vocabulary for ielts writing

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Content
1. Education
2. Crime
3. Diet, fitness and health
4. Work
5. Information technology
6. Environment
7. Science
8. The Arts

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Education Vocabulary
1. Graduate (v)

To complete a first university degree successfully
I graduated from the University of Salford in 2009.
My graduation ceremony was in 2009.
2. Curriculum (n)
The group of subjects studied in a school, college, etc.
Schools must ensure they have an excellent curriculum.
3. Qualification (n)
An official record showing that you have finished a training course or have the
necessary skills, etc.
Good qualifications are really important if you want to get a well-paid job.
I am qualified to teach English.
4. Coursework (n)
Regular work done by students as part of a course, but assessed independently of
formal exams.
The coursework on my degree was really difficult.
5. Co-educational (adj)
When male and female students are taught together in the same school or college
rather than separately.
Co-educational schools prepare students for their future better than single-sex schools.
6. Cheat (v)
To behave in a dishonest way in order to get what you want
He did really well in his exams but he cheated. He copied from a friend.
Cheating on exams is not recommended.
7. Literacy (n)
The ability to read and write.


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Literacy rates have declined considerably in Western countries over the last decade.
However, most children are literate.
8. Illiterate (adj)
Unable to read and write
Many children in the poorest countries are illiterate.
9. Primary (elementary) Education
First years of formal education from around age 5 to 11.
A good primary education is crucial for a child's development.
10. Secondary Education
Education during the time as a teenager.
I loved it at my secondary school as I had so many friends.
11. Higher (tertiary) Education
Non-compulsory education after finishing school, such as university, as well as
vocational education and training at colleges.
60% of children now go into higher education after they finish school.
12. Concentrate
To direct your attention or your efforts towards a particular activity, subject or
problem.
It is difficult to concentrate on my work if there is a lot of noise.
I keep losing concentration due to the noise.


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Crime Vocabulary
1. Legislation
A law or set of laws suggested by a government and made official by a parliament.

There needs to be changes to crime-relatedlegislation.
2. Deter
To make someone less enthusiastic about doing something by threatening bad
results if they do it.
Tougher prison sentences may be a deterrent toother would-be offenders.
3. Offender
Someone who is guilty of a crime.
Prison should not be used for first-time offenders.
4. Punish
To cause someone who has done something wrong or committed a crime to suffer,
by hurting them, forcing them to pay money, sending them to prison, etc
Those responsible for serious crimes must bepunished.
5. Prevention
When you stop something from happening or stop someone from doing something.
The government should focus on the prevention of crime rather than introducing
harsher prison sentences.
6. Commit
To do something illegal or something that is considered wrong.
People who commit serious crimes should be given lengthy (long) prison sentences.
7. Criminal
A person who commits a crime.
Criminals who commit violent crimes should not be given probation.

8. Probation


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A period of time when a criminal must behave well and not commit any more
crimes in order to avoid being sent to prison.
Probation is a good way to reduce prison overcrowding, but it must only be used for
those who have committed minor crimes.
9. Rehabilitate
To return someone or something to a good or healthy condition, state or way of
living.
It is important to rehabilitate criminals while they are in prison otherwise they may reoffend (commit a crime again) when they are released from prison.
10. Guilt
Having done something wrong or committed a crime.
If jurors (the members of a jury) find a defendantguilty, then that person must be
punished.
11. Jury
A group of people chosen to decide in a court of law if someone is guilty of a crime
or not
To ensure fairness in a criminal trial, there must be a jury.
12. Convict
To decide officially in a court of law that someone is guilty of a crime.
He has been convicted of arson (starting a fire intentionally to damage something) two
times now.
13. Fine
Being made to pay money for breaking the law.
Motorists should be given a fine if they are caught speeding.
14. Imprisonment
Being put in prison.
Murderers are usually given life imprisonment.
15. Community Service
Work that people do to help other people without payment, and which young
criminals whose crime was not serious enough for them to be put in prison are
sometimes ordered to do.

