kỹ thuật mới giải nhanh bài tập hóa học 12 vô cơ

546.076
K600T

CtJ THANH TOAN
NGUYEN NGOC OANH

KYTHUATMdfl

GIAINHANHBAITAP

HOA HOC
B

I I
114 4
4
i

TAP 2
HOA H O C VO C O

f
i

4 '

OCR]

i

wo'c

lOnil..,

^

^

- Tuyen chon cac ky thuat giai nhanh ve
7 chuyen de hoa v6 ca
- Danh cho hoc sinh \6p 10, 11, 12 va
luyen thi D H - CD

NHA XUAT BAN DAl HOC i^UOC GIA HA NOT


" X U THANH TOAN
NGUYEN NGOC OANH

KYTHUATMOfl
GIAINHANHBAITAP

HdA HOC
TAP 2
HOA H O C V 6 C O
- Tuyen chpn cac ky thuat giai nhanh ve
7 chuyen de hoa v6 ca
- Danh cho hoc sinh Idp 10,11,12 va
luyen thi D H - CD

NHA XUAT B A NDAI H O C Q U O C GIA H AN O I

C. KI THUAl

L6INOIDAU

Cac ban ddng nghidp va cac em hoc sinh than m6'n!
Trdn CO so phan tfch kl luong cac n6i dung kien thiic v^ ki nang nam
trong khung chuong trinh thi, ca'u true, ma tran d6 thi va cac dang bai tap
thucmg gap trong da thi tuyen sinh dai hoc, cao dang ciia B6 GD - DT, chung
toi da biSn soan tap sach: "Kithudt moi gidi nhanh bai tap Hod hoc"
Cu6'n sach mof ra m6t co h6i cho giao vian va cac em hoc sinh nhin
nhan lai mot each sau sac va toan dien cac da thi tuyan sinh DH - CD ki tii
khi ap dung hinh thiJc thi trac nghiem, tilr do giao vian c6 dinh hirdng dung
dan cho cac em hoc sinh va miic do kien thiic va cac dang bai tap; con cac
em hoc sinh se vihig vang, tu tin hom de di tran con duomg den c6ng truong
Dai hoc ma minh mo udfc.
Tac gia cung khdng quan gili gam vao eu6'n sach cac phuong phap giai
hay, giai nhanh, nham giiip cac em ren luyan ki nang giai nhanh cac dang
bai tap trong di thi tuyen sinh DH - CD. Cuon sach se la nguori ban d6ng
hanh than thia't vdri cac em hoc sinh trong qua trinh chinh phuc nhiing dinh
cao vinh quang ciia tri thiic; cuon sach se la tai lieu qui cho cac ban d6ng
nghiep trong qua trinh giang day.
Da' cuon sach hoan thian hon, ra't mong nhan duoc su dong gop y kia'n
chan thanh ciia cac ban d6ng nghiep va ciia cac em hoc sinh.
Chuc cac em dat dirge nhiau thanh tich cao trong cac ky thi sap t6i.
Xin tran trong cam cm !
'*
T A C

G I A

Nhd Sach Kkang Viet xin tran trong giai thieu toi Quy doc gid vd xin long
nghe moi y kien ddng gop de cuon sach ngdy cdng hay hon, bo ich hon. Thu xin
gtH ve:
Cty TNHH Mot thanh vien - Dich Vu Van Hoa Khang Viet.
71- Dinh Tien Hoang, Fhuimg Dakao, Quan 1, TP HCM.
Tel: (08) 3 9 1 1 5 6 9 4 - 3 9 1 1 1 9 6 9 - 3 9 1 1 1 9 6 8 - 3 9 1 0 5 7 9 7 - Fax: (08) 3 9 1 1 0 8 8 0

Email:

GSAl NHANH

CHUYEN ©11:

cAc D^m

7 CHUVeN

HOA VO CO

KT T H U A T ©SAI N H A N H

BAI TJSip y g H A L O G E N

A . L I THUYI^T
DAC D I £ M CIJA CAC NGUVfiN T6 HALOGEN
Flo
Qo
Brom
(F)

(CI)
(Br)
ca'u hmh electron 16p
4s'4p'
3s^3p'
2s^2p'
ngoai Cling

1.

