Common mistakes in english OCR

Preface

Preiace to the firstedition
W arson Education Limited
Edinburgh Gate,Harlow
Essex CM 20 2JE, England
andAssociated Companiesthroughoutthe worid
www.lorfgman-elt,com
n isedition Q Pearson Education Lim ited 2002

'Ihis btlok has been designed to nleet the requirelnents of
students whose nnother tongue is not English, 1ts niain
purpllse isf()he/p to corrttctthe ctlm lntlllm istakestt)which
foreign IearnersofEnglish are Iiable.
The nlethod adopted throughoutthiswork isuniforln.A ii
the errors dealt with are singled out,for thcy have to bi
a
recognised bef'
tlre thtty can be corrccted:then ctlrl-ectftll.ms
are substituted f()r incorret!t ones; finally,' sin1plc

'
Iherightof'
llrnothy Fitikidesto be identified as authorof
thiswork hasbeen asserted on his behalfin accordance
with the Copyright, Designsand PatentsAct1988.

expl2:
t1)ations are given wherever neccssary to justify

Allrightsreserved;no partofthispublication m ay be

reproduced,stored in a retrievalsystem , ortraosm itted
in any form orby any m eans, electronic,m echanical
photocopying,recording, otothemvise withoutthe ,
expresspermission ofthe Copyrightholders.

m inds.
I( is n(Jl (.
,Iairned that this rnanu:
41
exh?1ustîve.
N'evertheless, the difficulties tacklckl are real, and the
exanlples are reprcsentative ()f the ulistakcs k!(
.
)u'
!ino!
4ly
naade by ftlreigll students of Englisb, being tllf
a result ()f
obsela.
-atitlnslllade tlvera long.period ()t'tinpe,
M btcilcare hasbeen given t()tht!prt?pantti()n ()fthe lndex,
w'hicl
a it is hoped will lzlake thu! bollk a useful wllrk ot'

*

Firstpublished 1936
Second edition 1937
Tinird edition 1939
Fourth edition 1947

Fifth edition 1963
Sixth edition 2002

partit-tlla!
-usages.Exercisesare setatthe end t()ensure that
the priTlciples nlay bccom e j'
irlllly fixed in the students'

lefel'
e:lceM y ackn
'(lwledgementsare due to M rW .H .G,Rlppyesttlne.
wht) has read my manuselipt and m ade many vaiuable

suggestitlns,

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Printed in M alaysia

ISBN O 582 34458 1

Formattedby CjB EditorialPlus

j

A?z,
yltst l9.3()


Co m m o n M istakes

in Eng lish
w ith Exercises

by T.J.Fitikides,B.A .,RI.L.
Senior Engiish M aster
The Pancyprian Gym nasium ,Nicosia
Authorof &ey W ords forEasy Spelling
I-essor?s in Greek-Englisb Translation
grrors,1ike straws,upon the surfdce fIow ;
He w ho would search forpearlsm ustdive below ,
John Dryden

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# *:

.


r'

Contents

Preface to the Sixth Edition
It is now more than 60 years since this book was tirst
published.lthasgonethrough m any revisions,and additîons
have been m ade at different tim es in its hjstofy W ith the
millennium approaching itwasdecided thatthere were s
om e
pointsofusagewhich are no longerrelevantand so thisnew
edition hasbeen prepared.'

l'
he contenthasbeen cempletely
reviewed in thelightofmodern English usage, and thetypef
acesand dcsign up-dated forclarity.
And yet the original concept and, indeed,m ost of the
original m istakes listed, are still pertinent to students of
English even in the year 2000. 'Fhis little book has sold
several hundred thousand copies al1 ovel- the worid and
seemslikely to go on doing so.
'l'
he author's note on how the book should be used is
ori
page vii,with an addition forthisedition.

Par't1 M jsused fonus
Using the w rong preposition
Misuse ofthe infinitive
Use ofthe wrong tense
M iscellaneousexam ples
Un-English expressions

1
13
18
28
40

Part2 Incorrectomissions
Omission ofprepositions.
M iscellaneousexam ples

46
49

Part3 Unnecessary words
Unnecessary propositions
Unnecessary articies
Use ofthe infinitive
Miscellaneousexam ples

61
63
69
70

Part4 M isplaced words
W rong position ofadverbs
M iscellaneousexamples

Part5 Confused words
Prepositionsoften confused
Verbsoften confused
Adverbs often confused
Nounsoften confused
Confusion ofnumber
Confusion ofpar'tsofspeech

83
89
107

109
116
122
129

Exercises

137

Index

182

Adjectivesoften confused

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UsefulIists and sum m aries

Have anotherlook at...
Prepositionsafter certain words
Use ofthe genm d
Use ofcertain tenses
Negatives
Tlzird person singular, simple present
Indefinite article
Verb To 8E
Definite article

Questions
Correctorderofwords
Use ofcertain prepositions
Use ofwilland shall
Singularand plural

Irregularverbsin everyday use
bearto lie
Dphtto write

How tbis book should be used

14
19
27
37
50
53
55
68
79
82
88
106
130

198-199
200-201

This book is intended for two uses. it m ay be tlsed as a

reference book and asan ordinary textbook.
Asa btlok ()freference itshould be consulted with every
composition.Ihe teacher may refer the sttldent to the
appropriatesectitln dealing with hism istake by a numberin
the margin othisexercise book, Forexam ple,a m isuse ofa

preposition oftime (/J,on orinjisindicated by 383 il1the
margin to enable the student to look up his mistakc and
corretrt it,-rhis m ethod has been tested and found more
effective than the com mon practice of writing the ctlrrect
forrn for the student. lt is axiom atic that the greater the
Student's individual effort,the m tire thorough will be his
iearning.
N'
Vith regard to itssecond usc,asan actualtextb()()k, w e
strongly recomm end thatthe teacher shkluld start offwith
the exercises on pages137 t()184.These are arranged llnder
the headings of the various parts of speech: l'tluns,

adjectivesspnlnokfns,ctc.However.before au exercise is
attempted.the teatrhershould m ake certain thatthi?sttldents
havc com prehended the partieular usage invtllved. A n
occasionalrefercnce to sonle specific scctitln nzay be ulatle
whtlnever this is deem ed necessary, but under 14o
circum stances is it advisable to g() through the vi
lritlus
sectionsofthe btlok consectttively, or to cxtlm lllitt()m elntll'y
rulesctïncerning usage.
Despite thf
?factthatthis book hasbeen designed t'

tlrtwo
separate uses, the w riter is of the opinion that thtt best
resuitswillbe achieved ifitis uscd by the sttldentbtlth asa
textbook and as a book ofreference.
.

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January 7961

l'
Vhile the above isstilltrue, there isalso a self-study use
for this little book.ïvith m ore varied teaching lllaterials
avaitable now,itcan also be uscd as a sclf-study btèok by


Part 1

How thisbook should be used

studentsofEnglish asa foreign language who are preparing
work eitheraspartoftheirstudies or fortheir occupations.
W ith a view to this,itis suggested that,when a question of
correctusage arises,the studentshould look firstforthe core
word in theindex and so find the section detailing the usage,

Forexample,is itby footoronfoot? Look up jootin the
index and you will be directed to Section 13 which will

M isused form s
U sing the w rong preposition

explainthatonjootiscorrect.
Students and teachersw illdecide forthem selves whatis
thebestway to use thisbook.v/hatisconstantisthequality
ofcontentand how helpfulitisto allthose who use Englisk

Mistakesaz'
coften made Y'usingthewyong preposition
afteTcertainztloFts.TheJo/lo'
&JzWg listincludestheft
7oFJ.
î
which mostoften g,
't?:trouble:

asaforeign languake.

Absorbed (= very much interested)in,notat.
Don'tsay:The m an wasabsorbed athiswork.
Say:'rhe m an was absorbed in hiswork.

Accuseof,notjoy.
Don'tsay:She accused the man forstealing,
7 Say:She accused the m an ofstealing.
Note:Charge takeswil :Fheman ekosfhatged wr/tllm urder.

Accustomed to,notwith.
Don'tsay:I'm accustomed with hotweather.
Z .
stzy.

.I'm accustom ed to hotweather.

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Ncte:Alsoused 'to:Re/'
sused fo 1heheat.

Afrzidof,nothom.

Don'tsay:Laura isafraid from the dog.
/' Say:Latjra isafraid ofthe dog.


r
Part1

M isused forms

Aim at,noton or anainst.

Dorl'
fsay:Sheaimed on (oragainst)th

7 Say:Sh
e aimed atthe target.

e target.

hlgle'Use the preposktia;lattchde

nct

dl
ett
ionrthrow at, shoutatfire
at, shootat.Sboot(kvlthoutthea
t)eme
arn
st
and klljed it).
okill'8eshotabtrd (z=hebit

Angry with,notagainst.
Don'tsay:The teacherwas angr
Z S
y againsthim .
ay:Theteacherwasangry with him .
Note 1'We9etangl with apersoqb
wearher(fho!:withtheweather)
utatathing'.&c wasangry atthe
Note 2. Az
soannoyedw ifh. vexedw ithaindcgnantw itb ape
utfhsfRg.
rson,butat

An
xit
ous(= troubled)about, notjoy.
Don'
say:'
lhey're anxiousforhishealth
J Say:TheyAre anxiougabouthi

.
shealth.
Note'Anxiousmeanlnqw ishing ver
ymueb takesfor. Parentsayc'anxious
torr/p//'
rcbijdrenàsuccess.