Community service is a good alternative to prison for minor offences.


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16. Justice
Fairness in the way people are dealt with.
Those who commit assaults must be imprisoned because the victims want justice.
17. Victim
Someone who has suffered because of the actions of someone else.
The victims of crime often need help and support to recover from their bad experience.
__________________________________________________________________________
Essay
Some people think that the best way to reduce crime is to give longer prison sentences.
Others, however, believe there are better alternative ways of reducing crime.
Discuss both views and give your opinion.

IELTS Essays - Model Answer
Crime is a serious and growing problem in most societies. Although many people believe that the
best way to tackle this is to place people in prison for longer periods, others are of the opinion that
other measures will be more effective.
There are benefits of giving offenders longer prison sentences. Firstly, spending a long time in prison
provides an opportunity for the prison services to rehabilitate a prisoner. For example, someone who
has committed a serious offence such as assault will need a long time in prison in order to be sure
they can be re-educated not to re-offend. In addition to this, longer prison sentences will act as a
deterrent for someone who is thinking of committing a crime.
However, some people argue that leaving people in prison for a long time means that they will mix
with other criminals and so their character will not improve. One alternative is community service.

This gives an offender the opportunity to give something positive back to society, and so it may
improve their character. Also, the government could focus its resources on the causes of crime, which
would lead to less crime in the future.
In my opinion, it is important to look at alternative methods. Many countries have lengthy prison
sentences, but crime has continued to increase throughout the world, so it is clear that this is not
completely effective. That said, long prison sentences should remain for those who commit serious
crimes such as assault or murder, as justice for the victim and their family should take priority.
To conclude, there are good arguments for and against long sentences, so governments must
continue to research the various methods of crime reduction to ensure effective policies are in place.
(290 words)
Comments


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The writer of this essay has produced a well balanced and coherent piece of writing.
They clearly answer the question. The first body paragraph is dedicated to discussing the merits of
long sentences, and the second body looks at alternative methods. Finally, the writer provides their
own opinion on the issue.
Very important for IELTS essays, each paragraph has a clear central topic which is expanded upon in
the supporting sentences.
Regarding grammar, the writer has successfully demonstrated their ability to use a mix of sentence
structures, including a variety of complex sentences (although... someone who... in order to...
means that... which would...).
Ideas are coherently presented by using transition words (Firstly,... For example,... In addition to
this,... However, .... In my opinion,... To conclude,...)..
It is important in IELTS essays to have good topic related vocabulary in order to achieve a higher
score, and this is evident in this piece of work (re-offend... rehabilitate... re-educated... deterrent...

committing a crime...)..
Also of importance with regards to vocabulary is to vary your word choices and not to repeat the
same word. This can be done by using synonyms, as the writer has done with the word alternative
'ways', using variations of this (methods... measures...).


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Fitness, Diet and Health Vocabulary
1. Overweight
Fat
70% of the population is now overweight according to official figures.
2. Obesity
Extrememly fat or overweight.
Obesity is now a real problem for teenagers.
Teenagers who are obese are often bullied at school.
3. Eating Disorder
A mental illness in which people eat far too little or far too much food and are
unhappy with their bodies.
Bulimia and anorexia are types of eating disorder. Both are becoming more common.
4. Nutrients
Any substance which plants or animals need in order to live and grow.
A healthy diet should consist of all the essentialnutrients.
This meal is very nutritious.
5. Diet
The food and drink usually eaten or drunk by a person or group.OR
When someone eats less food, or only particular types of food, because they want to
become thinner or for medical reasons.

It is important to have a healthy diet. People must eat plenty of fruit and vegetables.
I've been on a diet now for four weeks, and I've lost about one kilo.
6. Overeating
Eating more than your body needs.
There is evidence that overeating is one of the main causes of obesity..
7. Ingredients
A food that is used with other foods in the preparation of a particular dish.