Ban kinh
nguyan tif

D6 am dien

Ai lire electron
Nang lugmg ion hoa
thif nhatl, (eV)
Nang luong
lien ket (kJ/mol)
Nhiat d6 nong chay
("C)"
Nhiat d6 s6i ("C)
Tiang thai (dkt)
Mau sac
Mui
Ham iKong (% s6'

nguydn tir)

lot
(I)
5s^-5p'

0,64A°

0,99A°

1,14A°

1,33A°

3,98.
3,58 eV.

3,16
3,81 eV

2,96
3,56 eV

2,66
3,29 eV

17,42

12,97

11,34

10,45

159

242

192

150

-219,6

-101,0

-7.3

113,6

-188,1
khi
luc nhat
rat d6c

-34,1
vang luc
Xoc

59,2
long
do nau

hdi

0,02

0,02

3.10-*

185,5
ran
den tim
kh6ng miJi
4.10-'

•

khi


II. TINH CHAT HOA HOC CUA DON CHAT

III. DI^U cut
Br,

F2

Vdikim
loai

- Tac dung vod

tat ca cac kim
loai (ca A u ,
Pt,...)
- Phan ling toa
nhiet manh
nha't.

- Tac dung
v<5ri h^u he't
kim loai.
- Phan ihig
toa nhi^u
nhiet.
2E + nX,

Vdfi hidro
(H2)

Phan ling nS
manh ngay b ZSZ^C, trong
bong t6'i.
H , + X,.

Vdri nude

(H2O)

Phan ihig nS
khi chia'u
sang hoac dun

nong.

I2

- Tic dung vdi
hdu he't kim loai.
- Phan umg toa
nhiet It hon clo.

> 2EX„
Phan ling xay ra
a nhiet d6 cao,
kh6ng n6.

0

X2 +

-> 4HF + O2

Phan ling chi
xay ra a nhiet
d6 cao, thuan
nghich.

-1

2F,+

CI, + 2 K 0 H

dich ki^m

2NaOH„„,„3,

->KC1 +

->2NaF

+ OF.+ao

3X, + 6KOH

Trong
phong thi
nghiem.

Kh6ng dilu che'

Trong
c6ng
nghiep.

Dien phan nong

>

nong chay:

mu6'i:

F2 +

CI, +2KBr

2NaCl,„^„g (.^ij,,

Chi the'
hien tfnh
khijr
Nhan xet

2NaF + O2
Kh6ng CO

3H,0

X , + MnXj + 2H2O

Dien phan
dung dich
NaQ cd m^ng
ngan:

Sau khi phoi
nudrc bien d^
la'y NaCl,
ph^n con lai
chiia nhidu
NaBr:

2Naa + 2H,0
-> Cij + H2
+ 2NaOH

Rong bi^n kh6
- ^ t r o
—^^^'^ > dung
djch c6 Nal.

2NaI + CI,

NaBr +CI2 ->

I2 + 2NaCl

2Naa + Br2

.0

* M n X , + X2 + 2 H , 0

•

16HX(,, + 2KMn04

> 2 K X + 2MnX2 + X , + SH^O

-> K C l + 3X, + 3H2O
.0

2NaX + MnO, + 2H,S04(d) - i - ^ X2 + MnS04 + Na2S04 + 2H2O
(X la CI, Br, I)

2. Trong cong nghiep:

Khu duoc r

Kh6ng

trong dung dich:

Phan ling.

2NaBr +1,

^2Naa
+ Br,
Br,

+5a, +

6H,0

->2HBr03
+ lOHQ
> Bo > h

Tinh oxi hoa gi5m dan

4

4HX + MnO,

6HX
Br, +2NaI

F2 > C I 2

(lOfC)

h6n hop

4HX
+3H2O

dung djch

chay

2HF ->F2 +H,

3a, + 6K0H

trong rnu6'i

I2

Cho dung djch H X dSc tac dung vdi chat oxi hoa
(MnO,, PbOj, K C I O 3 , KMn04,...):

K F + 2HF:

5KC1

halogenua

Br,

CI,

F2

1, Trong phong thi nghiem:

5KX + KXO3 +

K C I O + H2O

Khi F , kh6 khur Khir duoc Br
duoc Cr, B r , I , I trong

> X2 + 2e

2X"

+1

+ KCIO3

Vdri mu6'i

Oxi hoa ion halogenua thanh nguyen tir:

HX + HXO

H2O

Phan ling kho dSn tiir CI, d6'n I,
Vdi dung

C6NG NGHIEF
Nguyen tac chung:

H , + I, ^ 2HI

2HX (X: F, Q, Br)

2F2 + 2 H 2 O

- Tac dung
vdri kim loai cf
nhiet d6 cao
hoac cin xiic
tac.

