deu d u n g luc l u g n g quan d p i nguy, nguy quyen de l a m tay sai dac luc eho
chiing.
IS-?

Ke't qua

that

ke't H i e p d j n h
thong

v?n

nha't

lanh tho

Pari,
va
cua


6. T h a i k i tvr nam 1969

den nam 1973:

L a m cho t i n h than chien d a u cua quan d p i Sai G o n them hoang m a n g , mat
t i n h than chien d a u .

Mien Nam dau tranh chong chinh sach

" b i n h dinh, laun chiem", tao the va Ivc tien toi giai phong hoan toan mien Nam
V o l H i ^ p d i n h Pari n a m 1973, ta "ddnh cho Mi cut". N g a y 29 - 3 - 1973, toan

C h u n g to kha nang m o i cua quan dan ta co the gianh thang Igi Ion t r o n g

l i n h M l cuoi c i i n g da r u t k h o i nuoc ta. N h u n g M I van giO lai h o n 2 van co van

thoi gian ngan v o i toe d g nhanh. Chien thang Phuoc L o n g la co so de Bg C h i n h

quan su, lap ra Bp chi h u y quan su, tiep tuc v i e n t r o quan su, k i n h t e c h o chinh

tri quyet d i n h giai p h o n g m i e n N a m trong n a m 1975.
Sau chien thang nay eiia ta, chinh quyen Sai G o n p h a n u n g m a n h va d u a

q u y e n Sai Gon.

quan chiem lai, n h u n g da that bai. C o n M i chi phan u n g yeu 6t, chu ye'u d i i n g

D u g c CO v a n M i chi h u y va n h ^ n v i ^ n trq cua MT, c h i n h q u y e n Sai Gon

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ap luc t u xa de doa.

ngang nhien pha hoai H i e p d j n h Pari, chung h u y d o n g gan n h u toan bo l u t

Phoi h g p v o i d a u tranh quan su, nhan dan ta 6 m i e n N a m day m a n h dau

l u g n g tien hanh chien djch "tran ngap lanh tho", lien tiep m o n h i r n g cuoc hanh

tranh c h i n h t r i , ngoai giao nhSm to cao hanh d g n g eiia M i va chinh q u y e n Sai

quan "Binh dinh - Ian chiem" v i i n g giai p h o n g . Day thuc chat la hanh d p n g tiep

Gon v i p h a m H i ^ p d j n h , pha hoai hoa b i n h , hoa h g p dan toe, neu cao tinh chat

tyc chien l u o c "Viet N a m hoa chien tranh" cua N i c h x o n .

chinh nghla cupe chien dau eiia nhan dan ta; d o i lat d o c h i n h q u y e n N g u y e n

Ve phia ta, vi^c k i H i e p d j n h Pari ve cham d u t chien tranh 6 Viet N a m , viec

Van Thi$u, t h u c hien cae q u y e n t u do, dan chii...

quan d p i x a m lupc M i r i i t k h o i nuac ta, da tao nen su thay d o i can ban t r o n g so
sanh luc l u g n g gii>a each m a n g va phan each m a n g c6 I g i cho

CUQC

7. H i ? p dinh Pari ve vi|c cham dut chien tranh lap lai hoa b i n h d V i | t N a m

d a u tranh

a. Dau tranh doi Mixudng

cua nhan dan 6 m i e n N a m .

T r o n g cuoc dau tranh chong djch "hinh dinh - Ian chiem", chong am m u u

t r u o n g m o t h e m m a t tran tien cong ngoai giao, nhSm to cao tgi ac eiia bgn xam

Ta

"tran ngap lanh tho" cua c h i i n g vao n h i i n g thang dau n a m sau k i h i ^ p d j n h ,

up

ro

hoa h g p dan tpc... nen tren m o t so dja ban quan trong, ta bj m a t dat, mat dan.

s/

quan dan ta da dat d u o c m o t so ket qua nha't d j n h . N h u n g d o k h o n g d a n h gia
het am m u u pha hoai H i e p d j n h ciia dich, d o qua nhan m a n h den hoa binh,

/g

Thang 7 - 1973, Ban Chap hanh T r u n g u o n g D a n g h o p H o i nghj Ian t h u 21

om

H p i nghj neu ro n h i e m v u co ban cua each m a n g m i e n N a m t r o n g gia doan

.c

h i ^ n tai la tiep tuc cuoc each m a n g dan toe dan ehii nhan d a n . H o i n g h i nhan

ok

m a n h t r o n g bat eu t i n h h i n h nao c i i n g phai tiep tuc con d u o n g each mang bao

bo

vCrng chien luge tien cong, kien quyet dau tranh tren ca ba mat

ce

lire, phai nim

fa

tran quan su, c h i n h t r i , ngoai giao.

thang chien tranh va thuong lumg a Hoi nghi Pari

D a u 1967, sau thang Igi t r o n g hai m u a kho 1965 -1966 va 1966 -1967, ta ehu

w.

Thue h i ^ n N g h j quyet H o i nghj T r u n g u o n g Ian t h u 21 eua D a n g , t u cuoi

ww

n a m 1973 quan dan ta 6 m i e n N a m v u a kien quyet d a n h tra quyet d a n h djch,
bao v ^ v i i n g giai p h o n g , vua chii d o n g m o n h i r n g euge tien cong d j c h , m o rgng
v u n g giai p h o n g .

luge M l , vach tran l u a n d i e u hoa b i n h b j p b p m cua ehiing, neu t i n h chat c h i n h

nghla, lap t r u o n g d i i n g din ciia ta, tranh t h i i r p n g rai s u d o n g t i n h l i n g hp eiia
d u luan quoc te.
M u e tieu dau tranh ngoai giao trude mat eiia ta la d o i M i cham d u t k h o n g
dieu ki?n chien tranh pha hoai m i e n Bae, coi d o la d i e u ki?n tien quyet de d i
den t h u o n g l u p n g 6 ban hpi n g h j .
N g a y 31 - 3 - 1968, sau d o n bat ngo ciia cupe Tong tien cong va noi day Tet
M a u Than eiia quan ta, G i o n x o n tuyen bo n g i r n g nem b o m ban pha m i e n Bae
tir VI t u y e n 20 t r o ra va bat dau noi den t h u o n g l u p n g v o i V i ^ t N a m .
N g a y 13 - 5 - 1968, cuoc t h u o n g l u p n g c h i n h thue hai ben, giua dai d i f n
C h i n h p h i i Viet N a m D a n chii Cong hoa va dai d i ^ n C h i n h p h i i H o a K i a Pari
hpp phien d a u tien.
N g a y 1 - 11 - 1968, G i o n x o n tuyen b o ' n g u n g nem b o m ban pha tren toan

C u o i n a m 1974, d a u n a m 1975, ta m o d o t boat d o n g quan s u D o n g - Xuan

m i e n Bac. T u day, dau tranh g i u a ta va M i chii yeu xoay q u a n h van de h i n h

vao h u o n g N a m Bg, t r g n g tarn la d o n g bang song C u u L o n g va D o n g N a m Bg.

thuc, thanh phan h p i n g h i va da d i den thong nha't ve h i n h thuc H p i nghj Bon

Q u a n ta da gianh thang Igi vang d p i trong chien djch D u o n g 14 - Phuoc L o n g .

ben giCra Viet N a m D a n chii Cpng hoa. M a t tran dan toe giai p h o n g m i e n N a m

* Y nghia cua chien thang Phieac Long:

Viet N a m (sau d o la C h i n h p h i i each m a n g lam t h o i C p n g hoa m i e n N a m Vi?t

V o i chien thang Phuoc L o n g c h u n g to quan chu luc Sai G o n da den luc

N a m ) Hoa K i va Viet N a m Cpng hoa (Chinh quyen Sai Gon).

k h o n g con d u kha nang chiem g i i i n h i i n g v i m g dat quan t r g n g tren dien rgng.