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The ingredients of the dish include nuts, raisins, and parsley.
8. Allergy
A condition that makes a person become ill or develop skin or breathing problems
because they have eaten certain foods or been near certain substances.
Allergies are becoming more common, and this could be connected to diet.
If I eat nuts, I have an allergic reaction. I cannot breath properly.
9. Additive
A substance which is added to food in order to improve its taste or appearance or
to preserve it.
This food is full of additives so I'm not going to eat it.
10. Prevent
To stop something from happening.
Lots of exercise will prevent a heart attack.
The prevention of health problems should be encouraged by the government. For
example, they could ban the advertising of fast food to children.
11. Variety
Often changing and being different.

When preparing meals, you need to think aboutvariety and taste as well as nutritional
value.
12. Appetite
When you want to eat food.
All that exercise has given me an appetite.
13. Fibre
A substance in foods such as fruit, vegetables and brown bread, which travels
through the body as waste and helps the contents of the bowels to pass through the
body easily.

A diet that is high in fibre is important in order to maintain a healthy body.
14. Regular


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Happening or doing something often.
Regular physical exercise is important for good health.
15. Vitamins
Any of a group of natural substances which are necessary in small amounts for the
growth and good health of the body.
Many people take vitamin supplements these days in order to keep their body healthy.
16. Diabetes
A disease in which the body cannot control the level of sugar in the blood.
Diabetes is becoming much more prevalent ( = common or widespread) amongst
children.
17. Health
The condition of the body and the degree to which it is free from illness, or the

state of being well.
Fruit has several health benefits.
Elderly people can have many health problems.
The health care in the country is deteriorating ( =getting worse).
There may be health risks from eating too much red meat.
Health education is very important if we are to prevent illness and reduce medical
costs.
Sweden has one of the best health systems in the world.
The population of the country is in good health.
Lack of exercise can lead to poor health.
He has a very healthy diet.
I have a healthy appetite.


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Essay

Do the dangers derived from the use of chemicals in food production and preservation outweigh
the advantages?
Food Additives Essay Model Answer
Most foods that are purchased these days in small stores and supermarkets have chemicals in them as
these are used to improve production and ensure the food lasts for longer. However, there are concerns
that these have harmful effects. In my opinion, the potential dangers from this are greater than the
benefits we receive.
There are several reasons why chemicals are placed in food. Firstly, it is to improve the product to the
eye, and this is achieved via the use of colourings which encourage people to purchase food that may
otherwise not look tempting to eat. Another reason is to preserve the food. Much of the food we eat

would not actually last that long if it were not for chemicals they contain, so again this is an advantage
to the companies that sell food as their products have a longer shelf life.
From this evidence, it is clear to me that the main benefits are, therefore, to the companies and not to
the customer. Although companies claim these food additives are safe and they have research to
support this, the research is quite possibly biased as it comes from their own companies or people with
connections to these companies. It is common to read reports these days in the press about possible
links to various health issues such as cancer. Food additives have also been linked to problems such as
hyperactivity in children.
To conclude, despite the fact that there are benefits to placing chemicals in food, I believe that these
principally help the companies but could be a danger to the public. It is unlikely that this practice can
be stopped, so food must be clearly labeled and it is my hope that organic products will become more
readily available at reasonable prices to all.
(Words 298)
ELTS Causes and Effects Model Essay
This causes and effects model essay is about obesity in children.
You specifically have to talk about the causes (reasons) of the increase in overweight children, and
explain the effects (results) of this.
This particular essay is organized as follows:
Body 1: Causes
Body 2: Effects
Of course it is also possible to have a 3 body paragraph essay. For example:


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Body 1: Causes
Body 2: Causes
Body 3: Effects