TRONG P H 6 N G THI NGHlfeM VA S A N XUAT TRONG

i, +

5a,+

6 H , 0 ^

2HIO3
+ lOHCl

J

t

2 N a a + 2H2O

m&ngngin

> C l , t + H^t + 2NaOH

rudrc day:
4HC1 + 0 ,

2NaBr +

<:

xt,t"

QX.jy^^^)

2NaI + Cl„2(vta

±

— ^
dd

All)

2C12 + 2H20
Br2 + 2NaCl

> I, + 2Naa


I V . CAC H I D R O H A L O G E N U A VA A X I T H A L O G E N H I D R I C (HX)
HCl

HF
Nhidt d6 s6i
(°C)
D6 tan trong
1 lit nude
(bOPC)
Tinh axit
cua dd HX
Tac dung
vdi dd
AgNOj
Tdc dung

voi Si02
Tdc dung
Vdri O2

-85,1

19,5

4-66,8

600 lit

425 lit

Yiru

Manh

Manh hom
HCl

Manh hon
HBr

AgCU
trdng

SiO^ + 4 H F ->
SiF4 + 2H2O

AgBri
vang nhat

vang

4HC1,„ + 0,(,,

Kh6ng
phan ung.

CU +2Hfi

4HX<,„) + O, (kk) - > 2X2 + 2H2O
2HBr + H2SO4

Kh6ng phan ling.

-> Br2 +
SO2+ 2H2O

CaF,,,) + H2SO,4(d)
2HFt + CaSOai

2Naa„ +
H2S04(a)
l">400"C ^

2Ha + Na2S04
H2(k)+ CI•'2(k)

--->2HC1 (k)
RH + CI2 - >
RCl + HCl

- D6u tan
(trif CaFj,...)

Mu6'i clorua
(CD

Mu6'i bromua
(Br)

- Da s6' tan
(trir AgCl,
PbCl,,...)

- Da s6' tan
(li ij AgBr,
PbBr2,...)

41, + H,S

+ 4ao

Mu6'i iotua
(D
- Da s6' tan
(triif A g l ,

Pbl,, Mnlj).

Tan, mau
trSng.

Kh6ng tan,
mau trang.

Kh6ng tan,
mau vang nhat.

Kh6ng tan,
mau vang.

Phan
ling vori
halogen

Kh6ng xay
ra.

F2 + 2C1

CI2 + 2Br-,,,,

CI, + 2r„„ ->

Phan
iJng vod
H,S04

dac

CaF2 +
HiSOiij)

Phan
ling vdd

-> 0 2

(„6ngchdy)

+ 2F

^ Br2 + 20"

Phan
iJng voi

I2 +

^3HX

Trang
thai tif
nhiSn

2a-

Br2 + 2r„d) - >

I , + 2Br

250^ C ^

2NaBr„y +

NaCV,+
H2S04<„

H2SO4,,) ->

<2.'>0°C ^
r

2HFt +
CaS04

HClt+
NaHS04

Khong xay ra

Khdng xay ra

SKI + 5H2S04,a,
4I2 + HjS +

Br, + SO, +
HJO + Na2S04

4K2Sb4 + 4H,0

Kh6ng xay ra

2FeCl3 4 2KI
2Fea, + 1 ,
+ 2KC1

'Kh6ng xay
ra.

Kh6ng xet.

Kh6ng xet.

O3 + 2KI + H2O

I2 + 2KOH

+ 0,

O3

PX3 + 3H2O

Hgl,,

Mu6'i
AgX.

SHI + H2SO4

HF
HCl
HBr
HI
Tinh axit tang din, tinh khuf tSng dSn

Nhan xet

Ti'nh
tan

Agli

Kh6ng phan Ung.

dac

Di^u ch6' va
san xua't

-35,4

500 lit

Khong

Mu6'i florua

HI

Tan v6 han

Tac dung
v6i H2SO4

HBr

V. M U O I H A L O G E N U A

- Quang florit
(CaF,), criolit
(Na3AlF,),...

- Mu6'i an
(NaCl).
- KCl, CaCi,,

NaBr (nude
bi^n)

Nal (rong bi^n)...

