Pediatric critical care medicine, volume 1 care of the critically ill or injured child, 2e (2014)

Derek S. Wheeler
Hector R. Wong
Thomas P. Shanley
Editors

Pediatric Critical
Care Medicine
Volume 1:
Care of the Critically Ill
or Injured Child
Second Edition

123


Pediatric Critical Care Medicine



Derek S. Wheeler • Hector R. Wong
Thomas P. Shanley
Editors

Pediatric Critical Care
Medicine
Volume 1: Care of the Critically Ill
or Injured Child
Second Edition


Editors

Derek S. Wheeler, MD, MMM
Division of Critical Care Medicine
Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center
University of Cincinnati College of Medicine
Cincinnati, OH
USA

Thomas P. Shanley, MD
Michigan Institute for Clinical and Health
Research
University of Michigan Medical School
Ann Arbor, MI
USA

Hector R. Wong, MD
Division of Critical Care Medicine
Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center
University of Cincinnati College of Medicine
Cincinnati, OH
USA

ISBN 978-1-4471-6361-9
ISBN 978-1-4471-6362-6
DOI 10.1007/978-1-4471-6362-6
Springer London Heidelberg New York Dordrecht

(eBook)

Library of Congress Control Number: 2014937450
© Springer-Verlag London 2014

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For Cathy, Ryan, Katie, Maggie, and Molly
“You don’t choose your family. They are God’s gift to you…”
Desmond Tutu



Foreword to the First Edition

The practitioner of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine should be facile with a broad scope of
knowledge from human developmental biology, to pathophysiologic dysfunction of virtually

every organ system, and to complex organizational management. The practitioner should
select, synthesize and apply the information in a discriminative manner. And finally and most
importantly, the practitioner should constantly “listen” to the patient and the responses to interventions in order to understand the basis for the disturbances that create life-threatening or
severely debilitating conditions.
Whether learning the specialty as a trainee or growing as a practitioner, the pediatric intensivist must adopt the mantle of a perpetual student. Every professional colleague, specialist
and generalist alike, provides new knowledge or fresh insight on familiar subjects. Every
patient presents a new combination of challenges and a new volley of important questions to
the receptive and inquiring mind.
A textbook of pediatric critical care fills special niches for the discipline and the student of
the discipline. As an historical document, this compilation records the progress of the specialty. Future versions will undoubtedly show advances in the basic biology that are most
important to bedside care. However, the prevalence and manifestation of disease invariably
will shift, driven by epidemiologic forces, and genetic factors, improvements in care and,
hopefully, by successful prevention of disease. Whether the specialty will remain as broadly
comprehensive as is currently practiced is not clear, or whether sub-specialties such as cardiacand neurointensive care will warrant separate study and practice remains to be determined.
As a repository of and reference for current knowledge, textbooks face increasing and
imposing limitations compared with the dynamic and virtually limitless information gateway
available through the internet. Nonetheless, a central standard serves as a defining anchor from
which students and their teachers can begin with a common understanding and vocabulary and
thereby support their mutual professional advancement. Moreover, it permits perspective,
punctuation and guidance to be superimposed by a thoughtful expert who is familiar with the
expanding mass of medical information.
Pediatric intensivists owe Drs. Wheeler, Wong, and Shanley a great debt for their work in
authoring and editing this volume. Their effort was enormously ambitious, but matched to the
discipline itself in depth, breadth, and vigor. The scientific basis of critical care is integrally
woven with the details of bedside management throughout the work, providing both a satisfying rationale for current practice, as well as a clearer picture of where we can improve. The
coverage of specialized areas such as intensive care of trauma victims and patients following
congenital heart surgery make this a uniquely comprehensive text. The editors have assembled
an outstanding collection of expert authors for this work. The large number of international
contributors is striking, but speaks to the rapid growth of this specialty throughout the world.
We hope that this volume will achieve a wide readership, thereby enhancing the exchange

of current scientific and managerial knowledge for the care of critically ill children, and stimulating the student to seek answers to fill our obvious gaps in understanding.
Chicago, Illinois, USA
New Haven, CT, USA

