BỒI DƯỠNG học SINH GIỎI LỊCH sử 12 phần 5

Thang 12 - 1989, trong cupc ggp khong chinh thxic tai dao Manta (Dia Trung
Hai). Tong Bi thu Dang Cpng san Lien X6 Goocbacliop va Tong thong MT Buso
da chinh thiic ciing tuyen bo cham dut Chien tranh lanh.

Mpt la, Trat t u the giai hai cue da sup do nhung trat t u the giai mai lai
dang trong qua trinh hinh thanh.
Hai la, sau chien tranh lanh, hau nhu cac quoc gia deu dieu chinh chien lupc
phat trien, tap trung vao phat trien kinh te.

Chien tranh lanh chain dut da mo ra nhieu huong va nhiing dieu ki^n giai
quyet hoa binh cac vy tranh chap, xung dpt dang dien ra o nhieu khu vyc tren

Ba la, su tan ra ciia Lien X6 da tao cho M i mpt Ipi the tarn thai. Giai cam
quyen M i ra sue thiet lap trat ty the giai mpt eye de M i lam ba chii thegioi.

1.

Bon la, sau chien tranh lanh, hoa binh the giai dupe eiing c6', nhtmg 6 nhieu
khu vyc tinh hinh lai khong on dinh vai nhung eupe npi chien, xung dot quan
sy dam mau keo dai.

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thegioi.
* Nguyen nhan cua viec cham dut Chien tranh lanh

Cuoc chay dua v i i trang keo dai qua ton kem, lam suy giam the manh cua
ca M l va Lien X6.

Buac sang the ki XXI, vai sy tien trien ciia xu the hoa binh, hpp tac va phat

M l va Lien X6 dang dung truoc nhOtig kho khan, thach thiic Ion:

trien, cac dan tpc hi vpng ve mpt hrong lai tot d?p ciia loai nguai. Nhung cupc

Sy vuon len manh me cua Due, Nhat Ban va Tay A u . . . Cac nuoc nay da tro
thanh nhung doi thu canh tranh dang gom doi vai M i , con Lien X6 luc nay nen

tan cong khiing bo bat ngo vao nuoc Mi ngay 11- 9 - 2001 da ma dau cho mpt

kinh te ngay cang lam vao tinh trang tri tr^, khiing hoang.

thai ki bien dpng Ion trong tinh hinh the giai.

CuQC chay dua kinh te mang tinh toan cau ma ca the giai dang gang sue.

IL L I E N X6 vA C A C N l / O C D O N G A U

CuQC each mang khoa hoc - cong ngh? dang dien ra soi no'i, doi hoi cac

1. Cong cupc khoi phyc kinh te va xay d\mg chii nghia xa hpi tu nam 1945
den nua dau nhirng nam 70,

nuoc phai tap trung sue manh de chiem ITnh.

a. Hodn canh

Ta

N h u vay, muoh vuon len, ca M I va Lien X6 thay can thiet phai tranh tinh

up

pho va han 70.000 lang mac bj tieu huy, gan 32.000 nha may, xi nghi#p bj tan

/g

pha. Thi^t hai ve vat chat len tai 1-3 tong thu nhap quoc dan. Dai song g^p

- Chien tranh lanh cham dut mo ra chieu huang va nhihig dieu ki?n giai

om

nhieu kho khan, thieu thoh.

.c

quyet hoa binh cac v u tranh chap, xung dpt khu vyc n h u 6 Apganixtan, 6

Them vao do, cac nuoc phuong Tay (do M i cam dau) da thuc hi?n chinh

ok

Campuchia, Namibia.

bo

sach thu dich voi Lien X6: Tien hanh "chien tranh lanh", rao riet chay dua vu
trang va bao vay kinh te nhSm chuan h\n tranh tong luc de tieu d i f t Lien

ce

4. The giai sau Chien tranh lanh

X6 va cac nuoc xa hpi chii nghia.

fa

Sau nhieu nam tri tr§ va khiing hoang keo dai, tai nhung nam 1989 - 1991

w.

che'dp xa hpi chii nghia da bi tan ra d cac nuac Dong A u va Lien bang X6 viet.

ww

Ngay 28 - 6 - 1991, Hpi dong Tuang trp kinh te (SEV) hiyen bo' giai the va

Trong cupc chien tranh chong phat xit. Lien X6 da ganh chiu nhihig ton that

va hi sinh nang ne ve nguoi va ciia: Khoang 27 t r i f u nguai che't. 1710 Thanh

ro

can h<7p tac voi nhau de gop phan giai quye't nhiing van de buc thiet toan cau.
* Tdc dong cua su kien chant diit Chien tranh lanh
yv
- Cac nuac Ian deu thay doi duong 161 doi ngoai.

s/

tr^ng doi dau de on djnh va eiing eo v i the eiia minh. Hai nuoc Lien X6 va Mi

I

Ngoai ra. Lien X6 con phai lam nghia vy giiip do cac nuoc xa hpi chii nghia

Va ling hp phong trao giai phong dan tpc tren the giai.

sau do ngay 1 - 7 - 1991, to chuc Hi^p uoc Vacsava cham diit hogt dpng. Voi

De dua dat nuoc vupt qua kho khan, nhan dan Lien X6 da khan truong tien

"c\rc" Lien X6 tan ra, h? thong the giai cua cac nuac xa hpi chii nghia khong

hanh han gan vet thuong chien tranh, xay dyng lai dat nuac, hoan thanh thang

con ton tai va trat Wx the giai hai cue I-ran-ta da syp do. The "hai eye" ciia hai

Ipi ke hoach 5 nam khoi phyc kinh te'(1946 - 1950) trong vong 4 nam 3 thang.

sieu cuang khong con mxa, M i la "eye" duy nhat con lai. Pham v i anh huong

^

h. Nhung thanh tuu dat duQC

ciia Lien X6 6 chau A u va chau A da bi mat, anh huong ciia M I cung bi thu hep

1

* Trong khoi phuc kinh te

6 nhieu nai.

P

Hoan thanh t h i n g Ipi ke hoach 5 nam khoi phyc kinh te (1946 - 1950) trong

Tir sau nam 1991 day bien dpng, tinh hinh the giai da d i l n ra nhung thay
doi to Ion va phiic tap.

Vong 4 nam 3 thang.
I

Deh nam 1950, tong san lupng cong nghifp tang 73% so vai truoc chien tranh.


duOn^ ' H S G Ljch Si> 12 - Ths. Trucrn^ NgpcTfJoi

Ve d o i ngoai: T h u c hien chinh sach d o i ngoai hoa b i n h va tich cue u n g hp

T r o n g t h o i gian k h o i phuc, t r u n g b i n h m o i ngay c6 3 x i n g h i e p xay d y n g

p h o n g trao each m a n g the g i d i . Da'u tranh cho hoa b i n h , an n i n h , kien quyet

m a i hoac phuc hoi d u o c dua vao san xuat, v o i 6200 x i nghiep.

chong chinh sach gay chien xam luge cua chu nghla de quoc va cac the luc

N h i e u nganh cong nghiep nang tang t r u a n g nhanh. M g t so nganh nong

phan d g n g . G i u p d o tich eye ve vat chat cung n h u tinh than cho cac nuoc xa

nghiep c u n g vuqyt m u c truoc chien tranh. T h u nhap quoc dan tang 66% so vol

hgi chu nghia t r o n g cong cugc xay d y n g chu nghia xa hgi.

n a m 1940.

La nuoc d i dau t r o n g viec ling hg sy nghiep da'u tranh v i dgc lap dan tgc,

N a m 1949, L i e n X6 che tao thanh cong b o m nguyen tir. Sy ki?n nay c6 y

dan chii va tien bg xa h g i . Lien X6 t r o thanh try cot ciia h ^ t h o n g xa hgi chii

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nghia to Ion 6 hai khia canh: d a n h da'u su phat trien nhanh chong cua nen

nghia, la cho d u a cho hoa b i n h va phong trao each m a n g the'gioi.

khoa hoc - kl thuat X6 viet; pha vd the doc quyen b o m n g u y e n t u cua M I .

2. Nhung thanh tmi chinh ma nhan dan cac nuoc Dong A u dat dugc trong cong

* Ihhnh tim twn;^ xay dtmg ca so vat chat kJ thuat cua chu nghia xa hoi tie nam

cugc xay dyng chii nghia xa hgi tir nam 1950 den nua dau nhung nam 70.

1950 den ;^hra nhim^ nam 70

T u n h u n g n a m 1950 - 1970, cae nuoc D o n g A u ve eo ban da t h y e hi?n thanh

T u n a m 1950 Lien X6 thuc hi^n nhieu k e h o a c h dai han n h 5 m tiep tyc xay

cong k e h o a c h 5 nam. N a m 1970, A n b a n i da hoan thanh di?n k h i hoa ca nuoc,

dvmg CO so vat chat - kl thuat cua chu nghIa xa hpi va da t h u dugc nhieu thanh

san p h a m n o n g nghiep tang 2 Ian n h u n g nam 60.

t y u to Ion.

Vecong

Bungari, tong san l u o n g cong nghiep nam 1975 tang 55 Ian so v o i n a m 1939.

nghiep: den giOa n h u n g nam 1970 Lien X6 t r a t h a n h c u o n g quoc

Rumani t u m o t nuoc n o n g nghiep lac hau da t r o thanh m o t nuoc cong nong

cong nghiep d u n g t h u hai tren the giai (sau MT) chiem khoang 20% tong san

nghiep. C o n g hoa Dan chiT D u e sau 30 nam xay d y n g , san xuat cong nghiep da

ro

Vekhoa hoc - ki thuat: L i e n X6 dat nhieu d i n h cao 6 cac ITnh v y c v | t l y , hoa

/g

hQC, d i ^ n t u , dieu khien hoc, khoa hoc v u try... N a m 1957 la nuoc d a u tien

om

p h o n g thanh cong ve t i n h nhan tao cua Trai dat, m o dau k i n g u y e n c h i n h phut

.c

v u t r y ciia loai n g u o i . N a m 1960 d u a nha d u hanh v u t r y Gagarin bay vong

ok

q u a n h Trai Dat.

bo

Lien X6 d u n g dau the'gioi ve t r i n h d o hoc van cua nhan d a n v o i 3/4 dan so

ce

CO t r i n h d o Dai hoc va T r u n g hoc, tren 30 trieu n g u o i l a m viec t r i 6c, cong nhan

fa

chiem h o n 1/2 so n g u o i lao d o n g trong ca nuoc.

s/

dat m u c b i n g ca nuoc D u e cu nam 1939.

up

Venong nghiCy. rieng nam 1970 Lien X6 dat duoc san l u o n g va nang suat ngu
coc chua t u n g c6 v o i 186 trieu tan ngu coc va nang suat t r u n g b i n h 15,6 ta/hecta.

Ta

l u o n g cong nghiep the'gioi.

w.

D a u n a m 1970, bang vi^c k i ket v o i M I cac hiep uoc ve han che h f thong

Tren eo so k i n h te'tang t r u o n g , d o i song vat chat va t i n h than ciia nhan dan

cac nuoc D o n g A u duge cai t h i ^ n va nang cao.
3. S u ra doi va hoat dgng ciia Hgi dong tuong trg k i n h te va ciia To chuc
H i ^ p uoc Vacsava.
- Hoi dong tuong tra kinh te:
N g a y 8 - 1 - 1949, H g i d o n g t u o n g t r g k i n h te (viet t i t la SEV) duge thanh
lap g o m cac nuoc: Lien Xo, A n b a n i , Ba Lan, Bungari, H u n g g a r i , R u m a n i , Tiep
Khac; sau nay eo them cac nuoc C H D C D u e (1950), Cong hoa N h a n dan M o n g
Co (1962), C o n g hoa Cuba (1972), Cgng hoa Xa hgi ehii nghTa Viet N a m (1978).
M y e dieh eiia H g i d o n g T u o n g t r g k i n h te (viet tSt theo tieng N g a la SEV) la
Cling CO, hoan thien sy h g p tac giCra cac nuoc xa hgi chii nghia, thuc day sy tien

chien luge, L i e n X6 da dat duoc the can bSng chien luge ve sue m a n h q u a n su

bg ve k i n h te'va k l thuat, k h o n g n g i r n g nang cao mu-e song ciia cac thanh vien.

ww

p h o n g chong ten l u a va ve m o t so bien phap nhkm han che vu k h i tien cong
n o i c h u n g va sue m a n h l y c l u g n g hat nhan noi rieng v o i cac nuoc p h u o n g Tay

Sau h o n 20 nam hoat dgng, SEV da c6 n h i r n g d o n g gop rat Ion d o i v o i sy

c) Tinh kink chinh tri va chinh sdch dot ngoai cua Lien X6

phat trien ciia cac n u o c thanh vien. Tir nam 1951 den n a m 1973, t i t r g n g cua

Ve chinh tri: T u n a m 1950 den nua dau n h u n g n a m 70, n h i n c h u n g t i n h hinh

SEV t r o n g san xuat cong nghi?p t h e ' g i o i tang t u 18% den 33%, toe d o tang

c h i n h trj ciia L i e n X6 t u o n g d o i on d j n h : D a n g Cong san va N h a n u o c hoat

truong san xuat cong nghiep b i n h quan hang nam khoang 10%, t h u nhap quoc

d p n g CO hieu qua, gay duge n i e m t i n t r o n g nhan dan. T r o n g xa hoi eo s u nhat

dan ciia cac n u o c thanh vien SEV nam 1973 tang 5,7 lan so v o i n a m 1957.

t r i ve c h i n h t r j va t i n h than giCra cac tang l o p nhan dan va cac dan toe. K h o i
doan ket t h o n g nhat g i i i a D a n g , N h a nuoc va cac dan tpc d u o c d u y t r i .

T r o n g qua t r i n h hoat dgng, k h o i SEV c6 n h i r n g han che n h u "khep k i n " ,
khong hoa nhap v o i kinh te the'gioi...
243


6 ty INHH Ml V Umi

Khan^ Vl?t

- Tochiec Hiep uac Vdcsava:

n i i a dau n h i h i g n a m 70, L i e n X6 la c u o n g quo'c cong nghiep d u n g t h u hai tren

N g a y 14 - 5 - 1955,

cac nxxoc A n b a n i , Ba Lan, B u n g a r i , C H D C Due,

the g i a i (sau M I ) , chiem khoang 20% tong san l u a n g cong n g h i f p toan the'gioi.

H u n g g a r i , L i e n X6, R u m a n i , T i ^ p Khac da hpp tai Vacsava, thoa t h u a n cung

Ve nong nghiep, t h u d u p e nhieu thanh tich noi bat. San l u p n g n o n g p h a m

n h a u k i H i ^ p iroc h u u n g h i , h ^ p tac va t u o n g trg- v a i t h a i han 20 n a m nham

trong n h i h i g n a m 60 tang t r u n g b i n h khoang 16%/nam. N a m 1970 d ^ t 186 t r i ^ u

d u y t r i hoa b i n h , an n i n h chau A u , c i i n g co t i n h h u u n g h j , s y h p p tac va siic

tan n g u coc v a nang suat t r u n g b i n h la 15,6 ta/ha.

m a n h cua cac n u o c xa h o i chu nghia.

,!»

Trong linh vuc khoa hoc - ki thuat, gianh d u p e nhieu t h a n h t u u r y e r d . N a m

H i ^ p uoc q u y d i n h : T r o n g t r u o n g h g p m p t hay n h i e u n u o c t h a n h v i e n bj

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1957, L i e n X6 la n u o c d a u tien p h o n g thanh cong v ^ t i n h n h a n tao. N a m 1961,

tan cong hoac bj de doa, cac n u o c thanh v i e n khac co n h i e m v u g i i i p d o .

p h o n g con tau v i i t r y P h u o n g D o n g d u a nha d u hanh vQ t r u Gagarin bay v o n g

V a i cac boat d p n g cua m i n h , to chuc H i ^ p uoc Vacsava t r a t h a n h m p t doi

quanh Trai Da't, m a d a u k i n g u y e n chinh phuc v u t r u ciia loai n g u a i .

t r p n g v a i N A T O , d o n g v a i tro q u a n t r p n g t r o n g v i f c g i i i g i n hoa b i n h , an ninh

Vemqt xa hoi, co n h i i n g thay d o i ro r^t. N a m 1971, cong nhan chie'm h a n

6 chau A u va the g i a i .

55% so' n g u a i lao d p n g t r o n g ca nuoc. N h a n dan L i e n X6 co t r i n h d p hpc v a n

4. N h i m g net c h i n h ve cac g i a i d o ^ xay d\mg c h u n g h i a xa h p i a L i e n X6 t u

cao v o i gan 3/4 so'dan dat t r i n h dp t r u n g hpc va dai hpc.

n a m 1945 d e n n a m 1991

^fi'"

T u n a m 1950 den n u a dau n h i r n g n a m 70, n h i n c h u n g t i n h h i n h c h i n h t r i

C o n g cupc xay d u n g chii nghia xa h p i a Lien X6 tit n a m 1945 den n a m 1991

ciia L i e n X6 t u a n g d o i on d j n h . La nuoc d i d a u t r o n g vi$c l i n g hp s u n g h i f p

trai qua hai giai doan:

dau tranh v i dpc lap d a n tpc, dan chii va tien bp xa h p i . L i e n X6 t r a thanh t u

* Giai doan 1945 den niea dau nhimg nam 1970: L i e n X6 g i a n h d u p e n h i i n g

cot ciia he t h o n g xa h p i chii nghla, la cho d y a cho hoa b i n h va p h o n g trao each

thanh t u u to l a n ve k h o i p h y c k i n h te sau chien tranh, xay d y n g co so vat chat

Ta

up

nang cao tren t r u o n g quoc te.

mang the'gioi.

s/

va k i thuat cua chii nghia xa h p i , v j the quoc te'ciia L i e n X 6 ngay cang dupe

ro

L i e n X6 b u o c ra k h o i cupc Chien tranh the'gioi t h u hai v a i t u the ciia n g u o i

/g

chien thang. N h u n g chien t r a n h cung da gay ra nhieu t o n that nang ne cho da't

.c

om

n u o c X6 vie't.

ok

T r u a c t i n h h i n h d o . L i e n X6 v u a p h a i chii y den n h i | m v u c i i n g co' quoc

bo

p h o n g , an n i n h , v u a p h a i thuc h i f n n h i # m v y han gan vet t h u o n g chien tranh

ce

va phat trien k i n h te. V o i tinh than v u p t m p i kho khan gian kho, nhan dan X6 vie't

fa

da hoan thanh thang Ipi ke hoach 5 nam (1946 -1950) truac thai han 9 thang.

ww

w.

Lien X6 da p h y c h o i nen san xua't cong n g h i f p , n a m 1947 dgt m i i c truac
chien t r a n h .

'

* Giai doan tie sau nhieng nam 1970 den 1991: L i e n X6 l a m vao t i n h trang t r i t r ^ ve

k i n h te, t h i h a n h c h i n h sach cai to n h u n g d o n h i r n g sai l a m da d a n de'n sy s y p
do ciia che d p xa h p i chii nghla a L i e n X6.
N a m 1973, cupc k h i i n g hoang dau m o n g h i e m t r o n g b u n g no, bao h i ^ u b u o c
k h o i d a u ciia cupc k h i i n g hoang c h u n g d o i v o i the g i o i tren nhieu m a t chinh
trj, k i n h te, tai c h i n h .
T r o n g b o i canh day t h i i thach ay. D a n g va N h a nuoc L i e n X6 lai cho rang
quan h ^ xa h p i chii nghla k h o n g chju sy tac d p n g ciia cupc k h i i n g hoang c h u n g
toan the g i a i , h a n n i i a cac n g u o n tai n g u y e n ciia L i e n X6 v a n con d o i dao, nen
da cham de ra d u a n g 16'i cai each. Tren t h y c te^ m o h i n h ciia chii nghia xa h p i d
Lien X6 va nhii-ng co che ciia no ve k i n h te^ c h i n h t r i , xa h p i chiia d y n g n h i i n g

M p t so n g a n h san xua't n o n g n g h i f p cung v u p t m i i c t r u o c chien t r a n h , thu

thie'u sot, sai l a m d u p e tich t y t u l a u . N o can t r a s u phat trien ciia da't nuoc. Xa

nhap quoc dan tang 66% so v o i n a m 1940 (ke hoach d u k i e n tang 38%). N a m

hpi X6 vie't l a m vao t i n h trang thie'u dan chii va cong bang, k i c u o n g va phap

1949, L i e n X6 che'tao thanh cong b o m nguyen h i , d a n h d a u b u o c phat trien

che'xa h p i chii nghla bj v i p h a m n g h i e m trpng, te nan xa h p i gia tang, san xua't

n h a n h chong ciia khoa hpc - k i thuat X6 vie't, pha v 6 dpc q u y e n via k h i nguyen

tang t r u o n g cham, nang sua't lao d p n g thap, cha't l u p n g san p h a m k e m va ngay

t i i ciia M l .

cang thua k e m cac nuoc p h u o n g Tay ve khoa hoc - k l thuat. N e n k i n h te'Lien

T u n a m 1950 den n a m 1975, L i e n X6 da thuc hi$n n h i e u ke ho^ch d a i hgn
n h a m tie'p t y c xay d u n g co so vat chat - k l thuat ciia C N X H .
Ve cong nghiep, day m a n h san xua't cong nghiep nang n h u che'tao m a y , dien
lye, hoa d a u , hoa chat, thuc hi?n co g i o i hoa, d i ^ n k h i hoa, hoa hpc hoa. De'n

X6 ngay cang m a t can d o i n g h i e m trpng, n p nuoc ngoai va l a m phat k h o n g
n g i r n g tang len. D a i song ciia nhan dan gap nhieu kho khan, thie'u tho'n.
Thang 3 -1985, M . Gooebachop len n a m q u y e n lanh dao D a n g va N h a nuoc
L i e n X6, da d u a ra d u a n g 16'i tien hanh cai to.