Ag^ + Br-

Ag* + I"

+H3PO3

Thuc te:
3X2 + 2P +
6H2O — ^ >
6HX +

Nhan
Kh6ng xay
biet
ra.
(bang
AgN03)

Ag^ + cr
->Aga>l

trdng

AgBri
vang nhat

Agli
vang

2H3PO,

7


V I . H O P C H A T C6

C l o r u a vol

Nudrc Javen
Thanh

NaCl + NaClO

phan
Dieu
Che

B. C A C D A N G B A I T A P T R O N G D E T H I TUYJ^N S I N H D H - C D

O X I CUA H A L O G E N

+

M u o i k a l i clorat

CaOCU:

1 . L i thuyet van d u n g va phuomg phap giai:

-1
+1
CI - Ca - 0 - CI

H2O

* C l 2 + 2NaOH„„,„,,

* CI, + Ca(OH)„^,

NaQ + NaQG
+

* 3C1, + 6 K O H

— ^

5KC1 + K Q O j + 3 H , 0

H2G

* Didn phan dung
dichNaa(15-20%)
6 dieu kifenthucmg,
khdng CO mang ngan.

+

*

D6' giai cac bai tap dang nay c6 th^ sir dung cac phuomg phap giai nhanh:

.

Phuong phap xac d i n h chat dua vao cong thiirc t i n h p h a n tur k h o i : Gia six c6
chat cho electron la A . Ta c6:
ke

H2O

* C I , + Ca(OH),
(v6i sOa)
- j f ^

Dang 1: Xdc dinh chat (halogen, muoi halogenua, kim loqi)

KCIO3

CaOCl,
+ H2O

* Di6n phan dung dich
K C l 2 5 % a n h i a d6
70°C - 75°C.
* 6C1, + 6Ca(OH),

m.

m

Vay:

Trong do:

m ^ : Khd'i lucmg chat A (gam)
k: s6' electron do m6t nguyen tir A nhucmg

2KC103i +Caa2
chat

4 N a a O + PbS ->

CaOCl, + 2HC1

PbS04 + 4NaCl
- La mu6'i ciia ax it
ra't y€u:
N a c i o + CO, +
ao
-^HClO + NaHcbj

——>
CaCl, + a, + H2O
- Trong kh6ng khf
2CaOCl, + CO,
+ H , 0 ->CaC03

- Kem ben nhifit:

2KCIO3

— ^
2KC1 +

- Sat trung
- T^y trSng sod, vai,

- Tiy trSng soi, vai,
gia'y.

gia'y.

- T^y u6' chu6ng
trai, c6'ng ranh, h6'
rac.

n^ (cho)- s6' mol electron do toan bo luong chat A nhircJng.
+

30,T

Dua vao cac dir ki^n bai ra cho, xac dinh diroc cac dai lirong m ^ , k,

+

Tinh gia t r i M ^ .

+

Tir phan tir khoi xac dinh duoc cha^ cin t i m .

\
n^fcho)-

f

- Chat oxi hoa manh:

Phirong phap t r u n g b i n h : C6ng thiic tinh nguyfin tir kh6'i trung bmh ciia hai

5 K C I O 3 + 6P

— = mhh
k i m loai lidn tife'p trong ciing mot nhom A : M

->

5KC1 + 3P2O5
KCIO3 + 6HC1 ->
KCl + 3 0 , + 3H,0

+ CaCi, + 2HC10
tfng
dung

ne(cho)

M ^ : Khd'i luong mol chat A (gam)

Ca(C103)2 + 2KC1
- Tinh oxi hoa
manh:

'

Ca(C103),
+ 5CaCl, + 6 H , 0

- Tinh oxi hoa
manh:

^

MA

—->

Tinh

-.k

- Thudc n6, ditm.
- Diiu che O , trong
phong thf nghidm.

^hh

+

Tinh cac luong chat da cho trong bai ra.

+

Viet phuong trinh hoa hoc (so d6 hoa hoc) six dung k i hi6u trung binh.

+

Tinh dai lucfng trung binh thich hop.

+

Rut ra kd't luan va tinh cac dai luong theo ydu c^u.