Thomas P. Green
George Lister
vii



Preface to the Second Edition

The specialty of pediatric critical care medicine continues to grow and evolve! The modern
PICU of today is vastly different, even compared to as recently as 5 years ago. Technological
innovations in monitoring, information management, and even medical documentation have
seemed to change virtually overnight. We have witnessed the gradual disappearance of some
time-honored, traditional devices such as the pulmonary artery catheter. At the same time, we
have observed the rapid evolution and adoption of newer monitoring techniques such as continuous venous oximetry and near-infrared spectroscopy. Some PICUs are even now using
telemedicine to remotely provide care for critically ill children. Many of us can recall a time
when cellular phones were prohibited in the PICU – today, many of us can remotely monitor
the status of our patients from these same cellular phones! Advances in molecular biology have
led to the era of personalized medicine – we can now individualize our treatment approach to
the unique and specific needs of a patient. We now routinely rely on a vast array of conditionspecific biomarkers to initiate and titrate therapy. Some of these advances in molecular biology
have uncovered new diseases and conditions altogether! At the same time, pediatric critical
care medicine has become more global. We are sharing our knowledge with the world community. Through our collective efforts, we are advancing the care of our patients. Pediatric
critical care medicine will continue to grow and evolve – more technological advancements
and scientific achievements will surely come in the future. We will become even more global
in scope. However, the human element of what pediatric critical care providers do will never
change. “For all of the science inherent in the specialty of pediatric critical care medicine,
there is still art in providing comfort and solace to our patients and their families. No technology will ever replace the compassion in the touch of a hand or the soothing words of a calm

and gentle voice” [1]. I remain humbled by the gifts that I have received in my life. And I still
remember the promise I made to myself so many years ago – the promise that I would dedicate
the rest of my professional career to advancing the field of pediatric critical care medicine as
payment for these gifts. It is my sincere hope that the second edition of this textbook will educate a whole new generation of critical care professionals, and in so-doing help me continue
my promise.
Cincinnati, OH, USA

Derek S. Wheeler, MD, MMM

Reference
1. Wheeler DS. Care of the critically ill pediatric patient. Pediatr Clin North Am 2013;60:xv–xvi. Copied with
permission by Elsevier, Inc.

ix



Preface to the First Edition

Promises to Keep
The field of critical care medicine is growing at a tremendous pace, and tremendous advances
in the understanding of critical illness have been realized in the last decade. My family has
directly benefited from some of the technological and scientific advances made in the care of
critically ill children. My son Ryan was born during my third year of medical school. By some
peculiar happenstance, I was nearing completion of a 4-week rotation in the Newborn Intensive
Care Unit. The head of the Pediatrics clerkship was kind enough to let me have a few days off
around the time of the delivery – my wife Cathy was 2 weeks past her due date and had been
scheduled for elective induction. Ryan was delivered through thick meconium-stained amniotic fluid and developed breathing difficulty shortly after delivery. His breathing worsened
over the next few hours, so he was placed on the ventilator. I will never forget the feelings of
utter helplessness my wife and I felt as the NICU Transport Team wheeled Ryan away in the

transport isolette. The transport physician, one of my supervising third year pediatrics residents during my rotation the past month, told me that Ryan was more than likely going to
require ECMO. I knew enough about ECMO at that time to know that I should be scared! The
next 4 days were some of the most difficult moments I have ever experienced as a parent,
watching the blood being pumped out of my tiny son’s body through the membrane oxygenator and roller pump, slowly back into his body (Figs. 1 and 2). I remember the fear of each
day when we would be told of the results of his daily head ultrasound, looking for evidence of

Fig. 1
xi


xii

Preface to the First Edition

Fig. 2

intracranial hemorrhage, and then the relief when we were told that there was no bleeding. I
remember the hope and excitement on the day Ryan came off ECMO, as well as the concern
when he had to be sent home on supplemental oxygen. Today, Ryan is happy, healthy, and
strong. We are thankful to all the doctors, nurses, respiratory therapists, and ECMO specialists
who cared for Ryan and made him well. We still keep in touch with many of them. Without the
technological advances and medical breakthroughs made in the fields of neonatal intensive
care and pediatric critical care medicine, things very well could have been much different. I
made a promise to myself long ago that I would dedicate the rest of my professional career to
advancing the field of pediatric critical care medicine as payment for the gifts that we, my wife
and I, have been truly blessed. It is my sincere hope that this textbook, which has truly been a
labor of joy, will educate a whole new generation of critical care professionals, and in so-doing
help make that first step towards keeping my promise.
Cincinnati, OH, USA