H p i nghj b o n ben ve Viet N a m chinh thue hpp phien dau tien ngay 25 - 1 1969 tai Pari.

154


Cty TNHH MTV DWH

KhaPi^lW

b. Hiep dinh Pari 1973 ve chant dut chien tranh, lap lai hoa binh d Viet Nam

* Y nghia:

Q u a n d i e m cua ta: d o i M7 rut het quan ciia m i n h va quan d o n g m i n h i
H i e p d j n h Pari ve Viet N a m la thang Ipi ciia s u ke't h o p giua da'u tranh quan

m i e n N a m va d o i ho ton t r o n g cac quyen dan toe co ban eiia nhan dan Viet

sy da'u tranh c h i n h t r i va da'u tranh ngoai giao, la ke't qua ciia cupc da'u tranh

N a m va q u y e n t u quye't cua nhan dan mien N a m Viet N a m .

Icien c u o n g , bat khua't ciia quan dan ta 6 hai mien da't nuoc, m o ra b u o c ngoat
m o i ciia cupc k h a n g chien ehong M i c u u nuoc eiia dan toe.

Phia M l CO quan d i e m nguge lai, nha't la van de r u t quan, d o i quan d o i mien

V o i H i e p d j n h Pari, MT phai cong nhan cac quyen dan toe co ban ciia nhan

Bac cung r u t k h o i mien N a m , va t u choi k i d u thao H i e p d j n h d o phia Viet

dan ta, phai r i i t het quan ve nuoc. D o la t h ^ n g Ipi Ijch su quan t r png, tao ra

N a m dua ra (10 - 1972) de m o cupc tap kich k h o n g quan bMng m a y bay 552 va

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thoi CO thuan Ipi de nhan dan ta tie'n len giai p h o n g toan m i e n N a m .

H a N o i , H a i Phong t r o n g 12 ngay dem cuoi nam 1972 v o i y d o buoc phia Viet

c. Nhung diem giong vd khdc nhau giica Hiep dinh Gianevo veDong Duong

nam 1954 vd Hiep dinh Pari ve Viet Nam nam 1973

N a m k i d u thao H i e p d j n h do M i dua ra.
N h u n g M l da that bai, Viet N a m da dap tan cuoc tap kich k h o n g quan bang

Nhung

may bay B52 ciia MT, l a m nen tran "Trqn Dien Bicn Phu tren khong", sau d o buoc
M l t r o lai k i d u thao H i e p d j n h Pari do ta dua ra truoc do.
H i e p d j n h Pari ve cham d u t chien tranh, lap lai hoa b i n h 6 V i ^ t N a m dupe

Tieu chi

diem giong

so sanh

va khac

va Hoa K i , va k i chinh thue ngay 27-1-1973 gii>a bon Bp t r u o n g dai di?n eho
cac chinh p h i i t h a m d u hoi nghi tai Pari. H i e p d i n h Pari bat daiu c6 hien luc tu

Hoan

Giong

Ca H i e p d j n h G i o n e v o va H i e p d j n h Pari deu dien

canh

nhau

ra trong liic ta lien tie'p gianh d u p e n h i i n g t h i n g Ipi

ve q u a n sy, tao nen the ap dao, buoc ke thii phai

Ta

ngay k i chinh thue.

s/

* Noi dung Hiep dinh goni nhimg dicu khodn ca ban:

chap nhan d a m phan.

up

Khac nhau

ro

toan v?n lanh tho cua Viet N a m .

/g

Cupc n g u n g ban 6 m i e n N a m V i ^ t N a m d u p e thue hi?n vao 24 g i o ngay

om

27 - 1 - 1973. H o a K i cam ke't eha'm d u t m p i hoat d p n g q u a n s u ehong m i e n Bac

ok

.c

Viet N a m .

bo

H o a K i r u t het quan d p i ciia m i n h va quan d o n g m i n h t r o n g t h o i han 60

ce

ngay ke t u k h i k i hiep d j n h , huy bo cac can c u quan s u M i , cam ke't k h o n g tie'p

fa

tue d i n h liu quan su hoac can thiep vao cong viee noi bp ciia mien N a m Viet N a m .
N h a n dan mien N a m Viet N a m t u quye't d j n h t u o n g lai c h i n h t r j t h o n g qua

Hiep

Gionevo

H i e p d j n h Pari d u p e k i

d u p e k i ke't trong liic

djnh

ke't t r o n g liic M i m o i chi

t h y c dan Phap bj that

bj that bai t r o n g chien

bai hoan toan 6

lupc

chien

N a m va chien tranh pha

thyc

cong

hoai Ian t h u hai 6 m i e n

nhan cac quyen dan toe

Bac. Ta k i H i e p d i n h de

CO

buoc M l r i i t q u a n M l va

ban

Phap

ciia

ba

nuoc

w.

Dong Duong.

ww

nhan

dan V i ^ t N a m t y quye't
d j n h t u o n g lai chinh t r j
eiia m i n h .

H a i ben tie'n hanh trao tra tu b i n h va dan t h u o n g bj bat.

H o a K i cam ke't gop phan vao vi^c han gan vet t h u o n g chien tranh 6 Viet

mien

quan d o n g m i n h eiia MT
ve nuoc, de eho

k h o n g co sy can thiep cua nuoc ngoai.

lye l u p n g hoa b i n h t r u n g lap va lye l u p n g chinh quyen Sai Gon).

6

hoa

chien

dan

tranh"

Nam

ki H i e p d j n h de buoc

H a i m i e n N a m - BSc Viet N a m se t h u o n g l u p n g ve v i f c t h o n g nha't da't nuoc

quan d p i , hai v i m g k i e m soat va ba luc l u p n g chinh trj (luc l u p n g each mang,

"Viet

djeh D i e n Bien Phii. Ta

tong tuyen c u t u do, k h o n g co su can t h i ^ p ciia nuoc ngoai.

Cac ben cong nhan thue te mien N a m Viet N a m co hai c h i n h quyen, hai

H i ^ p d i n h Pari

nhau

k i tMt ngay 23-1-1973 giua dai dien hai chinh p h i i Viet N a m D a n chii C p n g hoa

H o a K i va cac nuoc cam ke't ton t r p n g doe lap, chii q u y e n , t h o n g nha't va

H i f p dinh G i o n e v a

Npi

Giong

- D e u buoc ke t h u pha cong nhan cac q u y e n dan

dung

nhau

toe CO ban ciia nuoc ta.
- Ca hai Hi?p dinh deu dat vari de n g u n g b i n de giai
quye't cac van de khac bang con d u o n g hoa binh.

N a m va D o n g D u o n g tie'n toi thie't lap quan he m o i , b i n h d a n g va cung co Ipi

- Deu dat van de thong nha't da't nuoc thong qua viee

gii>a hai nuoc.

thuong l u o n g khong co su can thiep ciia nuoc ngoai.


, G i i i p h o n g h o a n toan m i e n N a m , g i a n h toan v?n l a n h t h o

- Cac ben t h a m d y h p i - H o a K i va cac n u o c
n g h i cam ket t o n t r p n g

cam ket t o n t r p n g cac

a. Chu truang, kehoach

cac

q u y e n d a n tpc co ban

* Thai ca chien luge xuat hien:

quyen dan tpc ca

Sau H i ^ p d i n h Pari n a m 1973, trudc n h i i n g a m m u u v a h a n h d p n g m o i ciia

ban cua ba nuoc D o n g

ciia Vi?t N a m .

Duong.