Ve k i n h te^ day nhanh vi#c ijfng d u n g thanh t u u m o i ve khoa h
X6 c i m g v o i quan d o n g m i n h danh bai hoan toan phat xit N h a t 6 chau A - Thai

d u a nen k i n h te phat trien theo chieu sau, dat m i i c cao nhat cua the gioi ve

Binh D u o n g , ket thiic chien tranh t h e g i o i t h u hai.

nang suat lao d o n g xa hoi, chat l u g n g san p h a m va hieu qua, xay d u n g "nen

Sau Chien tranh the g i o i t h u hai, mac dau gap rat nhieu k h o k h a n n h u n g

k i n h te t h j t r u o n g co dieu tiet", bao d a m co cau tol u u ve t i n h can d o i cua nen

Lien X6 van v u a tien hanh cong cupc xay d u n g chii nghTa xa hpi v u a g i i i p cac

k i n h te'quoc d a n t h o n g nhat.

jfnuoc D o n g A u hoan thanh cupc each m a n g dan toe, dan chii nhan dan va tien
hanh xay d u n g chii nghTa xa h p i , g i i i p cac nuoc A , Phi, M I L a t i n h dau tranh

dan. Cling co k i luat va trat t u , m o rong t i n h cong khai phe b i n h va t u phe binh,

} giai p h o n g dan toe. Vai tro ciia Lien X6 trong thoi gian nay d u p e danh gia la

bao d a m m u c do m o i ve phiic l o i nhan dan, thuc hien triet de nguyen tac phan

; thanh t r i cua chii nghTa xa hpi.

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Ve chinh t n - xa hoi, m o r p n g che d o t u quan xa hoi chu nghia cua n h a n

p h o i theo lao d o n g .

C l i n g sau Chien tranh the g i o i t h i i hai. Lien X6 la n u o c dai d i ^ n cho he

Qua 6 nam t h i j c h i ^ n , do tac d g n g tieu cue cua n h i i n g sai l a m truoc kia, do

o n g xa h p i chii nghTa, dai di?n cho p h o n g trao giai p h o n g dan tpc chong lai

chua dug-c chuan bj day d u va nhat la lai mac phai nhCrng sai l a m m o i tram

fjupc Chien t r a n h lanh do MT phat dong, chong lai cupc chay dua v i i trang ciia

t r p n g h o n , nen cong cugc cai to ngay cang true trac, be tac va cang roi xa

I va cac n u d e d o n g m i n h MT.

n h i r n g n g u y e n tac ciia chii nghla xa hpi. Den thang 12 - 1990, cong CUQC cai to

Si^ ra d o i va hoat d o n g ciia H p i d o n g t u o n g t r p k i n h te (SEV) nam

ve k i n h te thuc s u that bai.

1949,

Iciing v o i s u thanh lap To chiic H i e p uoe Vacsava nam 1955, Lien X6 vua la

N g a y 19 - 8 - 1991, dien ra cuoc dao chinh lat do Goocbachop do mot so

*!,thanh vien ciia cac to ehiie nay, v u a la nuoc d o n g vai tro chii chot t r o n g qua

n g u o i lanh dao D a n g va N h a nuoc Lien X6 tien hanh. CUQC dao chinh nhanh

trinh hoat d o n g ciia cac thanh vien.

chong b i that bai (21-8-1991).

Ta

D e n n a m 1991, k h i Lien X6 bude vao t h o i k i k h i i n g hoang roi d i den sup do,

ro

991). D a n g C o n g san lien X6 bj d i n h chi hoat d g n g (29 - 8 -1991). C h i n h quyen

up

D a n g C p n g san L i e n X6, yeu cau giai tan U y ban T r u n g u o n g D a n g (24 - 8 -

s/

Sau k h i t r o lai n ^ m quyen, M . Goocbachop tuyen bo t u chuc T o n g Bi thu

/g

X6 viet t r o n g toan lien bang bj te li?t.

om

Chi t r o n g vai tuan le sau CUQC dao chinh, tat ca cac n u o c cgng hoa, t r u Nga

.c

va Cadacxtan, deu t u y e n bo doc lap. N g a y 6 - 9 - 1991, Quoc hoi bai bo Hiep

vai tro quoc te'ciia Lien X6 khong con nira.
I. N g u y e n n h a n dan den s y tan ra ciia che dp xa h p i c h i i n g h l a 6 L i e n X6 va

cac n u d e D o n g A u
T r o n g m o t thoi gian dai, cong cupc xay d u n g chii nghla xa h p i d Lien X6 va
jCae nude D o n g A u d e m lai nhieu thanh t u u to Idn; n h u n g cang ngay cang bpe
Ip nhCimg sai l a m thieu sdt.
Mot la, thieu ton trpng day d i i cac quy luat phat trien khach quan ve kinh t e -

1991, tai t h i i do A n m a A t a (Cadacxtan), 11 n u o c cong hoa k i H i e p udc ve giai

xa h p i , chii q u a n d u y y chi, thuc hien co che tap t r u n g quan lieu bao cap thay

tan Lien bang X6 viet va c h i n h thuc thanh lap Cong d o n g cac quoc gia doc lap

cho CO che thj t r u o n g . D i e u do l a m cho nen k i n h te dat nude thieu nang dong,

(viet tat theo tieng N g a la SNG). N g a y 25 - 12 - 1991, sau l o i t u y e n bo tir c h m

san xuat t r i tr#, d o i song nhan d a n khong dupe cai t h i ^ n . Ve xa h p i , thieu dan

T o n g thong ciia M . Goocbachop, la co do biia liem tren noc d i ? n C r e m l i bj ha

chii va cong bSng, v i p h a m phap che'xax h p i chii nghTa. T i n h trang d d keo dai

x u o n g , d a n h d a u s u sup do ciia che d p xa hoi chii nghla 6 Lien X6 va sy tan vo

da lam tang l o n g bat m a n trong q u a n ehiing.

ww

w.

fa

ce

bo

ok

udc lien bang n a m 1922, trao q u y e n cho cac co quan lam t h o i . N g a y 21 - 12 -

cua Lien bang C o n g hoa xa hoi chii nghla X6 viet sau 74 nam ton tai.
5. V a i tro quoc te ciia L i e n X6 tu nam 1945 den nam

Hai la, k h o n g bat k j p su phat t r i e n ciia cupc each m a n g khoa hpe - k l thuat

1991

hien d a i , d u a t d i su k h i i n g hoang v e k i n h te - xa hpi. C h ^ n g han n h u d Lien X6,

Vai tro quoc te'ciia Lien X6 t u nam 1945 den nam 1991 dupe the h i f n qua

cac s u k i ^ n Ijch s u sau day:

trong n h u n g n a m 70 phai nhap l u a n g thuc, thuc p h a m ciia cac nude Tay A u ,
Ba la, k h i da bj t r i tre, k h i i n g h o a n g , tien hanh cai to lai p h a m sai lam tren

L i e n X6 co v a i tro quan t r p n g t r o n g vi^c danh bai chii nghla phat xit Dd'-'

nhieu mat, l a m cho k h i i n g hoang n g a y cang them nang ne. Chang han n h u de

vao thang 5 - 1945, ket thiic Chien tranh the g i o i t h u hai 6 mat tran chau A u

ra chii t r u o n g chuyen nen kinh te theo co che thi t r u o n g n h u n g tren thuc te

Sau do, theo t i n h than H p i nghj Inata, Lien X6 m a n g quan d a n h bai d p i quan

chua lam d u p e g i , hay viee thuc h i ? n da nguyen da dang ve c h i n h trj lam cho

Q u a n D o n g ciia N h a t vao ngay 8 - 8 - 1945, de roi den ngay 1 4 - 8

^a't nude cang them rdl loan.

248

-1945, Lien

249


zrty INHH MIVUWHKhang

2. N h i m g thanh t y u chinh cua Trung Quoc trong 10 nam dau xay dvmg che

Bon la, hoat dong cho'ng pha cua cac the luc cho'ng chu nghla xa hpi trong va

ji dp mod

ngoai nuoc c6 tac dpng khong nho lam cho tlnh hinh cang them roi loan.

Tu nam 1950, nhan dan Trung Quoc buoc vao giai doan khoi phuc kinh te^

Trong cac nguyen nhan tren, nguyen nhan c6 tinh chat quyet dinh lam cho

tien hanh nhung cai each quan trpng: cai each rupng da't va hap tac hoa nong

che dp xa hpi chii nghla 6 Lien X6 va Dong Au tan ra, do la trong cai to Dang

nghi?p, cai t^o cong thuang nghi^p t u ban t u doanh, tien hanh cong nghi^p

Cpng san Lien X6 va Dong A u mac phai nhung sai lam nghiem trpng vc

hoa, xa hpi chii nghla, phat trien van hoa, giao due...

duong loi chinh trj, t u tuang va to chuc. Do la duang loi xet lai phan bpi chu

Tu nam 1953, Trung Quoc thuc hi^n kehoach 5 nam dau tien (1953 - 1957).

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nghla Mac - Lenin cua nhCrng nguoi lanh dao Dang va Nha nuoc cao nha't 6

Nho no luc lao dpng ciia toan dan va su giup do ciia Lien X6, kehoach 5 nam

Lien X6 cung nhu cac nuoc Dong A u liic bay gio.

da thu dupe nhiing thanh tuu to Ion. Bp mat da't nuoc Trung Quoc c6 nhieu

Su tan ra cua che dp xa hpi chii nghla 6 Lien X6 va cac nuoc Dong A u trong

thay doi ro r^t.

nhiing nam 1989 - 1991 da gay nen nhung hau qua het sue nang ne. Do la ton
that Ion trong Uch su phong trao cpng san - cong nhan quoc te.

Trong nhirng nam 1949 - 1959, Trung Quoc thi hanh chinh sach ngoai giao

thong xa

tich cue nham ciing c6' hoa binh va thiic day su phat trien ciia phong trao each

hpi chu nghla the giai khong con ton tai. Trat t u thegioi hai cvc da ket thiic.

mang thegioi.

i n . TRUNG QUOC V A B A N D A O TRIEU TIEN

Ngay 14 - 2 - 1950, Trung Quoc ki voi Lien X6 "Hi^p uoc hiru nghi, dong

1. Syt thanh lap nuoc Cpng hoa Nhan dan Trung Hoa

minh va tuong trp Trung - X6" va nhieu hiep uoc kinh tC tai chinh khae; phai

Sau cupc chien tranh chong Nhat thang Ipi, a Trung Quoc dien ra cupc noi

quan chi nguyen sang giiip nhan dan Trieu Tien chong M l (1950 - 1953); tham

chien gii>a Dang Quoc dan va Dang Cpng san, keo dai ba nam (1946 - 1949).

Ta

gia Hpi nghj cac nuoc A - Phi tai Bang-dung (1955); giiip do nhan dan Vi^t

Cupc npi chien do Tuong Giai Thach phat dpng ngay 20 - 7 - 1946 da trai qua

/g

phong ngu tich cue.

om

Tu thang 6 - 1947, Quan giai phong chuyen sang phan cong, tien vao cac

.c

viing do Quoc dan dang dang kiem soat. Cuo'i nam 1949, cupc npi chien ket

ok

thiic, toan bp luc dia Trung Quoc dupe giai phong. Tap doan Trung Hoa Dan

bo

quoc Giai Thach that bai, riit chay ra Dai Loan. Ngay 1 - 10 - 1949, nuoc Cpng

ce

hoa Nhan dan Trung Hoa dupe thanh lap, each mang dan tpc dan chu Trung

fa

w.

Voi thSng loi eiia each mang Trung Quoc 1949 va su thanh lap nuoc Cpng

ww

hoa Nhan dan Trung Hoa c6 y nghla Ijch su v6 cung to Ian:
Cham dut 100 nam no djch cua de quoc, xoa bo tan d u phong kien, dua
nuac Trung Hoa vao ki nguyen doc lap, t u do va tien len chu nghla xa hpi.
Da t?o dieu ki^n noi lien chii nghla xa hpi t u A u sang A va anh huang sau
sac toi phong trao giai phong dan tpc tren thegioi.
Tgo dieu ki?n de Trung Hoa buoc vao thoi ki xay dung va phat trien kinh te

nham dua da't nuoc thoat khoi ngheo nan, lac hau, c6 dieu ki^n phat trien kinh
te - xa hpi, van hoa, giao due.

s/

ro

Tu thang 7 - 1946 den thang 6 - 1947, quan giai phong thuc hi^n chien lupc

Nam chong thuc dan Phap, ling hp cac nuoc A, Phi va M I Latinh trong cupc

up

hai giai doan:

Quoc da hoan thanh.

Yljlt

dau tranh giai phong dan tpc.
Ngay 18 - 1 -1950, Trung Quoc thiet lap quan he ngoai giao voi Vi^t Nam.

3. Trung Quoc trong nhung nam khong on dinh (1959 -1978)
Ve doi npi, t u nam 1959, da't nude Trung Hoa lam vao tinh trang khong on
djnh keo dai toi 20 nam (1959 -1978).
Ve kinh tC chinh tri va xa hpi. Khoi dau la vi#c de ra va thuc hi^n duang 161
"Ba ngpn ea hong" ("duong 161 chung", "dai nhay vpt", "c6ng xa nhan dan") voi
mong muon nhanh chong xay dung thanh cong chii nghla xa hpi.
Hau qua la nam 1959, trong ca nuoc nan doi dien ra tram trpng, dai song
nhan dan kho khan, san xuat ngung tr?, da't nuoc kh6ng on djnh.

Tir nam 1968 den nam 1978, a Trung Quoc, Dang va Chinh phii kh6ng de ra
ke hoaeh kinh te - xa hpi dai han ma chi dua ra nhCrng ke hoach hang nam.
Dong thai, trong npi bp ban lanh dao van tiep tuc dien ra cupc tranh gianh
quyen luc gay gat.
Ve d61 ngoai, Trung Quoc ling hp cupc dau tranh chong M I xam lupc ciia
nhan dan Vi?t Nam cung nhu cupc dau tranh giai phong dan tpc ciia nhan dan
cac nuac A, Phi va M i Latinh. Cung trong thoi ki nay, da xay ra nhung cupc
xung dpt a bien giai giiia Trung Quoc voi An Dp (1962), giua Trung Quoc voi
Lien X6 (1969). Thang 2 - 1972, Tong thong MT Nichxon sang tham Trung
Quoc, ma dau quan h§ mai theo chieu huong hoa dju giiia hai nuoc.


4. C o n g cuQC cai each - m o cua (tir n a m 1978)

2) 1959 - 1978

Thang 12 - 1978, T r u n g u o n g D a n g Cpng san T r u n g Quoc vach ra d u o n g loj

l i n g hp cupc dau tranh chong MT xam lupc ciia nhan dan
Viet N a m cung n h u cupc dau tranh giai p h o n g dan tpc ciia

m o i , m o dau cho cong cupc cai each i
nhan dan cac nuoc A , Phi, M i L a t i n h .

len thanh d u o n g l o i c h u n g qua Dai hoi X I I (thang 9 - 1982), dac biet la D a i hoi

Gay n h u n g cupc x u n g dpt bien gioi giOa T r u n g Quoc v o i

X I I I (thang 10 - 1987) ciia Dang: lay phat trien k i n h te'lam t r u n g tarn; kien t n

A n D p , giua T r u n g Quoc v o i Lien X6.

bon n g u y e n tac co ban (con d u o n g xa hpi chu nghla, chuyen c h i n h dan chu

3) 1978-2000

C h i n h sach d o i ngoai ciia T r u n g Quoc co nhieu thay d o i .
TO n h i j n g n a m 80 ciia the k i XX, T r u n g Quoc da b i n h

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nhan dan, s u lanh dao ciia D a n g Cpng san T r u n g Quoc, chu nghla Mac - Lenin,

t h u o n g hoa quan h ^ v o i Lien X6, Viet N a m , M o n g Co, k h o i

t u t u o n g M a o Trach D o n g ) ; T h u c hien d u o n g 161 cai each, dat nuoc T r u n g

phuc quan h? ngoai giao v o i Indonexia, thiet lap quan h ^

Quoc CO nhi>ng bien d o i can ban. Khoa hoc - kT thuat, van hoa va giao d u e

ngoai giao v o i nhieu nuoc, m o r p n g q u a n he hiru nghj, h o p

T r u n g Quoc dat nhieu thanh t u u quan trpng. N a m 1964, T r u n g Quoc thu

tac v o i cac nuoc tren the g i o i , co nhieu d o n g gop t r o n g vi^c

thanh cong b o m n g u y e n t u .

giai quyet cac tranh chap quoc te.

T u thang 11 - 1999 den thang 3 - 2003, T r u n g Quoc da p h o n g v o i che'dp tu
d p n g 4 con tau "Than C h a u " va ngay 15 - 10 - 2003, tau "Than Chau 5" c i m g nha

T r u n g Quoc da t h u hoi chu q u y e n d o i v o i H o n g C o n g

d u hanh D u o n g L o i VT da bay vao k h o n g gian v u t r y .

(thang 7 - 1997) va M a Cao (thang 12 - 1999). N h u n g v u n g

T r o n g ITnh v u c d o i ngoai, T r u n g Quoc c6 nhieu thay d o i . T u nhOng n a m 80

dat nay t r o thanh k h u hanh chinh dac biet ciia T r u n g Quoc,

cua the'ki XX, T r u n g Quoc da b i n h t h u o n g hoa quan h ^ v o i L i e n X6, Vi#t N a m ,

gop phan thiic day nen k i n h t e p h a t t r i e n .

sach d o i ngcai tien bp. N g u p e lai, k h i lam vao t i n h trang k h i i n g hoang t h i thuc

up

g i o i , CO nhieu d o n g gop trong vi^c giai quyet cac t r a n h chap quoc te. T r u n g

Nhan xet: K h i T r u n g Quoc on d j n h ve k i n h te, c h i n h t r j t h i thuc hien chinh

s/

giao v o i nhieu nuoc, m o r p n g quan he hi>u nghj, h o p tac v o i cac nuoc tren the

Ta

M o n g Co, k h o i phuc q u a n he ngoai giao v o i Indonexia, thiet lap quan he ngoai

hi^n chinh sach d o i ngoai ba't Ipi cho cac nuoc lang gieng va k h u vuc.
6. So sanh cong cupc cai to cua Lien X6 va cai each ciia T r u n g Quoc. Riit ra

(thang 12 - 1999). Nhu-ng v u n g dat nay t r o thanh k h u h a n h c h i n h dac bi^t cua

bai hpc cho cong

/g

ro

Quoc da t h u hoi chii q u y e n d o i v o i H o n g Cong (thang 7 - 1997) va M a Cao

om

T r u n g Quoc, gop phan thuc day nen k i n h t e p h a t trien.

Thai k i

.c

chii nghla xa hpi. De sua chira thieu sot, sai l a m d u a dat n u o c thoat k h o i suy
thoai, k h u n g hoang, tien k j p v o i xu the thoi dai. Lien X6 tien hanh cai to (3 -

bo

C h i n h sach d o i n g o a i

T r o n g nhi>ng nam 1949 - 1959, T r u n g Quoc t h i hanh chinh

ce

985), gan v o i s u k i ^ n Goocbachop len n 5 m q u y e n hanh, tien hanh cong cupc

sach ngoai giao tich cue nham cung co hoa b i n h va thiic day

fa

i to. C o n T r u n g Quoc tien hanh cai each - m o cua (thang 12 - 1978), dac biet

s u phat trien cua p h o n g trao each m a n g t h e ' g i d i .

la t h o n g qua D a i hpi Ian t h u X I I (9 - 1 9 8 2 ) va D a i hpi Ian t h u X I I I (10 - 1987).

w.