Arrive at,notto.
Don?say:W e arrived to the villa
7 Say:W e arrived atthevillage atni
ge atnight.
ght.
Note'USearrive gnz/lthcountriesandlargeci
ties:Mr5'&?'t?1AaJarnkt'd in
lorlc/on (orNew Fork, Irtdba,etc.J

1O Believe in,notto.
Don't.
gm?.
'W ebelieve to God.

é s'
tzy;W e believe in God.
Note:To beli
eve inrp
eansto havefaithin.To believe(wi
thoutthei
n)means
toregardsornethingastrue:/begeve eeefynlN/lg hesays.

Boastoforabout,notJor.
Don't.
çtzy.
'Jam esboasted forhisstrength.

7 Say:Jamesboastetlof(orabout)hisstrength.

Carefulof,with orabout,notfor.
Don't.
çtzy.
'Elke'svery carefulforherhealth.
é k
îtzy;Elke's very carefulof/aboutherhealth,
Or;You should be m ore careiulwith yourm oney,
Note:Take tareof:à?etakesrareofhlsmoney

Travelby train,etc.,notwith the tm fn, etc.
Don'tsay:He travelled with the train yesterday.
@' s'
tzy.
'He travelled by train yesterday,
Note:We say:bytrainabyboat by plane,by bike;aiso,byland,bysea,
byaiqby bus;in :busoronabus;bytaror$nataï,bylaxiorin ataxi:
onhorse-back,onadonkey,ona bltyde;onfoot.

Complain about,notfor.
Don'tsay:Annette com plained forthe weather.
@' Say:Annette eemplained aboutthe weather,

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Ashamed of,notyom

.

Don'tsay:Hc'
snow ashamed f
rom hisconduct.
Z Say:He'snow asham ed ofhi
scanduct.

No
terltIsn'tccrrecttou6eashamed ofmeanlng shy Ashamed rnears
feelingsha
t)rguiltaboctsomethiog. y meapsfeel
sch
meone. lme
j nefvouswlth
nsteadclfsayàng:1-m ashamedG(h
orshamed)ofin
myreac/cr, say:
t'm shyofm.z'eacher.

2

Note:W hentalkingabcotillnessweusetomplainof.W e.Say:She
comp/a/nedofasorethroat

15 Composed of,notfrom.
D0?1'1say:Our classiscom posed from thirty students.

Z Say:Ourclassis composed ofthirty students.

3


Parl 1

16 Confidence in,not/o.
Don'tsay:Ihavegreatconfidence to you.
Say:Ihave greatconfidencein you.
Note:lnconfûdence:Letmere/?yousorneth/
r;gin confidence(= asasecret).

Conform tojnotwith.
Don'
tsay:v e m ustconform with the m les.
St
zy:W e mustconform io the rules.
Note:com plytakeswith. '
Ae'?lcom ply withyourrequesr.

18 Congratulate on,notfo'.
Don'
tsay:Icongratulateyou foryoursuccess,
Say:Icongratulateyou on yoursuccess.

Consistof,noth'
om.
Don'
tsay:A yearconsistsfrom twelve m onths.

Say:A yearconsistsoftwelvem onths.
Note:Take grea!careneverto use consis'
tIn the pasukveform .

20 Covered with,notby.
Don'tsay:The mountainsare covered by snow .
/' Say:The m ountainsare covered with/in snow .

Cure of,notyom.

M isused form s

23 Deprive of,noth'om.
Dorj'
fst
.
ly:Nelson M andelawasdeprived from his
freedom .
.r
' Say:Nelson Mandela wasdeprived olhisfreedom .

24 Dieofan iilness,noth'om Izrlillness.
Don'ts(7)?.
'M any people have died from malaria.
/' Say:M any pepple have died ofm alaria.
.

,

Note:Peopledieofillness,ofhtlnger, ofthi

rst,oforfrom wounds;from
overwork;by vlolence,by the sword.by pestilence;in tattle;fortheircoantry,
fora cause,throughneglect;on thescaffold;atthestake.

Differentfrom ,notthan.
Don'tJtzy:M y book isdiffcrentthan yours.
.z
' Say:M y book is differentfrom yours.

26 Disappointed by,aboutorat,noth'
om.
(a) by/at/about:
Don'tsay:Phillipa wasdisappointed from the low
mark she gotin the test.
bf Say:Phi
liipa wasdisappointed by/about/atthe low
m ark she gotin the test.

(b) with/in:
Don'tsay:Jane wasdisappointed from her son.
Say:Jane wasdisappointed with/in herson,

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Don'tsay:The m an wascured from hisillness.
/ Say:'
lhe m an was cured ofhisillness.
Ncte.Thenouncuretakesfor:Fhere/snoct/re forrllsfdisease

Dependon orupon,noth'om.

Don'tsay:Itdependsfrom her.

V Say:Itdependson (orupon)her.
Note:Rely on orupon. /cap'rrelyon r
orupon)&!
'
r!.

Note'Befcre apersonweusew ithorin,befofeathingwe useat. aboutor
by and before agertlnd we use at:Keith !à very dtiappointed afcloéwinn/ng
thepcize.WeuGethat(optionalbeforeanew clause):Ikvasdt'
sappointeçi

rrhat)!di
dn%pet'
qnt
nvitatton.
'

Divide iltto parts,notin parts.
Don'tsay:Idivided the cake in four parts.
Say:ldivided the cake into fourparts.
Note:A thirhg maybedivide'dinhalforintwo:Pautd/e/ded theapplefrkhalt

(orin twol.


Pad 1

28 Nodoubt(n)oiorabout,notJor.

Don'tsay:l've no doubtforhisability.

Say:I'veno doubtof(orabout)hisability.
Note'Doubtfulof:/am dotzâtfu?ofhis aôfl'ty to pass.

29 Dressed in,notwith.
D on'tsay:'Fhe w om an w asdressed w ith black.
/ Say:The woman wasdressed in black.

B0 Exception to,noto/.
D orl'tsay:Thisis an exception ofthe rule.
J' Say:This isan exception to the m le.
Note:Aesaywitbtùeexceptionof:SheI
ikedaIherstlbjt
zcrswç'ht'
/le

M isused form s

34 Getrid oi,notfwm.
Don'
tJcy.
'1'11be glad to getrid from him .
Say:1'11be glad to getrid ofhim.

35 Glad about,notfrom orwith.
Don'tl'
fzy.
'Franciswasgladfrom (orwith)receiving
your letter.

Say:Franciswasglad aboutreceiving yourletter.

36 Good at,notin.
Don'
ts'f7)?;My sister'sgood in m aths.
Say:M y sister'sgood atmaths.
Note1:Bad at,cleverat qultkat slow at.etc.Ftowever,w eak in:He's
weak in grarnmac
Note2:He'
sgoodin dassmeansthathi5conduct15good.

exçeption ofphy-s/c.c

37 Guard against,notyom.
Exchange for,not:y.
Don'tsay:Heexchanged hiscollection ofm atchboxes
by som e foreign stamps.
Z Say:He exchanged hiscollection ofm atchboxesfor
som e foreign stam ps,
Note'ln exchange for'Hegakze tbeln /7!L5oId carin exchalw e fora nevvone.

32 Failin,notjrom.

Don'
t.
çtly.
'You mustguard from bad habits,
V Scy;You m ustguard againstbad habits.

38 Guiltyof,notfot'

.
Don't.
çtzy:He wasfound guilty form urder.
é scy;H ewasfound ggilty ofmurder

39 Independentof,nothnm.
Don'tstzy;Clare'sindependentfrom herparents.
é .
$tzy.
'Clare'
sindependentofherparents.

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Don'tsay:Steven failed from mathslastyear.
Say:Steven failed in m athslastyear.

Note:wesaydependenton:A zhlld'àdepen* ntonitsm renls.

33 Fullof,notwith orfrom .
Don'tsay:Thejarwasfullwith (oAfrom)oil.
Say:Thejarwasfullofoil.
Note'Filltakeswith:Janefilled thegiasswithwater.

40 Indifferentto,notJor.
Don'tscy;'Ihey're indifferentforpolitics.
é 5'
fry.
'n ey're indifferentto politics.

Part1

.ê'

lnsiston,notto.
Dou'
tsay:He always insisted to hisopinion.
$.m /.
.
'He alw aysinsisted on hisopinion.
Hole.Persisttake.qin ble perdeas

M isused form s

ftla'
l
rried to,notwith.
.0$
7777/say:Angela wasm arried with a rich maa.
Say:Angela wasm arried to a rich man.
.

Note:Al
so engased to'
.Seily kvus enqaged to Peterforayearbefore they ()(?r
nkart-ied.

Interestedin,notfor.

Don'tsay:She'
snotinterested forherwork.
Say:She'snotinterested in herwork.

Opposite to,notfrom
Don'tsay:Theirhouse is opposite from outs.

Note Alsotake an interestio 5he takes a qreatinterestFrlmosic.