- H a i ben tien h a n h trao

- Cac ben t h a m

tra

chien

til binh

t h u o n g bi b3i.

chuyen

- Cac ben cong

quan,

chuyen

jvC va c h i n h q u y e n Sai Gon, each m a n g m i e n N a m van tie'p t y c con d u o n g each
iri?ng bao luc, g i i i v i i n g va phat trien the tien cong d j c h .

va d a n

thuc hi?n cupc tap ket

C u o i n a m 1974 d a u n a m 1975, quan ta m o nhieu cupc t a n cong d i c h , tao
the'ap dao djch, dac bi§t la chien djch D u o n g 14 - Phuac L o n g v a o ngay 6 - 1 -

nhan

1975. V o i chien thang Phuoc L o n g l a m cho quan d p i Sai G o n ngay cang bat l y e

giao k h u v y c .

thuc te m i e n N a m V i ^ t

trong chien dau va kha nang can thiep bang quan s u ciia M I rat han che. D o la

- Quan dpi nhan dan Vi?t

N a m CO hai chinh quyen,

dieu k i ^ n de q u a n ta tien len gianh thang I p i cuoi c i i n g t r o n g s u n g h i ^ p chong

N a m va quan vien chinh

hai q u a n d p i , h a i v u n g

M l c i i u nuoc.

Phap tap ket 6 hai mien

kiem

N a m - BSc. Sau do, quan

lupng chinh trj.

soat

» Chii truang, kehoach giai phong mien Nam:

v a ba l y e

K h i t h o i CO xuat h i ^ n . Bp C h i n h t r j T r u n g u o n g D a n g q u y e t d i n h giai p h o n g
mien N a m t r o n g hai n a m 1975 va 1976.

Phap n i t ve nuoc.
- L a phap l i quoc te'cong n h a n cac q u y e n d a n tpc co

nhau

ban ciia nhan dan Vi?t N a m .

T u y n h i e n . Bp C h i n h t r i nhan m^inh "ca nam 1975 la thai ca" v a c h i ro "neu

thai ca den vao dau hoac cuoi nam 1975 thi lap tiec giai phong mien Nam trong nam

s/
up

thang Ipi tren mat tran quan sir ciia q u a n dan ta.

1975"

ro

- D e u la ket qua cua qua t r i n h d a u t r a n h va gianh

Bp c h i n h t r j c u n g n h a n m a n h s y can thie't tranh t h i i t h a i co d a n h thang

nhanh de d o t h i ^ t hai ve n g u o i v a ciia cho nhan dan, giu g i n t o t co so k i n h te,

cong t r i n h v a n hoa... g i a m bot s u tan pha ciia chien tranh.
b. CuQC Tong tien cong vd noi day Xudn 1975

v a n con tie'p tuc dau tranh chong ke t h u .

Cupc t o n g t i e n cong v a n o i d a y X u a n 1975 d a d i l n ra t r o n g g a n 2 t h a n g

om

/g

- D e u la thMng Ipi to I o n n h u n g chua t r p n v?n, v i
- D a y la thSng I p i lich s i i

(tu 4 - 3 den 2 - 5) q u a 3 chien d i c h I o n : Tay N g u y e n , H u e - D a N a n g va chien

Ipi ciia cupc khang chien

q u a n t r p n g , tao ra t h o i

djch H o C h i M i n h .

chong Phap, m i e n B3c

CO t h u a n I p i de nhan

hoan toan giai p h o n g .

dan

ce

tien

dut

chien

tranh x a m

- M i r i i t q u a n M i va
quan d o n g m i n h ciia M i

lupc, n i t het quan d p i ve

ve

nuoc

nuoc.

chap

nhung

nhan

chua

v i ^ c cham

d u t chien t r a n h 6 V i | t
N a m , M i v a n tie'p t y c
v i ? n t r p cho n g y y tie'p
tyc chien tranh.

Tay N g u y e n la dia b a n chie'n lupc het sue q u a n t r png, ca ta v a d i c h deu co

len giai

fa

ta

p h o n g toan m i e n N a m .
- Bupc Phap phai chain

* Chien dich Tay Nguyen (tif 3-4 den 24 - 3)

bo

ok

.c

- D a n h d a u budc thang

w.

Khac n h a u

"'

Ta

Giong

ww

Y nghia

giai phong mien Nam

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Khac n h a u

nim giir. N h u n g d o nhan d i n h sai h u d n g tien cong ciia quan d a n ta, djch cho't

g i u o d a y m p t l y c l u p n g m o n g , bo p h o n g co nhieu co so. Can c i i vao do. Bp

C

p\inh t r j T r u n g u o n g D a n g ta quyet d j n h chpn Tay N g u y e n l a m h u o n g tien
g chii yeu t r o n g n a m 1975.

r h y c h i ^ n ke hoach, ta tap t r u n g chii l y c m ^ n h v a i v u k h i k i thuat h i ^ n d g i ,
chien d j c h q u y m o I o n 6 Tay N g u y e n . Tran then chot m o m a n 6 Buon M e

Thupt ngay 10 - 3 -1975 da gianh thang I g i , (truac do, ngay 4 - 3, quan ta danh

f

h i b i n h 6 P l a y k u va K o n T u m n h a m t h u h i i t quan djch v a o h u o n g do). N g a y
- 3 -1975, d j c h p h a n cong chiem lai Buon M e T h u p t n h u n g k h o n g thanh.

159


17 g i o nj;,i\6 - 4, q u a n ta d u p e l#nh t o n g n o s i i n g m o dau ehien d j c h ,
Sau hai d o n 6 Buon M a ThuQt (vac cac ngay 10 va 12 - 3), h$ t h o n g p h o n g

anh q u a n v u p t qua tuyen phong t h i i v o n g ngoai cua d j c h tien vao t r u n g tarn
i Gon, danh chiem cac co quan dau nao ciia chung.

thu cua djch 6 Tay N g u y e n r u n g chuyen, quan djch mat tinh than, hang ngO
ro'i loan.

10 g i o 45 p h u t ngay 30 - 4, xe tang ciia ta tien thang vao D i n h Dpc Lap, bat

N g a y 14 - 3 - 1975, N g u y e n Van T h i ^ u ra lenh r u t toan bg quan Tay N g u y e n

song toan bp C h i n h p h i i T r u n g u o n g Sai Gon, ( D u o n g V a n M i n h v u a len chue

ve g i u vCrng d u y e n hai m i e n T r u n g . Tren d u o n g riit chay, c h i i n g b i quan truy

Tong thong C h i n h p h u Sai Gon ngay 28 - 4) da phai t u y e n bo d a u hang k h o n g

kich tieu d i ^ t . D e h ngay 24 - 3 - 1975, Tay N g u y e n r p n g Ion v o i 60 van dan

dieu ki?n. 11 g i o 30 p h i i t cung ngay, la co each m a n g t u n g bay tren noc D i n h
Dpc Lap bao hi?u sy toan thang Chien d i c h H o C h i M i n h lich su.

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hoan toan giai p h o n g .

9. N g h ? t h u a t xay d u n g the t r a n c h i e n l u g e t r o n g T o n g t i e n cong va n o i day

Chien dich Tay Nguyen thang lai da chiiycn awe khdng chien chong Ml ci'ni nteac

mua Xuan

sang giai dean mai: tit tien cong chien luge a Tay Nguyen phdt trien thanh Tdhg tien
cong chien lime tren toan chien truvng mien Nam.
* Chien dich Hue-

Da Nhg

(tir 21-3

1975

T h o i C O de quan va dan ta m o cupe T o n g tien cong chien l u p c nam 1975 la

den 29 - 3)

tren co so thMng I p i ciia cupc tien cong chien lupc n a m 1972 6 chien t r u o n g

N h a n tha'y t h o i co chien luge den nhanh, het sue t h u a n I g i , ngay k h i chien

mien N a m , b u o c dau ta da tieu d i ^ t luc l u p n g Ion quan djch va giai p h o n g m p t

d j c h Tay N g u y e n d a n g tiep dien. Bp C h i n h trj co quyet d i n h k j p t h o i ke hoach

so v u n g dat dai c i i n g v o i d o n d a n h bai cupc chien tranh pha hoai bang k h o n g

giai p h o n g Sai G o n va toan m i e n N a m , truoc tien tien hanh chien d j c h giai

quan ciia djch ra m i e n Bac, bupe M i phai ngoi vao d a m phan v o i ta tai H p i

p h o n g H u e - Da N a n g .

nghi Pa-ri (27-1-1973).