Derek S. Wheeler, MD, MMM


Acknowledgements

With any such undertaking, there are people along the way who, save for their dedication,
inspiration, and assistance, a project such as this would never be completed. I am personally
indebted to Michael D. Sova, our Developmental Editor, who has been a true blessing. He has
kept this project going the entire way and has been an incredible help to me personally throughout the completion of this textbook. There were days when I thought that we would never finish – and he was always there to lift my spirits and keep me focused on the task at hand. I will
be forever grateful to him. I am also grateful for the continued assistance of Grant Weston at
Springer. Grant has been with me since the very beginning of the first edition of this textbook.
He has been a tremendous advocate for our specialty, as well as a great mentor and friend. I
would be remiss if I did not thank Brenda Robb for her clerical and administrative assistance
during the completion of this project. Juggling my schedule and keeping me on time during
this whole process was not easy! I have been extremely fortunate throughout my career to have
had incredible mentors, including Jim Lemons, Brad Poss, Hector Wong, and Tom Shanley.
All four are gifted and dedicated clinicians and remain passionate advocates for critically ill
children, the specialties of neonatology and pediatric critical care medicine, and me! I want to
personally thank both Hector and Tom for serving again as Associate Editors for the second
edition of this textbook. Their guidance and advice has been immeasurable. I have been truly
fortunate to work with an outstanding group of contributors. All of them are my colleagues and
many have been my friends for several years. It goes without saying that writing textbook
chapters is a difficult and arduous task that often comes without a lot of benefits. Their expertise and dedication to our specialty and to the care of critically ill children have made this
project possible. The textbook you now hold in your hands is truly their gift to the future of our
specialty. I would also like to acknowledge the spouses and families of our contributors – participating in a project such as this takes a lot of time and energy (most of which occurs outside
of the hospital!). Last, but certainly not least, I would like to especially thank my family – my
wife Cathy, who has been my best friend and companion, number one advocate, and sounding
board for the last 22 years, as well as my four children – Ryan, Katie, Maggie, and Molly, to
whom I dedicate this textbook and all that I do.

xiii



Contents

Part I

The Practice of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine
Susan L. Bratton

1

Pediatric Critical Care: A Global View . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Andrew C. Argent and Niranjan Kissoon

3

2

Pediatric Critical Care and the Law: Medical Malpractice . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Ramesh C. Sachdeva

11

3

Architectural Design of Critical Care Units:
A Comparison of Best Practice Units and Design. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Charles D. Cadenhead

17

4

PICU Administration. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Cortney B. Foster and David C. Stockwell

33

5

Nursing Care in the Pediatric Intensive Care Unit. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Franco A. Carnevale and Maryse Dagenais

41

6

Scoring Systems in Critical Care . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Sandra D.W. Buttram, Paul R. Bakerman, and Murray M. Pollack

47

7

Pharmacology in the PICU . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
James B. Besunder and John Pope

55

8

Telemedicine in the Pediatric Intensive Care Unit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
James P. Marcin, Madan Dharmar, and Candace Sadorra

75

9

Quality Improvement Science in the PICU . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Matthew F. Niedner

83

10

Patient Safety in the PICU . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Matthew C. Scanlon

101

11

Outcomes Research in the PICU . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Folafoluwa Olutobi Odetola

107

12

Resident and Nurse Education in Pediatric Intensive Care Unit . . . . . . . . . . .
Girish G. Deshpande, Gwen J. Lombard, and Adalberto Torres Jr.

117

13

Epidemiology of Critical Illness . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
R. Scott Watson and Mary Elizabeth Hartman

125

14

Ethics in the Pediatric Intensive Care Unit:
Controversies and Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Rani Ganesan and K. Sarah Hoehn

133

xv


xvi

Contents

15

Palliative Care in the PICU. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Kelly Nicole Michelson and Linda B. Siegel

141

16

Evidence-based Pediatric Critical Care Medicine . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Donald L. Boyer and Adrienne G. Randolph

149

17

Simulation Training in Pediatric Critical Care Medicine . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Catherine K. Allan, Ravi R. Thiagarajan, and Peter H. Weinstock

157

18

Career Development in Pediatric Critical Care Medicine . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
M. Michele Mariscalco

167

Part II

The Science of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine
Michael W. Quasney

19

Genetic Polymorphisms in Critical Illness and Injury . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Mary K. Dahmer and Michael W. Quasney