SJt
y.
'Theirhouse is opposite to ours.
Note'Opposite ours isalso correct

Jealousof,notfrom.
Don'tsay:He'
svefy jealousfrom hisbrother.
Say:He'sveryjealousofhisbrother.
Leave fora place,notlo a place.
Don'/say:They're leaving to England soon.
Say:They're Ieaving forEngland soon.

D ssby aplace,noth'
om aplace.
Dozz'àsay:W illyou pass from the post-office?
Say:'
W i11you pessby the post-office?
Nole'Also passthe post-offiçe iscorreqt.

Liveon,notjnom.

Play for a team ,notwith a team .
Don'tsay:He playsregularly with thatteam .
Say.He playsregularly for thatteam .

DonJ/say:He livesfrom hisbrother'
sm oney.
Say:He liveson hisbrother'sm oney.

Pleasedwith,notfyom.
Don'tsay:The teacher is pleased from me.
Say.
'The teacherispleased with m e.

l-ook at,notto.
Don'tsay:Look to thisbeautifulpicture.
Say:Look atthisbeautifulpicture.

Nchte.bhle 5avpIeased atc)rpleased w ith Ifan abstractnoun oratlause

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Note:Also gaze at,stare a'tpetc But. Sookafter(= takecareof)'. look for
(=tc,ta flr
ld),I
ookover(=examl
nel;Iook into(= examlnecl
osel
yl'
ook on

.I

orupon,
''=conslderl'
.Iookdown on (=havea Iow opinpancf), Iookupto
=reqpectl'.Iookoutfor(= eypectl;Iookforw ard'to (=expectwlthpleasufe).
'(
Iookto(=retyon)

fol
kows:Fhe;z'
vverepl
eased ar(ofG/MJwha?hesa/x Fhey vverepleasedat
(
o?with)herresults

Popularwith,notam ong.
Doazlsay:John'spopular.am ong hisfriends.
Say:John'spopuiarwith hisfriends.

Preferto,notf'
rom.
Donltsay:Iprefera blue pen from a red one.
t
$(
7y.
'lprefera blue pen to a red one.
Note:Also preferable to:Tt),5 zaTjspreferable to t'ny olziclrle.

Part1

M isused foà
7 ms

Preside ator over,notin.
Don'tsay:W ho presided in the lastmeeting?

SJy,
.W hopresidedat(orover)the lastmeeting?

Proudof,potJor.
Donlfsay.
'He'svery proud forhisprom otion.
Say:He'svery proud ofhisprom otion.
Nate b.%eSaytake L
'a;pride in .
4 crafrsfrlan takesa pride ?'n /?/.;bvrlrk

Rejoiceatorin,notJor.
Dozl'!say:Werejoiced forhersuccess

.

Say:W erejoiced at(orin)hersuccess.
Related to,notwith.
Don'
tMay.
'Are you related with Simon in any way?
./ Say:Ar

e you related to Sim on in any way?
Note Also relation to. jshe any relation fo you?

58 Repentof,notFom.
Don'tsay:He repented from hi:crim e.
V Say:He repented ofhiscrime.
Note Repentance tdkesfor:b!eJee/srepentancefor/7/55:n

59 Satisfied with,notyom.
Don'
fsay:Are you satisfied from yourmarks?
Z Say:Are you satisfied with yourm arks?

61 Sitata desk etc., noton a desk etc.
Don'tsaylThe bank m anagerwa
ssitting on hisdesk.
Say:The bank managerwassitti
ng athisdesk.
Noke.Ahsosi1ata'able. But:on açhair.ona bench
, on a :ofa,et
arm-chair, in a tree ofup a tree
c;in an
, Abi
rdsomelimespertbes@ $I
ts)onatree.

Spendon,notjor.
Don'tsay:Ispend a lotoftime fo
Z Say:1spe
rmy com puter.

nd a 1otoftime on my com puter.
63 Succeed in,not at.
Don'tsay:Ihope he'llsucceed athi
Z S
swork.
ay:Ihope he'llsucceed in hiswork.
Note:A person sklt&eed:to a pfopert
I
t/tteeded to thethcorlein f552 y.i,ti
tle,oranoffice:OueesF/
l
kaleth11
.

Also onepersoflcan sutceed aoother.

Superiorto,notyom orthan

Don'
tsay:'
rhis is superiorf .
/' Xcyrel-his issuperiorto thatrom (orthan)that.
.
Note:Also intedorto. junior&o,seniof1o

.

subsenuenl1o,priorto.

65 Sare of, notjor.

Don'tstzy;I'm quite sure forherh
Say:I'm quite sure ofherhonestyonesty.
.

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Notp Akso contentw ithe delighted with,unhappy with, happyw ithv
displeased withe dissasisfiedwith,disgus&edw ith.

60 Sim ilarto,not'
a7p'r/7.
Don'
tsay:Yourhouse issimilarwith m ine.
/ Say:Yourhouse issimilarto mine.

.

.

%

Note:AlsoEertain of2laî.nqt/recertAin off'
l.

Surprised atorby, notfor.
D

on'
tsay:H arold wassurprised forthe Ioud bang.
/ Sa

y:Harold was surprised at/by the loud bang
.

Note. Alsaastonishedatfby, amazed Bt/by,alarmedal/by

sbotked al/by.

a

puzzled at/byl


Part 1

M isused form s'
n.

Suspectof,notfor.

Have anotberlook at ...

Don'
tsay:IsuspectKate forstealing th
Say:Is
e perl.
uspectKate ofstealing the pen.

Prepositions after certain urords

Note Aisczsuspitiousof:Dogsaresuspiciousofsbrangers.

Note carefully the prepos'
itionsused afterthe follow-ing
words:
accuse of
aecustoined ro

afraid oj
aim at

angl-y z.
t.
'?
'lJ7,ttt
arrive z
rt/,in

aslnamed of
believe iu
boastr)f

careful3
.
4,?z?7
'f/f,about
com plain about
cornposed of
eonforrn ro
congrai.ulate o'
?t.

t'tnnsistof

curet
'
lj
depend on

68 Take bys notyom.
DonJ
fsay:Roberttook hisbrotherfrom the hand.
.z' Say:Robertt
ook hisbrotherby the hand.

guilty o.f
ipdependentO.f
intlifferentto
ins.ist'
.
bn
inferested ;'
?!
j
'eatOusO?'
1()ok fft
n'
larrief.
iro

rkolerAlso:hold by,catch by, seize by,soatch byz graspby.

'
H e to,noton.
Don'tsay:The girltied tl
ne strjng on th
S
e kite.
ay:'
lhe girltied the stting to thc kite,
Note Aisobindto:Tbepc/sonerwasbound to tbe srake

f'
lodoubt(# ort'
?d'
lout

Tired of,notfrom.

pteased 7.
/1:
yjj
prefer to
proud t),J
related !(.
)

Don'tsay:Theboysare tired from eating b
oiled eggs.
Say':The boysare tired ofeating boiled eggs.
Translate into, not fo.

Don
tsay:Translate thispassage to English.
b
' '
ay:Translate thispassage into English.

rq'neutoj
sa
.tisfied '
?pi
'
f:
sim ilar to
succeed in
superior jo

Trem blewith cold,
D
etc.,notJ'
ropïcold,etc.
on'tsay:The man wastrem bling from cold.
/ Say:Them a'
n wastrembling with cold.

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depriveoj
dieOJ

gure ()J

different.from
dressed'in
failitï

surprised at,by

fullc/

translate ïnjo

good at
uard against

Mote Alsoshakew ith .3rèdshiverwith:Thethfefkkesshakl'np with f

suspectof
tiredOJ

edr

Warn (aperson)ofdanger,notaboutdanger
Don'tsay:They were warned aboutthe danger
..
S
ay:'
They wçre warned ofthe danger.

warn.
'()J about

Noïe 1 Usew arnabokltforspicificthings:Theykvacned usabou2f?lt
oLtzlfz?p%
lflïtte rcad
k

.

< -

1?- -


Part 1

Nt):e2:W ew arn a person aqains!afault:&!'stedcberw êrned h/'m agafnxt
breaklbg the rules.

74 W rite in ink,notwith ink.
Don'
tsay:I've written the letterwith ink.
J Say:I've written the letterin ink.
Note W e useln A'ilen we are referrtn: to the flnalwork:Fhedfawfng was
dofneincharcoaf.Doravvçttesherfeltersln green!f1*.W henwearereferrlnglo
the Instrumentuged we use w ith The children Jre pedro/r?g rllwqte w ith a
pen Helen preéer.sto pa/prwith <-/thm br1Jsh.

(SeeExercises73-76on pages168-170)

M isused forms

Fond of+ -ing.
Dorl'rsay:She'salwaysfond to talk.
/' Say:She's alwaysfond oftalking.
lnsiston + -ing.
Don'tsay:Sim on insisted to go to London.
Say:Simon insisted on going to lvondon.

80 Objectto + -ing.
Don'tsay:Iobjectto betreated likethis
/ 5'
&y.
'Iobjectto being treated likethis

.

.

M isuse of the infinitive
Use thegerundand 1$4)2theinjinitive:

(a)Afterprepositionsorpreposition phrases.
'
W ithoutjetc.+ -ing.
Don'tsay:Do yourwork withoutto speak.
Z Say:Do yourwork withoutspeaking.
76 Instead of,etc.+ -ing.
Don'!say:He wentaway instead to wait.
/' Say:He wentaway instead ofwaiting.