-1959

N g a y 14 - 2 - 1950, T r u n g Quoc k i v o i L i e n X 6 " H i ^ p uoc

ww

1) 1949

h i r u n g h j , d o n g m i n h va t u o n g t r p T r u n g - X6 " va nhieu
h i ^ p uoc k i n h te, tai chinh khac; phai q u a n chi nguyen sang
g i i i p nhan dan Trieu Tien chong M I (1950 - 1953); tham gia
H p i nghj cac nuoc A - Phi tai Bang-dung (1955); g i u p d o nhan
dan Viet N a m chong thuc dan Phap, u n g hp cac nuoc A , Phi
va M l Latinh trong cupc dau tranh giai phong dan tpc.
N g a y 18 - 1 - 1950, T r u n g Quoc thiet lap q u a n h ^ ngoai
giao v o i Viet N a m .

doi moi a V i ? t Nam

K h i L i e n X6 va T r u n g Quoc bj k h i i n g hoang ve cong cong cupc xay d u n g

ok

5. C h i n h sach doi ngoai cua T r u n g Quoc trong cac thoi k i

CUQC

* Diem giong:
f

- Thuc hien d o i m o i toan d i ^ n ve k i n h te^ chinh t r j , xa hpi t r o n g d o d o i moi

kinh tela trung tam.
- C h u y e n t u k i n h te k e h o a c h hoa tap t r u n g sang k i n h te t h i t r u o n g X H C N
:6 su dieu tie't cua nha n u o c . . .
- M o r p n g q u y e n t u d o dan chii, d o i m o i m o i mat d o i song xa h p i , nang cao
Itfoi song vat chat, t i n h than ciia nhan d a n . . .
* Diem khac:
- L i e n X6 chii t r u o n g chuyen nen k i n h t e t a p t r u n g bao cap sang co che thj

utruong nhii'ng chua l a m d u p e g i . T r u n g Quoc cai each - m o cua, xay d u n g nen
1K1


Pffi auurii) nvi3» L/VFI W U

I ri». > i uurit) nifiJL

i nut

2) 1949-1959
Muoi nam xay dvmg
che dp moi

kinh tethi truong X H C N linh hoat nham h i f n dai hoa va xay dung CNXH dac
sac Trung Quo'c, bien Trung Quo'c thanh quoc gia giau manh, dan chii, van
minh (phu hop v6i hoan canh, dac diem, ban sac ciia Trung Quoc...)

T u nam 1950, nhan dan Trung Quo'c buac vao giai
do^n khoi phyc kinh te, tien hanh nhiing cai each
quan trpng: cai each rupng dat va hop tac hoa nong
nghi^p, cai tao cong thuong nghi^p t u ban t u doanh,

- Lien X6 thyc hif n che dp tong thong, da nguyen chinh trj, dan chii cong

tien hanh cong nghiep hoa, xa hpi chii nghia, phat

khai. Trung Quo'c kien tri 4 nguyen tac: chii nghia xa hpi; chuyen chinh dan

trien van hoa, giao due...

chii nhan dan; Dang Cong san lanh dao; chii nghia Mac - Lenin va t u tuong

T u nam 1953, Trung Quoc thuc hi?n ke'hoach 5 nam

Mao Trach Dong.

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dau tien (1953 - 1957). Nha no luc lao dpiig ciia toan

*mqud:

dan va sy giiip da ciia Lien X6, ke'hoach 5 nam da thu

- Trung Quo'c: sau hon 20 nam doi moi kinh tephat trien nhanh, chinh tr} on

dupe nhiing thanh hm to Ian. Bp mat dat nuoc Trung

djnh, dia v i nang cao tren truong quo'c te...

Quo'c CO nhieu thay doi ro r^t.

- Lien X6: sau 6 nam cai to do chua c6 buoc d i diing dan, xa roi nguyen tac
chii nghia Mac - Lenin, nen dat nude khiing hoang roi loan, doi song kho
khan. Dang Cong san mat quyen lanh dao. Thang 12 - 1990 cai to that bai, den
ngay 25 -12 -1991, cong cupc xay dtmg chii nghia xa hpi 6 Lien X6 syp do.
* Bai hoc cho cong cugc doi mai a Viet Nam:

3)1959 -1978

Ttr nam 1959, dat nuoc Trung Hoa lam vao tinh trang

Thai ki khong on

khong on dinh keo dai toi 20 nam (1959 -1978).

dinh

Hau qua la nam 1959, trong ca nuoc nan doi dien ra

trara trpng, dai song nhan dan kho khan, san xua't

Tir thang Ipi ciia cong cupc cai each a Trung Quo'c va that bai ciia cong cupc

Ta

cai to 6 Lien X6 ta riit ra nhiiTig bai hpc kinh nghi^m:

Chinh phii khong de ra ke hoach kinh te - xa hpi dai
thai, trong npi bp ban lanh dao van tie'p tuc dien ra

/g

vvrng nguyen l i chii nghia Mac - Lenin va t u tuong Ho Chi Minh; lay dan lam

cupc tranh gianh quyen lyc gay gat.

om

goc...

T u nam 1968 den nam 1978, 6 Trung Quo'c, Dang va
han ma chi dua ra nhirng ke hoach hang nam. Dong

ro

- Dam bao quyen lanh dao tuyf t doi ciia dang Cpng san Vi?t Nam; nam

up

tieu do CO hi?u qua hon bang nhiing budc di, bi?n phap diing dan, thich hpp...

s/

- Cai each, doi mod phai kien dinh muc tieu chii nghia xa hpi, lam cho muc

ngimg trf, dat nuoc khong on dinh.

.c

- Doi mai toan di^n, dong bp, trpng tarn la doi moi kinh te, doi moi chinh trj

Npi dung

fa

Cac giai dogin

ce

7. Tom tat lich sit Trung Quoc tu nam 1945 den nam 2000

bo

ok

phai than trpng...

Sau cupc chie'n tranh cho'ng Nhat thang Ipi, a Trung

Thang Ipi ciia each

Quoc dien ra cupc npi chie'n giua Dang Quoc dan va

mang dan tpc, dan

dang Cpng san, keo dai ba nam (1946 - 1949).

chii va thanh lap

Cuo'i nam 1949, cupc npi chie'n ke't thiic, toan bp lyc

nuoc Cong

hoa

dia Trung Quo'c dupe giai phong. Tap doan Trung

Trung

Hoa Dan quo'c Gioi Thach that bai, riit chay ra Dai

Nhan
Hoa

dan

ww

w.

1)1945 -1949

Loan.
Ngay 1 - 10 - 1949, nuac Cpng hoa Nhan dan Trung
hoa dupe thanh lap, each mang dan tpc dan chu
Trung Quo'c da hoan thanh.

4)1978 - 2000

Thang 12 - 1978, Trung uong Dang Cpng san Trung

Cong cupc cai each

Quo'c vach ra duang loi moi, mo dau cho cong cupc
cai each kirih te - xa hpi. Duong 161 nay dupe nang len
thanh duang 161 chung qua Dai hpi Xn (thang 9 -1982),
dac bif t la Dai hpi XIII (thang 10 -1987) ciia Dang: lay
phat trien kinh te lam trung tam; kien tri bon nguyen
tac CO ban (con duong xa hpi chii nghia, chuyen chinh
dan chii nhan dan, sy lanh dao ciia Dang Cpng san
Trung Quoc, chii nghia Mac - Lenin, t u tuong Mao
Trach D6ng);.
Thuc hi|n duong 161 cai each, dat nuoc Trung Quo'c
CO nhijng bien doi can ban.
T u nhirng nam 80 cua the'ki XX, Trung Quoc da binh
255


- Tir nam 1993, Han Quoc bat dau thyc

thuong hoa quan

vai Lien X6, Vi^t Nam, Mong Co,
khoi phuc quan
ngoai giao vdi Indonexia, thiet lap
quan he ngoai giao voi nhieu nuoc, mo rgng quan he
h&u nghi, hgp tac voi cac nuac tren thegioi, c6 nhieu
dong gop trong vi^c giai quyet cac tranh chap quoc te.
Trung Quoc da thu hoi chii quyen do'i voi Hong Cong
(thang 7 - 1997) va Ma Cao (thang 12 - 1999). Nhung
viing dat nay tro thanh khu hanh chinh dac biet cua
Trung Quoc, gop phan thiic day nen kinh te'phat trien.

hi§n ke ho^ich 5 nam phat trien kinh te
nhSm myc tieu sam tham gia vao cau
l?c bp cac nuoc cong nghiep phat trien.
Nam 1997, cung vai mgt so' nuoc Dong
Nam A, Han Quoc phai trai qua mgt

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cugc khiing hoang tai chinh - tien t^ rat
nang ne. Tuy v^y, nen kinh te cua Han

Quoc dugc xep vao thu 11 tren the giai,
da tiep c^n voi cac quoc gia phat trien.

8. N h i m g net chinh ve k i n h te va van hoa cua nuac Cpng hoa Dan cht
Nhan dan Trieu Tien va Han Quoc t u sau Chien tranh the giai t h u hai der

IV. CAC

nam 2000.
Van hoa

Nen kinh te cua CHDCND Trieu Tien

Van hoa giao due

mang tinh ke hoach hoa tap trung cao

CO buoc tien dang

dp. Dat nong nghiep dugc tap the hoa,

ke.

cac nganh cong nghiep do nha nuoc

Trieu

quan h'. Cong nghiep nang dugc chu

thanh xoa nan mu

trgng, dac bift la cong nghiep quoc

chir.

phong. Mac dii vifc mo cua thj truong

thi hanh

da dugc tuyen bo tir nam 1995, nhung

trinh giao due 10

nen kinh te van con nhieu kho khan.

nam bat bugc va

Nuac

1999,

Chinh

phu

Indonexia

om

/g

ro

chuong

Ta

hoan

s/

Tien

up

Nam

nuac ciia nhan dan Dong Nam A (1945 - 2000)

mien phi.
te Han Quoc gap nhieu kho khan. T u

vuc dugc danh gia

thap nien 60 tro di, kinh te Han Quoc

cao trong nen van

tung buoc CO nhirng thay doi Ion: t u

hoa

nuoc ngheo nan, lac hau, sau ba thap

dugc coi la chia

nien phat trien, Han Quoc tro thanh mgt

khoa ciia su thanh

trong bo'n "con rong kinh te' 6 chau A

cong.

vai ti le tang truong hang nam dat t u

thuc hi^n che do

8% tro len.

hgc tap bat huge

- Han Quoc c6 nen cong nghiep phat

trong 6 nam, t u 6

trien voi ti le tang truong la 22% (1999),

den 12 tuoi.

nen nong nghiep tien tien, he thong co
so ha tang hien dai, xa hgi thong tin cao.

Han

Han

Quoc,

Quoc

Ngay 17 - 8 -

Tuyen ngon Dgc Igp, tuyen bo thanh Iglp

1945

nuac Cpng hoa Indonexia.

Thang

11

-

Ha Lan quay tro l^ii xam luge Indonexia.

1945
Ngay 15 - 8 -

Nuoc Cpng hoa Indonexia thong nhat

1950

dugc thanh Igp.

Nam 1967

Buoc vao giai do^n phat trien kinh te^ vSn
Khiing hoang tai chinh - tien t f , kinh te roi
loan.

ce

fa

w.

ww

2) Han Quoc

Sv k i ^ n

NSm 1997

ok

Giao due la ITnh

bo

- Nhirng nam dau sau chien tranh, kinh

Thoi gian

hoa, giao dye.

.c

1) Trieu Tien

A

1) Sv ki?n chinh trong qua trinh dau tranh gianh dpc I|p va xay d y n g dat

K i n h te

Ten nuoc

NU'6C D O N G N A M

Tu nam 2001 -

Dat nuoc buoc vao thoi ki hoi phyc kinh te

2002

nhung van con nhieu kho khan, thir thach.

Thang

10

-

Tuyen bo dpc lap.

1947
Mien Di^n

Thang 1-1948

Thanh l^ip Lien bang Mianma.

1948 -1962

Thoi ki ciia cac chinh quyen dan chii.

N5m 1974

Hien phap moi ciia Mianma dugc ban
hanh.

Ma Lai

25 - 7 -1997

Chinh thiic gia nhap ASEAN.

Ngay 31 - 8 -

Tuyen bo' dgc lap.

1957
NSm 1963

Lien bang Malaixia ra dai.


Nam 1967
Nam 1981

Xingapo

1991 - 1993

Thyc hi^n chinh sach " N h i n ve phuong
Dong".

Chinh quyen
Campuchia.

N a m 1993

tai

Nen doc lap dirge trao tra.

1946 -1970

Thyc hi^n cong nghi^p hoa thay the nhap

Nam 1999

khau

Trudc 1945

La nuoc duy nha't 6 Dong Nam A khong

Thai Lan

1946 -1972

Thoi ki dan chii lap hien.

Nam 1967

La mpt trong 5 nuoc thanh lap ASEN.

Nam 1959

Duqc Anh trao tra dpc lap.

Nam 1965

Tach khoi Lien bang Malaixia thanh nuoc

Nam 1967

cpng hoa doc lap.

Brunay

Tro thanh "con r6ng"n6i trpi nha't trong

1968 -1973

4 "con rong " kinh te'ciia chau A.
ThSng Igi Cach mang thang Tam gianh

Nam 1945

Dong Timo

Ta

dupe dpc lap, thanh lap nuoc Vi#t Nam

ro

Ipi.

up

Khang chien chong thuc dan Phap thang

1946 -1954

s/

Dan chu Cpng hoa (2 - 9 - 1945).

Vi?t Nam

Khang chien chong M I thang Ipi.

Nam 1986

Thuc hif n cong cupc doi moi dat nuoc.

Nam 1995

Gia nhap ASEAN.

10 -1945

Tuyen bo'dpc lap.

1946 -1954

Khang chien chong thyc dan Phap thang

tro thanh thupc dja ciia phuong Tay.

Nam 1967

La mot trong 5 nuoc thanh lap ASEN.

1961 - 1972

Thyc hi^n cong nghi^p hoa thay the cho
nhap kha'u.

Nam 1959

Thanh lap chinh phu t y tri.

Nam 1962

Tuyen bo'tinh trang khan cap.

Nam 1984

Tro thanh quoc gia c6 chu quyen.

Nam 1987

Gia nhap ASEAN.

Ngay 20 - 5 -

Tach khoi Indonexia, tro thanh quoc gia

2002

dpc lap.

2. So sanh cac chien lupc kinh te Huong npi va huong ngoai ciia nhom sang
l|p ASEAN. Npi dung, thanh tyu va han che ciia timg chien lupc.
Tieu chi so sanh
Chiein lupc k i n h te huong npi
Chien lupc k i n h te

bo

ok

.c

om

/g

1954-1975

huong ngoai
1. Thoi gian

bSt

Nhung nam 60 ciia the ki XX.

dau
2. Muc tieu

ce

Ipi.

Nhung nam 60 - 70
ciia the ki XX.

Nhanh chong xoa bo ngheo

Thyc hi^n cong nghi^p

nan, lac hau, xay dyng nen

hoa lay xuat khau

kinh te'ty chii.

lam chii d^o.

Nam 1997

Gia nhap ASEAN

cac

Thuc hi^n "mo cua"

Thang

Phap quay tro lai xam lupc va thong trj

nganh cong nghi^p san xuat

nen kinh te^ thu hut

Campuchia.

hang tieu diing npi dia thay

von va k l thu^t ciia

Ngay 9 - 11 -

Chinh phu Phap da k i hi^p uoc "trao tra

the hang nhap khau, lay thj

nuxic ngoai, tap trung

1953

dpc lap cho Campuchia".

truong trong nuoc lam cho

san xuat hang hoa de

Ngay 18 - 3 -

Lat do Xihanuc. Cpng hoa Khome cong bo

dya de phat trien san xuat.

xuat khau, phat trien

1970

thanh lap.

1975 -1979

Campuchia Dan chu do Khome do kiem

Thang 1-1979

w.

-

3. Npi dung

ww

10

fa

1954 -1975

Khang chien chong M I thang Ipi.

1945

Campuchia

Lien hpp quo'c

Nam 1946

La mpt trong 5 nuoc thanh lap ASEN.

Lao

cua

Thanh lap Chinh phii Hoang gia. Dat ten
nuoc la Vuong quoc Campuchia.
Gia nhap ASEAN.

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Philippin

La mpt trong 5 nuac thanh lap ASEN.

Day

manh

phat

trien

ngoai thuong.
4. Thanh tyu

Thyc hi^n chien lupc cong

Ti trpng cong nghi?p

soat.

nghiep hoa

trong nen

L^t do che dp di?t chung Khome do.

khau, cac nuoc da d^it dupe

thay the

nhap

kinh

te

quoc dan da Ion hon
259


nong nghi^p, mau
dich doi ngoai tang
truong nhanh.

Thieu nguon von nguyen li?u

Phy thuQc von va thj

va cong ngh^, chi phi cao dan

truong

toi lam an thua 16, t§ tham

qua Ion, dau t u bat

nhCing quan lieu phat trien,

hgp li.

Nam 1984, sau khi gianh dugc dgc lap, Brunay gia nhap va tro thanh thanh
vien thu 6 ciia ASEAN.

Tir dau nhung nam 90, chien tranh lanh chain dut va "van de Campuchia"
! dugc giai quyet, tinh hinh chinh tri khu vuc dugc cai thi^n can ban, ASEAN c6

ben

dieu ki?n mo rgng to chuc, ket nap thanh vien moi.

Ngay 22 - 7 - 1992, Vi^t Nam va Lao tham gia Hi#p uoc Bali. Tie'p do, thang

ngoai

7 - 1995, Viet Nam tro thanh thanh vien thu 7 ciia ASEAN. Thang 7-1997, Lao
va Mianma gia nhap ASEAN, va thang 4 - 1999 Campuchia dugc ket nap vao
I to chuc nay.

doi song lao dpng con kho

N h u vay, tir 5 nuoc sang lap ban dau, ASEAN da phat trien thanh 10 nam

khan, chua giai quyet dug-c

anh vien. T u day, ASEAN day manh hoat dgng hgp tac kinh te^ xay dyng

van de tang truong voi cong

Dong Nam A thanh khu vuc hoa binh, on djnh de ciing phat trien.

bang xa hpi.

c. Quan hegiita Viet Nam vd

Cau 3. S v thanh l|p va ho^it dpng cua to chiic ASEAN. Quan h? giura Vi#t

Thoi ki 1967 - 1975: Day la thoi ki quan h^ Vi^t Nam va cac nuoc ASEAN c6

ASEAN

lieu van de phuc tap. *

Ta

Sau khi gianh dupe dpc lap, buoc vao thai ki phat trien kinh te trong dieu

ro

Dong thoi muon han che anh huong cua cac the luc ben ngoai doi voi khu

up

Cling phat trien.

s/

ki?n rat kho khSn, nhieu nuoc 6 Dong Nam A thay can c6 s\f hgp tac voi nhau

/g

v\rc, nhat la khi cupc chien tranh xam luge cua M i 6 Dong Duong dang bj sa

om

lay va that bgi.