Phuong phap bao toan electron: Trong phan umg oxi hoa khir, t6ng s6' mol
electron do chat khir cho phai diing bang t6ng s6' mol electron do chait oxi hoa nhan:
E e (cho)

= S e (nhan)

Trong do:

n^ho-

"nhan

n , h „ . N , ,ho = n „ h j „ . N , „^,„

l^n 'ifcrt la s6' mol nguyen tir chat nhircmg, nhan electron (s6'

- XiJr ly chat d6c,

mol nguyen tir chat khir, chat oxi hoa).

tinh che' dSu mo.

Nccho. N ,

„hj„

\in luot la s6' electron m6t nguyen tur chat khir nhuomg, m6t nguyen

tijr chat oxi hoa nhan.
+

Viet cac qua trinh oxi hoa, qua trinh khir (kh6ng cin vie't phuong trinh phan

ling oxi hoa - khir).
+

It.

Dat in, dua vao djnh luat bao to^n electron lap duoc phuong trinh dai s6'.
Giai he phuong trinh, xac dinh duoc M => chat cin t i m . .
Q


-

Phuong phap bao loan k h o i lucmg: Trong mdt phan ung hoa hoc, tdng khO'i luong
ciia cac cha't san phsim bang long khO'i liromg cua cac chat tham gia phan ling.
Gia sir c6 phan ung: aA + bB
cC + dD
I h e o djnh luat bao toan kh6'i luong ta c6: niA + nig = nic +

Hu&ng ddn gidi
Trudmg hcrp 1: Hai mudi NaX va NaY d^u tao ke't tiia vdfi A g N O , .
Dat cong thiic chung ciia 2 mudi la N a X :

NaX + AgNOj

A p dung: Trong mot phan ung, c6 n cha't {ki ca chat phan ling va san pha'm), n6'u

-> A g X 4- + N a N O ,

biet kh6'i luong ciia (n - 1) cha't thi tinh duoc khd'i lucmg cua ch&t con lai.

(23 + X ) g

(108+X)g

*

M o t s6' n6i dung cin chu y:

6,03 g

8,61 g

-

Cac k i m loai c6 nhieu hoa tri (Fe, Cr,...) tac dung voi CI2, axit H C l tao ra mu6'i
clorua k i m loai C O hoa t r i khac nhau:
'
" "
2Fe + 3 a . - >

Cac dung dich mudi halogenua nhu mu6'i clorua, bromua, iotua d^u tac dung voi
A g N O j , con muoi florua khong tac dung duoc voi dung djch A g N O , :

.

NaF + A g N O j : Khong xay ra
NaCl + A g N O j

Agai

trong t u nhien ma c6 M > 178 => loai truong hofp nay).
hop 2: X la flo, Y la clo:

NaF + A g N O j

y

y (mol)
y = 0,06

TCr ( 1 , 2) ta c6: x = 0,06;

(2)

y = 0,06.

6,03

1: Hoa tan hoan toan 1,1 gam h6n hop gom m6t k i m loai kiim

X va m6t

k i m loai ki6m thd Y (Mx < My) trong dung djch H C l du, thu duoc 1,12 lit khi

H , (dktc). K i m loai X la
B. Rb.

C.Li.
(Trich
Hudfng din

1!
:::>ili0,1

i .

J4

> A g C U + NaNOj

Ta c6: 143,5y = 8,61

2. Cac t h i d u m i n h hoa:

Theobaira:

- (1) '

> khdng xay ra

NaCl + A g N O j

+ NaNOj

Nal + AgNO,
A g l l + NaNO,
V i vay cac bai tap h6n hop mu6'i halogenua tac dung vdri dung dich A g N O j tao
ra ke't tiia cSn chia hai trucmg hop d^ giai.

A. K.

i

Theo bai ra, ta c6: 42x + 58,5y = 6,03

NaBr + A g N O j ^ A g B r i + NaNO,

Thidu

X = 178 (khdng c6 halogen nao c6

Goi X , y \in luot la sd mol ciia NaF, NaCl.