Preventfrom + -ing,
Don'tsay:The rain prevented me to go,
/ Say:The rain prevented m e irom going.
82 Succeed in + -ing.
Don'tsay:Paula succeeded to win the prize.
Say:Paula succeeded in winning the prize.
Think of+ -ing.
llon'tsay:Ioften think to go to England.
Say:Ioften think ofgoing to England.

'
nred of+ -ing.
Dorl'lsay:The cltstomergottired to wait.
Say:The custom ergottired ofwaiting.

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(b)A/terwordswhich zlwzf/t7r/y take apreposition:

77 Capable of+ -ing.
Don'tstty.
'They're quite capable to do that.
Say:They're quite capable ofdoing that.

Note Alsointapableof;to +thelnflnlllvefollow:ableorunable b'
e
r5unable to doepythdbp

Used to + -ing.
Don'
tssy:She'sused to getup early

/' Say:She'sused to getting up early.


M isused form s
Part1

(c)Aftercprltzfa verbs:

Have another Iook at...

86 Avoid + -ing.
Don'tsay:You can'tavojd tclm ake m istakes.
./' Say':You can'tavoid making mistakes.

1

U se ofthe gerund
Use thegerund (and nottheinfinitive):

Nclte:Alsocan'thelpt=carl'!avoid):Ican'the/p laughing.

7 Afterprepositions.
Examples:He worked withoutstopping.She played

Enjoy + -ing.
Don'tsay:lenjoy toplayfootball.
.'
* Say:lenjoy playing football.

instead oj?

.
?Jork?
'ng.
2 Afterwordbwhich regularly take a preposition,such

Note:Uîethe gerund orto + infinitive afterverbsmeanyng 'to Iike orto
dislike'HeIikesread/ng Engiishbooks,orbieliàe.storead (rtglisbbooks.

asfond of insist0??,tired t)jsucceedi?1.
Examples:1'm tivedojdoingthe work again.He
sacceeded in ctz/chïl?r the rat.

88 Excuse + -ing.
Don'
tsay:Please excuse m e to be so Iate.
Say:Please excuse my beilzg so late.
OA:Please excuse m e forbeing so late.

3 Aftercertain verbs,stlch asazloid,e?zjoy,finish,JJDP,
nsk,excuse.

Examples:n ey enjoyrl/tyyir?g football.'rhe wind has
stopped lplo?zlïng.

Finish + -ing.
Don'
tsay:Haveyou finished to speak?
Say:Have you finished speaking?

4 Aftertheadjectivesbusy and worth.

Examplej:Lena wasbusy zt,
?'?
'
f;
'r?g abook,Thisdatets

Note:l'
o + inflnitlveoftbeqerundfollow verbsmeaningto begin'5hebegaa
taspeak,or5hebegans'peek/npa

uyorth remem bering.
S After certain phrases,such asit'
sno use,it'
s no good,

90 Go t)îl(continue)+ eillg.

Ican'thelp,wouldyoumind,look jc/rztwrd to.

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Don'tsay:'
l'hem usic wenton to play al1day.
J' Say:The musicwenton playing allday.

'
?kg again.fcan'thelp
Exam ples:lthink k
'f%'no use /r.vp

feehngangryaboutit,

Note:Al
yo keep onq5hekeptonpla,/n.
g thepf
dpcl
.

Use the gerund orthe infinitive aftercertain verbs,such

91 Mind(objectto)+ -ing.

asbegin,/?
'àc,dislike,hate,love,prefen

Don'tsay:W ould you mind to open the door?
J Say:Would you mind opening the door?

Example;He began to talk orHe began talking.

.-

e- -


Part1

92 Practise + -ing.
Donltsay:You mustpractise to speak English.
J' Say:You m ustpractise spealting Euglish.

M isused forms

Hav'
e the pleasure of+ dng.
Don'tsay:lhad the pleasure to m eethim .
Say:lhad the pleasure ofm eeting him .
Nore A'sotakepleasurein Stetakesgreatpfeasureinhelolfl;'
arhers

98 Rem em ber+ -ing
..
Donntstzy;ldon'trennenlberto have seen bh
.c!'
t.
7 Say:1don'trem em berseeing him .
OF.ldon'trcmmnberbaving seen hiln.
Risk + -jng.
Donn
tsay:àVe coulf
ln'trisk to leave him alone.
Say:V/e couldn'trisk Ieaviog him alone.
Stop .
f
--ing.
Don'tsay:The wind hasaim oststopped'tc,blou/.
Say.
.Ttle winflhasalm oststopped b1
.owing.

102 It'sno use + -ing.
Don't.
$t;
?y.
.lt'sno use to cry like a baby
Say;It'sno use crying like a bnby.

It'sno good + -ing.
Dorl'tstzy;lt'sno good to getangry.
Say:lt'sno good getting angry.
102 Look forward to + -ing.
D()n31say:1look forward to sec him soon.
Z Say:IIook folavard to seejng him soon.

Note 7
%.
lsogive up(=stop):!/:
?pat?eI.
2r;st
vokirtg,

(d)A'ftt?7ctt'ta'
!
è;
'
?adjecti'
(?es:
96 Busy + -in.
g.
D ot'

,.'
tsay:H ewasbusy to revistzthe exalos.
Say:He wasbusy revising forthe exam sW orth + -ing.

Don'tsay:is today'sfilm worth to see?
Say:ls today'sfilm worth seeing?

1G3 'lllez'e isno harm in + -ing.
Don'
ts'Jy.
''
Fhere'sno harm to visithernow.
/ Say:'
n ere'sno harm in visiting hernow,

(SeeExercises63 and 64 on pagû 164.)

U se of the w rong tense

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(c)Aftercertain phrases:

98 Have difficulty in + -ing.
Don'tsay:She hasno diffièulty to do it.
J Say:Shehasno difficult'
y in doiag it.

1O4 Using the pasttensc afterdid instead ofthe infinitive
withoutto.

(J)Toaskquestions:
Don'tsay:Did you wentto schoolyesterday?
/ Say:Did you go to schoolyesterday?

(b)Tomake negatives:
Don'tsaylldid notwentto schoolyesterday.
19


Part1

Say:Idiflnotgo to schoolyesterday.
U5ethepresenti
nfini
t/
vewi
thou!to/notthepasttenseaftertheauyik
iarydil.
Note:theanswertoaquestionbeginningwiti
ldidi5alwaysfnthepastlenợeờ
Dl-dyou5- thep/ct/re.?- Feyt/s'a thepjclure;orFes,Idld.

105 Using the third pemon singularafterdoesinstead of
the infinitive without'
to.

(a)To ask questions:

Don'tsay:Doesthe gardenerwatersthe flowers?

Z Say:Doesthe gardenerwaterthe flowers?

(!?)To makenegatives'
.

Don'tsay:The m an doesn'twatersthe flowers.
7 Say:'rhe m an doesn'tw aterthe flowers.
Afler1heauxiliarydoesusetheintinitivewithoutto,and notthethird persch
oftile present.
Note.'rheanswertoaquestionbeginningwithDoesisalwaysintbepresent
teqse.thirclperson:DoesheJket'Yezinema?- Fes;heJfke.
s2hecl'
nernaz'cr
FeJ,hedoes's

(ForSections104-105 seeExercises33 and 34 on
pages152-153.)
106 Using thethird person singularaftercan,must,etc.,
instởad bfthe infinitive withoutto.
Don'tJf7y:Ian can speaksEnglish very well.
Scy;Ian ean speak English very well.

M isused forms

ờ$()Ik?. T.
tIsrule(ioesn'tappiy(')tokerbswlthinquotatkons. (2)tofactsthha!are
true ataIItIm es W e say:

1Sl
n#2said,'1am waltlfhgforyouợafhswer'

2 He said thatLorbtjon isa grờụlỷlty

1C8 Using wilI/'
lIinstead ofwould/'d in a subordinate
clause,

Don'tsa)':Ilesaid (that)hewiil/tllcome tomorrow
/ Say:l'le said (that)hewould/'
d cometomorrow

,

.

W ill/Jll:,1arlù;eStow otild/'dInsubcrdlnatecSau9eS.wblen the bkerb Ifrthe rchaIrl
(:IPuT;p Is.r.,?Ipaq'tterje

1O9 Using may'instead ofm ightin a subordinate clause.
D on'tsay.' LastSundayAilsa told m cthatshe may
(201M.()w

/ Say:LastSunday Ailsa told me thatshe mightcome,
Maychdngesto migh'
tlrIsubofdlrhateclaoses, whenthek'
erb Irhthe rnzIn

tiause isin thepastsfmp2e tense.

Note Theconjtlrhctl
onthaợpsneù

zerprecededbyaCr
clr
'
nma.

11S Using can instead ofcould in a subordinate clause.
Don'tsay:Ben thoughthe can w in the prizc.
Say:Ben thoughthe could win the prize.
Carlchangesto could in subordlnate clauses when !he verb ilnthe main clause
ISIr the oastsIm pIe tense.

(ForSections107-110seeExercises.
22 and23 on
pages147-148.)

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Aftertheverbstanmust may,shall.andwill,usetheintinitivewithouttp.
andnotthethird personoft6epresent.