Or:
Body 1: Causes
Body 2: Effects
Body 3: Effects
However, remember not to write too little on one part.
For example, if you wrote one very short paragraph about 'causes' with little support and most of your
essay on 'effects', you may then be seen to have not fully answered both parts of the question.
Another possible way of organizing it is to put each cause and its effect within a separate paragraph:
Body 1: Cause 1 - Effect
Body 2: Cause 2 - Effect
If you do this though, each particular cause must relate to that specific effect.
Essay
The percentage of overweight children in western society has increased by almost 20% in the
last ten years.
Discuss the causes and effects of this disturbing trend.
Causes and Effects Essay - Model Answer
Over the last ten years, western societies have seen close to a 20% rise in the number of children who
are overweight. This essay will discuss some reasons why this has occurred and examine the
consequences of this worrying trend.
The main cause of this problem is poor diet. Over the last decade there has been a prolific increase in
the number of fast food restaurants. For example, on nearly every high street there is a MacDonald’s,
Kentucky Fried Chicken and Pizza Hut. The food in these places has been proven to be very unhealthy,
and much of the advertising is targeted at children, thus ensuring that they constitute the bulk of the
customers of these establishments. However, it is not only due to eating out, but also the type of diet
many children have at home. A lot of food consumed is processed food, especially with regards to
ready-made meals which are a quick and easy option for parents who are working hard.
The effects of this have been and will continue to be very serious. Firstly, there has been a large
increase in health related diseases amongst children, especially diabetes. This debilitating illness
means a child has to be injected with insulin for the rest of their life. Not only this, very overweight

children often experience bullying from other children, which may affect their mental health. The
negative stigma of being overweight may also affect self-esteem.


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To sum up, it is evident that there are several causes of obesity amongst children, and a variety of
negative effects. Society must ensure steps are taken to prevent this problem from deteriorating further.
(275 words)
________________
This cause and effect essay is about the issue of skin whitening products: why people are using them
and their possible dangers for health and society.
There are three things you must discuss:
The reasons why they are used
Their effects on health
Their effects on society
This causes and effects essay has been organized into two body paragraphs.
The first dicussing the reasons, and the second discussing the effects on health and society.
There are other ways to organize it of course.
For example, you could have three paragraphs, each discussing one of the points above.
Essay
In many parts of the world today there is a profitable market for products which lighten or
whiten people’s skin.
Outline the reasons for using such products and discuss what effects they have in terms of
health and society.
Cause and Effect Essay - Model Answer
In many countries, particularly places like Asia, skin whitening products are incredibly popular and
provide huge profits for the companies involved in their sale. This essay will examine the reasons why

people use these products and the effects this has on people’s health and on society.
The principal reason that people use skin whitening products is because whiter skin is seen to be more
desirable than darker skin. To understand why, we need to firstly look at history. In ancient times,
those people of a higher status tended to stay indoors, whilst people of a lower status worked outside,
usually farming. As a result, those people who were indoors had much lighter skin, which means that
whiter skin is now associated with having a higher status than dark skin. Another reason, which is
partly related to this, is the desire for the ‘Western’ look. For example, plastic surgery to creat western
eyelids and noses is common in Asia, and the white skin is part of this. These beliefs and images are
also perpetuated in the media, with adverts showing people with white skin as more successful and
attractive.


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However, despite the fact that having whiter skin may improve a person’s self-esteem, these products
can have negative effects. Regarding health, there are reports that people are harming their skin
permanently as some products bought over the counter have prescription-strength ingredients. For
instance, some contain steroids or toxins which can severely damage the skin and other parts of the
body. In terms of society, there are also detrimental effects. Such behaviour perpetuates the belief that
‘white’ is better than ‘black’, and thus those with darker skin may experience discrimination.
In conclusion, people use whitening products due to the fact that white skin, usually through the media,
is portrayed as more desirable. However, steps should be taken to change this image as the drawbacks
of this are clear, with potentially dangerous consequences for people’s future health and society as a
whole.
(328 Words)


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Work Vocabulary
1. Employee
Someone who is paid to work for someone else.
The company has several hundred employees.
2. Employer
A person or organization that employs people.
Employers monitor their employees very carefully these days.
3. Employment
When someone is paid to work for a company or organization.
Due to the recession, there are thousands of people looking for employment.
I was employed in the company for several years.
4. Unemployment
Not working.
Levels of unemployment in the economy have been rapidly increasing.
He has been unemployed for 6 months now.
5. Commute
To make the same journey regularly between work and home
It is taking longer for people to commute to work because of traffic problems.
Commuting to work everyday by bus is tiring.
6. Occupation
Formal way to say 'job'.
What is your occupation?
7. Career
Working life or a particular job during one's working life that gets better in terms
of salary and position.
He is retired now but he had an amazing career ( = succesful working life).