Ngay 21 - 3, q u a n ta danh thang vao can c i i djch, chan cac d u o n g riit chay

Sau that bai nang ne do, djch da suy yeu toan d i ^ n ca ve luc l u p n g , the tran

ciia chung, h i n h thanh t h e b a o vay c h u n g t r o n g thanh p h o H u e . D i i n g 10 gio

Ta

up

thanh pho va toan t i n h Thua Thien.

va t i n h than. So sanh luc l u p n g tren chien t r u o n g co Ipi cho ta va bat Ipi cho

ro

Da N i n g , thanh p h o Ion t h u hai a m i e n N a m , m o t can c u quan s u lien hop

/g

Ion nha't ciia M I va quan d p i Sai G o n roi vao t h e c o lap. H o n 10 van djch don u

djch, n h u n g n g u y q u a n Sai G o n van con co s u vien t r p ve v u k h i va g i i i p d o

s/

30 ngay 25 - 3, quan ta tien vao co do Hue^ den horn sau (26 - 3) t h i giai phong

ciia C O van q u a n sy d u o i dang co van hanh chinh ciia M i . C h i n h q u y e n n g y y

Sai G o n ra sue pha hoai H i e p d i n h Pa-ri, tang c u o n g m o cac cupc hanh quan
Ian chiem v u n g giai p h o n g ciia ta.
T r u o c t i n h h i n h do. Bp C h i n h t r j . Ban Chap hanh T r u n g u o n g D a n g ha

phia BSc, Tay, N a m tien thang vao thanh pho, den 3 g i o chieu thi chiem toan

quyet tarn l i c h s u giai p h o n g hoan toan m i e n N a m t r o n g 2 n a m 1975-1976, ne'u

b p Da N a n g .

t h o i C O den som thi giai p h o n g hoan toan m i e n N a m trong n a m 1975.

ok

.c

om

ve day t r o nen h o n loan, mat kha nang chien dau. Sang 29 - 3, quan ta t u ba

bo

T r o n g cung t h o i gian tren, t u cuoi thang 3 den thang 4, nhan dan cac tinh

Dong

thoi, nha't t r i phe chuan p h u o n g an ciia Bp Tong tham m u u la chpn N a m Tay
N g u y e n lam h u o n g tien cong chien lupc chii yeu, day la h u o n g djch tuy ;

s u ho t r p cua luc l u p n g v u trang dja p h u o n g va quan c h i i luc, da n o i day gianh

m a n h n h u n g co nhieu so ho va la n o i co t i n h chat hiem yeu, se gay bat ngo Ion,

quyen lam chu.

cSt d o i chien t r u o n g toan m i e n N a m , l a m dao Ipn the chien l u p c ciia djch.

ww

* Chien dich Ho Chi Minh (tie 26 - 4 den 30 - 4)

w.

fa

ce

con lai 6 ven bien m i e n T r u n g , N a m Tay N g u y e n va m o t so'tinh 6 N a m Bp, co

T r o n g cupc T o n g tien cong va noi day m i i a Xuan 1975, ta tien hanh 3 chien

Sau thang Ipi Chien d j c h Tay N g u y e n va H u e - D a N a n g , Bp C h i n h tri
T r u n g u o n g D a n g ta nhan d j n h "Thai ca chien luge da. den, ta co dieu kien hoan
thanh sam quyel tarn giai phong mien Nam";

t u do d i den quyet d i n h "Phdi tap

trung nhanh nhd't luc lugng, binh khi kt thuat va vat chat giai phong mien Nam

truac

miia mua (truac thdng 5 - 1975)". Chien djch giai p h o n g Sai G o n d u p e Bp C h i n h
trj quyet d i n h m a n g ten Chien dich Ho Chi Minh (14 - 4 -1975).
T r u o c k h i bat dau chien djch giai p h o n g Sai G o n , q u a n ta tien cong Xuan
Lpc va Phan Rang - N h i i n g can c u p h o n g t h i i t r p n g yeu cua d j c h bao v ^ Sai
Gon t u phia D o n g .

ich Ion. Day la ba d o n tien cong chien lupc, the hi?n ro ngh^ t h u a t chi dao tac
ie'n chien lupc, dac b i ^ t la nghe thuat xay d u n g the tran chien l u p c .
T r u o c het, la the tran d i i n g chan ciia cac b i n h doan chii luc. The tran ciia ta
the tran ciia chien tranh nhan dan da dupe xay d u n g tir daiu cupc chien
tranh, do chien tranh nhan dan phat trien cao, nen cac binh doan chii luc ciia ta
da d i r n g chan 6 phia N a m vT tuyen 17, lap the tien cong 6 phia tay chien tuyen
ciia djch, tir v l t u y e n 17 den Sai Gon, den d o n g b3ng song Ciru L o n g . Cac b i n h
161


doan chu li^c ciia ta k h o n g tie'n cong djch t u phia BSc vT t u y e n 17, k h o n g d a n h

ac v u n g , m i e n va s y n o i day ciia quan c h i i n g . Xay d y n g the tr|in chien l u p c

vao chieu dpc chien t u y e n cua djch. Boi v i , neu ta m o cupc t o n g tie'n cong t u

n h u the, bupc djch p h a i p h a n tan d o i pho de ta c6 d i e u k i ^ n tap t r u n g l y c
l u p n g d a n h cac d o n chien lupc quye't d i n h 6 Tay N g u y e n , H u e - Da N a n g , r o i

phia B3c vT t u y e n 17 d a n h theo chieu doc chien t u y e n cua djch, c6 d p day va

phat trien thang Ipi giai p h o n g N a m T r u n g Bp. Tren da thang Ipi, ta d i i n g tat ca

chieu sau i o n t u Q u a n g T r i den H u e - Da N a n g - N h a T r a n g t h i kha nang va

lyc l u p n g , ca q u a n doan tong d y bi chien lupc va l y c l u p n g 6 D o n g bang song

sue dpt pha k h o n g d u m a n h de tieu di?t djch, pha v o cac t u y e n p h o n g n g u

C u u L o n g , c u n g tap doan chien l u p c phia N a m da d u n g chan san 6 ngoai v i

cua chung. D o do, cac b i n h doan chu l y c cua ta trien k h a i d u n g chan 6 phia tay

Sai G o n t h y e hi?n d o n chien lupe then chot quye't d j n h giai p h o n g Sai G o n m p t

chien t u y e n cua d i c h , chi each H u e - Da N a n g khoang t u 30 den 40km, tham

each n h a n h g p n .

chi cung d u n g chan a sat nach Sai Gon, chi each phia Tay Bae Sai G o n khoang

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N g h e thuat xay d y n g the tran chien lupe t r o n g cupc T o n g tien cong va n o i

60km, thue h a n h tien cong djch la h g p l i , de choc t h i i n g va chia eat cac tuyen

day m i i a X u a n 1975 la m p t nghe thuat dpc dao tai t i n h , day sang tao ciia chien

p h o n g n g v ciia d i c h , gianh thang Ipi nhanh chong.

tranh n h a n d a n Vi?t N a m , la bude phat trien r y e ro, la d i n h cao ciia nghe thuat

The tran trien khai t u phia tay danh vao chieu ngang d p i h i n h m o n g ye'u

quan s y chien t r a n h nhan dan Vi?t N a m t r o n g t h o i d a i H o C h i M i n h . D o la

cua d i c h , k h o n g eo chieu sau, t h i ta c6 the nhanh chong d a n h ehiem chien

bieu t u p n g sang n g o i ciia nghe thuat chi dao tac chien chien l u p c tai g i o i ciia

t u y e n p h o n g n g u eo ban cua d i c h tren d u o n g so 1. 6 H u e , Da N a n g va T a m K i ,

Dang va t u t u o n g q u a n sy H o C h i M i n h .

ta chi can m p t Ian d p t pha chien djch la c6 the dat t o i chieu sau chien lupc.