107 W rong sequence oftenses.
Don'tlcy:Rachelasked m e whatIap doing.
d' Say:Rachelasked m e whatIwasdoing.

Using the pastsim ple tense afterto + the infinitive,
Don'tylly'
.
'He tried to kicked the ballaway.
Say'
:He tried to kick the ballaway.
Dclr?'ttkse thhe blf'nple past:enSởaf:erto.

A he91hevefbinthemainclauseis'knthepasttenseeoseapastợensein
wbordinate ỗlauses.

u


Part1

M isused fornls

112 Using the pastsimple tense afteran auxiliary verb, 116 Using the simple pasttense with a recentaction
instead ofthe p
'resentperfect.
,
instead ofthe pastparticiple.
Don'tsay:l've forgotto bring my book.
Do/z'fsay:Tne clock stnlck.
Say:The clock hassiruck.
Say:I've t'
orgotten to bring m y book.
USethepastp8ctfcsple(and nfatthepasttepse)wilhtheauxilLaryverbhaveeh

$
fvt
:zarespeakingf;
farlacticc
njustfini
shed wemustuseîhepresentpedect

itspuf-ts.

instead oftile slmple pasttense. Forexôrf
lple.immetliatery aiterthe clock
strikes,westloLlldp'tsayTheclozk âzruci', butIbedockhasstrlzck-'

113 Using mustOrought/r3to expressa pastobligatiori.
Dony say:You oughtto com e yestelday.
117 Using the sjm ple presenfkustead oftl'
lepresent
X Say:YOu oughtttlhave come yesterday.
perfect.
Or.You should have come yesterday.
Don't&a)?.))m atthjsschooltwo years.
.
,ar,dougsltoaspasttensesloexpr
egsapastduty(wqi
ch Z Say:l've beeu atthisschooltwo yeam .
oor
,n!'
us
mus
was
t
deon
e)tlsetheperfecttnfini
tt
vewi
thouttoafterough'
tto arsilould.

()rexpressitpnssuc?lasilad '
towv'b'a:obllied&o.
Note'k
nir
hdlfed Gpeek:huberrltlx andoughtto as.pasttenses:HeFal
t
d))e

Usethepresentperfect(
andno!tjjesimppepresorlt)#orarqsctj
.
os seguny
fltjj
e
pastaodcootiaulrtgiao tjlepresent.rvebcwaartt))lssc/lao/xppyegz
Bl00CI
5I'rrlAillhere,

mbls'tdr
.
lf
'
C
118 Using the sim ple presentinstead ofthe present
perfect
he
s
i
l
npl

e
pag
t
aftera since clause oftim e.
114 U sing the PresentPerfectinsiead Oft
Don,t.çcy.
,
'Since he cam e,we re happy.
tense.
z say',since he came, we've been happy.
'
d
f
i
l
r
i
'
l
yes
t
er
da
y
D()rl1say:1have Seen a g61O
TV Vefbiiftera&intecl
auseoftimeisgeneralp
yintbepresentpecfecttense.
Sayllsaw a gOo(jjjjm yestelzzy.
hepre:entgerfed)fOraFh''Xiorlt:chrflqlf

usethe:k
mpl
epa5tten56(arl
t
lnOtt
I19 Using the simple
in thepdstati)statedtir
no.
presentinstead ofthe present
doraphrasedenotingpastti
rne,îi
ke
ContinuousNote:W ))en asentence hasavîoç
astweek,las.tyeatthen,aqo,etc''al
way:u9ea Donk xgry..Look!Two boysfightyesterda'fkIastnight,I
l
e
p
a
s
t
t
e
n
s
e
.
z say:nook!Two boysare fightixg.
Slr'rtp

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115 Usingthe sim ple pasttense instead ofthe present

perfect.
Don'tstzy;l saw the Parthenon ofAthens.
Say:Ihave seen thc Parthenon ofAthens.

Note:W e ôlso tlse the present'
contrntmbrsforthe future.whensomethingi
s
gre-arranqed orexpected with sume certasnty:Lorna is arrfv/ng tomormw at

sj
k.F()m eodIareeaf//)g outtonhht.

2a rlhe continuousform ofthe tense misused.
Don'tstzy.
'Pm undeotanding the lesson now.
wemustusethepresentperfecttense.Whe!
nsorpebodvsao,lhavexeenz Say:Itmderstand the lesson now.
PdrthenoqfheorsheisnotthlnkingsorcTucboftl7epastactofseeingit,ir
lfwearespeakfngoftheresuttofapastactionfatherttôapoftheaclionI'
t

tilepresentresultoftbatpastaclion.

Asartlle,verbsdenotingastateralherthananacthavenocontinuousforms
like undetstand, know .belbeve.li
kealove,belonga preferlconsist mean.

hear,see,etc.
e

2.
3-

-


r
Pal't 1

121 Using the presentcontinuous fora habitualaction,
instead ofthe sim ple present.
Don'tsay:Every m orning I'm going for a walk.
z' Say:Every monling 1go fora walk.
Usethesl
mpl
epresent(andnotthepresentcontinuous)toexpressapresent
habitualaction.

Note.Usethepresentcontinacustoexpressahabptualactionwiththewcrd
alw ays orwith averb denotlng a continuousstate:He isalway; talking y'n
ctass;He p'
s'Iiving ip londclp.

M isused form s

Note:Doo'tu5e the pfesenttenseand thepastperfectin thesamesentence.It
wouldbeincorrecttosay:MybrotherJayl-thnthehad rlotgonetothe

cinema faxtnighl.

125 Using the pastperfectinstead ofthe simple pasttense.
Don'tsay:I'
d finished the book yesterday
J Say:Ifinished the book yesterday.
Don'tuse the pastperfectunles:there isanotherMerb jn the pasttengtkin the
same sentence.

(See Section 124.)
122 Using the verb to use forthe presenthabitualaction.
Don'tsay:luse to getup atsix every m orning,
Say:1getup atsix every m orning.
O'
r.
'I'm accustom ed to getting up atsix,etc.
T*e verb to use doesn'texpressa habitinthe preseot./use means/errp/oy:
Iuse :'lper?tc vvçile w/êh.

Ncte'Used to expfesgesapaststate orhabltand Itusually refersto some olé
situation which nc Iongerexists:/used eo seeht'm eszery day;My fafberused
to p/ay fovtballkœ?y we//.

123 Using the pastcontinuousfora habitualaction,
instead ofthe sim ple pàsttense.
D on'tq
çc.y,
'LastyearIwaswalking to schoolevery day.
v' Say:Lastyearlwal
ked to schoolevery day.

Usethesimplepas'ttensetoexpressahabitinthepast,andnotthepast

126 Using the future in a clause oftim e,instead ofthe
presenttense.
Don'tsay:1'11see you when lshallcom e back.
z Say:1'11see you when 1com e back.
Ifthe verb in the main clause is in tl7e future,the verh In the time clatlse
mustbe inthe presenttense.

127 Using the future in the ifclause instead ofthe present
tense.
D on'
t.
î'
fz.p:Ifhe'llask m e,Iwill/'llstay.
/ Say:Ifhe asksme,Iwi1l/'1lstay.
Use the presenttense in a future condrtionalln the ifclause and thefuture
tense in the maintlause

Note:Bu1the future tense may be used in an if clause expressing i'request:
Ifyoflw dlrllgivernesomemoneyI-//1/*//buyyouadnhk.

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ccntinuous.

Note:Uâe the pastconlinuoustense to describe eventsin the pasthappenknqat
$hetimeanotheracticctookplace:is/eak
çwalking fcib-choolwhenll'
nefhttn.

124 Using the pasttense instead ofthe pastperfect.
Don'tsaylThe tm in already Ieftbefore Iarrived.
V Say:'Fhe train had already IeR before Iarrived.
tJ5ethepastperfec:whenthetimeofcnepastactiop i'
Jmorepasttùanthatci
another.Puttheactionwhichwascompleted firstinthe pastperiectandthe
second aution in thepasttense.

128 Using the presenttense afteras iforasthough instead
ofthe past.
Don'tsay:Janine talksasifshe knowseverything.
/ Say:Janine talksasifshe knew everything.
Use the pasttense afterthe pbrase asiforasthough.He sa/l'
sasifhe krlew

ever
ythi
tbg,meanspfet
alksa.
shewould talkifà;eknew etë
er
#h/
rlg.
Note:Usethesubjecti
vewerewiththeverb to be nfterasi
f:lfeactsa:ifhe
eere arich rflan.


Part 1

529 Using the pastconditionalofw ish instead ofthe
presentindicative.
Don'tsay:1would wish to know m ore English.

J Say:Iwlsh (that)Iknew mor'
èEnglish.
Use thepresenttense ofw ish to expressa presentmeaning,followed bya
thalclause containing a pasttense.

130 Using a w rong tensewitlzan improbable condition.

Don'
tsay:Ifhe would/'d ask m e,IFould/'
d stay.
/ Say:Ifhe asked me,Iwould/'d stay.
Expressani
m probablecondi
ti
onbythepasttenseand usethecondi
ti
onali
n
themainclause.Thisuseofthepâsttensedoesn'tindicateatimebutadegree
ofprobability.