.c

Hon nua, nhihig to chuc hgp mang tinh chat khu vuc xuat hi?n ngay cang

ok

nhieu, nhat la Khoi thj truong chung chau A u (EEC).

bo

V i nhung le do ma ngay 8 - 8 - 1967, Hi^p hoi cac nuoc Dong Nam A (viet

ce

tat theo tieng Anh la ASEAN) dugc thanh lap tai Bang Coc (Thai Lan) voi s\f

w.

fa

tham gia cua 5 nuoc: Indonexia, Malaixia, Xingapo, Thai Lan va Philippin.
b. Qua trinh hoat dgng:

ASEAN:

Quan h^ Viet Nam - ASEAN dugc chia lam cac thoi ki sau:

Nam va A S E A N .
a. Nguyen nhan ra (ten cua tochitc

i*

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5. Han che

mpt so'thanh tvru dang ke, dap
ling dvtqc nhu cau cua nhan
dan, phat trien mpt so nganh
che bien, che tao giai quyet
nan that nghi?p.

ww

Trong giai doan dau (1967 - 1975), ASEAN la mgt to chuc non yeu, s\f hgp
tac trong khu vuc con trong trang thai khoi dau, chua c6 vj t r i tren truong
quoc te. Tir giua nhiing nam 70, ASEAN c6 nhij-ng buoc tien moi. Sy phat trien
nay dugc danh dau bang Hgi nghj cap cao lan t h u nha't hgp tgi Ba-li

(Indonexia) thang 2 - 1976 voi vi?c ki H i f p uoc huu nghj va hgp tac o Dong
Nam A (ggi tat la Hi?p uoc Bali).
Vao'thoi diem nay, quan h^ giira cac nuoc Dong Duong va ASEAN buoc
dau dugc cai thi?n. Hai nhom nuoc da thie't lap quan h? ngoai giao va bat dau
CO cac chuyen d i tham lan nhau cua cac nha lanh dao cap cao.
260

Nam 1976, ASEAN dugc thanh lap voi tuyen bo thiic day tang truong kinh

K nhung thuc chat nhung nguyen nhan thanh lap chii yeu l?i la van de an
'nh chinh trj.
Tuyen bo Bang Coc (1967) noi ASEAN khong phai la mgt to chuc lien ket
uan su, nhung trong bol canh tu duy ciia thoi Chien tranh lanh da chi phoi

uy nghi ciia ca hai ben; do do, cac to chiic dugc thanh lap hoac la san pham
"'a ben nay, hoac la ciia ben kia. Day la chua ke trong ASEAN c6 hai nuoc
lam gia SEATO va da cung MT tham gia chien tranh xam luge Viet Nam. Cho
en, khi do Vi^t Nam nhin nhan ASEAN la san pham ciia MT.
Thoi ki 1975 - 1989: T u nam 1975 den nam 1979, Viet Nam co gSng mo rgng
uan h^ song phuong voi cac nuoc trong khu vuc, dac bi^t la nam 1976, Vi?t
'am da dua ra chinh sach 4 diem, Vi^t Nam khSng djnh muon mo rgng quan
voi cac nuoc Dong Nam A. Den cuoi nam 1978, quan h? Viet Nam voi cac
uoc ASEAN dugc thie't lap va phat trien qua vi?c ki cac hiep djnh kinh te^
uong mai, khoa hgc - ki thuat, hang khong va hang hai.
Tir nam 1979 den nam 1989, quan h^ giCra ASEAN va cac nuoc Dong Duong
et sue cang thJing do van de Campuchia.
Thoi ki 1989 - 1997: Sau khi van de Campuchia dugc giai quyet theo
huong phap hoa binh, cac nuoc ASEAN da phat trien quan h$ song phuong
:6i Vi^t Nam. Ngay 22 - 7 - 1992, Vi^t Nam chinh thiic tham gia Hiep udc Bali

M^i*y

I 111

ti t irt I I

wr

It}

Wiyir

va tro thanh quan sat vien cua ASEAN. Ngay 28 - 7 - 1995, Vi^t Nam tro thanh
thanh vien chinh thiic cua ASEAN.
Vi^c Viet Nam gia nhap ASEAN da mo ra mpt thai ki moi, thai ki hpi nhap,
khu vuc hoa cua ca Dong Nam A.
V. A N DQ V A K H U V l / C T R U N G D O N G

Trong cac ITnh vuc van hoa, giao dye va khoa hoc - kT thuat. An Dp co nhung

1. Nhung net chinh cua cupc dau tranh gianh dpc lap 6 An Dp sau nam 1945.

sang lap Phong trao khong lien ke't. Vi the'eiia An Dp ngay cang dupe nang cao

NhuTig thanh t\ru xay dxfng dat nuac va chinh sach doi ngoai ciia An Dp sau

tren truang quo'c te.

buoc tie'n nhanh chong.

- Chinh sach doi ngoai:
An Dp theo duoi chinh sach hoa binh, trung lap tich eye, luon luon ling hp

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cupc da'u tranh gianh dpc lap ciia cac dan tpc. An Dp la mpt trong nhCrng nuoc

khi gianh dpc lap.

An Dp thie't lap quan hf ngoai giao voi Vif t Nam ngay 7 -1 -1972.

a, Cuoc diti tranh gianh doc lap

2. Qua trinh dau tranh giai phong ciia nhan dan Paletxtin tu nam 1947 den nay

Trong nhOng nam 1945 -1947, cupc da'u tranh doi dpc lap cua nhan dan An
Dp duai su lanh dao cua Dang Quo'c dai bung len manh me.
Quy mo rpng Ion va khi the cua phong trao da'u tranh da lam cho chinh
quyen thuc dan Anh khong the tie'p tuc thong tri An Dp theo hinh thuc thi^c

Thai gian

Sy ki^n lich su

Ngay 29 - 11 -

Theo Nghj quye't 181 ciia Lien hop quo'c, su do hp ciia Anh

1947

bi huy bo va lanh tho Palextin bj chia lam hai quo'c gia: mpt
ciia nguoi A Rap Palextin, mpt ciia nguoi Do Thai.

dan kieu cii dupe niia, phai nhupng bp, hua se trao quyen tv trj cho An Dp va
nguoi Anh se roi khoi An Dp truoc thang 7 -1948.

Bay nuoc A Rgp da tan cong Iraen. Tu do, xung dot giira

1948

Iraen va Palextin dien ra lien mien.

Ta

Tren ca so thoa thuan nay, ngay 15 - 8 - 1947, An Dp da tach thanh hai quo'c

Ngay 15 - 5 -

s/

gia: An Dp va Pakixtan.

ro

da'u tranh gianh dpc lap dan tpc hoan toan trong nhirng nam 1948 -1950. Truoc

up

Khong thoa man voi quy che tu tn. Dang Quo'c dai da lanh dgo nhan dan

/g

sue ep cua phong trao quan chiing, thuc dan Anh bupc phai cong nhan dpc lap

om

hoan toan ciia An Dp. Ngay 26 -1 - 1950, An Dp tuyen bo'dpc lap va thanh lap

.c

nuoc cong hoa.

ok

b. Nhihig thanh tmi xay d\mg dat nuoc va chinh sach doi ngoai ciia An

Tai Gieruxalem, to ehiie giai phong Palextin (PLO) dupe

1964

thanh lap, da doan ke't rpng rai cac lye lupng yeu nuoc dau

tranh cho su nghiep giai phong Palextin.

Ngay 15 - 11 -

Nha nuoc Palextin ra dai. Thang 3 - 1989, Y. Araphat dupe

1988

bau la Tong thong dau tien ciia Nha nuoc nay.

Ngay 26 - 8 -

Iraen chap nhan dam phan voi PLO tren nguyen tac "doi

1993

dat lay hoa binh", Iraen tuyen bo' sin sang trao tra cho

bo

Dp sau khi gianh dpc l^p

Ngay 28 - 5 -

nguoi Palextin ciing Gada va Gierico. Tuyen bo'nay da khai

ce

- Thanh tim:

Trong thoi ki xay dung dat nuoc. An Dp da thuc hien nhiing ke'hoach dai

fa

thong be tSe trong dam phan gii>a hai phia Iraen va

w.

han nh3m phat trien kinh te- xa hpi va van hoa. Nho thanh tuu ciia cupc "each

ww

mang xanh" trong nong nghiep, tu giua nhirng nam 70 ciia the ki XX, An Dp
da tu tiic dupe luong thuc cho gan 1 ti nguoi va bat dau xuat khau. San xua't
cong nghiep tang, dac bi^t la cong nghiep nang, che tao may, xay dyng co so

Palextin.
Ngay 28 - 9 -

Duoi su chiing kie'n eiia Tong thong Ml B. Clinton, tai Nha

1995

Trang (Mi), Chii tich PLO Araphat va Thii tuang Iraen
Rabin da chinh thiie ki hi^p djnh mo rpng quyen tu trj ciia

ha tang hien dai.
Trong ba thap ki cuol the ki XX, An Dp dau tu nhieu vao ITnh vuc cong
ngh^ cao, truoc he't la cong nghe thong tin va vien thong, va dang co gang
vuon len hang cac cuong quo'c va cong nghe phan mem, cong nghf hat nhan,

cong ngh? vu tru... Cupc "each mang chat xam" bat dau tu nhiing nam 90 da

nguoi Palextin a bo Tay song Gioocdan.
Ngay 23 - 10 -

Ban ghi nha Oai Rivo dupe Iraen va Palextin ki ke't, theo do

1998

Iraen se ehuyen giao 27,2% lanh tho bo Tay song Gioocdan
cho Palextin trong vong 12 tuan.

• i ii , {

dua An Dp thanh mpt trong nhirng nuoc san xua't phan mem Ian nha't the'gidi.
263


V I . C A C N\S6C C H A U P H I V A M I L A T I N H
1 . Phong trao giai phong dan tpc 6 chau Phi sau C h i e n tranh the giod thu hai
a. Nhitng nhdn to" thuc day phong trao giai phong dan tgc a chdu Phi
Chien tranh the giai thii

sau

i

* Tie sau nam

I

N h a n dan cac thupc dja con lai 6 chau Phi hoan thanh cupc dau tranh d a n h

I! do nen t h o n g t r i thuc dan cu, gianh dpc lap dan tpc va q u y e n song ciia con

hai

l|l n g u o i . Sau nhieu thap k i dau tranh, nhan dan N a m Rodedia da t u y e n bo thanh

Su ket thiic Chien t r a n h the g i o i t h i i hai cung n h u n h i i n g thay d o i ve tinh

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l l t r a o tra dpc lap cho N a m i b i a ; thang 3 - 1990, N a m i b i a tuyen bo dpc lap. N g a y

That bai ciia chu nghla phat xit, sy suy yeu cua A n h va Phap, hai quoc gja

" chinh tai N a m Phi, truoc ap luc dau tranh ciia n g u o i da m a u , thang 2 - 1990,

t h o n g trj nhieu v u n g thuQC dja tai chau Phi, tao dieu k i ^ n t h u a n Ipi cho cupc

chinh q u y e n N a m Phi da tuyen bo t u bo chinh sach phan bi^t ehiing tpc (gpi la

dau tranh giai p h o n g cua nhan d a n chau Phi.

Apaethai). Sau do, v o i thang I p i ciia cupc bau cir dan chii da ehiing tpc Ian dau

Thang Igi cua p h o n g trao giai p h o n g dan tpc 6 chau A , truoc het la cua Viet

tien 6 N a m Phi (thang 4 -1994) ong N e n x o n Mandela t r o thanh T o n g t h o n g da

N a m va T r u n g Quoc da c6 v u cac cupc dau tranh ciia nhan d a n chau Phi.

den dau tien ciia C p n g hoa N a m Phi. Su ki^n do da d a n h d a u s u cham d i i t che

Phong trao d a u tranh cho'ng chii nghia thuc d a n da d i e n ra soi n o i tren luc

dp phan biet c h i i n g tpc da man, day bat cong, m p t bieu hi$n ciia chii nghla

dia nay.

thye dan.

the

c. Nhung kho khan cua cac nuoc chdu Phi tren buoc duang phat

hai

Ta

d y n g dat nuoc, phat trien k i n h te - xa h p i , da t h u d u p e n h u n g thanh t y u buoc

s/

nghla thuc d a n chau A u a chau Phi noi tie'p nhau tan ra, cac quoc gia dpc lap

up

dau n h u n g chua d i i de thay d o i can ban bp mat ciia chau luc nay.

M o dau la cupc b i n h chien ciia sT quan va b i n h l i n h yeu n u o c A i Cap {3-7

T u y nhien, n h i e u n u o c chau Phi con n a m t r o n g t i n h trang lac hau, k h o n g o n

ro

* Nhung nam 50 cua theki XX:

trim

Sau k h i gianh d u p e dpc lap, cac nuoc chau Phi bat tay vao cong cupc xay

Phong trao t u n g buoc gianh thang I p i to Ion, h^ t h o n g thupc dja ciia chu
Ian l u p t ra d o i :

v,,,,)! i

T r u o c sue ep ciia nhan dan va Lien h o p quoc, chinh q u y e n N a m Phi da phai

Br

tai chau Phi.

giai thu

nuoc C p n g hoa D i m b a b u e (18 - 4 - 1980).

HI^P

h i n h quoc te sau chien tranh c6 tac d u n g thvic day p h o n g trao dpc lap d a n toe

b. Cugc dau tranh gianh dqc lap cua nhdn dan chau Phi sau Chien tranh

1975:

d j n h va k h o k h a n d o x u n g dpt, dao chinh, n p i chien d i e n ra lien m i e n ; d o i
ngheo, b^nh tat va m u c h u ; sy b u n g no ve dan so'; n p nan va sy p h u thupc vao

1952) lat do v u a n g trieu Pharuc, cho d u a cua t h y c d a n A n h , lap nen nuoc

nude ngoai v.v... Tat ea n h i i n g kho khan do da va d a n g la thach thuc Ion d o i

C p n g hoa A i Cap (18 - 6 - 1953), n a m 1952, nhan dan L i b i g i a n h d u p e dpc lap.

v o i nhan d a n cac n u o c chau Phi.

.c

om

/g

-

ok

Sau 8 n a m k h a n g chien kien cuang chong Phap (1954 - 1962), nhan dan

T u n a m 1952 den n a m 1985, xay ra 241 Ian dao chinh quan sy. T u n a m 1987

bo

A n g i e r i da gianh d u p e thang I p i . Tir nua sau thap nien 50, h ^ t h o n g thupc dja

den n a m 1997, c6 t o i 14 cupc x u n g d o t va npi chien.

ce

cvia thye d a n chau A u a chau Phi noi tie'p nhau ran ra, cac quoc gia dpc lap Ian

fa

l u p t xua't h i ^ n n h u T u y n i d i , Maroc, X u d a n g (1956); Gana (1957); Ghine
1975:

Vao dau n h i i n g n a m 90, so n p ciia chau Phi len t d i 300 t i USD v o i so lai

ww

* Tif nam 1960 den nam

1(1997), a chau Phi c6 29 nuoc.

w.

(1958),...

T r o n g so 43 quoc gia ma L i e n h p p quoc xac d i n h la ngheo nhat the g i o i

N a m 1960, v o i 17 nuoc 6 Tay Phi, D o n g Phi va T r u n g Phi g i a n h d u p e dpc

hang nSm phai tra la 25 ti USD.
HI

d. Dac diem phong trao giai phong dan toe a chdu

lap dan tpc, da d u p e lich su g h i nhan la " N a m chau Phi", m o dau cho giai doan

B

Phong trao giai phong dan toe a chdu Phi tie sau Chien tranh the giai thie hai den

phat trien m o i cua p h o n g trao giai p h o n g dan tpc chau Phi.

Bpiay fuy phat trien rong khSp va len cao, nhung dien ra khong dong deu giiea cac quoc

N h i i n g thang I p i c6 y nghla to Ion va gay anh h u o n g sau r p n g t r o n g giai

Phi

Wm^a va cac khu vuc a chdu Phi.

*'

dogn nay la thang I p i ciia nhan dan A n g i e r i . Sau 7 n a m k h a n g chien, da danh

•

bai de quoc Phap, bupc Phap phai k i ket hi^p d j n h cong n h a n nen dpc lap cua

•jftuoc chau Phi rat chenh l^ch. B3e Phi t r i n h d p k i n h te, c h i n h t r j cao nhat r o i

Sy phat trien k h o n g d o n g deu do t r i n h d p phat trien k i n h te^ c h i n h t r j 6 cac

A n g i e r i (3 - 1962); thang I p i cua each m a n g Etiopi (1974), cua each m a n g

•jden Tay Phi, con chau Phi xich dao t h i lac hau.

M o d a m b i c h , A n g g o l a (1975).

B

264

m

Phong trao giai phong dan toe a chdu Phi not chung do giai cap tu sdn Idnh dao.

265

O chau Phi, giai cap t u san deu c6 to chuc chi'nh d a n g cua m i n h va cac
c h i n h d a n g nay anh h u o n g to Ion den nong dan va cac tang l o p nhan dan. Giai

b. Nhieng net chinh ve qua. trinh gianh va bdo ve doc lap d chau Mi Latinh
tic sau Chien tranh the giai thuhai

cap cong n h a n t u y c6 tang ve so l u g n g n h u n g p h a n I o n chua c6 c h i n h dang

Khac v o i chau A va chau Phi, nhieu nuoc 6 M i L a t i n h s o m g i a n h d u p e dpc

cua m i n h nen chua the lanh dao nhan dan dau t r a n h .

lap t u dau the k i X I X sau k h i thoat k h o i ach t h o n g t r i cua thuc d a n Tay Ban
Isiha va Bo D a o N h a . N h u n g , ngay sau do, hp lai bj 1^ thupc vao M i , t r o thanh

trong tinh trqng bo lac dang chuxjen sang xa hoi c6 giai cap, hoqc chua hinh thanh cdc

thupc dia kieu m o i ciia M I . Sau Chien tranh the g i o i t h u u hai, v o i u u the ve

quoc gia, dan tgc. Sau khi tra thanh thuoc dia, cdc nu&c chau Phi bj cdc dequoc chia

] k i n h te va q u a n su. M i t i m each bien M I L a t i n h thanh "san sau" ciia m i n h va

cat thanh nhieu viing lanh tho, xen ke nhan.

I xay d u n g cac che d p dpc tai than M i .

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Khi chu nghia dequoc phucmg Tay xam luge, cac nuoc chau Phi ndi chung con d

6 chau Phi, uoc t i n h c6 khoang 1000 dan tpc, bo toe khac n h a u . V o i chinh

C l i n g v i the, cupc dau tranh cho'ng che dp dpc tai than M i b u n g no va phat

sach "chia de t r j " , nhieu dan toe, bp toe da bj chia xe, p h a n thuoc nuoc nay,

trien. Tieu bieu la thang I p i cua each m a n g Cuba d u o i sy l a n h dao ciia Phiden

p h a n thupc n u o c kia. Sau k h i gianh dpc lap, cac nuoc chau Phi d u p e thanh lap

fiCatxtoro.

t r o n g k h u o n k h o thupc dia cu t r u o c day, mac d u no m a n g ten nuoc. C h i n h

I

T h a n g 3 - 1952, v o i sy g i u p d o ciia M i , Batixta da thiet lap che d p dpc tai

dieu d o la m o t t r o n g n h i i n g n g u y e n nhan dan den t i n h trang x u n g d o t dan tpc,

quan s u 6 Cuba. C h i n h q u y e n Batixta xoa bo hien phap tien bp, cam cac d a n g

sac tpc a luc dja nay.

phai c h i n h t r j boat d p n g , bat g i a m va tan sat nhieu n g u o i yeu nuoc. T r o n g boi

To chiec thong nhd't Phi dugc thanh lap nam 1963 dong vai tro dgc biet quan trong

canh d o , n h a n d a n C u b a da d u n g len d a u t r a n h c h o n g che d p dpc t a i . N g a y

trong vice phoi hap hdnh dong va thuc day sir nghiep dau tranh cua nhan dan chau Phi.

1 - 1 - 1959 che d p Batixta sup do, nuoc C p n g hoa Cuba ra d o i d o Phiden

Ta

Hinh thitc dau tranh gianh doc lap dan tgc a cdc nuac chau Phi chii xjeu thong qua

Catxtoro d u n g d a u .

up

nhan dgc lap.

s/

dau tranh chinh tri hgp phdp, thuang lugng vox cdc nuac phuang Tay deduce cong

x u o n g vi^c to chuc "Lien m i n h v i tien b p " de l o i keo cac nuoc M i L a t i n h . C l i n g

ro

Mite do dgc lap va su phdt trim dot nuac sau khi gianh dgc lap ral khong dong dm nhau.

v i the, t u thap nien 60 - 70, p h o n g trao dau tranh cho'ng M I va che d p dpc tai

/g

N h u n g nude bang sue m a n h cua m i n h khang ehien, dau t r a n h vu trang ket

than M i 6 k h u v y c cang phat trien va t h u nhieu thSng I p i .

om

h p p v o i dau tranh c h i n h t r j . . . danh d u o i thuc dan t h i m u c d p doc lap cao hon.

C l i n g v o i n h i i n g h i n h thuc bat cong ciia cong nhan, n o i day ciia n o n g d a n

.c

N g u p c lai nhij'ng n u o c nhan d u p e nen dpc lap bang eon d u o n g trao tra,

d o i r u p n g da't, d a u t r a n h n g h i t r u o n g de thanh lap cac c h i n h p h u tien bp, cao

ok

t h u o n g l u p n g . . . t h i eon p h u thupc nhieu vao nuoc ngoai. Sau k h i gianh doc

trao d a u t r a n h v i i t r a n g b u n g no m a n h me 6 M I L a t i n h nen k h u v y c nay

bo

lap, cac n u o c chau Phi Xich dao eon t r o n g t i n h trang cham phat t r i e n , con v i i n g

d u p e g p i la "luc dja b i i n g chay". Phong trao d a u t r a n h via t r a n g c h o n g che

ce

Bac Phi phat trien n h a n h h o n .

d p dpc tai 6 cac n u o c Venexuela, Goatemala,

fa

2. Phong trao giai phong dan tpc a M I Latinh sau Chien tranh the giai t h u hai
Chien tranh the giai

thuhai

Colombia, Peru,

Nicaragoa,

Chile, En Xanvado... da d i e n ra lien tyc.

sau

c. Nhimg thanh tm va kho khan cua cdc nuoc Mi Latinh trong thai ki xay

ww

w.

a. Nhimg nhan to thuc day phong trao giai phong dan tgc a Mi Latinh

N h 5 m ngan chan anh h u o n g ciia each m a n g Cuba, vao thang 8 - 1 9 6 1 , M I de

Sau Chien t r a n h the g i o i t h u hai, v o i u u the've k i n h te va q u a n su, M I t i m

dung dot nuoc
H

Sau k h i k h o i p h u c dpc lap, gianh dupe chii quyen, cac n u o c M I L a t i n h budc

each bien M I L a t i n h thanh "san sau" cua m i n h va xay d u n g cac che d p dpc tai

Vao t h o i k i xay d y n g va phat trien k i n h te - xa h p i , dat d u p e n h i e u thanh t y u

than M l .

dang k h i c h le. M p t so nuoc t r o thanh nuoc cong nghiep m o i (NICs) n h u

Cupc dau t r a n h chong che d p dpc tai than M i b u n g no va phat trien. Tieu
bieu la thSng I p i ciia each m a n g Cuba d u o i s u lanh dao cua Phiden Catxtoro.