10. N h u n g t h i n g Ipi c6 y nghla chien lupc ciia quan dan ta 6 mien N a m tren

Thue t e t a d a n h t u phia Tay cac thanh pho Hue^ Da N i n g va thj xa T a m K i thi

cac m|t tran quan sy, chinh tri, ngoai giao trong khang chien chong MT, cuu

t u y e n p h o n g n g u ciia djch k h o n g c6 chieu sau chien lupe ma chi c6 chieu sau

nuorc (1954 - 1 9 7 5 ) .

Ta

chien d i c h . V i cac b i n h doan ehii l y c ciia ta d u n g san a phia Bac Sai Gon, nen

s/

Sai Gon gan n h u k h o n g eon chieu sau chien lupc, tao d i e u kien cho ta nhanh

T u nam

1954

den n a m 1960

ro

d i c h . The tran chien l u p c ma ta tao dupe da chia cat the tran, pha d u p e the lien

up

chong pha v o chien t u y e n , l a m syp d o nhanh chong the tran chien lupe ciia

T h a i gian

/g

hoan chien lupc eiia d i c h , c6 lap va chia eat cac tap doan lue l u p n g eiia d i c h ra

om

t i m g c y m , k h o c6 the l i n g euu d u p e nhau, ta tie'n cong vao d a u c i i n g de gianh

.c

d u p e thang I p i , de phat trien tie'n cong, khue'ch t r u o n g thang Ipi t r u o e de gianh

ok

thang I p i sau I o n h o n , thang I p i sau tao cho ta m p t the tran v i i n g chae h o n de

bo

tie'n cong de b?p d i c h nhanh chong. Day la net dae sac t r o n g xay d y n g the tran

Quan sy

C h i n h tri

Ngoai giao

Phong trao " D o n g

Phong trao dau

T h y e hien n h i i n g

k h o i " n a m 1959 -

tranh hoa b i n h

d i e u khoan ciia

1960, tieu bieu la

n h a m g i i i g i n va

HiQp d j n h

eupe " D o n g k h o i

bao v ^ lye l u p n g

Gionevo nam

"dBe'nTre(17-l

each m a n g . D o i

1954 v e D o n g

- 1 9 6 0 ) da d a n h

M l - Diem thi

Duong.

bai chien tranh

hanh H i e p d j n h

IV

m p t phia eiia M i .

Gionevo va d o i

•1

chien l u p c ciia ta. T r o n g chien djeh Tay N g u y e n , tran Buon M a T h u p t la tran

ce

h i ^ p t h u o n g tong

fa

then chot dau tien c6 y nghla quye't d j n h v i , giang m o t d o n sa'm set rat nhanh

tuyen cii.

vao tran dja - t u y e n p h o n g n g y ciia d i c h , m o ra va thiic day s u phat trien Ion

T u nam

1961

ve the'ehie'n lupe eiia ta, pha v o the chien lupc eiia d i c h . T r a n t h i i 2 6 H u e - Da

den n a m 1965

Phong trao dau

Gia

tranh c h i n h t r j eiia

N a n g , ta da giang m p t d o n rat m a n h , rat nhanh cCing eo y nghla then chot

(2-12-1964)

quan c h i i n g nhan

quye't d j n h , l a m dao Ipn the chien lupc eiia djch, tao ra eye d i ^ n chien tranh

d a n h bai " C h i e n

dan 6 eae thanh

mod, gay ra d p t bien ehieh tranh, tao dieu k i ^ n v o cung t h u a n I p i cho d o n t h i i

tranh dae b i ^ t "

pho Sai Gon, Hue^

ba la chien djeh H o C h i M i n h thanh m p t tran then chot quye't d j n h , ke't thiic

ciia M l .

ww

w.

Chien thang B i n h

chien tranh.
The t r $ n ciia eupe t o n g tie'n cong va n o i day m u a Xuan 1975 la m p t the tran
chien tranh n h a n dan, trien k h a i t u Q u a n g T r j qua Tay N g u y e n den Sai G o n , la
m p t the t r a n d a n h tir phia tay sang phia d o n g , danh cat giao t h o n g , t h e k e t h p p
162

4.

•f.

Da N a n g , noi bat
la eupe dau tranh
ciia d p i quan toe
dai, eiia t i n d o

i

Phat giao.

163


1965

den nam 1968

CuQC T o n g tien

Phong trao da'u

Ngay 13-5-1968,

cong va n o i day

tranh ciia cong

cuoc t h u o n g lugng

Tet M a u Tiian

nhan, cac tang l o p

chi'nh thuc hai ben,

n a m 1968 d a n h

nhan dan lao

giu-a dai dien

bai " C h i e n tranh

d o n g , hoc sinh,

ChinJi phii Vi^t

cue b o " ciia M I .

sinh vien, Phat

N a m Dan chii

t i r . . . d o i MT rut ve

Cong hoa va dai

nuoc, d o i t u d o

dien Chinh phii

dan chii.

Hoa KT o P a r i hop

CP/ TNHH MTYPVYH Khang Vift

\\

* Hai sif kicn dime danh ^id la buac phat tricn nhay vat cua each mang mien Nam

do la:

Phong trao " D o n g k h o i " (1959 - 1960) 6 mien N a m gop phan quyet d j n h
trong viec d a n h bai chien luoc chien tranh m p t phia ciia MT.
Cuoc T o n g tien cong va noi day Tet M a u Than n a m 1968 g o p phan quyet

d i n h t r o n g viec d a n h bai chien luge " C h i e n tranh cue b p " ciia MT.

phien dau tien.
Phong trao da'u

Hiep d j n h Pari ve

chien iuac nam

tranh ciia cac tang

Viet N a m dugc k i

1972 d a n h bai

l o p nhan dan 6

ket va thuc hi^n vao

chien l u a c " V i ^ t

kh3p cac thanh thj

ngay 2 7 - 1 - 1 9 7 3 ,

N a m hoa chien

lien tiep b u n g no.

buoc MT va cac

t r a n h " ciia MT.

Dac biet la 6 cac

nuoc cam ket ton

thanh pho Sai

trong doc lap chii

hoc sinh, sinh

tho ciia V i ^ t N a m .

vien no ra r a m ro,

MT phai rut quan ve

t h u hut d o n g dao

n u o c d e c h o nhan

g i o i tre t h a m gia.

dan mien N a m Viet

b i i n g no p h o n g trao each m a n g m o i .
C h i n h q u y e n N g o D i n h D i e m tang c u o n g d a n ap p h o n g trao da'u tranh ciia

nhan dan (1957 - 1959), lam cho mau t h u a n giira nhan d a n m i e n N a m v o i de

.c

ok
bo

Tiep tuc thuc h i ^ n

quoc MT xam luge va tay sai phat trien gay gat, d o i h o i phai co m o t bien phap
quyet liet de d u a each m a n g v u g t qua k h o khan, thir thach.
H g i nghj Ian thir 15 Ban Chap hanh T r u n g u o n g D a n g (1 - 1959) khSng d j n h

con d u o n g each m a n g bao luc, xac d j n h p h u o n g h u o n g co ban ciia each m a n g
mien N a m la k h o i nghTa gianh chinh quyen ve tay nhan dan bang eon d u o n g
da'u tranh c h i n h t r j la chii ye'u, ket h g p v o i da'u tranh v i j trang, m o d u o n g cho
each m a n g m i e n N a m tien len.
- Cuoc T o n g tien cong va noi day Tet M a u Than n a m 1968:

Phong trao da'u

cong va noi day

tranh to cao hanh

Xuan nam 1975 v o i

d o n g ciia MT va

ba chien djch: Tay

chinh q u y e n Sai

N g u y e n , H u e - Da

Gon v i pham

N a n g va chien

H i e p d j n h Pari,

dich H o C h i M i n h

pha hoai hoa

12. So sanh thoi co trong Cach mang thang Tarn nam 1945 voi thoi co trong

Ijch sir, ket thuc

b i n h , hoa h o p

cupc Tong tien cong va noi day mua Xuan nam 1975. Bai hpc k i n h nghif m ve

CUQC

khang chien chong
MT cuu nuoc.

ww

w.

fa

ce

Cuoc Tong tien

thang igi

164

da'u tranh c h i n h t r j , hoa b i n h , d o i thi hanh H i e p d j n h Gianevo, tien len d i i n g

Ta

va toan v?n lanh

ciia m i n h .

d e n nam 1975

Luc l u g n g each m a n g 6 m i e n N a m d u g c giir g i n va phat trien qua thuc tien

s/

quyen, thong nhat

tuong lai chinh trj

1973

- Phong trao " D o n g k h o i " (1959 - 1960):

up

G o n , Hue^ Da
N a n g , p h o n g trao

N a m t u quyet djnh

T u nam

* N g u y e n nhan:

bao luc, ket h g p da'u tranh c h i n h trj v o i da'u tranh v u trang, chuan bj cho su

om

den n a m 1973

Cuoc tien cong

ro

1969

/g

T u nam

Hai s u k i ^ n dugc danh gia la buoc phat trien nhay vpt cua each mang

m i e n Nam. Nguyen nhan bung no

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Tir nam

dan toe.

cac d i e u khoan
ciia H i e p d i n h

Pari n a m 1973 ve

Viet N a m .

Qua hai euge phan cong chien luge miia k h o 1965 - 1966 va 1966 -

1967,

quan dan ta lien tiep d a n h bai cac cuoc hanh quan " t i m d i e t " va " b i n h d j n h "
.ciia MT - nguy, gianh u u the'tren chien t r u o n g m i e n N a m .
N a m 1968 la nam bau cir T o n g thong 6 MT, noi bg m a u t h u a n gay g3t, ta Igi
d u n g C O hgi d o d e m o cuoc T o n g tien cong va n o i day.

thoi CO each mang.
' * Thai ca trang Cdch mang thang

Tdm:

- Ve khach quan: Den thang 5 - 1945, phat xit D u e b j tha't bai 6 mat tran
chau A u . Den ngay 14 - 8 - 1945, phat xit N h a t bi quan D o n g m i n h d a n h bai,
ke t h u c h u n g ciia nhan loai tien bg bi tieu d i ? t hoan toan. K h i phat N h a t b j
ttanh hai

rr

m S t trSn

rh5n

A

_

Thii

Rinh

n.fr»ncr

l , i m r h n bon N h a t n Dnnff


3Si dudng HSG

L/ch St> 12 - Ths. rrucng Ngpc Thoi

* Bat hoc kinh nghiem velhai ca each mang:

Duong va bpn tay sai ciia chving hoang mang den cue do. Day la co hpi khach

Kien tri con duong each mang lau dai, ra sue xay dyng va chuan bi luc

quan thuan loi cho Cach mang thang Tam gianh dupe th^ng Ipi nhanh chong,

lupng ve mpi mat cho that hiing hau, vung chic, tuy theo su phat trien cua

it do mau.

tinh hinh khach quan va chii quan ma dua quan chung each mang ra dau tranh
de gianh thang Ipi t u nho den Ion, lam chuyen bie'n so sanh luc lupng co Ipi

di, lye lupng each mang cua nhan dan ta da co quy mo trong toan quoc va toan

cho each mang, chii dpng tao tinh the va thai co, loi dung tinh the va thoi co

dan tpc, phong trao each mang cua quan ehiing da phat trien thanh cao trao.

khach quan thi co the gianh thang Ipi co ban, thang Ipi quyet djnh hay hoan

Dang tien phong da duoc toi luyen day dan, da san sang hoan thanh su menh

toan trong thoi gian ngan ma tiet ki^m dupe xuong mau.

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- Ve chii quan: Sau 15 nam ehuan bi ma true tiep la thoi k i t u nam 1941 tro

Nho bie't ehu dpng tao ra tinh the'va thoi co each mang ma Dang ta da lam

phat dong va lanh dao nhan dan dung len dap tan che do eia, gianh dpc lap

cho each mang phat trien voi toe dp "mpt ngay bang hai muoi nam".

dan tpc, thanh lap chinh quyen nhan dan, xay dung che dp moi.

III. NHtyNG T H A N G LQI C H U N G CUA QUAN D A N HAI MIEN NAM -

- Ve cac tang lop trung gian: Do bp mat cua phat xit Nhat va chinh phu b u

T l / N A M 1954 D E N NAM 1975

nhin Tran Trpng K i m ngay mpt phoi bay va vach tran; lai do Dang Cong san

BAC

Vi?t Nam co duong loi each mang diing dSn, cho nen cac tang lop trung gian

1, Nhung thing Ipi ciia quan dan ta a hai mien dat nuoc tir nam 1954 den

trong xa hpi deu nga h3n ve phia each mang.

nam 1960

* Otnien Bac:

N h u vay, thoi co trong Cach mang thang Tam la su ket hop giua cac ye'u to

Tu nam 1954 den nam 1957, mien Bac da hoan thanh cong cupc cai each

Ta

khach quan va ehu quan, trong do, ye'u to chu quan giu vai tro quyet djnh do

up

* Thai ca trong each mang mien Nam, ehu ye'u la trong cuoc Tong tien cong va noi

s/

rupng dat; khoi phuc kinh te^ han gan vet thuong chien tranh; t u nam 1958 den

dua Cach mang thang Tam thanh cong.

ro

day mita Xuan nam 1975:

/g

Trong each mang mien Nam, Dang ta su dung bao luc each mang voi hai

om

luc lupng chinh tri va quan su, ket hop khoi nghla tung phan eiia quan chung

.c

6 nong thon voi chien tranh each mang, ket hpp dau tranh quan su, chinh tri

ok

voi ngoai giao, danh djeh tren ca ba vung chien lupc, bang ba niii giap cong,

bo

ket hpp giua danh Ion, danh vua va danh nho... cot nham khong ngung phat

ce

trien lye lupng each mang de tao ra thoi co, cho den khi Hi#p djnh Pari ki ket,

fa

M l riit khoi mien Nam. Hiep dinh Pari nam 1973 lai la mpt thai co de tien len

w.

thyc hi^n eupc Tong tien cong va noi day mua Xuan nam 1975. Ban than cupc

ww

Tong tien cong va noi day Xuan nam 1975 ciing la mpt chuoi nhung khau xuat
hi^n thoi co va tao thoi co (thoi co chien lupc va thai co each mang). Nhieu khi
sai lam eiia djch trong nam 1975 nhu Nguyen Van Thi^u cho so tan khoi Tay
Nguyen cung la thai co thiie day each mang tien len.
Nhu vay, thoi co trong each mang mien Nam, nha't la trong cupe Tong tien
cong va noi day miia Xuan nam 1975 ehu ye'u dua vao cac dieu k i f n ben trong,
khong CO dieu kien khach quan thuan Ipi nhu Cach mang thang Tam. N h u ye'u
tochii quan do do ta tao ra bang each tao luc, tao the'va tao thai co de tien len
danh cho M I cut, nguy nhao, giai phong hoan toan mien Nam, thu giang son
ve mpt moi.

nam 1960 mien Bac thue hien cong cupc cai tao xa hpi chii nghla.

Thang Ipi eiia mien Bac trong 6 nam cai each rupng dat, khoi phuc kinh te^
cai tao xa hpi chii nghla tao dieu ki^n cho mien Bac ve co ban xoa bo dupe che
dp nguoi boc lot nguoi, xac lap dupe quan he san xuat moi; sue manh ciia
mien Bac dupe tang cuong, la cho dya vi>ng chac cho cupc dau tranh ciia nhan
dan mien Nam.