177

20

Genomics in Critical Illness . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Hector R. Wong

203

21

Signal Transduction Pathways in Critical Illness and Injury . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Timothy T. Cornell, Waseem Ostwani, Lei Sun, Steven L. Kunkel,
and Thomas P. Shanley

217

22

Pro-inflammatory and Anti-inflammatory Mediators in Critical
Illness and Injury . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Jennifer A. Muszynski, W. Joshua Frazier, and Mark W. Hall

231

23

Oxidative and Nitrosative Stress in Critical Illness and Injury. . . . . . . . . . . . .
Katherine Mason

239

24

Ischemia-Reperfusion Injury . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Michael J. Hobson and Basilia Zingarelli

251

Part III

Resuscitation, Stabilization, and Transport
of the Critically Ill or Injured Child
Vinay Nadkarni

25

Post-resuscitation Care . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Monica E. Kleinman and Meredith G. van der Velden

271

26

Predicting Outcomes Following Resuscitation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Akira Nishisaki

291

27

Basic Management of the Pediatric Airway . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Derek S. Wheeler

299

28

Pediatric Difficult Airway Management: Principles and Approach
in the Critical Care Environment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Paul A. Stricker, John Fiadjoe, and Todd J. Kilbaugh

329

29

Central Venous Vascular Access. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Jennifer Kaplan, Matthew F. Niedner, and Richard J. Brilli

345

30

Shock . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Derek S. Wheeler and Joseph A. Carcillo Jr.

371

31

Acute Respiratory Failure. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Kyle J. Rehder, Jennifer L. Turi, and Ira M. Cheifetz

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Contents

xvii

32

The Multiply Injured Child . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Gad Bar-Joseph, Amir Hadash, Anat Ilivitzki, and Hany Bahouth

413

33

Coma and Altered Mental Status . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Alexis Topjian and Nicholas S. Abend

433

34

Interfacility Transport. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Cecilia D. Thompson, Michael T. Bigham, and John S. Giuliano Jr.

447

35

Multiple Organ Dysfunction Syndrome. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
François Proulx, Stéphane Leteurtre, Jean Sébastien Joyal,
and Philippe Jouvet

457

36

Withdrawal of Life Support . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Ajit A. Sarnaik and Kathleen L. Meert

475

37

Brain Death. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Sam D. Shemie and Sonny Dhanani

481

38

The Physiology of Brain Death and Organ Donor Management . . . . . . . . . . .
Sam D. Shemie and Sonny Dhanani

497

Part IV

Monitoring the Critically Ill or Injured Child
Shane M. Tibby

39

Respiratory Monitoring. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Derek S. Wheeler and Peter C. Rimensberger

521

40

Hemodynamic Monitoring . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Shane M. Tibby

543

41

Neurological Monitoring of the Critically-Ill Child . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Elizabeth A. Newell, Bokhary Abdulmohsen, and Michael J. Bell

569

42

Nutrition Monitoring in the PICU . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
George Briassoulis

579

43

Monitoring Kidney Function in the Pediatric Intensive Care Unit. . . . . . . . . .
Catherine D. Krawczeski, Stuart L. Goldstein, Rajit K. Basu,
Prasad Devarajan, and Derek S. Wheeler

603

Part V

Special Situations in Pediatric Critical Care Medicine
W. Bradley Poss

44

Principles of Mass Casualty and Disaster Medicine. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
David Markenson

621

45

Care in an Austere Environment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Jennifer S. Storch and Philip C. Spinella

637

46

Agents of Biological and Chemical Terrorism. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Michael T. Meyer, Philip C. Spinella, and Ted Cieslak

645

47

Pandemic Influenza . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Jill S. Sweney, Eric J. Kasowski, and W. Bradley Poss

657

48

Pediatric Drowning . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Jason Coryell and Laura M. Ibsen

665

49

Heat Illness and Hypothermia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Luke A. Zabrocki, David K. Shellington, and Susan L. Bratton

677


xviii

Contents

50

Toxic Ingestions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Janice E. Sullivan and Mark J. McDonald

695

51

Envenomations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
James Tibballs, Christopher P. Holstege, and Derek S. Wheeler