^Braxin, Achentina, Mehico.
•

T r o n g nhieng thap k i 50 - 60 ciia the k i XX, t i le tang t r u o n g k i n h te quoc

N g a y 1 - 1 - 1959, che d p Batixta sup do, nuoc C o n g hoa Cuba ra d o i do

dan b i n h q u a n ciia cac nuoc M i L a t i n h la 5,5%. G D P n a m 1960 la 69 t i 400 tri?u

P h i d e n Catxtoro d u n g d a u . Cach m a n g Cuba thang I p i la la c6 dau thuc day

USD, den n a m 1979 len den 599 t i 300 tri?u USD.

p h o n g trao giai p h o n g dan tpc 6 M i L a t i n h .
7fi7


I o n g cung 81 chien sT ve nuoc phat d p n g nhan dan d a u t r a n h v u trang lat d o

T r o n g thap nien 80 cua t h e ' k i XX, nhieu nuoc M i L a t i n h r o i vao t i n h trang

Iche'dp dpc tai.

suy thoai k i n h te nang ne, lam phat tang nhanh, k h i i n g hoang t r a m trpng, nq)

G i u a n a m 1958, nghia quan tan cong hau khap cac m a t tran, giai p h o n g

nuoc ngoai chong chat, dan den nhCrng bien d p n g ve c h i n h t r i .
Sau that bai t r o n g v u tranh chap chu q u y e n quan dao M a n v i n a t v o i A n h

I dupe n h i e u thanh p h o va v u n g nong thon r p n g Ion. C u o i n a m 1958, nghia

(thang 4-1982), che'dg dpc tai bj lat do 6 Achentina, m a dau qua t r i n h dan sir

quan chiem d u p e phao dai Xanta Clava, an n g i i thu do Lahabana. N g a y 31 - 12
. 1958, ten dpc tai Batixta chay tro'n ra nuoc ngoai..

hoa c h i n h q u y e n o hang loat nuoc M i L a t i n h khac: Bolivia (1982), Braxin

N g a y 1 - 1 - 1959, che'dp Batixta syp do, nuoc C p n g hoa Cuba ra d o i do
Ijphiden Catxtoro d u n g d a u .

- Buoc sang thap nien 90, nen k i n h te M i L a t i n h c6 chuyen bien tich cue hem.
ha x u o n g con d u o i 30%/nam, m p t so n u o c dat m u c If

J,

T r u n g H o a D a n quo'e n h u Mehico; 4,4%, Bolivia: 4,45%, Chile 4,6%,... dau t u

'

T i 1^ lam phat dugc

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(1985), H a i t i (1986), Chile (1988), En Xamvado (1989) va U r u g o a y (1989).

* Y nghia lich sie:

Thang I p i ciia each m a n g Cuba da chain d u t ach t h o n g t r j cua chu nghia

thyc dan m o i , gianh dpc lap eho dat nuoc.

nuoc ngoai vao M I L a t i n h v o i khoi l u ^ n g Ion: 68 t i USD (1993) va tren 70 ti

Cupe each m a n g Cuba d i vao Ijch s u n h u "la co d a u " cua p h o n g trao giai

USD (1994), d u n g hang t h u hai sau D o n g A .

phong d a n tpc a M I L a t i n h , la n g u o n co via p h o n g trao giai p h o n g d a n tpc 6 M I

T u y nhien, t i n h h i n h k i n h te'ciia nhieu nuoc M i L a t i n h con gap k h o n g it kho
kh3n, m a u t h u a n xa h p i la van de noi bat, t h a m n h u n g da t r o thanh quoc nan

Latinh.

va ngan can s u phat trien k i n h te.

V n . P H O N G T R A O G I A I P H O N G D A N TQC

SAU CHIEN TRANH THE

G l 6 l THU" H A I

N o nuoc ngoai ne nang len cac nuoc MT L a t i n h ;

1 . N h u n g tien de dan tod s\ bung no va phat trien ciia phong trao giai phong

Ta

Toe do tang t r u o n g k i n h te'hang n a m g i a m siit dang ke;

dan tpc sau C h i e n tranh the gioi thu hai

s/

M a u thuan xa h p i do phan pho'i k h o n g cong bang;

up

Su phan hoa giau ngheo the hien ro net.

/g

* Nguyen nhan hung no each mqng:

ro

d. Nhung su kien chinh trong qua trinh dau tranh each mang a Cuba

om

T u n a m 1902, Tay Ban N h a phai cong nhan nen dpc lap eua Cuba, n h u n g

I

Thupe dja la n o i tap t r u n g m p i m a u thuan co ban nhat, chu yeu nhat ciia

t h o i d^i. S\f t r u o n g t h a n h cua cac dan tpc.
1

Sy that b^i cua chu nghia phat xit, sy suy yeu ciia chii nghia t u ban.

'

C h i i nghia xa h p i t r o thanh h? t h o n g the g i o i , la eho d y a eho p h o n g trao giai

p h o n g d a n tpc.

.c

tren t h y e te, Cuba lai r o i vao ach thong t r i cua MT - Tay Ban N h a (1898).

Sy I o n m^inh ciia eae l y e l u p n g dan chu, hoa b i n h va tien b p tren the gioi.

ok

Sau Chien tranh the gioi t h u hai, p h o n g trao giai p h o n g d a n toe a Cuba

2* Q u a trinh phat trien cua phong trao g i i i phong dan tpc

d a n ap p h o n g trao va thiet lap che'dp dpc tai quan su 6 Cuba.

li

fa

ce

bo

ngay cang phat trien. De ngan chan p h o n g trao ciia quan ehiing. M i t i m each

w.

N g a y 10 - 3 - 1952, Batixta l a m cupe dao chinh quan sy 6 Cuba. Sau k h i len

ww

cam quyen, Batixta giai tan Quoc h p i , xoa bo H i e n phap tien bp, earn cac dang
phai c h i n h t r i hoat d p n g va tan sat h o n 20.000 chien sT yeu n u a c . . .

ij:

D u o i ach t h o n g t r j ciia che d p dpc tai Batixta, nhan dan Cuba k h o n g the
chju d u n g d u p e d o i ngheo, k h o cue va l a m than, hp da n o i day d a u t r a n h .
* Dien bien:
Cupe dau t r a n h chong che d p dpc tai than M I o Cuba b i i n g no va k h o n g
n g i r n g phat trien. N g a y 26 - 7 - 1953, 135 thanh nien yeu nude d o Phiden

Tir nSm 1945 den nSm 1949: sy b i i n g no va phat trien ciia p h o n g trao giai

p h o n g d a n tpc 6 cac thupe dja, chii yeu 6 m p t so nude D o n g N a m A . D o la
19\^ng I p i ciia each m ^ n g Vi?t N a m , Lao, Campuchia, hidonexia (1945); thSng
Jd ciia each m g n g A n D p (1947); t h i n g I p i ciia each m g n g T r u n g Quoc (1949)...

T u nSm 1949 d e n nSm 1954: p h o n g trao giai p h o n g d a n tpc tiep tyc va gianh
i n g I p i 6 chau A . D o la t h i n g I p i ciia cupe khang chien chong t h y c dan Phap
• Vi?t N a m , Lao, Campuchia (1945 - 1954); t h i n g I p i ciia chien d j c h D i ^ n Bien
i i i 6 V i ^ t N a m n a m 1954 da co tae d y n g thiic day p h o n g trao giai p h o n g d a n
: 6 chau Phi phat trien m a n h me.

Catxtoro l a n h dao tan cong vao phao dai Mocada. Cupe k h o i nghia k h o n g

T u nSm 1954 den n a m 1960: p h o n g trao phat trien o chau Phi va k h u v y c

thanh, nhieu n g u a i bj sat hai, Phiden Catxtoro c i i n g n h i e u d o n g chi ciia ong bj

|iatinh. D o la t h i n g I p i ciia each m^ing A n g i e r i (1954); t h i n g I p i ciia each m^ing

cam t i l . K h i ra t i i , Phiden sang Mehico chuan bj lue l u p n g . D e n euoi n a m 1956,

-uba (1959); t h i n g I p i eiia each m^ng N a m Phi t r o n g s y nghi?p chong chii

268


nghla p h a n bi?t c h i i n g tQc (1960). Dac biet 6 chau Phi, n a m 1960, l i c h six ggi la

W

d u g c tap h g p lai, d u g c giao due, y thuc giai cap, y t h i i e d a n tgc d u g c nang len.

" n a m chau P h i " v o l 17 quoc gia gianh doc lap.

H

D o do, hg la n h u n g giai cap thuc t i n h sam nhat, each m a n g nhat.

T u n a m 1960 den n a m 1975: tiep tuc d a n h bai chu nghla t h u c d a n cu va tieh

m

H a n nua, sau Chie'n tranh the gioi t h u hai, k h u v u e A, Phi, MT L a t i n h la n o i

len dau t r a n h chong chu nghla thuc dan m o i . D o la thang Igi ciia each mang

I

t i p t r u n g n h u n g m a u t h u a n gay gMt nhat ciia t h a i d a i : m a u t h u a n giCra nong

EHopi (1974), cua each m a n g Modambi'ch, A n g g o l a (1975); thang Igi ciia hang

I

dan v o i dja chii p h o n g kie'n; m a u thuan giua cong nhan v o i giai cap t u san;
mau t h u a n giCra de'quoc v o i de'quoc; m a u thuan g i u a chii nghla xa h g i v o i chii

m o i ciia M i . Dac biet la thang Igi ciia nhan dan Viet N a m t r o n g cugc dau tranh

nghla t u ban. Cac m a u thuan nay da hoa q u y ^ n vao n h a u , l a m cho k h u v u c t r o

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loat nuoc a Mi L a t i n h t r o n g s u nghi^p dau tranh chong c h u nghla thuc dan
chong M l c i i u nuoc (1975).

thanh khau yeu nhat ciia chii nghla de'quoc, tao t h o i co t h u a n Igi cho cugc dau

T u n a m 1975 den n a m 1999: hoan thanh co ban s u nghi?p dau tranh giai

tranh giai p h o n g d a n tgc. C h i n h n h i r n g m a u t h u a n nay da loi c u o n tat ca cac

p h o n g dan tgc. Sau thang Igi cua cugc T o n g tien cong va n o i day m u a Xuan

;tang l o p nhan d a n thugc dja t h a m gia vao cugc dau tranh gianh dgc lap, tao

n a m 1975, h a u het cac n u o c a M I L a t i n h dau tranh gianh dgc lap d a n tgc.

nen sue m a n h chie'n thang chii nghla thuc dan.

c) Trong phong trdo giai phong dan tgc sau Chien tranh the giai thu hai, xu

3. N h u n g dac d i e m cua p h o n g trao g i a i p h o n g dan tpc

a) Phong trao giai phong dan toe phdt trim cd chieu rgng va chieu sdu, gianh

the tang cuang dodn kei, thong nhat hdnh dong dau tranh chong chu nghta de

nhung thang Iqn to Ion va c6 tinh quyet djnh Idm thay doi bg mat hdnh tinh.

quoc, chu nghta thuc dan ngdy cdngphdt

Sau Chien t r a n h the g i o i t h u hai, p h o n g trao dau t r a n h giai p h o n g dan tgc

'nay. Sy doan ket, t h o n g nhat trong hanh d o n g chong de'quoc t r o n g t h a i k i nay

Ta

b i i n g phat d tat ca cac chau luc c6 thuc dan chie'm dong. Cugc dau t r a n h chong

da v u g t k h c i k h u o n k h o dan tgc, k h o n g con t i n h chat eye bg ma m a n g t i n h

up

s/

t h y c d a n k h o n g con ciia rieng ai, no da t r o thanh Ian song d g i t u chau A sang
chau Phi den chau M I L a t i n h , c u o n theo va n h a n c h i m toan bg h ^ thong thugc

d e u la ke t h i i c h u n g ciia cac dan tgc.

/g

Cugc dau t r a n h cua nhan d a n chau A, Phi, M i L a t i n h k h o n g con d u n g lai 6

H a n nCra, sau Chien t r a n h the g i o i t h i i hai, t r u a c p h o n g trao dau t r a n h

om

cai t h i f n d o i song, bao t o n va phat trien van hoa dan tgc, n o i r g n g q u y e n kinh

m ^ n h me ciia cac d a n tgc, cac nuoc de quoc tang c u o n g cau ket v o i nhau, s i i

.c

d o a n h cho giai cap t u san... ma no da len den d i n h cao la d o i dgc lap hoan

d v n g chii nghla thuc dan de can t h i ^ p vao noi bg cac nuoc. V i vay, luc l u g n g

ok

toan, t r a t h a n h m g t chii the c h i n h trj ngang bang v o i cac n u o c thuc d a n tren

each m a n g ciia cac n u o c thugc dja can phai tap h g p lai de chong chii nghla

bo

t r u o n g quoc te.

t h u c dan.

ce

Phong trao giai p h o n g d a n tgc sau Chien t r a n h the g i o i t h u hai da m o ra

d) Trong cugc dau tranh gidnh dgc lap, cac dan tgc thugc dia sic dung cac hinh

fa

m g t t h a i dai m o i " t h a i dai ciia chu nghla t h v c d a n va chii nghla de quoc cham

thiic dau tranh phong phii, da dang khong bo ggn vao mgt hinh thiic nha't dinh.

w.

d u t va m g t t h a i dai m o i d u g c m o ra - t h o i dai dgc lap va c u n g t o n tai hoa binh

T i i y hoan canh ciia t i r n g quoc gia m a cac dan tgc thugc dia v a n d u n g h i n h

ww

giCra cac n u o c c6 che d g xa h g i khac n h a u " .

chat toan cau, k h o n g chi n h a m chong lai m g t c u o n g quoc ma chong lai toan bg
chii nghla t h u c d a n n o i chung. Boi v i , chii nghla de'quoc, c h u nghia thuc dan

ro

dia cua chii nghla t h y c dan.

trim.

Day la dac d i e m n o i bat ciia p h o n g trao giai p h o n g d a n tgc t r o n g t h a i k i

b) Sau Chien tranh the giai thu: hai, phong trdo giai phong dan tgc, vai tro

Ithuc dau t r a n h cho p h i i hgp. V i dy, h i n h thiic dau t r a n h v u trang, k h a n g chien

vd su thitc tinh cua cac dan tgc thugc dia tra thdnh net noi bat, trong do, c6 su

h h u each m a n g T r u n g Quoc, A n g i e r i ; dau tranh v u trang ket h g p v a i dau tranh

thiic tinh cua cong nong Id chu yeu.

c h i n h t r j , d a u t r a n h ngoai giao n h u each m a n g Vi^t N a m , L a o . . ; d i e u d i n h

T r u d c Chie'n t r a n h the g i a i t h u hai, tham gia p h o n g trao giai p h o n g d a n tgc

t h u o n g l u g n g , thoa hi?p n h u nhieu nuoc o chau Phi; dau t r a n h o n hoa n h u A n

chu yeu la cac tang lop tren n h u t r i thuc, t u san, tieu t u san, cac s i n h vien, hgc

D p ; v u a v u trang, d u k i c h v u a dieu d i n h n h u Indonexia; bai cong va via trang

sinh. Sau Chie'n t r a n h the g i o i t h u hai, phong trao da t h u h u t d o n g dao q u a "

^nhu cac nude M i L a t i n h .

c h i i n g nhan d a n ma t r u o c het la quan c h i i n g cong nong. Day la n h u n g giai cap
d o n g dao nhat, bj ap biic boc Igt nang ne nha't, n h u n g d e n t h o i d i e m nay ho

•

T u cac h i n h thuc dau tranh da dang do, nen eac con d u o n g gianh dgc ciia

sy l i n g hp ca ve vat cha't va t i n h than t u phia cac luc I u p n g tie'n bp tren the g i o i .

So d o n g cac quoc gia d i theo con d u o n g dau t r a n h giai p h o n g d a n tQC do

Chang han, n h u n g cuoc bieu t i n h ngoai d u o n g pho ciia nhan d a n M I t r o n g

giai cap t u san l a n h dao, sau k h i gianh dgc lap da lua chgn con d u o n g phat

n h i m g nam 1965 den n h u n g nam 70 nham chong lai hanh d p n g xam lupc ciia de

trien theo d i n h h u o n g chu nghla t u ban.

quoc M I doi v o i cac nuoc thupc dja, nha't la cupe chien tranh xam lupc V i ^ t N a m .

M p t so n u o c tie'n hanh da'u tranh giai p h o n g dan tpc d u o i s u lanh d^o cua

T r o n g t h o i k i Chien t r a n h lanh, cac dan tpc A , Phi, M I L a t i n h da nhan d u p e

c h i n h dang giai cap v 6 san b i n g da'u tranh v u trang gianh dpc lap, sau d o tie'n

sy g i u p d o tan t i n h , sau sac ciia dang, chinh phii, cac to chuc xa h p i , quan

len xay d u n g chu nghia xa h p i n h u Vi?t N a m , T r u n g Quoc, C u b a . . .

c h i i n g va toan the cac tang lop nhan dan 6 cac nuoc xa h p i chii nghia. H ?