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He hopes to have a career in the army
8. Profession
Any type of work which needs special training or a particular skill, often one
which is respected because it involves a high level of education.
The teaching profession is not as good as it used to be because salaries have decreased.
9. Salary / Wages
Money paid each month to an employee for their work.
Public sector salaries are not keeping up with inflation.
He receives a good wage because he works for a prestigious company.
10. Public Sector
Businesses and industries that are owned or controlled by the government.
You get a good pension if you work for the public sector, but the salary is not always
so good.
11. Private Sector
Businesses and industries that are privately owned.
Most graduates hope to work in the private sectorwhen they finish university as there
are more opportunities and the pay is better than the public sector.
12. Retire
To stop working because of old age or ill health.
The retirement age in most countries is 65.
He had to retire early due to ill health.
13. Flexitime
Working a fixed number of hours but having flexibility with start and finish times.
They have introduced flexitime at my work place so I usually start at 10am now and
finish at 6pm.

14. Resign / Quit
To leave a job.
He resigned from his job yesterday.


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Don't quit your job unless you have another one to start.
15. Fire / Sack /dismiss
To remove someone from their job, especially because they have done something
wrong
He was fired / sacked / dismissed because he was late for work every day.
16. Vacancy
A job postion that is not filled and so is available.
I spoke to the company and they said they had several vacancies.
17. Overtime
Working more than your contracted hours.
The employees often work overtime but they are not given extra money so it is not fair
18. Shift
The time worked in a job that is not normal hours.
She is a nurse so she has to work in shifts. One week she does the morning shift, and
then the next week she will do the night shift.
Shift work can be very tiring.

Essay
The length of the working week does not reflect modern lifestyle needs. It should be
substantially reduced to give people more leisure time and time with their families.
How far do you agree with this statement?

If we carry out a survey about whether the length of current working time is appropriate or not,
it is sure that most of people asked will choose the negative answer. Nowadays, people have
to work at least eight hours per day and six days per week. The remaining time for other
activities is little and this leads to a number of psychological as well as social problems.
Therefore I concur with some people who suggest that it is necessary to go down working
time.
First of all, the results of studies done by the experts from many countries show that there is a
marked increase in psychological disease cases and the causes of those problems involve
mainly with work. The diseases can be minor such as headache or more serious like
depression and heart attack . People who suffer from those often have such heavy workload
and pressured working environment that they cannot spend time for leisure pursuit. They feel


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exhausted each time they finish work and sometimes a day for pastime is very difficult to
arrange.
Besides, I also long to emphasize the social issues due to hectic work. As an example, there
is not much time for people and their children to meet and share problems as they go to work
from the early morning until the evening. The distance between parents and children is
lengthened. Children easily spoil and sometimes might commit crime. In addition to this, busy
schedule work may result in the break in family happiness. This is reflected by the fact that the
divorce rate have picked up significantly, recently.
To sum up, I thoroughly approve that the decrease in working time is relevant. In the future,
this problem should be discussed and legalised by the government to ensure the needs for
entertainment and family care of people.