729

Index . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

751


Contributors

Bokhary Abdulmohsen, MD Department of Pediatric Critical Care,
Al Hada Armed Forces Hospital, Tai, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
Nicholas S. Abend, MD Department of Neurology and Pediatrics,
The Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA
Catherine K. Allan, MD Division of Cardiac Intensive Care, Department of Cardiology,
Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
Andrew C. Argent, MB, BCh, MMed, FCPaeds, DCH School of Child and Adolescent
Health, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
Paediatric Intensive Care Unit, Red Cross War Memorial Children’s Hospital, Cape Town,
South Africa
Hany Bahouth, MD Department of Trauma and Emergency Surgery, Rambam Medical
Center, Haifa, Israel
Paul R. Bakerman, MD Critical Care Medicine, Phoeniz Children’s Hospital,
Phoenix, AZ, USA
Gad Bar-Joseph, MD Department of Pediatric Intensive Care, Meyer Children’s Hospital,
Rambam Medical Center, Haifa, Israel
Rajit K. Basu, MD, FAAP Division of Critical Care Medicine,
Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA
Michael J. Bell, MD Department of Critical Care Medicine,
Children’s Hospital of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
James B. Besunder, DO Department of Pediatrics, Akron Children’s Hospital, Akron,
OH, USA
Michael T. Bigham, MD Division of Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics,
Akron Children’s Hospital, Akron, OH, USA
Donald L. Boyer, MD Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, The
Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia and the Perelman School of Medicine at the University
of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
Susan L. Bratton, MD, MPH Department of Pediatrics, Primary Children’s Medical
Center, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
George Briassoulis, MD, PhD PICU, University Hospital, University of Crete,

Heraklion, Crete, Greece
Richard J. Brilli, MD Division of Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics,
Nationwide Children’s Hospital, The Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus,
OH, USA

xix


xx

Sandra D.W. Buttram, MD Critical Care Medicine, Phoenix Children’s Hospital,
Phoenix, AZ, USA
Charles D. Cadenhead, FAIA, FACHA, FCCM WHR Architects, Houston, TX, USA
Joseph A. Carcillo Jr., MD Pediatric Intensive Care Unit,
Children’s Hospital of Pittsburgh of UPMC, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
Franco A. Carnevale, RN, PhD Pediatric Critical Care, Montreal Children’s Hospital,
McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
Ira M. Cheifetz, MD, FCCM, FAARC Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine,
Department of Pediatrics, Duke Children’s Hospital, Durham, NC, USA
Ted Cieslak, MD Clinical Services Division, US Army Medical Command, Army Surgeon
General, Fort Sam Houston, TX, USA
Timothy T. Cornell, MD Department of Pediatrics and Communicable Diseases,
C.S. Mott Children’s Hospital University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
Jason Coryell, MD Department of Pediatrics, Doernbecher Children’s Hospital, Oregon
Health and Sciences University, Portland, OR, USA
Maryse Dagenais, RN, MSc (A) Pediatric Intensive Care Unit, Montreal Children’s
Hospital, Montreal, QC, Canada
Mary K. Dahmer, PhD Department of Pediatrics, Critical Care Medicine,
The University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
Girish G. Deshpande, MD Department of Pediatrics, Children’s Hospital of Illinois,

Peoria, IL, USA
Prasad Devarajan, MD Division of Nephrology and Hypertension,
Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA
Sonny Dhanani, BSc (Pharm), MD, FRCPC Pediatric Intensive Care Unit,
Children’s Hospital of Eastern Ontario, Ottawa, ON, Canada
Madan Dharmar, MBBS, PhD Department of Pediatrics, UC Davis Children’s Hospital,
Sacramento, CA, USA
John Fiadjoe, MD Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine,
Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA
Cortney B. Foster, DO Department of Pediatric Critical Care,
University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
W. Joshua Frazier, MD Division of Critical Care Medicine,
Nationwide Children’s Hospital, Columbus, OH, USA
Rani Ganesan, MD Department of Pediatrics, Rush University Medical Center,
Chicago, IL, USA
John S. Giuliano Jr., MD Department of Pediatrics, Yale University School of Medicine,
New Haven, CT, USA
Stuart L. Goldstein, MD Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Center for Acute Care
Nephrology, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA
Amir Hadash, MD Department of Pediatric Intensive Care, Meyer Children’s Hospital,
Rambam Medical Center, Haifa, Israel
Mark W. Hall, MD Division of Critical Care Medicine, Nationwide Children’s Hospital,
Columbus, OH, USA