M p t so n u o c d u p e sy hau thuan, g i u p d o cua Lien X6 va cac n u o c xa h p i

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I thong xa h p i chii nghia the g i o i k h o n g chi la cho d u a v u n g chae ve t i n h than

chu nghia, bang k h o i nghia v u trang, khang chien gianh dpc lap, b u a c vao thoi

jpho cac dan tpc d a n g da'u tranh giai phong, ma c h i n h cac n u o c xa h p i chii

k i xay d y n g da't n u o c theo d i n h h u o n g phat trien xa h p i chu nghia n h u Etiopi,

lighia s u d u n g triet de cac d i e n dan quoc t e ' ( n h u Lien h p p quoc) de to cao chii

Anggola, M o d a m b i c h . . .
e) Tit nam

1947,

cugc Chien tranh

Phong trdo giai phong dan toe dim

lanh bung phat trong

ra trong khudn khocuge

the giai hai
ehien tranh

nghia t h y c dan, d u a ra n h u n g sang kien, n h u n g yeu cau phi t h y c dan hoa de

cue.

cac to chuc quoc te t h o n g qua, tao co so phap ly cho cupe da'u t r a n h eiia nhan

nay.

dan A , Phi, M I L a t i n h . D i e n h i n h la " T u y e n ngon ehii nghia thuc dan, trao tra

H a i eye X 6 - M i , hai k h o i D o n g - Tay ngay cang cang thSng. Phong trao giai

dpc lap cho cac quoc gia, dan tpc thupc d i a " (nam 1960) va " T u y e n ngon ve t h i i

p h o n g d a n tpc b} chi p h o i b o i hai eye, do do, cupe da'u t r a n h g i a n h dpc l ^ p ciia

; tieu hoan toan cac h i n h thuc ciia che'dp phan biet c h i i n g tpc" (nam 1963), d u p e

cac d a n tpc t r o nen p h u c tap, t h a m chi k h o khan. Cupe C h i e n t r a n h l a n h bat

n h o m cac n u o c xa h p i chii nghia d u a ra tai D a i h p i d o n g L i e n hi^p quoc va

dau tix n a m 1947 keo dai deh n a m 1989, k h o n g d u n g lai 6 bien g i o i MR va Lien

dupe thong qua. N h a n dan cac n u o c A , Phi, M I L a t i n h eon nhan d u p e so i u p n g

g) Cugc dau tranh ddi dgc lap vekinh

up

p h o n g d a n tpc vao v o n g quay cua no. 6 nhieu k h u v y c A , Phi, M i L a t i n h , Lien

J, I o n thuoc m e n , d o d i m g , l u o n g thuc, siing dan Kr cac n u d e xa h p i c h i i nghia.

s/

h o a . . . l o i keo cac n u o c m o i giai p h o n g va ca cac n u o c d a n g da'u t r a n h de giai

Ta

X6 ma no bao t r u m ca the g i o i , dien ra tren cac ITnh v y c k i n h te, c h i n h t r j , van

ro

/g

om

.c

dan cac n u o c nay. C u n g c h i n h v i the ma cupe da'u t r a n h d o i g i a m n p , xoa n p
jOia cac n u o c ngheo d o i v o i cac n u o c giau d a n g dien ra. Cupe da'u tranh cho sy
b i n h dang ve k i n h te dat ra ngay cang quye't l i ^ t , eon d u o n g d i t o i s y p h o n

ok

h i n h nay l a m cho k h u v y c A, Phi, M i L a t i n h ngay cang t r o nen cang t h i m g .

bo

v i n h ve k i n h te'6 the g i o i t h u ba eon dai va day kho k h a n . Mae d a u vay, b u o c

K h i Chien t r a n h lanh ket thiic, sy doi dau giOa hai eye k h o n g con n u a t h i

ce

vao thap nien 70 eiia the k i X X cho den nay, nhieu dan tpc da giai quye't tirUi

n h u n g cupe x u n g d p t k h u v y c va cupe chien tranh gianh dpc lap cung dupe

fa

Irang d o i ngheo kha thanh cong, n h u n h i i n g "eon r o n g " ehau A va nhieu n u o c

w.

giai quye't theo q u a n d i e m eiia t h o i k i hau Chien t r a n h l a n h .

ww

fi Sau Chien tranh the giai thii hai, phong trao giai phong dan tgc gan
vai su ung hg cua phong trao cgng san, phong trao cong nhan vd cac luc
tieh bg tren the

dang buoc vao t h o i k i cat canh n h u Thai Lan, M a l a i x i a . . . N h i e u n u o c " n e n

lien

:6ng nghiep m o i " xuat hi?n n h u H a n Quoc, Xingapo, D a i Loan,

Ittqng

T u y nhien, n h i e u dan tpc eon kho khan dang tran t r o t i m cho m i n h m p t

C h i e n t r a n h the g i o i t h i i hai ket thiie, the g i o i dien tie'n theo m p t chieu

»u6ng d i len phu h p p . C u o i thap k i 80 eiia t h e ' k i XX t r o d i , n h i e u n u o c A , Phi,

h u o n g m o i , n h u n g nhan to t h u a n I p i cho cupe da'u tranh de d i t o i m y c tieu cua

Ai L a t i n h t h y c hi?n c h i n h sach m o cua, da dang hoa. D o n g t h o i cac n u o c A ,

t h o i dai (hoa b i n h , dpc lap dan tpc, dan chu va tieh bp xa hpi) xuat h i f n . T r o n g

' h i , M I L a t i n h c u n g d a n g da'u t r a n h d o i h o i m p t san choi b i n h dMng t r o n g quan

hoan canh ay, p h o n g trao epng san, cong nhan phat trien m a n h , cac l y c k u p n g

I? k i n h te'quo'e te.

tie'n bp tren the g i o i dupe tap h p p Igi ngay cang d o n g dao, boat d p n g chong
A, Phi, M l L a t i n h t r o n g qua t r i n h da'u tranh giai p h o n g d a n tpc da n h ^ n dupe

Braxin,

klehieo, Achentina, N a m P h i . . .

giai.

chien tranh, v i hoa b i n h a i a loai n g u o i tie'n bp ngay cang soi d p n g . N h a n dan

me

c h i n h t r i , n h u n g t i n h t r a n g d o i ngheo con la ganh nang ciia c h i n h phii va n h a n

bp de chong lai cac the l y c d e q u o c t h y c dan cung tay sai ciia c h i i n g . T r o n g k h i

v a tay sai n h S m d u y t r i ach thupc dja d u o i nhieu h i n h t h u c khac n h a u . T i n h

trim manh

Sau C h i e n t r a n h the g i o i t h u hai, nhieu quoc gia da g i a n h d u p e dpc lap

X6 va cac n u o c xa h p i chu nghia d u n g ve phia nhan d a n va cac l y c i u p n g tieh

do. M l va cac n u o c d o n g m i n h cua M I lai u n g hp cac the l y c t h y c dan, d e q u o c

tephdt

. Dac diem ciia phong trao giai phong dan tpc d D o n g N a m A
f

ik.

D i e n ra cupe da'u tranh giai p h o n g dan tpc va giai p h o n g giai cap r p n g I o n .
271

do lam bd chu todn cdu cua MI, Id nguon covii mqnh me dot vai cuoc dau tranh chong

CuQC d a u t r a n h d o giai cap v 6 san hoac giai cap t u san l a n h d a o : h i n h t h u c

chu nghia thuc dan mat cua cac dan toe.

d a u tranh p h o n g p h i i , da dgng, quye't l i ^ t .

T h i n g I p i ciia n h a n d a n ta, that bai dequo'c M I da tac d p n g m a n h den t i n h

D o n g N a m A h i n h t h a n h hai n h o m nuoc khac n h a u t r o n g q u a t r i n h da'u

h i n h n u o c M I va the'gioi nhat la d o i v a i p h o n g trao giai p h o n g dan tpc.

t r a n h gianh dpc l ^ p .

T h i n g I p i d o " M a i m a i d u p e g h i vao lich s u ciia d a n tpc ta m p t t r o n g n h i r n g

5. V a i tro va v j t r i a i a p h o n g trao g i i i p h o n g dan tpc V i ^ t N a m d o i v 6 i the g i o i

trang choi I p i nhat, m p t bieu t u p n g sang n g o i ve sif toan t h i n g ciia chii nghia

tien

anh h i i n g each m a n g va t r i tu$ con n g u o i va d i vao Ijch s u t h e ' g i o i n h u m p t

thanh cong duai su lanh dqo cua chinh dang giai cap v6 san, gap phan ma ra thai k]

chie'n cong v l d a i ciia t h e ' k i XX, m p t sy k i ^ n c6 t a m q u a n t r p n g quoc te'to Ion

tan ra cua chu nghta thuc dan tren the giai.

va CO t i n h t h o i d g i sau sic".

Cach m g n g thang T a m 6 Vi?t N a m thanh cong c h u n g to rang, t r o n g t h o i d a i
ngay nay, m p t cupc each m a n g d a n tpc d a n chu n h a n d a n d o g i a i cap c o n g
n h a n l a n h dao c6 kha nSng t h i n g Ipi 6 m p t nuoc thupc d j a .

y i l . M I , T A Y A U , N H A T B A N T l / N A M 1945 D E N N A M 2000

^

i.Nu6cMT

5

;

Thang I p i cua Cach m a n g thang T a m da gop p h a n chie'n t h a n g c h u nghTa

Ta
s/

bien, chie'm 3/4 trir l u p n g v a n g the g i o i . . .

ro

T h i n g I p i t r o n g chien djch D i ^ n Bien Phu da m o ra m p t k i n g u y e n m o i , k i

om

/g

n g u y e n cac d a n tpc thupc dja v i i n g len d a n h d o chu n g h i a de q u o c , c h u n g h i a

.c

t h y c dan de g i a n h lay q u y e n song, quyen l a m n g u o i cua m i n h .

ok

T h i n g I p i ciia chien d j c h D i ? n Bien Phu c6 tac d y n g d p n g v i e n , c6 via cae

bo

d a n tpc bj ap buc, tao ra n i e m t i n v 6 bien ve t h i n g I p i t r o n g cupc d a u t r a n h

ce

chong c h i i nghia t h y c dan.

fa

C h i e n t h i n g D i ^ n Bien Phu d u p e coi n h u la moc m o d a u q u a t r i n h p h a san

w.

cua chu nghia t h y c d a n tren p h a m v i toan the g i a i .

ww

D i ^ n Bien P h u da d e m l ^ i cho p h o n g trao giai p h o n g d a n tpc n u a sau the k i
XX n h u n g bai hpc k i n h n g h i f m q u y gia t r o n g sxf n g h i ^ p d a u t r a n h giai p h o n g
k h o i ach t h o n g t r j cua chu nghia de quoc. D i ^ n Bien P h u c h u n g m i n h m p t each

1945^

n g h i # p tang 27% so v o i t r u o c chien tranh. M I eo h o n 50% tau be d i lai tren

up

thuoc dja trong viec ddnh bqi chit nghia thuc dan.

tit nam

cong n g h i e p chie'm h o n m p t n u san l u p n g toan the g i o i . San l u p n g n o n g

tiep va rat to I o n d e n hai d a n tpc ban la M i e n va Lao".
toe

phat trim kinh teciuim

h i ? n : T o n g san p h a m quoc d a n tang b i n h q u a n hang n 5 m la 9%. San l u p n g

m a n h me cac d a n tpc thupc dja d a u tranh t u giai p h o n g , "c6 a n h h u o n g t r u e

cdo chung cua chu nghia thuc dan cu tren the giai, xdc nhan kha ndng cua cac dan

chinh visu

Sau Chie'n t r a n h t h e ' g i o i t h u hai, nen k i n h t e ' M I phat trien m a n h me. Bieu

he t h o n g thupc dja ciia chu nghia de quoc, gop p h a n l a m suy y e u c h i i n g , c6 v u

su

a.NhiatgnH

* Su phdt trim kinh tecua Mi sau Chien tranh the giai thie hai

phat x i t t r o n g C h i e n t r a n h the g i a i t h u hai, da chpc t h u n g k h a u y e u n h a t t r o n g

Chien thang Dien Bien Phu nam 1954 la "moc lich su bang vdng", ma dau cho

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Cdch mang thdng Tdm nSm 1945 Id cuoc cdch mang giai phong dan toe dau

T r o n g k h o a n g 20 n a m sau chien tranh, M I t r o thanh t r u n g tam k i n h te - tai

chinh Ian nhat the'gioi.
* Nguyen

nhan:

Lanh tho M I rpng Ion, tai nguyen thien nhien phong p h u , k h i hau kha thuan Ipi.
M I CO n g u o n n h a n l y e d o i dao, t r i n h d p k l thuat cao, nSng d p n g , sang tao.
M I t h a m gia chie'n t r a n h t h e ' g i o i t h u hai m u p n h o n , t o n that it h o n so v a i
n h i e u n u a c khac. H a n nira, M I con I p i d y n g chien t r a n h de l a p giau, t h u I p i
n h u $ n t u b u o n ban v i j k h i .
M l la nuoc k h o i dau cupc each mang khoa hpc - k l thuat h i ^ n d^u ciia the'gioi.
T r i n h d p tap t r u n g t u ban va san xua't 6 M I rat cao.
Cac c h i n h sach va hoat d p n g dieu tie't ciia N h a n u o c d i n g c6 vai tro q u a n
t r p n g thiic d a y k i n h t e ' M I phat trien.

h i i n g h o n cho chan l i cua t h a i dai ngay nay rang, m p t d a n tpc d i i n h j , k h i da

* Sugidm

doan ket d u n g len theo m p t d u o n g l o i d u n g d i n cho dpc lap t u d o f ' l i d u kha

N a m 1973, d o tac d p n g ciia cupc k h i i n g hoang nang l u p n g t h e ' g i o i , k i n h te

nSng chien t h i n g d p i q u a n x a m lupc cua chu nghia de quoc, c h u n g h i a t h y c

te'Mi:

M I l a m vao m p t cupc k h i i n g hoang va suy thoai, keo d a i t o i n 5 m 1982.
T u nSm 1983 t r o d i , k i n h t e ' M I p h y c hoi va phat t r i e n t r d lai, n h u n g cung

d a n h u n g h a n nhat.
Thhg

Slit vekinh

/(ri cua cuoc khdng chien chong Mt cini nuac nSm 1975 da dap tan cuoc

chi a toe d p t r u n g b i n h so v a i Tay A u va N h a t Ban. T u y v a n la n u o c d u n g dau

phan kich Ian nhai cua dequo'c Mi vdo life luang cdch mang the giai, phd tan phong

the'gioi ve sue m a n h k i n h te - tai c h i n h , n h u n g t i t r p n g ciia k i n h lelAi

tuyen ngSn chan chu nghta cong sdn cua Mi a Dong Nam A, gop phan dap tan

n h i e u so v o i t r u o c .

muu

g i a m siit
275


CtyTNHHMTV

* Su phuc hoi kinli tcMT trong thap ki 90

PWH Khang ^i^t

Buoc vao nhung nam dau tien cua thap nien 90, kinh te'MT lai lam vao mpt

trudc phong trao dau

De thyc hi^n cac myc tieu chien lupc

dgt suy thoai n l n g ne. Tuy nhien, trong hai nhi^m k i cam quyen ctia Tong

tranh ciia nhan dan

tren day, chinh sach co ban ciia M I la

thong B. Clin-ton (tu thang 1-1993 den thang 1 - 2001), kinh t e ' M i da c6 sy

Ml,

chinh sach doi

phyc hoi va phat trien tro lai. M i van la nude c6 nen kinh te hang dau the gioi.

dua vao sue manh, trudc het la sue

npi

ciia

manh quan sy va kinh te.

GDP aia M i nam 2000 la 9765 ti USD, binh quan GDP dau nguoi la
34600USD. Nuoc M i tao ra 25% tong san pham ciia toan the gioi ya c6 vai tro
mai The gioi (MTO, Ngan hang The gioi (MB), quy Tien t^ Quoc te (IM)...

b. Thanh tvtu khoa hgc - ki thuat cua Mi tit nam 1945 den 2000
M l la mpt trong nhiing nude d i dau trong eac ITnh vuc che'tao eong eu san

2)1973-1991

xuat moi (may tinh di^n tu, may t u dpng), vat li^u mai (polime, vat li^u tong
hgp); nang lugng moi (nang lugng nguyen tu, nhiet hach); san xuat vu khi
(bom nguyen tu, bom khinh khi, ten liia dan dao); chinh phuc v i i tru (dua
nguoi len Mat trang nam 1969, tham hiem sao Hoa), va di dau cupc "each
mang xanh" trong nong nghi^p v.v... Nhiing thanh tyxi do khong chi thiic day

Ta

kinh te M l phat trien, ma con c6 anh huong Ion tren toan the gioi.

up
ro

* Nguyen nhan cm su phat trien:

/g

Trong va sau Chien tranh the gidi thu hai, nhieu nha khoa hpc noi tiehg cua the

om

gidi da di cu sang NC. Chinh phii M I cd chinh sach thu hut cac nha khoa hoc.

.c

Chinh phii M i dau t u cho giao dye va nghien euu khoa hpc d M i rat Idn.

ok

c. Nhiing net chinh trong chinh sdch dot ngi va dot ngoai cua Mi tic nam

nhirng nam 70, nude

ce

toan eau vdi 3 muc tieu chii yeu:

M l da trai qua 5 ddi

Mot la, ngan chan, day liii va tien

tong thong, moi tong

tdi tieu d i f t hoan toan chii nghia xa

thong deu dua ra mpt

hpi tren the gidi.

chuong trinh cai each
nhimg van de xa hpi.
Mat khae, trong boi

276

Thang 3 - 1947, M I de ra chien lupc

fa

den dau

w.

T u 1945

Chinh sach doi ngo^i

ww

1) 1945 -1973

Chinh sach doi npi

bo

1945 dm nam 2000
Giai do^n

s/

Tir nam 1973 den nam 2000, thanh tyoi khoa hpc k l thuat eiia M i tiep tyc
phat trien manh me.

Hai la, dan ap phong trao chong
tranh chien, v i hoa binh, dan chii tren

the gidi.

canh ciia Chien tranh

Ba la, khong che^ chi phoi cac nude

lanh, cung nhu dung

tu ban dong minh phy thuQC vao M I .

chinh

quyen M i la tap trung

Thang 6 - 1947, M I da khdi xudng

duy tri, bao v^ va

Chien tranh lanh tren pham v i the

phat trien che do t u

gidi va true tiep hoac gian tiep gay ra

ban M l .

nhieu cuoe chien tranh bao loan d

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chi phoi trong hau het cac to chiic kirth te - tai chinh quoc t e n h u to chiic Thuong

cac

Tir

nam

den

Sau khi bi that bai d Viet Nam

nam 1991, nude M I

(1975), cac chinh quyen M i van tiep

da trai qua 4 ddi tong

tyc trien khai chien lupc toan eau va

thong, t u G. Pho den

theo dudi Chien tranh lanh. Dae bi^t

G. Buso (cha). Sy that

vdi hpc thuyet Rigan va chien lupc

bai trong cupc chien

"Doi dau trye tiep", M I tang cudng

tranh Vi^t Nam da

chay dua v i i trang, can thi^p vao cac

tac

eong vi?c qude t e d hau het eac dja ban

dpng

1974

nhieu noi tren the'gidi.

Idn

den

nude M I .

chien luae va diem ndng tren the gidi.

Thang 9 -1974, Tong

Tir giira nhiing nam 80, M I va Lien

thong G. Pho da ra

X6 deu dieu chinh chinh sach doi

lenh ah xa cho cyu

ngoai. Xu hudng ddi ngoai va hoa

Tong thong Niehxon

hoan ngay cang chiem uu the tren

(vi ty Oatoghet), khoan

the gidi.

hong doi vdi nhiing
ngudi

dao

ngu

Thang 12 - 1989, M I va Lien Xd da

va

chinh thiie tuyen bo' cham diit Chien

tro'n tranh quan djch

tranh lanh, m d ra thdi ki m d i tren

trong thai ki chien

trudng quoc te. Cimg vdi dieu dd. M i

tranh Vi?t Nam.

va cac nude phuang Tay cung ra sue
tac dpng vao qua trinh khiing hoang,
dan den sy syp dd ciia C N X H d eac
nude Dong A u va Lien Xd (1989 1991). M I cung da gianh dupe thang
Ipi trong cupc chien tranh vung V}nh
chdng Irae (1990-1991).


3Si du0ng MSG Ljch 5i} 12 - Th». Tnfong N^pc Thai

Chinh quyen B. Clinton
" C O g i n g ling dyng

ket thiic, trat t\ the gioi moi chua

ba

gia trj: co hpi,

djnh hinh, 6 thap nien 90 M i da trien

trach nhi^m va cpng

khai chien lupc "Cam ket va mo

dong

rpng" voi ba try cpt chinh la:

vupt

qua

nhCrng thu thach".
Theo

do,

chinh

rpng

thj

truong va tap trung

Nhat Ban, tu 1973 nhieu nuoc tu ban chii yeu o Tay A u bi lam vao khiing hoang

trien tinh nang dpng va sue manh

va suy thoai hoac phat trien khong on djnh keo dai den dau thap nien 90.

nen kinh te'NC.

dong thoi doi hoi vi^c

nuoc ngoai nhu mpt cong cy can

nang cao trach nhi^m

thiep vao cong vi?c npi bp ciia cac

cua moi ca nhan, ciia

nuoc khac.

va

Do tac dpng ciia cupc khiing hoang nang lupng the gioi, ciang nhu M i va

Tang cuong khoi phuc va phat

Su dung khau hi^u "dan chii" o

phu

y.v... deu co nen khoa hoc - ki thuat phat trien cao, hien dai.

chien dau cao.

dau t u cho con ngudi;

chinh

Idnh te - tai chinh Ion ciia the'giai (cung vai M i va Nhat Ban). Cac nuoc t u ban
jchii yeu 6 Tay A u n h u Anh, Phap, CHLB Due, Italia, Thuy Dien, Phan Lan

lupng quan sy manh va s i n sang

hpi them nhieu vi^c
mo

Tu dau thap nien 70 tro d i , Tay Au da tro thanh mpt trong ba trung tarn

Bao dam an ninh voi mpt lye

quyen c6' gang tao co
lam,

* Tif nam 1973 den nam 1991

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de

Dieu dang chii y la qua trinh lien ket khu vyc 6 Tay A u ngay cang dien ra
manh me voi su hinh thanh Cpng dong kinh te chau A u (EEC - 1957), sau tro
thanh Cpng dong chau A u (EC -1967).

Trong bo'i canh Chien tranh lanh

Tuy van la mpt trong ba trung tam kinh te - tai chinh lan ciia the gioi,
ung kinh te t u ban chii nghla o Tay A u gap khong it kho khan: Su phat trien
uong dien ra xen ke voi khiing hoang, suy thoai va lam phat, that nghi^p.
ay A u luon gap phai sy canh tranh quyet li^t t u phia M i , Nhat Ban va cac
udc cong nghiep moi (NiCs). Qua trinh "lien hop hoa" Tay A u trong khuon

ciia

o ciia cpng dong chau A u (EC) van con nhieu kho khan va tro ngai.

Ta

3) 1991 - 2000

s/

toan xa hpi tren co so

up

doan ket cpng dong

ro

gia dinh, lang gieng,

Buoc vao dau thap nien 90, nen kinh te nhieu nuoc Tay A u da trai qua mpt
pt suy thoai ngan.

/g

dan tpc.