IELTS Buddy

Feedback:
It’s a good answer with some good support for your ideas and well organized.
You also have some good grammar and vocab.
Corrected version:
If we carry out a survey about whether the length of the current working week is appropriate or
not, it is certain that most people asked will choose the negative answer. Nowadays, people
have to work at least eight hours per day and six days per week. The remaining time for other
activities is little and this leads to a number of psychological as well as social problems.
Therefore, I concur with the people who suggest that it is necessary to reduce working time.
First of all, the results of studies done by the experts from many countries show that there has
been a marked increase in cases of physical and mental health problems and the causes of
those problems mainly involve work. The illnesses can be minor such as headache or more
serious like depression and heart attacks . People who suffer from those often have such
heavy workloads and pressured working environments that they cannot spend time on leisure
pursuits. They feel exhausted each time they finish work and sometimes a day for pastimes is
very difficult to arrange.
Besides, social issues also arise due to hectic work. As an example, there is not much time for
people and their children to meet and share problems as they go to work from the early
morning until the evening. As a result, the distance between parents and children is increasing.
Children are easily spoiled and sometimes might commit crime. In addition to this, busy work
schedules may result in a breakdown in family happiness. This is reflected by the fact that the
divorce rate has picked up significantly recently.
To sum up, I thoroughly agree that a decrease in working time is important. In the future, this


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problem should be discussed and legislation passed by the government to ensure the needs

for entertainment and family care are ensured.
FURTHER COMMENTS:
Grammar
“there has been a marked increase” = use present perfect for something that started in the past and is
still happening now.
Using the Correct 'Voice'
“I also long to emphasize…” = Try to avoid using “I” except when giving your opinion in the
introduction / conclusion, or maybe if you are giving an example about yourself to support an idea.
Vocabulary

Your first paragraph is a bit mixed up because you refer to ‘psychological problems’ in the topic
sentence but then you talk about ‘physical problems’ i.e. headache and heart attack. You need to
be careful about the differences. The first are to do with the mind and the others the body.
Diseases = we don’t tend to use the word for mental health problems. It is usually used for physical
problems with the body.
Approve = signify satisfaction or acceptance. It can’t be used in this context. Check some sample
sentences on the internet.
"this problem should be discussed and legalized" = you have said here that we should ‘legalize
this problem”. You can’t legalize a problem. “To legalize” means to make something illegal legal, so it
does not apply here.
I think you mean “the government should pass legislation to make working weeks shorter”.


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Information Technology Vocabulary
1. Access
The right to use or look at something

Everybody should have access to the internet.
2. Advanced
Modern and well developed
Technological advances have brought many benefits to the world.
Japan has very advanced technology (not 'high' technology!).
3. Automation
To make a process in a factory or office operate by machines or computers, in
order to reduce the amount of work done by humans and the time taken to do the
work
The automation of production processes has led to increased unemployment.
Many production processes these days areautomated
4. Connection
When something joins or is joined to something else, or the part or process that
makes this possible
Most people are connected to the internet these days.
Having a connection to the internet is important.
I often have problems connecting to the internet.
5. Communication
The act of communicating with people
Email has made communication, especially abroad, much simpler and faster.
Communicating with people by email is very easy.
6. Device
An object or machine which has been invented for a particular purpose


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It is important to have some kind of communication device such as a mobile telephone

or the internet.
7. Innovation
A new idea or method
Smart phones are the latest innovation in computer technology.
Steve Jobs was a great innovator.
8. Invention
Something which has never been made before, or the process of creating
something which has never been made before
The world changed rapidly after the invention ofthe telephone.
Many useful devices have been invented over the last few decades.
9. Machine
A piece of equipment with several moving parts which uses power to do a
particular type of work
Factories now make use of machines to do a lot of the work humans used to do.
Machinary does most of the work in factories.
10. Up-to-date
Modern, recent, or containing the latest information
Teenagers think it is important to have the mostup-to-date technology.
11. User-friendly
If something, especially something related to a computer, is user-friendly, it is
simple for people to use
Modern mobile phones such as the i-phone are very user-friendly.