Contributors


Contributors

xxi

Mary Elizabeth Hartman, MD, MPH Department of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine,
St. Louis Children’s Hospital, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA
Michael J. Hobson, MD Division of Critical Care Medicine, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital
Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA
K. Sarah Hoehn, MD, MBe University of Kansas Medical Center,
Kansas City, KS, USA
Christopher P. Holstege, MD Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Virginia
Health System, Charlottesville, VA, USA
Laura M. Ibsen, MD Department of Pediatrics, Doernbecher Children’s Hospital, Oregon
Health and Sciences University, Portland, OR, USA
Anat Ilivitzki, MD Department of Radiology, Rambam Medical Center, Haifa, Israel
Philippe Jouvet, MD, PhD Department of Pediatrics, Sainte-Justine, Montreal, QC, Canada
Jean Sébastien Joyal, MD, PhD Department of Pediatrics, Sainte-Justine, Montreal,
QC, Canada
Jennifer Kaplan, MD, MS Division of Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics,
Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, University of Cincinnati College of
Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, USA
Eric J. Kasowski, DVM, MD, MPH US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention,
Atlanta, GA, USA
Todd J. Kilbaugh, MD Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine,
Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA
Niranjan Kissoon, MD, FRCP(C), FAAP, FCCM, FACPE Department of Pediatrics and
Emergency Medicine, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
Department of Medical Affairs, BC Children’s Hospital and Sunny Hill Health Centre for
Children, Vancouver, BC, Canada
Monica E. Kleinman, MD Division of Critical Care Medicine, Department of
Anesthesiology, Children’s Hospital Boston, Boston, MA, USA
Catherine D. Krawczeski, MD Division of Pediatric Cardiology, Stanford University
School of Medicine, Palo Alto, CA, USA

Steven L. Kunkel, MS, PhD Department of Pathology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor,
MI, USA
Stéphane Leteurtre, MD, PhD Department of Pediatrics, Jeanne de Flandre, Lille, France
Gwen J. Lombard, PhD, RN Department of Neurosurgery, University of Florida,
Gainesville, FL, USA
James P. Marcin, MD, MPH Department of Pediatrics, UC Davis Children’s Hospital,
Sacramento, CA, USA
M. Michele Mariscalco, MD Department of Pediatrics, University of Illinois College
of medicine at Urbana Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
David Markenson, MD Disaster Medicine and Regional Emergency Services, Maria Fareri
Children’s Hospital and Westchester Medical Center, Valhalla, NY, USA
Katherine Mason, MD Department of Pediatrics, Rainbow Babies Children’s Hospital,
Cleveland, OH, USA


xxii

Mark J. McDonald, MD Department of Pediatrics, University of Louisville, Louisville,
KY, USA
Kathleen L. Meert, MD Department of Pediatrics, Children’s Hospital of Michigan,
Detroit, MI, USA
Michael T. Meyer, MD Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine,
Medical College of Wisconsin, Children’s Hospital of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, USA
Kelly Nicole Michelson, MD, PhD Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine,
Department of Pediatrics, Ann and Robert H. Lurie Children’s Hospital of Chicago, Chicago,
IL, USA
Jennifer A. Muszynski, MD Division of Critical Care Medicine,
The Ohio State University College of Medicine, Nationwide Children’s Hospital,
Columbus, OH, USA
Elizabeth A. Newell, MD Department of Critical Care Medicine,

Children’s Hospital of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
Matthew F. Niedner, MD Pediatric Intensive Care Unit, Division of Critical Care Medicine,
Department of Pediatrics, University of Michigan Medical Center, Mott Children’s Hospital,
Ann Arbor, MI, USA
Akira Nishisaki, MD, MSCE Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine,
The Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA
Folafoluwa Olutobi Odetola, MD, MPH Pediatrics and Communicable Diseases,
University of Michigan Hospital and Health Systems, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
Waseem Ostwani, MD Department of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine,
C.S. Mott Children’s Hospital, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
Murray M. Pollack, MD Department of Child Health,
University of Arizona College of Medicine – Phoenix, Phoenix, AZ, USA
John Pope, MD Department of Pediatrics, Akron Children’s Hospital, Akron, OH, USA
W. Bradley Poss, MD Department of Pediatric Critical Care, University of Utah,
Salt Lake, UT, USA
François Proulx, MD Department of Pediatrics, Sainte-Justine, Montreal, QC, Canada
Michael W. Quasney, MD, PhD Department of Pediatrics, Critical Care Medicine,
The University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
Adrienne G. Randolph, MD, MSc Division of Critical Care Medicine, Department of
Anesthesia, Perioperative and Pain Medicine, Children’s Hospital Boston, Boston, MA, USA
Kyle J. Rehder, MD Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine,
Department of Pediatrics, Duke Children’s Hospital, Durham, NC, USA
Peter C. Rimensberger, MD Department of Pediatrics, Service of Neonatology and
Pediatric Intensive Care, University Hospital of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
Ramesh C. Sachdeva, MD, PhD, JD, FAAP, FCCM Department of Pediatric Critical
Care, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, USA
Candace Sadorra, BS Department of Pediatrics, UC Davis Children’s Hospital,
Sacramento, CA, USA
Ajit A. Sarnaik, MD Department of Pediatrics, Children’s Hospital of Michigan,
Detroit, MI, USA