* Tit nam 1991 den nam 2000

Tu khoang 1994 tro di, kinh te Tay A u da bat dau phuc hoi va phat trien tro

a. Khdi qudt su phdt trim kinh te ciia cac nuoc Tay Au tit nam 1945 den

Igi. Nam 2000, muc tang truong ciia kinh te'Phap la 3,4%, Anh la 3,1%, Due la

.c

om

2. Tay A u

ok

nam 2000

bo

* Tit mm 1945 den nam 1950

ce

Chien tranh the gioi thu hai da de lai cho cac nuoc Tay A u nhieu hau qua

fa

nang ne. Nhieu thanh pho, nha may, ben cang, khu cong nghi^p, duong giao

w.

thong bj tan pha. Hang tri^u nguoi chet, mat tich hoac h\n phe. Nuoc Due

ww

con bj luc lupng Dong minh chie'm dong va chia cat. 6 Phap, nam 1945 san
xuat cong nghi^p chi bang 38% va nong nghi^p chi bang 50% so vol nam 1938;
Italia ton that khoang 1/3 ciia cai quoc gia.
Tuy nhien, voi sy co gang ciia tung buoc va vi^n trp ciia MT trong khuon
kho "Ke hoach Macsan", den khoang nam 1950, nen kinh te ciia hau het cac

nuoc t u ban Tay A u da co ban phyc hoi, dat miic truoc chien tranh.
* Tie nam 1950 den nam 1973
Sau giai doan phyc hoi (1945 - 1950), tu thap nien 50 den dau nhung nam 70,
nen kinh te'ciia cac nuoc t u ban chii yeu 6 Tay Au deu co sy phat trien nhanh.

3,0% la Italia la 2,9%. Tay A u van la mpt trong ba trung tam kinh te - tai chinh
Ion nhat the gioi. Den giua thap nien 90, chi rieng 15 nuoc thanh vien EU co so'
dan tong cpng 375 tri^u nguoi, GDP hon 7000 ti USD, chiem khoang 1/3 tong
san pham cong nghiep ciia the gioi van gan 50% gia trj xuat khau va hon 50%
cac nguon t u ban.

,

b. Chinh sdch dot ngoai a cac nuoc Tay Au tu nam 1945 den 2000
Giai doan
1) 1945

-1950

N p i dung
Lien minh chat che voi MT trong eupc Chien tranh lanh doi
dau voi Lien X6 va eac nuoc XHCN, dong thai tim each
quay tro lai cai trj cac thupc dja cia ciia minh. Nhieu nuoc
Tay A u nhu Anh, Phap, Italia, Bo Dao Nha, Bi, Ha Lan v.v...
da tham gia khoi quan sy NATO (thanh lap nam 1949) do
M l dung dau.
Phap da tien hanh xam lupc tro lai Dong Duong; Anh tro
lai Mien Di?n, Ma Lai; Ha Lan tro lai Indonexia v.v... Tren
010

Cty

2) 1950

-1973

Vi^t

D e n ngay 7 thang 12 - 1991 cac nude thanh v i e n EEC da k i tai H a Lan ban
H i ? p udc M a - a - x t r i c h (Ha Lan), ed h i ^ u lue tir 1-1-1993, d o i ten thanh Lien

diem do'i d a u a chau A u giiia hai cue X6 - M I .

m i n h chau A u (EU).

T r o n g k h u o n k h o ciia Chien tranh lanh va trat t u t h e g i o i

E U ra d d i k h o n g chi n h a m h o p tac giua cae nude t h a n h v i e n t r o n g l i n h v u c

hai cue lanta, nhieu n u o c t u ban Tay A u mpt m a t v a n tie'p

k i n h te^ tien t? ma con lien m i n h trong ITnh vue chinh trj ( n h u xac d i n h luat cong

tuc c h i n h sach lien m i n h chat che vai MT, m a t khac da no

dan chau A u , chinh sach doi ngoai va an n i n h ehung, H i e n phap chung v.v...).
d. Lien minh chau Au la. tochuc lien ket khu vuc lan nhat tren

Thang 11 - 1972, hai n u o c D u e k i " H i e p d j n h ve nhOng co

thegioi

Sau Chien t r a n h the g i d i t h u hai, cung v d i xu the toan cau hoa, k h u y n h

so ciia quan h§ giOa D o n g Due va Tay Due", theo do, C H L B

h u d n g lien ket k h u v u c eiing dien ra m a n h me tren the g i d i , ma tieu bieu la

D u e va C H D C Due cam ket ton t r o n g dpc lap va q u y e n t u

qua t r i n h h i n h thanh va phat trien ciia Lien m i n h chau A u (EU).

q u y e t cua nhau, k h o n g de doa va xam p h a m lan nhau.

T u liic m d i thanh lap (1957), Lien m i n h chau A u chi ed 6 nude, den n a m

Tie'p d o cae nude Tay A u t h a m gia D j n h u6c H e n x i n k i

1995, E U da phat trien thanh 15 nude thanh vien. D e n n a m 2004, E U ket nap

(1975) ve A n n i n h va H o p tac chau A u . T h a n g 11 - 1989, biic

them 10 nude; den nam 2007, them 2 nude niea, nang so thanh vien len 27 quoc gia.

t u o n g Beelin bj pha bo, sau do k h o n g lau, n u o c D u e da tai

E U ra d d i k h o n g chi n h a m h g p tac giua cac nude thanh vien t r o n g l i n h v y c

thong nhat(3-10-1990).

te^ tien te ma con lien m i n h trong ITnh vue chinh t r i ( n h u xac d j n h luat cong

T r o n g n a m 1991, 12 nuoc thanh v i e n EC da k i H i # p uoc

an chau A u , chinh sach d o i ngoai va an n i n h chung, Hien phap churig v.v...).

M a a x t r i c h d a n h dau buoc ehuyen t u C o n g d o n g chau A u

Ta

C h i n h v i s u ra d d i va ngay cang phat trien m a n h me n h u vay nen Lien m i n h

/g

ro

c h i n h quan t r o n g t r o n g bo'i canh Chien t r a n h lanh da ket

up

C h i n h sach d o i ngoai cua cae n u o c Tay A u c6 s u dieu

s/

(EC) sang L i e n m i n h chau A u (EU).
4) 1991 - 2000

7 / Khiin0

(thang 9-1949). Tay Due va Tay Beelin t r o t h a n h mpt tam

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-1991

MTVPV

p h a n lanh tho Tay Due da thanh lap N h a n u a c C H L B Due

luc m o rpng h o n n i i a quan he do'i ngoai.
3) 1973

TNHI/

om

thuc, trat t u t h e g i o i hai cue lanta tan ra.

.c

Qua t r i n h lien ket cua cae thanh v i e n E U t r o nen chat che

ok

h o n . T u y nhien, tat ca cae nude Tay A u deu c h i i y m a rpng

bo

quan he k h o n g chi v o i cae nude t u ban phat trien khac ma

ce

con ca v d i cae nude dang phat trien d A , Phi, M i L a t i n h

fa

w.

. N h a t Ban
a. Tu: nam 1945 den nam

1952

* Vekinh te, t r o n g t h d i k i bj chiem d d n g (1945 -1952), SCAP da thuc hien ba
pc cai each I d n :
T h u tieu che do k i n h te tap t r u n g , t r u d c het la giai tan cac "Daibatxu" (cac
t|ip doan, cong t i dpc q u y e n con m a n g nhieu t i n h chat d o n g tpc);
Cai each r u p n g da't (quy d j n h dja chii chi dupe ed k h o n g qua 3ha r u p n g , so
con lai c h i n h p h i i d e m ban cho n o n g dan);

Cling n h u v d i cae nude D o n g A u va L i e n X6 cii.
c. Qua trinh hinh thanh va phfit trien cm Lien minh chau Au

au A u la to e h u e l i e n ket k h u v u c I d n n h a t t h e g i d i .

(EU)

ww

Sau Chien t r a n h the g i d i t h u hai, cung v d i x u the toan cau hoa, k h u y n h
h u d n g lien ket k h u vue cung dien ra m a n h me tren the g i d i , m a tieu bieu la
qua t r i n h h i n h thanh va phat trien cua Lien m i n h chau A u (EU).

D a n chii hoa lao d p n g (thong qua va thuc h i ^ n cac dao luat ve lao dpng).
* Ve" chinh tri, Bp C h i h u y toi cao l y e l u p n g D o n g m i n h da t h i hanh m p t so
hi^n phap de loai b d chu nghTa quan p h i ^ t va bp may chien t r a n h ciia N h a t Ban
H i e n phap cu (1889) cua N h a t b i bai bd, thay vao do la H i e n phap m d i ed

Ngay 18 - 4 - 1951, H i e p udc Pa-ri dupe ki ket giii^a 6 nude Phap, Due, I-ta-li-a,

h i ^ u luc t u ngay 3 - 5 - 1947. Ve the che^ N h a t Ban la nude quan chu lap hien,

Bi, H a Lan, Luc-xam-bua de thanh lap Cong d o n g Than - Thep chau A u . N g a y

n h u n g thuc te la theo che'dp dan chii dai nghi t u san d u a tren ba n g u y e n tac co

25-3-1957, sau nude k i H i e p udc R6-ma thanh lap "Cong d o n g k i n h t e e h a u A u "

ban la: chii q u y e n ciia toan dan, vai tro t u p n g t r u n g ciia T h i e n hoang va hoa

(EEC). N a m 1975, phat trien thanh 9 nude v d i sir tham gia cua A n h , A i - l e n ,
D a n Maeh. N a m 1981 thanh 10 nude v d i su tham gia cua H i L a p . N a m 1986,
E U thanh 12 nude v d i s u t h a m gia eiia Tay Ban N h a , Bo Dao N h a .

b i n h , ton t r p n g n h u n g q u y e n co ban ciia eon n g u d i .
N h a t ban cam ket t u bd vi^c tien hanh chien tranh, k h o n g d u n g ho^e de doa
sir d u n g via luc t r o n g quan h ^ quoc te, k h o n g d u y t r i quan d p i t h u d n g true va
k h o n g d u a cac luc l u p n g via trang ra nude ngoai.

tin*


Cty

* Veddi ngoqi, Nhat Ban chu truong lien minh chat che vai MI, Nhat ki ket

(mua xuan va mua thu) ke tu 1954 tro di doi tang luong, cai thi^n doi song

ki ket, dat nen tang cho cho h^ giua hai nuoc.

luon dien ra manh me.

1973

c. Tit nam 1973 den nam

Nhat c6 buoc phat trien nhanh. T u

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hoang nang lupng the gioi, tu nam 1973 tro di, sy phat trien kinh te ciia Nh^t

Nhat Ban tro thanh mot trong ba trung tam kinh te - tai chinh ciia the gioi

Ban thuong xen ke voi nhiing giai doan suy thoai.

(cung voi M l va Tay A u ) .

,

;i

Ve chinh tri, tu nam 1973 den nam 1993, Dang Dan chii T y do tiep tuc cam

nhan:

quyen dua Nhat Ban vupt qua kho khan de tiep tuc phat trien.

Nguoi dan Nhat Ban voi truyen thong van hoa, giao due, dao due lao dpng

Veddi ngoqi, voi sue manh kinh te - tai chinh ngay cang Ion, tu nua nam sau

tot, tiet ki^m, tay nghe cao va c6 nhieu kha nang sang tao la nhan to hang dau

nhiing nam 70, Nhat Ban co gSng dua ra chinh sach doi ngoai rieng ciia minh.

cua s u phat trien kinh te. Con nguoi dugc coi la von quy nhat, dong thoi la

S y ra doi ciia " H p c thuyet Phucuda" thang 8 - 1977 dupe coi n h u la moc

"cong ngh^ cao nhat".

danh dau s y "tro v e " chau A ciia Nhat Ban, trong khi van coi trpng quan h$

Nha nuoc Nhat da quan If kinh te mpt each hieu qua, c6 vai tro rat Ion

\h^t - MI, Nhat - Tay A u .

trong viec phat trien nen kinh te'6 tam vT mo.

up

s/

va sue canh tranh cao.

Ta

Cac cong ti Nhat Ban nang dpng, c6 tam nhin xa, quan li tot nen c6 tiem luc

ro

Nhat Ban luon ap dung cac thanh tuu khoa hoc - k l thuat hi^n dai, khong

/g

ngung nang cao nang suat, cai tien mau ma, ha gia thanh san pham.

om

Nhat Ban biet tan dung cac yeu to ben ngoai n h u tranh thu cac nguon vien

.c

trp cua M l sau chien tranh, d y a vao MI ve mat quan s y de giam chi phi quoc

ok

phong, Ipi dung cac cupc chien tranh a Trieu Tien (1950 - 1953) va Vi^t Nam

bo

(1954-1975) de lam giau.

ce

Tuy nhien, nen kinh te Nhot Bcin vein phui doi ntut voi nhung thdch tliuc

fa

Lanh tho Nhat Ban khong Ian, dan so dong, tai nguyen khoang san rat

w.

ngheo nan, thuong xay ra thien tai (dpng dat, niii lira

ww

C o call vung kinh te ciia Nhat Ban thieu can doi, t^p trung chii yeu vao ba
trung tam la Tokio, Oxaca va Nagoia.

1991

Ve kinh ti;', sau giai doan phat trien than ki, do tac dpng ciia cupc khiing

nam 1960 den nam 1973, kinh te'Nhat buoc vao giai doan phat trien "than ki".

* Nguyen

Vlfit

trong cupc chien tranh xam lupc Vi?t Nam. Phong trao dau tranh theo mua

Dong minh vao nam 1952. Ngay 8 - 9 -1951, Hi^p uoc A n ninh Nhat - M I dugc

* Kinh te, tu nam 1952 den nam 1960

Khang

thanh thanh vien ciia Lien hop quoc. Chinh phu Nhat da dung ve phia MI

Hiep uoc hoa binh Xan Phranxico (9 -1951) va ket thuc che dp chiem dong ciia

h. Tit nam 1952 den nam

TNHH MTYPJ/VH

L a mpt trong nhirng Trung tam kinh te - tai chinh the gioi, Nhat Ban luon
gap s y canh tranh quye't liet ciia Mi, Tay A u , cac nuoc cong nghiep moi (NICs).
Nhat Ban khong the giai quye't dupe nhung mau thuan co ban nam ngay
trong ban than nen kinh te'tu ban chii nghla.
Ve chinh tri, tu 1955 tro di. Dang Dan chii T y do (LDP) lien tuc cam quyen a
Nhat (cho den nam 1993).
Vedoi ngoqi, Nhat lien minh chat che voi MI. N a m 1956, Nhat Ban da binh
thuong hoa quan h^ ngoai giao voi Lien X6 va cCing trong nam nay Nhat tro

f o i>i

" H p c thuyet K a i p h u " do Thii tu6ng"Kaiphu dua ra nam 1991 la s y phat

trien tiep tuc Hpc tuyet Phucuda trong dieu ki?n Ijch s u moi.
Nhat Ban thie't lap quan h^ ngoai giao voi Vi^t N a m ngay 21 - 9 -1973.
d. Tit nam 1991 den nam 2000
Vekinh

te, trong thap nien 90, dii c6 suy thoai kinh te nhung Nh|it Ban van

la mpt trong ba trung tam kinh te - tai chinh ciia the gioi.
Vekhao hoc - ki thuqt, Nhat Ban tiep tuc phat trien trinh dp cao, tap trung vao
linh v y c san xuat phuc vu nhu cau dan dung. Trong cong cupc chinh phyc v u
tru, tinh den nam 1992 Nhat da phong 49 v^ tinh va hpp tac c6 hi^u qua voi

Mi, Nga trong cac chuong trinh vii try quoc te.
Ve chinh tri, sau 38 nam Dang Dan chii T y do (LDP) lien tyc cam quyen
(1955 - 1993), tij nam 1993 den nam 2000 cac dang doi lap hoac lien minh cac
dang phai khac nhau da tham gia chap chinh, tinh hinh xa hpi Nhat c6 phan
khong on djnh. C h i trong 3 nam, tu 1993 den 1996, Nhat Ban da c6 toi 5 Ian
thay doi npi cac.
Ve doi ngoqi: tiep tyc duy tri lien minh chat che voi MI. Coi trpng quan h?
voi Tay A u va mo rpng hoat dpng doi ngoai voi cac doi tac khac tren pham vi
toan cau. Voi khu v y c chau A - Thai Binh Duong, ke tu dau thap nien 90 den
nay, cac quan h^ hpp tac kinh te giiia Nhat Ban voi cac nuoc N I C s va A S E A N
tiep tuc gia tang voi toe dp ngay cang manh me.


eSi dLf&ng HSG Ljch 5u 12 - The. Tnrong N^pc Thai

V I I I . C A C H M A N G K H O A HQC -

Lam cho nang sua't lao dpng ngay cang tang len, nang cao khong ngung

C O N G N G H ? V A X U THE T O A N

muc song va chat lupng cupc song con nguoi. T u do dan den nhiing thay doi

CAU HOA

Ian ve co ca'u dan cu, chat lupng nguon nhan lyc, nhirng doi hoi moi ve giao

1. Nguon goc va dac diem ciia each mang khoa hpc - cong ngh^

dye va dao tao nghe nghiep, sy hinh thanh mpt thj truong the'gioi voi xu the

* Nguon goc: Cupc each mang khoa hpc - k l thuat ngay nay dien ra la do

toan cau hoa.
Lam thay doi cac ye'u to ciia san xuat, tao ra buoe nhay vpt ve luc lupng san

nhung doi hoi cua cupc song, cua san xuat nham dap ung nhu cau vat chat va

xuat va nang sua't lao dpng.

tinh than ngay cang cao ciia con nguoi, nhat la trong tinh hinh bung no dan so

Dua loai nguoi ehuyen sang nen van minh moi do la "van minh tri tu^".

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the'gioi va su voi can nghiem trpng cac nguon tai nguyen thien nhien, dac biet

Lam cho sy giao luu kinh te^ van hoa, khoa hpc - ki thuat ngay cang dupe

tir sau Chien tranh the'gioi thu hai. NhOng doi hoi biic thiet do dat ra cho cupc

each mang khoa hpc - ki thuat phai giai quyet, trude he't la che tao va tim kiem

quo'c te'hoa.

nhung cong cu san xuat moi c6 kl thuat va nang sua't cao, tao ra nhirng vat li^u moi.

3. Xu the toan cau hoa

a. Nhung bieu hi^n chu yen cua xu the toan cau hod ngay nay la:

* Dac diem: Khoa hoc tro thanh luc lupng san xuat true tie'p, khae voi cupc

Su phat trien nhanh chong cua quan he thuong mai quoc te.

each mang cong nghiep the'ki XVIII. Trong cupc each mang kho hpc - ki thuat

Sy phat trien va tac dpng to Ion ciia cac cong ti xuyen quo'c gia.

hif n dai, mpi phat minh k l thuat deu bat nguon tir nghien ciiu khoa hpc. Khoa

Sy sap nhap va hop nhat cac cong ti thanh nhung tap doan Ion

hpc gSn lien voi k i thuat, khoa hpc di truoc mo duang cho san xuat. N h u vay

Sy ra doi ciia cac to chiic lien ke't kinh te^ thuong mai, tai chinh quoc te'va

khoa hpc da tham gia true tie'p vao san xuat, tro thanh nguon goc chinh cua

khu vue.

Ta

nhihig tien bp ki thuat va cong nghe.

s/

2. N h u n g thanh t u u va y nghia eua each mang khoa hpc - cong ngh?

b. Toan cau hod vita Id co hoi, vita la thdch thitc dot vai cdc nuac dang phat trien:

ro

Trai qua hon nua the'ki, nhat la nhCrng nam 70, cupc each mang khoa hpc -

nhiing van de kinh te ehung ciia the'gioi va khu vue.

up

* Ihcmh tim:

Cac to chue nay co vai tro ngay cang quan trpng trong viee giai quyet

*Vecahoi:

/g

kl thuat da thu dupe nhihig tien bp phi thuong trong nhirng thanh tuu ki di^u.

he't sue to Ion, nhOng buac nhay vpt chua tung tha'y trong ljch su cac nganh

tranh the'gioi bj day liii. Xu the ehung ciia the'gioi la hoa binh on dinh va hpp

Toan hpc. Vat l i hpc, Hoa hpc, Sinh hpc. Dua vao nhiing phat minh Ion cua cac

tac phat trien.

ok

.c

om

Trong linh vue khoa hpc co ban, loai ngudi da dat dupe nhirng thanh tuu

Tu sau chien tranh lanh, hoa binh the gioi dupe ciing co', nguy co chien

bo

nganh khoa hpc co ban, con ngudi da ung dung vao k l thuat va san xuat phuc

ce

vy cupc song cua minh.

fa

Trong linh vue cong nghf da xuat hi?n nhirng phat minh quan trpng,

M

Cac quo'c gia deu ra sue dieu chinh chien lupc phat trien va lay kinh te lam
trpng diem, cung sy tang euang hpp tac va tham gia cac lien minh kinh te khu
vyc va quoc te.
Cac quo'c gia dang phat trien co the khai thae cac nguon von dau tu, kt thuat

tinh d i f n tu, may t u dpng va hf thong may t u dpng, nguoi may ro bot...);

cong ngh^ va kinh nghiem quan l i t u ben ngoai, nhat la cac tien bp khoa hpc -

nhCrng nguon nang lupng moi (nang lupng mat troi, nang lupng gio va nhat la

;ki thuat de co the " d i tat don dau" riit ngSn thoi gian xay dung va phat trien

nang lupng nguyen tu....); nhung vat li^u moi nhu (polime - chat deo voi nhieu

dat nuoe.

ww

w.

nhiing thanh tuu to Ion trong cac linh vue: nhirng cong cu san xuat moi (may

loai hinh khae nhau, cac loai vat lieu sieu sach, sieu cung, sieu ben, sieu dan...);

* Ve thdch thitc:

cong ngh§ sinh hpc voi nhi>ng dot pha phi thuong trong cong ngh| di truyen,

\c nuoe dang phat trien can nhan thiic day d i i sy can thiet tat ye'u va tim

cong ngh$ tebao, cong ngh^ vi sinh va cong nghe enzim; nhiing tien bp than ki

kiem con ducmg, each thue hpp l i nhat trong qua trinh hpi nhap quoc te - phat

trong giao thong van tai (cap spi thuy tinh quang dan, may bay sieu am khong

buy the'manh; han che'toi muc tha'p nhat nhCrng rCii ro, bat Ipi va ea sai lam; co

16, tau hoa toe dp cao...); chinh phuc vu tru (v^ tinh nhan tao, du hanh vu try..).

nhirng buoe d i thich hpp, kjp thoi.