Fe + 2HC1 -> FeQ, + H ,
-

Ta c6: (23 + X ) . 8,61 = 6,03. (108 + X )
Tru&ng

2FeCl3

'

nn^ =0,05 (mol)

Thi du 3: Hoa tan hoan toan 6,645 gam hdn hop mudi clorua ciia hai k i m loai
ki^m thudc hai chu ky ke' tiep nhau vao nude duoc dung dich X . Cho toan bo
dung djch X tac dung hoan toan vdi dung dich A g N O j (du), thu duoc 18,655

D.Na.

de tuyen sink Cao dang khoi

Dap an diing la D.

gam ke't tiia. Hai k i m loai ki6m tren la
A)

A. R b v a C s

B. N a v a K

gidi

=> 0,05
C. K va Rb
(Trich

<0'Umol)

11
< —

=^ 11 < M x , Y < 22
0,05

V i M x < M y => M x < 22 . Trong cac k i m loai kiem chi c6 k i m loai l i t i (Li) c6
M = 7 < 22. vay k i m loai X la L i .
Dap an dung la C.
Thidu 2: Cho dung djch chiJa 6,03 gam hdn hop g6m hai mudi NaX, NaY (X, Y
la hai nguyen to c6 trong t u nhien, d hai chu k i lien tiep thu6c nhom V I I A , sd
hieu nguyen tir
< Zy) vao dung dich A g N O j (du), thu duoc 8,61 gam ke't
tua. PhSn tram khdi luong ciia NaX trong hdn hop ban ddu la
A. 47,2%.
B. 52,8%.
C. 58,2%.
D.41,8%.
(Trich De thi tuyen sinh Dai hoc khoi B)

D. L i va Na

de tuyen sinh Cao dang - Khoi

A)

Hu&ng ddn gidi
K6t tiia la A g C l : sd mol A g C l =

= 0,13 (mol)

•

K i hieu chung hai mudi clorua la M C I
MCI + A g N O , ^
0,13

<-

A g C l i + MNO3
0,13(mol)

=^Mi^,,, = ^ . 5 1 , 1 2
0,13

3=>M.15,62^^'^^^'^
^
l N a ( M = 23)

Vay hai k i m loai k i ^ m la L i va Na.
Dap an diing la D.

'
'

•

'

'
11

Fe + 2Fea3

Thi du 4: Di hoa tan hoan loan 6,4 gam h6n hop g6m k i m loai R (chi c6 hoa trj
I I ) va oxit cua no cdn viira dii 400 m l dung dich H C l I M . K i m loai R la
A. M g

B. Be

C. Ba

D . Ca

(Trich de tuyen sinh Cao dang khoi A)
Hudng dan gidi
T h e o b a i r a : HHCI = 0 . 4 . 1 = 0 , 4 ( m o l )
O x i t ciia k i m loai R la R O (R c6 hoa t r i I I ) . K i hifiu chung cho k i m loai R va
oxit R O la X .
PTHH:

X

+ 2HC1

0,2

BFeClj

Thi du 7: X la k i m loai thu6c phan
1,7 gam h6n hop g6m k i m loai X
sinh ra 0,672 l i t khi H j ( d dktc).

luong d u dung djch H^SO^ loang,
lit ( 0 dktc). K i m loai X la
A. Mg.

C. Ba.

•

Hu&ng ddn gidi

S6 mol k h i H j trong hai thi nghiem:

^ M R . R O = M x = 6 , 4 / 0 , 2 = 32

PTHH:

^16
E(X,Zn)

+

n H 2 = 0,03 (mol); ni^^ < 0,05 (mol).

2HC1

> ECl^ +

0,03 mol

Suyra:

loai R la M g .

V i Mz„ = 65 > 56,67 => Mx < 56,67

Dap an diing la

PTHH:

Thi du 5: Cho 1,9 gam h6n hop mu6'i cacbonat va hidrocacbonat cua k i m loai
k i ^ m M tac dung he't v6i dung dich H C l (du), sinh ra 0,448 1ft k h i ( 0 dktc).
K i m loai M la
B. K .

CRb.

D.Li.

(Trich De thi tuyen sinh Dai hoc khoi B)
Hu&ng ddn gidi
Theobaira:

H,

0,03 mol

Trong cac k i m loai hoa t r i I I chi c6 k i m loai M g (R = 24) thoa man. Vay k i m

A.Na.

D . Ca.

(Trich De thi tuyen sinh Cao dang khoi A)

^' '

0,4 (mol)

nhom chinh nhom I I (hay nhom I I A ) . Cho
va Zn tac dung vdi luong d u dung dich H C l ,
Mat khac, khi cho 1,9 gam X tac dung v6i
thi thi tich khi hidro sinh ra chua d€n 1,12

B. Sr.

RCI2 + . . .

ViMx=32nen j ^ ^ ^ ^
[R + 1 6 > 3 2

>

Dap an diing la A .