Contributors


Contributors

xxiii

Matthew C. Scanlon, MD Department of Pediatric Critical Care,
Medical College of Wisconsin, Children’s Hospital of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, USA
Thomas P. Shanley, MD Michigan Institute for Clinical and Health Research,
University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
David K. Shellington, MD Division of Pediatric Critical Care,
University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA, USA
Sam D. Shemie, PhD Department of Critical Care, Montreal Children’s Hospital,
Montreal, QC, Canada
Linda B. Siegel, MD, FAAP Divisions of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine and Pediatric
Palliative CareCohen, Children’s Medical Center, New Hyde Park, NY, USA
Philip C. Spinella, MD, FCCM Division of Critical Care, Critical Care Translation
Research Program, Washington University in St. Louis Medical School, St. Louis, MO, USA
David C. Stockwell, MD, MBA Department of Critical Care Medicine,
Children’s National, Washington, DC, USA
Jennifer S. Storch, RN, CNRN, CCRN Regional Burn Center ICU,
University of California San Diego Medical Center, San Diego, CA, USA
Paul A. Stricker, MD Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine,
The Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia and the Perelman School of Medicine at the
University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
Janice E. Sullivan, MD Department of Pediatrics and Pharmacology & Toxicology,
University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, USA
Lei Sun, PhD Department of Pediatrics and Communicable Diseases,

University of Michigan, C.S.Mott Children’s Hospital, Von Voigtlander Women’s hospital,
Ann Arbor, MI, USA
Jill S. Sweney, MD Department of Pediatric Critical Care, University of Utah,
Salt Lake City, UT, USA
Ravi R. Thiagarajan, MBBS, MPH Department of Cardiology,
Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
Cecilia D. Thompson, MD Division of Critical Care Medicine,
Mount Sinai Kravis Children’s Hospital, New York, NY, USA
James Tibballs, MBBS, MEd, MBA, MD Pediatric Intensive Care Unit,
Royal Children’s Hospital, Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
Shane M. Tibby, MBChB, MRCP, MSc (appl stat) PICU Department,
Evelina London Children’s Hospital, London, UK
Alexis Topjian, MD, MSCE Department of Anesthesia and Critical Care,
The Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA
Adalberto Torres Jr., MD, MS Department of Pediatrics,
University of Illinois College of Medicine at Peoria, Peoria, IL, USA
Jennifer L. Turi, MD Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine,
Department of Pediatrics, Duke Children’s Hospital, Durham, NC, USA
Meredith G. van der Velden, MD Department of Anesthesia, Children’s Hospital Boston,
Boston, MA, USA


xxiv

R. Scott Watson, MD, MPH Department of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine,
Children’s Hospital of Pittsburgh of UPMC, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
Peter H. Weinstock, MD, PhD Division of Critical Care, Department of Anesthesia,
Perioperative and Pain Medicine, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
Derek S. Wheeler, MD, MMM Division of Critical Care Medicine, Cincinnati Children’s
Hospital Medical Center and University of Cincinnati College of Medicine,

Cincinnati, OH, USA
Hector R. Wong, MD Division of Critical Care Medicine, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital
Medical Center, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, USA
Luke A. Zabrocki, MD Division of Pediatric Critical Care, Naval Medical Center San
Diego, San Diego, CA, USA
Basilia Zingarelli, MD, PhD Division of Critical Care Medicine,
Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA

Contributors