131 Using a w rong tensewith a counterfactualcondition.
Don'tsay:Ifhe'would/'d have asked m e,Iwould/'d

h,

?iisused form s -

H
'a4zt.
'r
t.
p,
ttlli'
'
lkct'
i.looitat---

U-.se ojcert.
al
-n tenses.
1 Use the Simple Presentforhabitualorfrequent
actions,ant'
luse tùe PresentCoutinuous foractions
taking place atthe presestm oment.
Exam ples:Iyead the newspaper evel'
y day. J>?n readirig

an English book (now).
2 Use the Sim ple Pastwhen a definite tim e ordate is
mentioned,and use the PresentPerfectwhen no tim e is
m entioned.
Exam ptes:ldid my hom ework lastnight. I're Joncm y

homework (so lcan watch'
1'

V -orwhatever- now).

stay.

7 Say:Ifhe had/'d asked m e,Iwould/'d have stayed.
Expressacounterfactual(thatdidn'thappen)conditionbythepastpeded and
l-sethe pa5tconditiooalin thernaintrause.This use ofthe pastperied doesn'l
indicate atime butan impossible happening.

132 Using the infinitive instead ofa finite verb.
Don'tsay:Sir,to go hom e to getmy book?
J Say:Sir,m ay Igo hom e to getm y book?

J) Expresshabitualorrepeated actionsin the pasteither
by the Simple Pastorby the phrase used to.

Example:1went(orlused to gojto thc cinema eve!'
y
week lastyear.
No&e:Dcn'tasethePastCon&i
nugusLlwasgof
nfl)forapasthabitual

ac-tion,butforan attion irè'the pas'
tcoyhlinuing a:thetime anotheradion
tookpiace:Iwa
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The infinitive simply namesan action withoutreferpnce to person,numberor

tkrne.Therefureeittan'tmakesensewdthoutthehelpofafiniteverb.

4 '
Fhe only correcttense to use isthe PresentPerfectif
the action began ir)the pastand isstillcontinuing in the
,

present.

133 M ixing up the tenses.
Don'tsay:rhey asked him to be captain,buthe
refuses.
é Say:They asked him to be captain,buthe relused.

lfyoobesknwithi!vefbreferringtopasttime,keeptheverbfofmsinthepast.
The same rule appliesto tensesthroughouta composition.

(SeeExercises24-30 onpages148-151.)

Example:IYc beettin thisclassfortwo m onths.

5 Be very carefuiNo'rto usethe future butthe Present
tense in a clause oftim e or condition, ifthe verb in the
m ain clause isin the future.

Example:Iwill/'llvish theParthenon when lgo (oriff
yo)to Athens.
-

-

H

.

u


Pad 1

M iscellaneous exam ples

M isused fokm s

138Us
ing
t
he'su
bjectpronounafterbetween,
Don'
tt
i(zp.
lt'sa secretbetween you and 1.
Say.
'lt'sa secretbetween you and m e.

134 Confusion ofgender.
Don'tsay:n e doorisopen,please sbuther.
7 Say:The doorisopen,please shutit.
Ir

5Enshl
shonl
ynarrlesofpeopi
eand anf
malshaveçender(rnascul
ineor
femlni
ne).l
ndnl
matethingsareceuter
,antjt
aketheprcl
ntlt?nitlnthesingul
ar.
Note:It'sposslbleto use mascklline orfemknlne pronounswiien inanimate

thlngsarepersonîfied:England klsproudofAer'rkat,y

135 Usingthepossessive 'swith inanimateobjects.
Don'tsay:Herroom 'swindow is open.
Say:n e window ofherroom isopen.
Wi
thinanimateobj
ectsweustl
ali
yusetheofstructare.The4
:
/cof
rofthecar.
'Theieg 0/?hetabje.Thesllrfat-eo/thekvarecw iththenamesofplecesand

ocganisalkonswecan useeither'London'sstreets= Tf-ke streets ofLondou.
ltaly'sclimate.= 7he cllrnate ofktaly.The schuol': f'nairiofflce = Themaln offlûe
ofthe school.
Note'Howevecwedcsay:aday'swmrk,anight'sreslraweek'sholiday,
a pound':worth,etc.,especiallywkth Similarmedsuresottlrne.

136 Usingthe objective caseafterthe verb tobe.
Don'tsay:Itwashim .
J Say:Itwashe.
Theproncun comlng after!he k'
erb to be mustbe in the ncprnlnatit?e case,and

Belw een Ibapreposltlun.arhd aiIpreposltlfir'qtaketbeolalectlvecahe .
?.e:c'rtbenh

139 Usingan objectpronoun beforeagerund.
Don't.
çay,
'Him laughing atherwaswhatmade
herangry
.
'His laughing atherwaswhatm ade herangry.
k/ 5cy'
bikêtzev kv/ tkst:an wing veri')q?baltob..
êo )f'e precedln(.?nod
lrborprorlclt?r'1f'aul!?l
E)8
)posî:ess.Y'e

140 Usinganobjectpronoun ina doublegenitive,

Dor;?/.
%ay:A friend ofhim told usthe news.
J' .
S't'
z(
y.
'A friend ofhis told usthe news.
buh
lc '
J!
a('thle (i()t2bl(!9erItIV0 kOf+ nam e + Y,hi5.,m ir3e :?tc '
.b'/hleflk%.
'e b'wr1r3!l$1

ernpk'
I(islse 'Lheperson vêàl:)ptlsGesses rathertF'han the lhhIr-kg '
vvh'(JLll1d:k
'lotïfxiur'l.,4.
''

A friend ofhis Isslmpkyafhothprway ()isaykr!q one ofhisfriends

141 M isuse of-selfform s.
Don'
Tsay:M.ichaeland m yselfare here.
q(ly:M ichacland lare here,
t/k;ilt'le srn:)Ie perlona prorltatl.-1s1,youfhe,0t.
:..Ifno em :)!la1I$ie
k''hi
?.

ce'
n'
ltzrh,

Nul.e C-I%e tENt'z-s'
ehf prrarlrp'
..zrIS I'Itïsk'f)'.q;av$ '11Jc)remo1(J2,.'
.o h.r/'
.,herselt-pa..':
''.
'.
1qvrr . kz
i*1fa$Ie;
ç!veik'.7Jh#
3..6(:.ctherself.

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rl
t)!d
nthegbj
ect/
velriwri
ttencomposi
tj
on.However
,theobjecti
veCasei
snow
usually used in cgve'fsationqItz:merltw a$him/hes/them ,e1c

137 Using1heobjectivecaseafterthe conjunction than.
Don'tsay.
.My sisteris tallerthan me.

Say:Mysisteristallerthan l(am).
Thewurdthanlsaconjunctlon,and car)crt
lybefol
loi
NedbyaproncunI
nthe
norrlinativeca6e Theverb comfng aftefthe prorhoun Isgeneralfy omlttod.

Note:Usetheobj
ectivecaseInspokenEngii
sh.'
f
'
ou'
remuch taller'
félan me.

147 Using hissnlfortheirsplvt's'instead ofhimself()r
them '
selves.
Dou'!.
%ay':They felldowrland hurttheirselves.
Say:A7ley felldown and hurtthem selves.
The rplLesIvp prcltnot.ra$.thIrd perSor'
.,arilhim self ar1d thertlseIves.a!hd !-.clt

lnIF5eItal
n:1tbhelrseIves.


M isused form s

Part 1

143 lWisuse ofnouf verb hom cnyms.
Don'
tJ4,
y.
'Beclk'
y played a good play ofchess.
?' Say:Becky played a good gam e ofchess.
.

Sorneverbsandnounsdohah.e thesameform andanajoptnusraeèr-kinçjiin

Engl
i
sh:'
L6epoliz
-eJ#/1!atiald/Jg.
b?.Heatherdrearri
atong Wvfd dreat
vz #p'
g;
.
t

l?
'ethe//swjbcatctlyouol-/t!Fbezompaçy dancetiqanAtklcano'ar-?ce.Howev/er,
wesedcjum usf?thesamewordIikethis.Usualiywetryto avoiditii
-ison'tew'
Eiy:
Shefowpàltatongtlartlewibh thivp.iflioviieyotzï'
vilibecaupbtolpt.'Ihe
companyd/de?7Africandanz-e.

344 Using the relative pronoun which forpersons.
Don'tsay:l've a brotherwhich isatschool.
7 Say:l've a brotherwbo isatschool.
OniyuSewhich asarefatik'epronoucforanirnatsortblnqs.Therishtprcnoun
tauSeforpeopl
e15who(whose.wbom).

)45 Using whator which afterevea thing,etc.

Don't:0 .Iheardevenrthingwhich (oAwhat)hesaid.
Say:Iheardeverything(that)he said.
Don'tusetharelativepfanounswhichandwhataftereverythlng,all.

somethi
ngranythins.aIot.(notmuttle.ornotbing.Wecar;vlsethat

'

afterthesewords.aritceniaeomltted.

146 W
hotand
whom
Don'
say:
1saw.the wom an whom you said lived next

J Say:lt'sthebest(that)l'veseen.
Usethe relatlvethatlnotwho,w hom ,orwhith)afterasuperhatlve.Itqarh,
however,be ocrlitted.