*Ynghia:

285


Phan Ion cac nude dang phat trien deu t u diem xua't phat thap ve kinh te^
trinh do dan tri thap, nguon nhan luc dao tao c6 chat lug-ng con nhieu han che.
Sv canh tranh quyet liet ciia thi truong thegioi va cac quan h$ kinh tequoc te
con nhieu bat binh dSng, gay nhieu thi?t hai doi voi cac nuoc dang phat trien.
Van de su dung c6 hi^u qua cac nguon von vay no van con bat hgp h'.

Tu sau Chien tranh the gioi thu hai den nay, eupc each mang khoa hpe ki thuat khoi dau t u nuoc M i , da Ian nhanh ra toan the gioi. N h u mpt h§ qua ciia
each mang khoa hpe - ki thuat, xu the toan eau hoa da dien ra nhu mpt Ian
song nhanh ra the gioi. Co the noi toan eau hoa doi hoi cac quoc gia phai c6 loi
giai dap va su thich ung de vua kip thoi, vua khon ngoan, tranh vi^e bo 15 co
hpi va tut hau he't sue nguy hiem.

Van de giu gin va bao ve ban sac van hoa dan tpc, ket hgip hai hoa giua
truyen thong va hi^n dai can dupe luu y.

2. Cac xu the phat trien ciia the gioi hi?n nay. Nhung thoi co va nhihig thach
thuc doi v o i cac dan tpc

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IX. LICH Sir THE GI61 T l / SAU CHIEN T R A N H THE GI61 THU" H A I

* Cac xu the phat trim:

DEN N A M 2000

Mot la, sau Chien tranh lanh, hau nhu tat ca cac quoc gia deu ra sue dieu

1. N h u n g npi dung chii yeu ciia lich su the gioi tir sau Chien tranh the gioi

chinh chien lupc phat trien lay kinh te'lam trpng diem, boi ngay nay kinh te da

thijr hai den nay

tro thanh npi dung can ban trong quan h$ quoc te. Xay dung sue manh tong

Sau Chien tranh the gioi thu hai, mot trat t v the gioi da dupe xac lap. Do la
trat t u the gioi hai eve lanta voi dac trung noi bat la the gioi nhu phan doi, chia

hpp ciia quoc gia thay the cho chay dua vu trang da tro thanh hinh thuc chii

thanh hai phe t u ban chii nghla va xa hpi chii nghia do hai sieu cuong M i va

yeu trong eupc canh tranh giua cac cuong quoc. Sue manh ciia moi quoc gia la

Lien X6 dung dau moi phe.

dvra tren mpt nen san xua't phon vinh, mpt nen tai chinh

Voi thang Ipi cvia cac eupc each mang dan chii nhan dan 0 cae nuoc Dong

Ta
s/

up

Quoc (1949) va each mang Cuba (1959) da mo rpng khong gian dia l i ciia h^
thong cac nuoc xa hpi chii nghta - mpt dai dat rpng Ion trai dai t u phia dong

ro

/g

om

.c

Ngay sau Chien tranh the gioi thu hai, mpt cao trao giai phong dan tpc da

ok

day len manh me 6 cac nuoc A, Phi va M I Latinh. D u o i nhung don da kich

bo

manh li^t ciia cao trao giai phong, h? thong thupc dja va che dp phan bi?t

ce

chiing tpc Apaethai kep dai t u nhieu the ki da bj sup do hoan toan.

fa

Trong niia sau the ki XX, h? thong de quoc chii nghia da c6 nhung bien

w.

chuyen quan trpng. M I da vuon len tro thanh nuoc de quoc giau manh nhat.

ww

Tiep theo do la Nhat Ban va cac nuoc Tay Au, the gioi Ian lupt xua't hi?n ba
trung tam kinh te, tai chinh. Mac dii c6 s\f phat trien nhu the^ chii nghia t u ban

thoai, thoa h i f p , tranh xung dpt tryc tiep nham tao nen mpt moi truong quoc

te thuan Ipi giiip hp vuon len manh me, xac lap mpt vj tri uu the trong trat t y
b$t la: mau thuan va hai hoa, canh tranh va hpp tac, tiep xiic va kiem che.

,

Ba la, tuy hoa binh va on dinh la xu the ehii dao ciia tinh hinh the gioi sau

pchien tranh lanh, nhung 6 nhieu khu vyc van dien ra npi chien va xung dpt.
Nguy CO nay cang tro nen tram trpng khi o nhieu noi lai dien ra nhung chii
nghia l i khai, chii nghia khiing bo... Nhung mau thuan sac tpc, ton giao va
tranh chap lanh tho thuong co nhung can nguyen Ijeh su nen vi^c giai quyet
khong de dang thuong keo dai.
Bon la, nhCrng n5m 90 sau chien tranh lanh, the gioi da va dang chung kien
xu the toan cau hoa dien ra ngay cang manh me.
* Thai ca va thach thuc:

van khong the kh^c phue dupe nhung mau thuan von c6 ciia no.

- Thai ca:

So voi cac giai doan Ijeh sii the gioi truoc day, chua bao gio cac quan h?
quoc te'lai mo rpng va da dang nhu trong niia sau the ki XX.
Tinh trang doi dau gay gat giita hai sieu cuong, hai phe ma dinh cao la tinh
trang "chien tranh lanh" keo dai toi hon bon thap k i .
Tuy nhien, cac quoc gia van cung ton tai hoa btnh, vita dau tranh, vita hap tdcCuoi cung, chien tranh lanh cham dut, the gioi chuyen dan sang xu the hoa
hoan va hoa dju, do'i thogi va hpp tac phat trien.
286

Hai la, sau chien tranh, quan hf giiia cac nuoc Ion theo chieu huong doi

the gioi moi. M61 quan h^ giua cac nuoc Ion ngay nay mang tinh hai mat noi

chau A qua Lien bang X6 viet toi phan phia dong chau A u va Ian sang Cuba 6
vung bien Caribe ciia khu vuc M I Latinh.

chac, mpt nen

cong nghf co trinh dp cao cung voi mpt lye lupng quoc phong hung manh.

A u , chii nghia xa hpi da vupt ra khoi pham v i mpt nuoc, tro thanh mpt h^
thong the gioi. Thang Ipi ciia each mang Vi?t Nam (1945), each mgng Trung

viJTig

Cac quoc gia deu ra sue dieu chinh chien lupc phat trien va lay kinh te'lam
trpng diem, cung sy tang cuong hpp tac va tham gia cac lien minh kinh te khu
vyc va quo'c te.
Cac quoc gia co the khai thac cac nguon von dau tu, k l thuat cong ngh^ va
kinh nghi?m quan If t u ben ngoai, nhat la cac tien bp khoa hpe - k l thuat de
dua dat nuoc phat trien.
k.

287


"zrty
Cac d a n tgc ngay cang c6 tie'ng noi chung, doan ke't c i i n g n h a u dau t r a n h v i

2) 1991 -2000

m p t the g i o i hoa b i n h o n d i n h , h g p tac phat trien v i cong bang h a n h phuc cho

m////Am-'pi-v/Kh/injwr

- Trat t y hai cue lanta tan ra, cac quoc gia d a n g ra sue v u o n
len de cd v i the tren t r u d n g quoc te.

m o i con n g u a i , cho m o i d a n tgc tren hanh t i n h .

- Cac nude d a n g ra sue dieu chinh chien luge phat trien, tap

- Vethdch thiic:

t r u n g vao phat trien san xuat, tang t r u d n g k i n h te va m d

D o i v 6 i cac n u d e d a n g phat t r i e n : Can nhan thuc day d u sv can thiet tat ye'u

r g n g h g p tac v d i nhau.

va t i m k i e m con d u o n g , each thuc h g p l i nha't t r o n g qua t r i n h h g i nhap quoc te

- X u the'toan cau hoa c6 anh h u d n g to Idn va thuc day su ra

l a m ; c6 n h i r n g buoe d i thich h g p , k i p t h o i . Phan Ion cac n u d e d a n g phat trien

d d i ciia cac lien m i n h kinh t e ' k h u v u c va quoc te. Cac dan
tgc d a n g cd n h i r n g thdi co Idn xen Ian v d i cac n g u y eo.

deu t u d i e m xuat phat thap ve k i n h te^ t r i n h d g dan t r i thap, n g u o n n h a n luc
dao tao cd chat l u g n g con n h i e u han che. Sv canh t r a n h quyet liet ciia thj

- V a n con cd n h i r n g eugc chien t r a n h x u n g d g t d nhieu k h u

t r u d n g the g i d i va cac q u a n h? k i n h te quoc te con n h i e u bat b i n h dang, gay

vyc.

nhieu thi#t hai d o i v d i cac n u d e d a n g phat trien. V a n de s u d u n g cd h i ^ u qua

4. Q u a t r i n h h i n h t h a n h va tan ra ciia trat t y the g i d i h a i eye l a n t a

cac n g u o n v o n vay n g v a n con bat h g p l i . Van de giir g i n va bao ve ban sac van

- Qua trinh hinh thanh:

hoa dan tgc, ke't h g p hai hoa giua t r u y e n t h o n g va h i ^ n d a i can d u g e l u u y .

"

D o i v d i cac n u d e phat trien: Can l a m cho cac v a n de xa h g i d u g e on

N h i e u v a n de cap thiet dat ra cho cac nude D o n g m i n h : N h a n h ehdng d a n h bai

Ta

nude. Can d i e u c h i n h cac ehinh sach d o i ngo^i cho p h i i h g p v d i x u the hoa

s/

b i n h d a n g la n h u cau dat ra cho n h a n loai.

up
ro

Sy ki^n

G i a i do^n

/g

- Sy xae lap trat t y hai cue lanta d o L i e n X6 va M l d u n g d a u

om

m o i cue.
-1991

m g t so nude chau A.

ok

1) 1945

.c

- T h a n g I g i cua each m a n g dan tgc d a n c h u d D o n g A u va

bo

- M I v u o n len thanh m g t n u d e t u ban g i a u m a n h va t h y c

ce

h i ^ n m u u d o ba chii the g i d i .

fa

- Tay A u va N h a t Ban Ian l u g t t r d t h a n h t r u n g t a m k i n h te'-

ww

w.

tai c h i n h cua the g i d i , ra sue canh t r a n h v d i M I .
- Phong trao giai p h d n g dan tgc d a n g cao m a n h m e a chau
A, Phi va k h u v u c M I L a t i n h .

hoan toan cac n u d e phat xit. To chue lai t h e g i d i m d i sau chien t r a n h . Phan chia

jthanh qua chien t r a n h giij-a cac nude thang tran.
T r o n g boi canh d d , h g i nghj quoc te duge trieu tap tai lanta (Lien X6) tir
jngay 04 den 11 - 02 - 1945. H g i n g h i da d i den n h i r n g quyet d j n h sau day:
Mot la, xae d j n h m u c tieu ehung la tieu di?t tan goe chii nghia phat xit D u e
va chu nghTa q u a n p h i f t N h a t . De nhanh ehdng ke't thiic chien t r a n h . L i e n X6
se t h a m chien chong N h a t d chau A sau k h i chien tranh da ke't thiic d chau Au.
Hai la, thanh lap to chirc L i e n hgp quoc n h a m d u y t r i hoa b i n h va an n i n h
e gidi.

Ba la, thoa t h u a n ve viee d d n g quan tai cac nude n h a m giai giap quan d g i
phat xit va phan chia p h a m v i anh h u d n g d chau Au va chau A.
N h i r n g quyet d j n h ciia H g i nghj lanta da dan t d i sy h i n h t h a n h m g t trat t y

- The g i d i p h a n d o i , chia thanh hai phe Xa h g i c h u nghla va

(the g i d i m d i , d u g e ggi la: " t r a t t y hai eye l a n t a " . Trat t y hai eye lanta ra d d i

T u ban chii nghla. H a i phe dau n h a u gay gSt t r o n g t i n h

iam cho the g i d i p h a n chia thanh hai h? thong d o i lap. M g t eye cua L i e n X6 dai

trang Chien tranh lanh keo dai n h i e u th^p k i .

idi^n cho cac n u d e xa h g i chii nghia va m g t eye ciia M l dai d i f n cho cac nude t u

- Cage each m a n g khoa hgc - cong n g h ^ d u a lai n h i m g tien

ban chu nghia. T r o n g qua t r i n h ton tai ciia hai eye nay l a m cho q u a n h# quoc te

b g p h i t h u d n g , n h i i n g thanh t u u k i d i ? u cho tat ca cac quoc

pd sy d o i dau giira hai phe: Xa hgi chii nghla va T u ban chu nghla.

gia d a n tgc.

288

Den n a m 1945, Chien tranh the g i d i Ian thir hai bude vao giai doan cuo'i v d i

Icugc tan cong n h u v u bao ciia H o n g quan L i e n X6 dang tien nhanh ve Beclin.

dinh,nha't la s u p h a n hoa giau ngheo va n h i r n g m a u t h u a n n g i tai cua da't

3. Cac giai doan cua lich s u the gidi tu nam 1945 den nam 2000

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- phat h u y t h e m a n h ; han che'tdi m u c thap nhat n h i r n g r i i i ro, bat I g i va ca sal

' ' '


- Qua trinh Ian ra:

5 nuoc I o n la U y vien t h u o n g true H o i d o n g bao an Lien H i e p Quo'c tien hanh

+ Sau nhieu nam t r i tr§ va k h u n g hoang keo dai, toi n h u n g n5m 1989

-1991

t h u o n g l u p n g , thoa hiep va h o p tac v o i nhnii trong vice d u y t r i trat t y the g i o i ;

che do xa hpi chu nghia da bj tan ra a cac nuoc Dong A u va Lien bang X6 vie't.

tat ca cac quo'c gia dan toe deu dang d u n g truoc n h u n g t h u thach n h u n g thai

+ N g a y 28 - 6 - 1 9 9 1 , H p i d o n g t u o n g irq k i n h te (SEV) t u y e n bo giai the va

CO de d u a van m e n h da't nuoc m i n h tien len k j p v o i t h o i dai.

sau do ngay 1 - 7 - 1991, to chuc H i ? p uoc Vacsava c h a m d u t boat d p n g .
V o i "cue" Lien X6 tan ra,

thong the g i o i cua eac n u o c xa hoi chii nghia

k h o n g con ton tai va trat t u the g i o i hai eye lanta da syp do. The " h a i eye" cua

CAU HOI ON TAP

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hai sieu c u o n g k h o n g con nOa, M I la "eye" d u y nhat

con Igi. Pham v i anh

C(iH 1. H a y neu n h u n g quyet nghj ciia H o i nghi Linta (thang 2 - 1945)

h u o n g cua L i e n X6 6 chau A u va chau A da bj mat, anh h u a n g eua M I cung bi

phan ti'eh he qua ciia n h u n g quyet nghj do.

t h u h ^ p o nhieu n o i .

Ciiii 2. Neu muc dich, nguyen tac cua Lien hop quo'c. NhCing to chuc cua LitMi

5. Cac t h a i k i cua q u a n h? quoc te tir sau C h i e n t r a n h the g i o i t h u h a i
a) Thai ki tit 1945 den

hiep quoe tai Viet N a m .

1989

Can 3. H a y t r i n h bay sy h i n h thanh hai he thong T u ban chii nghia va Xa hoi

Tren the g i o i da h i n h thanh "trat t y hai eye lanta" va t u 1947 la t h a i k i chien

chu nghia sau Chien tranh the giai t h u hai. Vai tro cua M I va Lien X6 doi v o i

tranh lanh do M i phat d p n g lam cho tinh h i n h the g i o i 6 t r o n g t i n h trang cang

hai he thong nay.

thang, gay g a t , p h u c tap v o l cac cuoe dau tranh dan toe, dau tranh giai cap va

Ta

Can

1991

ro

Cupe Chien tranh lanh keo dai tren 40 nam da chain d i i t (cu6"i 1989), trong

up

s/

dau tranh giCra hai 2 eye d o i lap X6 - M i va hai k h o i D o n g Tay.
b) Thai ki tH cuoi 1989 den

/g

quan h ^ quo'c t e t u x u the'dol thoai, hgp tac tren ca so hai ben cung c6 I p i , ton

om

t r p n g Ian nhau c i m g ton tai hoa b i n h .

.c

T i n h h i n h the g i o i t r o nen d i u han, cac eupc t r a n h chap va x u n g d p t k h u

ok

v y c da va dang d a n dan d u p e giai quyet (vy x u n g d p t 6 N a m Phi c6 lien quan

ce

bo

den N a m i b i a va cupe npi chien keo dai a Angola, van de A p g a n i t x t a n , van de

fa

Campuchia, van de Nicaragoa 6 T r u n g M i , van de hoa b i n h va on d i n h d

nay

ww

c) Thai ki tit 1991 den

w.

T r u n g Can D o n g v.v...

va

" Trat t y hai eye lanta" bj sup do. M i ra sue v u o n len "the m p t eye" trong
trat t y the g i o i m a i , con cac c u o n g quo'c khae eo gang d u y t r i " the da eye",

t r o n g do. D u e va N h a t Ban dang d o i hoi t r o thanh hai eye n u a t'-ong the gioi
"da eye" nay.
T u dau n h i r n g n a m 90, m p t trat t y the g i o i m o i , dang dan dan h i n h thanh
va da xua't hi?n m p t so dae d i e m va xu the phat trien. X u the d o i thoai h p p tac
tren eo so hai ben cung c6 I p i , t o n trpng Ian nhau t r o n g cung ton tai hoa b i n h
d a n g n g a y c a n g t r o t h a n h x u the chu ye'u t r o n g cac m o i q u a n h ^ q u o e te;

4. So sanh Lien m i n h p h o n g thu Vacsava va H i e p uoc Bac Dai Tay

D u o n g ( N A T O ) ve: sy thanh lap, muc tieu, tinh chat, vai tro - tac d u n g va neu
nhan xet.
Can 5. N g u y e n nhan dan den cupe Chien tranh lanh sau Chien tranh the g i o i

t h u hai. N h u n g bieu hien cua Chien tranh lanh.
Can 6: V i sao cupe Chien tranh lanh cham diit? Sau k h i Chien tranh lanh
cham d u t , tinh tinh t h e g i o i dien ra n h u the'nao?
Clin 7. So sanh n h u n g thanh t u u o Lien X6 t r o n g thai k i k h o i phue k i n h te
(1946 - 1950) v o i n h u n g thanh t u u trong thoi k i xay d u n g eo so vat chat k l
t h u a t t u n a m 1950-

1970.

Clin S. N e u n h u n g thanh t u u c h i n h ma nhan dan cac n u o c D o n g A u dat dupe
trong eong cupe xay d y n g ehii nghia xa hoi t u nam 1950 den nira dau n h u n g
nam 70. N h a n xet ve n h u n g thanh t u u do.
Can 9. H a y cho biet sy ra d o i va hoat d o n g ciia H o i d o n g t u o n g t r o kinh te
va ciia To chuc H i e p uoc Vacsava. Vai tro ciia Lien X6 d o i v o i hai to chuc nay.
Can 10. T r i n h bay nguyen nhan dan den sy tan ra cua che'dp xa hpi chu nghia 6
Lien X6 va cac nuoc Dong A u . Phan tieh nguyen nhan quyet d j n h nhat.
Can 11. N p i d u n g ca ban ciia d u o n g loi cai each va n h u n g thanh t u u chinh

cua T r u n g Quoe t u sau nam 1978 la gi? So sanh eong cupe cai each ciia T r u n g
Quoe v o i eong cupe cai to 6 Lien X6.