*0 mien Nam:
Sau khi Hiep djnh Gionevo ki ket, nhan dan mien Nam dau tranh chong
che dp M l - Diem de bao ve hoa binh, giir gin luc lupng each mang. Tieu bieu
la "phong trao hoa binh" cua tri thiie va ciia tang lap nhan dan Sai Gon - Chp
Lon thang 8 -1954. Den thang 11 - 1954.
Tu cuoi nam 1957, cupe dau tranh eiia dong bao mien Nam cang tro nen
quyet liet nham chong chinh sach dan ap, chinh sach "to cpng", " d i f t epng",
chong Luat 10 - 59 ciia MT - Diem.

j-,..! ,

;

Ngay 15 - 1 - 1959, khi co Nghj quyet 15 Ban Chap hanh Trung uong Dang,
phong trao dau tranh ciia dong bao mien Nam no ra nhu nude va bo. M o dau
la cac cupc khoi nghla tiing phan nhu: cupe noi day 6 Vinh Thanh (Binh Djnh),
Bac Ai (Ninh Thuan) thang 2 - 1959. 6 Tra Bong (Quang Ngai) thang 8 - 1959,
roi Ian ra khap mien Nam thanh cao trao each mang, tieu bieu voi cupe "Dong


3Si dirdn^

HC'C) I ich Oir 12 - Ths. Tri/ang Ngpc Thai

Cty TNHH MTV PWH Khan^ VIft

khoi" 6 Ben Tre ngay 17 - 1 - 1960. Tir Ben Tre phong trao nhanh chong Ian
rpng khSp cac tinh Nam Bo, Nam Trung Bo va Tay Nguyen.

- Tren mat tran chong chinh sdch binh dinh:
Cupc da'u tranh chong va pha "Ap chie'n lupc" dien ra gay go, quyet Met

Phong trao "Dong khoi" thang Igi danh dau budc ngoat ciia each mang

giCra ta va dich, co hang chijc trieu lupt nguoi tham gia pha "Ap chie'n lupc" di

mien Nam, chuyen each mang tu the giii gin lye luong sang the tie'n eong.

(Joi voi xay dung lang chien tranh. Voi quyet tam "mot ta'c dat khong di, mot li

Cham dut thoi ki on dinh tam thoi che do thuc dan moi ciia M i 6 mien Nam,

Ichong roi", nhan dan mien Nam kien quyet bam dat, gii> lang, pha de'kim k?p

mo ra thoi ki khiing hoang ciia che do Sai Gon.

ciia djch.

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2. Nhung t h i n g Igi co ban cua quan dan ta a hai mien Nam - Bac t u nam 1961

M i va chinh quyen Sai Gon du tap trung sue vao don dan lap "Ap chie'n

den nam 1965

lupc" nhung ciing chi thuc hien dupe mot phan ke'hoaeh. Den cuoi nam 1962,

* Mien Baa

each mang kiem soat tren nua tong so voi gan 70% nong dan.

Trong nhi>ng nam 1961 - 1965, mien BMc thuc hi?n ke hoach Nha nuac 5

- Tren mat tran quan siv:

•

nam. Nhiem vu co ban ciia ke hoach 5 nam la ra sue phat trien eong nghiep va

Trong nhijng nam 1961 - 1962, quan giai phong da day liii nhieu cupe chien

nong nghiep, tie'p tue eong euoe cai tao xa hoi chii nghia, ciing co va tang

cong, dong thoi voi tie'n eong tieu diet nhieu don bot le ciia dich. Nam 1962

cuong thanh phan kinh te quoc doanh, cai thien mot buoc doi song vat chat va

quan dan ta da tien hanh nhieu cupe can quet Ion ciia djch vao chie'n khu D,

van hoa ciia nhan dan lao dong, ciing co quoc phong, tang cuong trat t u va an

can cii U Minh, Tay Ninh va Tay B^c Sai Gon.

ninh xa hpi.

Chien thang Ap Bac danh dau buoc truong thanh ciia luc lupng vii trang

Qua viec thuc hien ke hoach 5 nam, mien Bac dat dupe nhirng thanh tuu co

Ta

each mang mien Nam, da danh bai cac bien phap chie'n thuat: tri/c thang van",

ban ve kinh te^ van hoa, giao due, y te, quan su...

up

khi hien dai ciia MT. Chien thang nay ciing chung minh quan dan mien Nam

hoan toan co kha nang danh bai "Chien tranh dac biet" ciia M i va chinh quyen

ro

1965) va noi chung trong 10 nam (1954 - 1964) da thay doi bp mat xa hpi mien

s/

"thici xa van" ciia djch, danh sap long tin ciia quan dpi Sai Gon vao trang bi vu

Nhi>ng thanh tuu dat dupe trong viec thuc hien ke hoach 5 nam (1961 -

Sai Gon, sau tran Ap Bac, phong trao "thi dua Ap Biic gict giijc lap cong" day len

"Trong 10 nam qua, mien Bic nuoc ta da tie'n hanh buoc dai chua tirng thay

khap mien Nam.
len danh nhiing tran co quy mo Ion. Cuoi nam 1964, quan va dan Dong Nam

ok

* Mien Nam:

Sau chie'n thang Ap Bac, quan giai phong nhanh chong truong thanh va tie'n

.c

trong lich su dan tpc. Dat nuoc, xa hp! va eon nguoi deu doi mai".

om

/g

Bac. Tai Hoi n^hi Chinh tri dac biet than;; 3 - 1964, Chii tjch Ho Chi Minh noi:

Bp mo chie'n djch tie'n cong Dong - Xuan 1964 - 1965 voi tran mo man danh vao

bo

Tu nam 1961 den nam 1965, mien Nam chien dau chong "Chie'n tranh dac

a'p Binh Gia.

ce

bif t" ciia MT.

Thua thang sau chie'n thang Binh Gia, quan giai phong va nhan dan mien

fa

- Tren mat tran chinh tri:

Phong trao da'u tranh chinh trj ciia cac tang lop nhan dan trong cac do thi,

w.

Nam day manh tie'n cong Xuan - He 1965 va gianh nhieu thang Ipi trong cac
chien djch An Lao (Binh Djnh), Ba Gia (Quang Ngai), Dong Xoai (Bien Hoa).

trien manh me, noi bat la da'u tranh ciia "dpi quan toe dai" ciia cac ba m? va cac

3. Nhxrng t h i n g Igi co b a n ciia quan dan h a i m i e n Nam - BSc trong n h u n g

ww

ca 6 nhi>ng thanh pho Ion nhu Sai Gon, Hue, Da Nang, co nhiing buoc phat
chj; ciia cac tin do Phat giao chong lai su dan ap, ki thj ton giao ciia chinh

^ a m 1965 -1968.

quyen Diem.

B

Phong trao da'u tranh chinh trj 6 do thj ciing voi phong trao pha "Ap chien

* O mien Bac:

H | t Ngay t u ngay dau M l mo rpng chien tranh, mien B3e chuyen m p i boat

lupc" 6 nong thon va nhung don tie'n cong lien tie'p ciia cac luc luong vu trang

H j y n g sang thoi chie'n, thuc hi0n quan su hoa toan dan.

each mang da day nhanh qua trinh suy sup ciia chinh quyen Ngo Dinh Di?m.

H

Phong trao da'u tranh chinh trj phat trien trong cac do thi, nhat la 6 cac do
thi Ion Sai Gon, Hue^ Da Nang, cang lam roi loan hau phuong ciia djch. Phong
trao dang cao, cang thu hiit nhieu nguoi tham eia.

i. ; .

Mien BSc v u a san sang chong lai hanh dong danh pha ciia M7 vua lao dong

^ a n xua't.