148 The sam e as/same that.
Don'tsay:Am elia boughtthe sam e bag thatme.
Say:Amelia boughtthe sam e bag as me.
Afterthe sam e we use asurhlessit'
sfollowed byiqsubordinateciause.lnkkhLch

caseweusethat.crgrrrltit'AJJslntthordered l??csamemeal(that)lbe
ocdef'ed bebore.
NoteESometlmeswe usethat Instead oiwho t)rwhich afte:same:P!e kvoro
bhes'am e c/othes thazhe wor'eçm Stfrpcray

149 Using who? orwhat? instead ofwhich?
D0:1*
/say:W ho ofthe two boysis the taller?
Say:W llich ofthe two boysisthe taller?
U5e the interroqative pronoun which?#orb0th peopEe and thlngs,asksforone
outofa definite number
Note:The interroçatlve pronoun what? doesn'tkmpl
y chokce:W bat'

syour
teiephonenumber?Jt'
salso usedtoaskfortùperson'spfufesslon:W hat'syour
fatyer?- J-/e'salavvyer

(CompareSection 144.)

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#' door
Say:.isaw thewoman (who)you saidlived nextdoor.
.

147 Using who,whom ,orw hich afterthe superlative,
instead ofthat.
Don'
tsay:It'sthe bestwhich I've seen.

bherarelyusewhom irhmodercingfisb.Westll)useitafterprepositionstow
by#With,after,on etc.Forexample/Tttep'
r/fow/om youkverespeakr
kg!'s

f
k/
ye/'
/a,
n.Weppefetto avoidthi
snowadaysbychangln:theorderofthe '
septance:7hegir!pouwerespeak/np to?'

sN/gerfaa.Youcanalsou5ethatln
placeofwho:I-hegl?/tbatyou werew eaking to/.
çNjgerjan.

(ForSections144-146seeExercise18 on page145.)

150 W ho? and W hom?

(a)W ho?

Don'tsay:W hom do you think willbe chosen?
J Say:W ho do you think willbe chosen?

(b)W hom?

Don'tsay:W ho do you think lsaw yesterday?
J Say:W hom do you think Isaw yesterday?
I
qsentenc.
er
a?who i
sthesubjectefwillbechosen,6oyco ïht
'
nkl
sa

31


AAistlsecifornpic

Part 1

pdrerhlhlehls Insenlenqe(L;)w hom Istheoblectoflsaw;(8:;you!/2?n:lsa

156 Usê
-ng m ore good orm ore bad instead ofbettez

parënthesls

Or'!#/Or-'Se .

Don'
1say:Vhisone looksm ore good than that.
Say:fhis one looksbetterthan that.

(ForSections149 and 150seeExercise 19 on
page145.)

The adjectlk'esgood and bad have irregularforimsofcclmoarlqlnn.good.
better,bes'tarld baddw orse,w orst.

1b1 Using onqotherinstead ofanother.
Don'
tsuy:Please give m e one otherbook.
Z Say.
'Please give rrle anotherbook.

(Fopage 1-40.)

,

1.
F2 Using the superlative instead ofthe com parative.
Den'tstzy.
'John is the tallestofthe two boys.
/ Say:John isthe taller ofthe tw o boys.

157 Using hom e instead ofathom e.
Donàtsay:In the afternoon Istay hom e.
Say:I)Athe afternoon lstay athome.

U%erh'Ie tompari)!Ii
7ewiler.two people orthhlng5tire compared See 154

158 Usingfrotn instead ofone oloramong.
q53 Usingj'
rorn afterthecomparativeinstead ofthan.
Den'
tsay:Am y istallerfrom herbrother.
/ Say:Amy istallerthan herbrother.

D on'
tsay:She isfrom Lhe nicestgirls1know.
Say:Sbe isone ofthe nicestgirlslknow.

Atljectlves(orildverbs)kn tileccr-nparatkve are followed by than and notbyfrom

154 Using the com pnrative instead ofthe superlative.
Don'

ts(ty.
'Cairo isthe largercity inAfrica.
/ Say':Cairo isthe largestcity in Africa.

159 Usingthe passiveinfinitive(tobe+ pastparticiple)
instead oftheactive(!o + infinitive).
D on'
tsay:English isn'teasy to be learned.
Say:English isn'teasy to Iearn.

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ul
sethe SuperlatI'
qekz/hen morethan two personSortNIrpgs are cofrhpared

1.
5.
5 Using the rrsarc instead ofmost.
Don'tsay:The more people willagree with m e.
/ Say:M ostpeople willagree with me.
USemostl
'notthemore)whenJ/oomeanthemalontyof
Ncle LJSe the more I7senlencesIike'Themoarelcoajp/a'o, ,hP rnore
fds'jfh M.t;merewe '
zk
zr/fe.(he &ipp/e?'ourrrprorbecomes.

Theadjectiveseasy,difficult hard,heavy,good,etc.
,areger

nerai!
?folos
ved
by the eclive pnflnitlve.

160 Using arlintransitive verb in the passive form .
Don'tsay:She wasdisappeared from the house.
Say:She disappeared from the house.
AsaruIe,don'tu5e Intransltlve verbs.11keappear,seem ,beEorne,tonsist
lnthe passive form Intransltive verbsdon'thave :n oblec!
.


P

M isused form s

art1

q65 M isuse ofthe gelaznd to expresspurpose.
Don'
tsay:Icom e here for learning English.
Z Say:lcome here to Iearn English.

161 Mixing up one form ofthe verb with another.

Don'l.
ç(zy.
'lt'sbetterto enjoyyourselfwhen you're
young ratherthan wasting time worrying about

the future.

Expresspufposebyuslng1heInflnitlve nOtthetl
zrtlnd.
-i

Say:lt'sbetterto enjoy yourselfwhen you'reyoung

166 YesorNo in answerto negative questions.

than to waste tim e worrying aboutthe future.

Question:Didn'tyou see thegame?

tlofl'tmIxoneform ofthevefbw llhanother.lfthe fIrstvefb in a comparlsun Is
in the knflnltFve,thesecond mustalso be In1he iqflnitlve.

A

162 W rong sequence ofm oods.
Don'tsay:Ifyou would/'d do m e thisfavour,lwi1l/'ll
be very gratefulto you.
f
'
Say:H you would/'d do me thisfavour,Iwould/'d be
.
very gratefulto you.
Or'lfyou will/'lIdo m e thisfavour,Iwill/'
d be very
gratefulto you.

Yes,- thatis,Isaw it,
nsw er: No, - thatis,Ididn,tsee it.

lnansweringneçativequestlons,sayYes.Iftheanswer25aadfflrmatlon, and
No lflt'sa negative.Thatts answerw lthoutany regafd to the aeqaltve forr-n
ofthe q!iestlon.

16 Using a double negative.
Don'
tsay:She saysshe'snotafraid ofnobody.
Say:She saysshe'snot afraid ofanybody.
Or.She saysshe'safraid ofnobody.
In Erlgllsh tvlo negatlves are equalto an afflrmatloe statement.You should
avuld kksing two negative wordsIn the same clause:when notls uFed, none
changegtoaoyfnothingtoanything,nobodytuanybodyjnooneto
anyone.now here to anyw here,Geither... nerto either.. or.

163 The unrelated participle.
Don'tsay'
.Being in a hurry,the doorwasleftopen.
/ Say:Being in a hurry,he leftthe door open.

(SeeExercise38 onpage155.)

TakecaretoprovidetheI
oqlcalsubjectrelatinq totheparti
tipl
ephfase.I
nthe

sentencegi
ven,thel
osl
calsubj
ecttobeing inhas'e i
6he andnotthedoor.

168 Using one time or two tim esinstead ofonce ortwice.
Don'tsay:Iwas absentone time ortwo times.
Say:Iw asabsentonce ortw ice.

164 The question phrase isn'tit? misused.
Don'tsay:Heplayed wellyesterday,isn'tit?
vr t
îtzy.
'He played wellyesterday didn'the?

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Use once and twice instead ofone time and two times.

Use thequestlon phrase Ssn''
titonlywhen the pretedip: Statementcontains
thewerckis:?tis ahotday;isn'tFf'?
Note.ln ttiigform ofquestion,use the sarr?e tenseand persoc askn the
pfecedingstatementanduset$ecorrec'tauxlkiary.If,howeveqthepreceddng
stalementIsln the negalive form,the questlon phrage Omitsno'
t.W esay:
) Theyareon holiday,aren''
tthey?
Theyaren'tonhaliclay.arethey?

2 You Speak Cnçlish.don'tyou?
Youdon'tspeakFrench,'doyou?

169 Using a day,etc.,instead ofone day,etc.
Don'lsay:h day they wentsight-seeing in Florence.
Say:O ne day they wentsight-seeing in Florence.
Llseone Cnotaoran)wdthday,night,morning,afternoonandevening,
Ahen the one meanson a certain ....

(SeeExercise36on page154.)
-

< -


M isused form s

170 Using the c//lerday instead oflhe nextday,etc.
Don'tsay:David sleptwelland wasbetterthc
otherday.
V' Say:David sleptwelland wasbetterthe aextdt
ay

(01
.on thefollowingday).
2.2ote Theotherday ISar'IdiorflnneaaiId$afevs.'da'ysago./frre!a;èo,
la't'
r/t?.
ng'
the otAerday

17:Usingotlef7?2J a Jlfztt instep.d ()fhalfpastone,etc.
Don't.
$'
tt)/.
'Lessorls begin ateightaud a half.
v' S(7y.
'Lessonsbegin athaifpasteight.
!r.tell:r-.gl'
.rnta SayhaIfpastene haifpast'tvzo.halfpa5tthree.e::

Have anotherIook at...