Essay
In the last 20 years there have been significant developments in the field of information
technology (IT), for example the World Wide Web and communication by email. However,
these developments in IT are likely to have more negative effects than positive in the future.
To what extent do you agree with this view?
The last two decades have seen enormous changes in the way people's lives are affected by IT,
with many advances in this field. However, while these technological advances have brought many

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benefits to the world, it can be argued that these developments in IT will result in more negative
impacts than positive.
To begin, email has made communication, especially abroad, much simpler and faster, resulting in
numerous benefits for commerce and business. Furthermore, the World Wide Web means that
information on every conceivable subject is now available to us. For example, people can access
news, medical advice, online education courses and much more via the internet. It is evident that
these improvements have made life far easier and more convenient for large numbers of people and
will continue to do so for decades to come.
Nevertheless, the effects of this new technology have not all been beneficial. For example, many
people feel that the widespread use of email is destroying traditional forms of communication such
as letter writing, telephone and face-to-face conversation. This could result in a decline in people's
basic ability to socialize and interact with each other on a day-to-day basis.
In addition, the large size of the Web has meant that it is nearly impossible to regulate and control.
This has led to many concerns regarding children accessing unsuitable websites and viruses.
Unfortunately, this kind of problem might even get worse in the future at least until more regulated
systems are set up.
In conclusion, developments in IT have brought many benefits, yet I believe developments relating
to new technology are likely to produce many negative effects in the future that must be addressed if
we are to avoid damaging impacts to individuals and society.
(287 words)

Comments
The IELTS essay introduction talks in general about the increasing use of IT, thus introducing the
topic well. The thesis then clearly sets out the writers opinion.

The following paragraph mentions the present benefits of these developments, but the opening
sentence in the third paragraph is a qualifying statement (Nevertheless, not all the effects...), so
the writer can now focus on the negative elements.
The fourth paragraph provides two other negative examples (lack of regulation, viruses). Both
paragraphs suggest that these problems will continue in the future.
The essay concludes with a clear opinion that agrees with the statement.
Overall, it is a well-balanced text that mentions the present situation (...this has made life...) but
importantly, also refers to the future of IT (...likely to increase...,might get worse...).


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Environment Vocabulary
1. The environment
The air, water and land in or on which people, animals and plants live.
More must be done to protect the environmentfrom pollution.
Environmental problems are becoming very severe in many countries.
2. Climate
The weather conditions generally present in an area or over a long period.
The mediteranean region tends to have a mildclimate over the winter.
3. Climage Change
The change in global climate patterns which appeared from the mid to late 20th
century onwards, caused mainly by the increased levels of carbon dioxide in the
atmosphere.
The climate around the world has been changingrapidly over the last decade.
Climate Change is one of the most serious problems that the world is facing today.
4. Carbon Dioxide (CO2)
The gas formed when carbon is burned, or when people or animals breathe out.

The burning of fossil fuels releases large amounts of carbon dioxide into the
atmosphere, which leads to global warming.
Trees absorb carbon dioxide.
5.

Fossil Fuel
A natural fuel such as coal, gas, or oil formed in the geological past from the
remains of living organisms.
Some people do not believe that human's reliance on fossil fuels is to blame for global
warming.

6. Global warming
A gradual rise in the world's temperatures caused by polluting gases such as
carbon dioxide which are collecting in the air around the Earth and preventing
heat escaping into space.


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Deforestation is contributing to global warmingbecause trees absorb carbon dioxide.
7. Deforestation
Cutting down and clearing areas of forest.
Deforestation is destroying animal habitats.
8. Habitat
The natural environment in which an animal or plant usually lives.
With so many areas of woodland being cut down, a lot of wildlife is losing its
natural habitat.
9. Ecosystem

All the living things in an area and the way they affect each other and the
environment.
The world has a delicately balanced ecosystem, and pollution can damange this.
The marine (= related to the sea) ecosystem was baldy damaged by the oil spill..
10. Biodiversity
The variety of plant and animal life in the world or in a particular habitat, a high
level of which is usually considered to be important and desirable.
The rich and diverse biodiversity of our planet must be protected.
11. Contamination
To make something less pure by exposing it to poisonous or polluting substances.
The water has been contaminated by the release of toxic chemicals into the river.
The water supply is being tested forcontamination.
12. Toxic/Toxin
Poisonous / A poisonous substance
The dumping (= disposing of something in a careless way) of toxic waste has
contaminated the area.
Leaded fuel from cars releases toxins into the air which can affect the brain.
13. Waste
A material or substance which is eliminated or discarded as no longer useful or
required after the completion of a process.