3Si difdng H5G Ljch SCr 12 - Ths. Tnrone Ngpc Thai

Cty TNHH MTV PWH Khang Vi^t

T r o n g chie'n da'u, m i e n Bac da ban r o i va pha b u y 3.243 m a y bay MT; ban

Dink cao la cuoc Td'ng tien cong va noi day Te't Mau Than nam 1968

chay va c h i m 143 tau chien M I . N g a y 1 - 11 - 1968, M i t u y e n bo n g u n g h5n

Cupc t o n g tien cong va n o i day d u p e m o dau bang cupc tap k i c h chie'n lupc
ciia q u a n chu l y c vao hau k h a p cac d o t h i t r o n g d e m 30 rang sang ngay 31 - 1 -

chie'n tranh pha hoai m i e n Bac.

1968 (dem giao t h u a Te't M a u Than).

T r o n g san xuat, m i e n Bac lap d u o c n h i i n g thanh tich q u a n t r p n g :

Cupc T o n g tien cong va n o i day Te't M a u Than da d a n h d o n bat ngo, l a m

Ve nong nghi^p, d i ^ n h'ch canh tac m o rong, nang suat lao d ^ n g khong ngurig

cho djch choang v a n g .

tang len, ngay cang c6 nhieu hop tac xa nhieu dia p h u o n g dat "3 muc t i e u " .

Cupc T o n g tien cong va noi day da l a m l u n g lay y chi x a m lupcc ciia quan

iL
ie
uO
nT
hi
Da
iH
oc
01
/

Ve cong n g h i ^ p , nang l y e san xuat 6 m p t so nganh d u g c g i i i v u n g , cac co so
cong n g h i ^ p I o n k i p t h a i so tan. Cong n g h i ^ p dja p h u o n g va cong nghiep quoc

M l , bupc M l p h a i t u y e n bo " p h i M i hoa" chien tranh x a m l u p c (tuc thua n h a n

p h o n g deu phat trien.

that bai ciia "Chien t r a n h cue bp"). M I phai t u y e n bocha'm d i i t k h o n g d i e u kien
chien tranh pha hoai m i e n B5c, chju den ban d a m p h a n 6 Pa r i de ban ve chain

Ve giao t h o n g v a n tai la m p t t r o n g n h i r n g t r o n g d i e m ban pha cua djch,

dirt chie'n tranh.

d u p e quan va dan bao d a m t h u o n g xuyen t h o n g suot.

Cupc T o n g tie'n cong va noi day da m o ra b u o c ngoat cvia cupc k h a n g chie'n

Ve van hoa, giao due, y te deu phat trien m a n h me, phuc v u dac luc cho

chong M I c i i u nuoc ciia q u a n dan ta.

n h i ^ m v u chie'n da'u va san xuat.

4. N h u n g t h a n g I p i ciia q u a n dan ta d h a i m i e n N a m - B3c t r o n g v i f c d a n h

M i e n Bac l a m n h i e m v u hau p h u o n g Ion cua khang chien chong M i ciiu

b a i c h i e n l u p c " V i ? t N a m hoa chien t r a n h " cua M i .

nuoc, m i e n Bac l u o n h u o n g ve m i e n N a m . V i m i e n N a m r u p t thjt, m i e n Bac

* Thang led cua quan dan

p h a n da'u "Mm nguai lam viec bang hai". V i tien t u y e n keu g p i , hau p h u o n g sSn

Nam:

.c

Quan dan mien N a m Ian lupt danh bai chien lupc "Chien tranh cue b p " cua M I ;

ok

Ma dau la chie'n thang Van Twang (Quang Ngai) vao ngay 18 - 8 - 1965. Vol

bo

chie'n thang V a n T u o n g kha nang chie'n thang M i t r o n g "Chien t r a n h cue bo"

fa

ce

cua q u a n d a n ta con tiep tuc dupe c h i i n g m i n h t r o n g hai m i i a kho.
Tiep den la cuoc phan cong chie'n Urge trong hai mua kho:

w.

M u a k h o t h u nhat (1965 - 1966): Q u a n dan ta trong the tran chien tranh

ww

n h a n dan, v o i nhieu p h u o n g thuc tac chie'n, da chan d a n h djch tren moi
h u o n g , chu d p n g tien cong djch tren khap m p i n o i . Q u a n ta da loai k h o i vong
chie'n da'u 104 000 djch, bSn r o i 1 430 may bay.
M u a k h o t h u hai (1966 - 1967): Quan ta m o hang loat tran phan cong danh
bgi cac cupc h a n h quan " t i m d i ^ t " va " b i n h d j n h " cua djch. Loai k h o i vong
chien da'u 151 000 ten djch, ban r o i 1 231 may bay.
6

hau k h a p cac v u n g n o n g t h o n , quan c h i i n g pha t u n g m a n g " A p chie'n

luge". T r o n g hau k h a p cac thanh t h j , giai cap cong nhan, cac tang l o p nhan dan
lao d p n g khac, hpc sinh, sinh v i e n , Phat t u , b i n h si Sat Gon... da'u tranh d o i IVfi

r i i t ve nuoc, d o i t y d o dan chu.

Nam:

Ta
up

om

* O mien

/g

thang 5 - 1959, dai hang n g h i n cay so, da n o i lien hau p h u o n g v o i tien t u y e n .

ro

day n i i i T r u o n g Son) va tren bien (doc theo bo bien) bat d a u k h a i t h o n g tii

s/

sang d a n h dap lai "Thoc khong thie'u mot can, quan khong thieu mot ngmi". Tuyen
d u o n g v a n chuyen chien lupc Bac - N a m m a n g ten H o C h i M i n h tren bp (doc

mien

- Thang Igi chinh tri:

S u ra d o i ciia C h i n h p h i i each m a n g l a m t h o i C o n g hoa m i e n N a m n g a y

6 - 6 -1969. D o la c h i n h p h i i ciia nhan dan m i e n N a m .
T h y c hien d i ehiic ciia C h i i tich H o C h i M i n h , n h a n dan 6 hai m i e n d a y
manh k h a n g chie'n chong M I c i i u nuoc.
O cac thanh p h o l o n n h u Sai Gon, Hue^ Da N a n g , p h o n g trao hpc sinh, sinh
vien no ra r a m r p da t h u h i i t d o n g dao g i o i tre t h a m gia. Phong trao t u o i tre,
hpc sinh, sinh v i e n c6 v a i tro quan trpng, t h u o n g la "Phong trao chdm ngdi no"
cho p h o n g trao c h u n g ciia tang l o p nhan dan thanh t h i .
- Thang Igi tren mat tran phoi hop:
T r o n g hai n a m 1970 - 1971, nhan dan ta ciang v o i n h a n d a n hai n u o c
Campuchia va Lao g i a n h n h i i n g t h i n g I p i c6 y nghia chien l u p c tren mat tran
quan sy va c h i n h t r j .
T r o n g hai ngay 24 va ngay 25 - 4 -1970, H o i n g h i cap cao ba n u o c V i ^ t N a m
- Lao - Campuchia h o p n h l m bieu t h i quyet tam ciia n h a n d a n ba n u o c D o n g
D u o n g doan ke't chie'n da'u chong M I .
T u ngay 30 - 4 den ngay 30 - 6 -1970, q u a n d p i Viet N a m c6 s u p h o i h p p ciia

0quan dan C a m p u c h i a da dap tan cupc hanh quan x a m l u p c Campuchia va
quan d p i Sai Gon, loai k h o i v o n g chien da'u 17.000 djch, giai p h o n g n h i e u v i m g
I ' 9 n g Ion dat dai v o i 4,5 trieu dan.
Tir ngay 12 - 2 den ngay 23 - 3 - 1 9 7 1 , quan d p i V i | t N a m c6 s u p h o i h p p ciia
A quan d a n Lao da tap tan cuoc h a n h quan mane ten " L a m Son -719" chiem g i i i