N egatives
Expressthe negative in the present+ pastsimple in one
oftwo ways:

1By puttingnotln'
t)aftertheverb.Usethismethod
with the following twenty-one verbs.
atîl,js,are,was,were;haz/cohas,had;5WJ//,should;
will,zt/opfd,
'can,ctaï/fl;m t
zy,might;m ust;need;#fkze,
'
ought,,,to;used ,..to.
Examples!12rn ??ofready.You mîtstn'
td()that.He can't
write weli.l'le oughtn'
tto go.

172 Usingaslttrftzïtp instead ofa:usual.
Dt)N'/say:Asusl.
lally,he jefthis pen athom eJ S'
&y,.
'A susual,he lefthispen athofue.

In conversation,notis often shortened to n'
/.W e say
don'
tfordo ?Töf,doesn'tfordoesnot,ftlW?7?ffor did not,

hrpfzz?,1forha# rtot,wouldn'
tforwouldaor,etc.(Butwe
173 Using according ro my'opf'
/'
7j'
ol?instead ofl!1
m y opinion,
Don'
tsau:Ack
èording to my opinion,she'sright.
Say:ln my opinion,she'
s right.

,

say shan'tforshallnot,won'
tforwillnot,can'tfor

crfz3/lo/,)
2 Use do,does,JP
W,wjth N(?tand the presentinfinitive

r'
Nlel.ë AvoId l:s1r)g the phhrasc'as It:hink IIlStearjofithin!: tE.?z'y/'He'
sI
dkpzà.ar.
'a'

(withoutto).Usethismethodwithallverbsexcept

ltbink .;2(?..././'ap/. ntrht.as/think)

those twenty-one given above.
The word orderis:

174 Using atthe end instead ofin the end.
Don'tst7)?.
'A tthe end they reached thc city.
Say:ln the end they reached the city,

SLJBJECT + do (Jfacy,didj+ not+ INFINITIVE

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ln the end meansfpnallyaratIast'atthe end mearlsatthefarlhes:polntof
par: Fhel
ee'Tan jnc/ezattbe end offb/.
sbftok Fhere'.

5é3&otdoy atthe end of
'hlslnpcràt'
ti

q75 U sing underr/zi
rrain instead ofin the rain.
Don'tsay:They played footballunderthe rain.
/ st
zy;'
Fhey p3ayed iofltballin the rain.
qote Ai
sointhesunandintheshade LHekvaç5/
tT/
kg in 1hesun (:)rin
tbes'sade).
M

.

Examples:Idon'tgo there very often.He doesn'
tteach
English.They didn'tsee the game.

3 Use otherwordsofnegative meaning to express
negatives:tïo,nobody,no c?)7t4,nothing,nozoheye,
Example:They know nothitlg

or'
llaey d()not(do1Aht)know alîythiag.

P
art1

176 Using the reason isbecause instead ofthe reason
isthat.
Don'tv
qcy.
'The reason isbecause Ibelieve it.
/ Say:Ihe reason isthatIbelieve it.
Thewordreasondenotescatzse,thereforethereason isb- ause is
cepetition.Thecorrectidiom CstheKeason istha:-..

177 Using a coNnfry instead ofthe country.
Don'lsay:1spend my holidaysin a countly
1 Say:Ispend my holidaysin the country.
A toun'try isa place llksFrance,India.orEgypr.The çounlry IsD furalarea
wherethere are no tow nsorclriel.

178 Usingifinstead ofwhethet.
Don'tsay:Iaslted Paulifhe wasgoing.
Say:Iasked Paulwhetherhe wasgoing.
W hereornotisIrnpiied,usewhether,notif.Upiikewhetber,ifdoesnot
expectaYesf)rNo reply:lsh/l/speek tohjnjifhe comes.

17S Using any fortwo,instead ofeither.
Don'
tsay:Any ofthese two booksisgood.
/ Say:Eitherofthese two booksisgood.
Eithermeansoneortlne otheroftwc);any meansune ofthree grmore:Any

tpélheseboctes willdo.

M isused form s

181 Using ncj/hfar ... orinstead ofneither '
...nor.
Don'tsay:Sara speaksneitherEnglish orFrench,
Say:Sara speaksneitherEngjish norFrench.
Flemem ber Neitherm ustbe followed bynorand notbyor. Eitherisfollowft:j
byor:She :irInks1?1tlaer:)ranqf)JuIce orappIejLLice.

182 Using both in a negative sentence instead ofneither.
Don'tsay:Both ofthem didn'tgo to sehooltoday.
Say:Neither ofthem wentto schooltoday.
Refrlerrib/r:C1
7arnçlp'bo'th Into neither1ni)negatkve senrence and zrse ë5
'-.
r
osItlve.b
tvrb

18.
'
8 Using also or /oo in a negative sentence instead
t
af
, ei
ther.

?'

ton'ts'
til
y.
'Joehasn'tcomealso (ortoo),
$'c@y.
'Joe I'
tasn'tcom e ejther.

,

184 Usicg.and in a negative serltellce instead ofcr.
.0(
arf'f.
%ay:Idon'tlike red and orange. Iw antthe
blue one.
Say:Idori'tlike red or orange. iwantthe blue one.
l'lle crleanlr!g ofthe fIrstsenterlce isthatyou Jon':Ilke the two tolclurs
logether.l'hC!rnlendedmeanlrèg 16thatyoudon'tIikeeItherofthern,
evt?n Separately.

Note Ifbve Jolnclauseskvlth dlffererhtsubletrtskve uSe and even dfterc3
negatik'e:>c;Jidrl'twrIte to r!l/2afld Iwasworrked.

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180 Using likesm e instead ofIlike.
Don'tsay:Ihe cinem a likesm e very much.
/ Say:1like the cinem a very mucb.

Note:7heqinemaappealsto meisûorrectfandmeans/lfkethecthelna

ve@ nluch.

18b Using tillinstead ofbefore orwhen.
Don'
fsay:I'd reached the schooltillthe rain started.
/ Say:1'd reached the schoolbefore the rain started.
Or.
'l'd reached the scheolwhen the rain started.
BeforeorwhenFntroducesaclavlsiqoftlme. Iftheverbofthemalncldu5e
denotc!qarhactlon corrkplel,eclbeforeti
lataftlqe ttme clause.


Part1

M isused form s

Go fflrarideon a bicycle,etc.,notgoJ()Aa walkon

U n-English expressions

a bicycle,etc.
Don'
tsay:W e wentfor a walk on ourbicycles.
Say:W e wentfora ride on ourbicycles.

Mistakesojtenresult#o?,
n tooclose a translation ïnlo
Englishofforeign idiotnaticexpressions.'
Th/jollowing are

exatnplesojsuch nlistakes:
186 Take an exam ,notgive an exam .
D(?zI'rsay:The pupilgave hisexam .
Say:rfhe pupiltook hisexam .

Note:W erideonablcycle-ontloryebaûk,etc.,butweride Ina6us, traln.c)r
otherpublic vehlcle.

192 M ountorgeton a horse,etc.notride a horse,etc.
Don'tsay:Peterrode hishorse and wenthome.
Say:Petergoton hishorse and rode home.
Note:To ride denotesa contlnuousactbon To m ountgrto geton denotesa
sicnplo actlt;rt

Note.Ttle teachefgivesofse'tsthie exam The &tudenttakes1h0 exam orsits
tkkecixam .

193 Dismountorgetoffahorse,etcw,notcomedownjro/zl
187 '
ro be rightorwrong,notlo have Afglrferwzong.
Do?J'fsay:You've rightozYou've wrong.
Say:You're rightorYou're wrong.

188 To be busy,notto ha'
r
pe work.
Don'tsay:Ihave m uch work thism orning.
Say:l'm very busy tllism drning.
Note'W ecansay:lbavea lotofworkto doth?'5molrljp:

189 lt's cold,etc,,notithascold,etc.
Dort'
tsay:Ithascold this winter.
v' Say:Itlscold thiswinter.

a horsezetc.
D on'tsay:They cam e down from theirhorses,
Say:They gotofftheirhorses.
Note:'A!egetotltof6ilaxloracar.'bhle geton oroffthe traln, thz bus,etc.

194 Go on foot,notgo with thefeet.
Den'tsay:Shallwe go there with the feet?
v' Say:Shallwe go there on foot?
195 Take orhave a shower,notm ake a shower.
D or?'fsay:Im ake a showerevery m orning.
V' Say:1take a showerevery m orning.
OA.
'lhave a showerevery morning.

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190 Go fora walk,notmakc a walk.
Don'tsay:W e made a walk along the river.
Say:W e wentfora walk along the river.

Note:W ecanalsgsay.'Aehadawa/k orkk'etookaw a/ka'onçLherlyer.

-

A&

.

Note'W hen speakInq ofthesea ort$e rlver. sôy.to bathe to have a bathe,
to go fora bathe,to go bathinq.to go fora swim orto go sw imming

196 Ask a question,notm ake a question.
D on'
tsay:Naom im ade rrle severalquestions.
/ Say:Naomiasked m e severalquestions.

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