M g = 1,7/0,03 = 56,67

X +
Ux

Suyra:

H , S 0 4 (loang)

(1)
> XSO4

n^^^< 0,05 (mol)

< 0,05 (mol)

M x > 1,9/0,05 = 38

Tilr(l,2)tac6:

+ H^

(2)

38 < Mx < 56,67.

Trong cac k i m loai nhom I I A chi c6 k i m loai canxi (M = 40) thoa man.

vay

X la Ca.

Dap an diing la D .

nco2 = 0,448/22,4 = 0,02 (mol)

Thi du 8: H 6 n hop X g6m M3CO3, MHCO3 va M Q ( M la k i m loai k i ^ m ) . Cho

T a c o M h h = 1,9/0,02 = 95 .

32,65 gam X tac dung vijra dii vofi dung dich HCl thu duoc dung djch Y va c6

Suy ra: 2 M + 60 > 95 > M + 61 => 17,5 < M < 34.

17,6 gam C O , thoat ra. Dung djch Y tac dung vdi dung dich A g N O j d u duoc
100,45 gam ket tiia. K i m loai M la

Vay M = 23 (Na).

A.Rb

Dap an dung la A .

B. Na

A . Fe.

B.Al.

CMg.

D. Zn.

(Trich De thi tuyen sinh Cao dang khoi A)
Hu&ng ddn gidi

Trong cac k i m loai da cho, M c6 th^ la Fe. That vay:
2Fe + 3Cl2

y 2FeCl3

Fe + 2Ha

> FeCl2 + H2

S6 m o l khi CO,: nco^ =

2

dich mu6'i X ta cung duoc mu6'i Y . K i m loai M c6 t h ^ la

D. K

Hu&ng ddn gidi

Thi du 6: Cho k i m loai M tac dung v6i C I , duoc mu6'i X ; cho k i m loai M tac
dung vdfi dung dich H C l duoc mu6'i Y . Ndu cho k i m loai M tac dung vdi dung

C.Li

I M = o,4
44

(mol)

S6' mol ke't tua A g C l : n^gci = 100,45 /143,5 = 0 , 7 ( m o l )

Goi X , y , z Idn luot la s6' mol M^COj, MHCO3, M C I trong 32,65 gam X .
Bao toan cacbon ta c6: x + y = 0,4
Bao toan clo ta c6:

2x + y + z = 0,7

A p dung djnh luat bao toan khd'i luong ta c6:
13


n i x + niHci = mMCi(Y) + "^002 + " I H 2 0

=> 32,65 + 36,5(2x + y ) = ( M + 35,5).(2x + y + z) + 17,6 + 0,4.18
rr> 36,5(x + y ) + 36,5x = ( M + 35,5)(2x + y + z) = 7,85
Thay x + y = 0,4;2x + y + z = 0,7 vao, tadiroc:

,

0 , 7 ( M + 3 5 , 5 ) - 3 6 , 5 = 22,45 = > 0 , 7 M - 3 6 , 5 x - - 2 , 4
2,4 + 0 , 7 M

•
"

Thi du 10: Cho 19 gam h6n hop b6t g6m k i m loai M (hoa tri khdng d6i) va Zn
(ti IS m o l tirong umg 1,25 : 1) vac binh dirng 4,48 lit khi C I , (dktc), sau cac
phan ufng hoan toaii thu duoc h6n hop chat rSn X. Cho X tan h6't trong dung
dich H Q (dir) tha'y c6 5,6 lit khi H , thoat ra (dktc). K i m loai M la
A. Na
B. Ca

C. M g
D. A l
Huatng ddn gidi

',,

=> X =

S6'mol k h i CI, va H , Mn lirot la: n ^ j = 0 , 2 ( m o l ) ; n^^^ = 0 , 2 5 ( m o l )
Dat X la s6' m o l Z n => s6' mol k i m loai M la 1,25x

36,5

Taco:

V i 0 < x < 0,4 => M < 17,4 => M = 7 ( < 17,4). Vay k i m loai k i ^ m la L i .
Dap an diing la C.

TO ( 1 , 2 ) ta c6:

N a X + A g N 0 3 -> A g X i + N a N O j
0,1

->

0,1

l,25n,x + 2x

0,9

65+l,25M

19

l,25n + 2

0,9

1

2

3

M

le

24

le

Ket luan

Loai

Mg

Loai

Gia t r i phii hop la n = 2 => M = 24 (Mg)
Dap an diing la C.

•>

3. Cac bai tap t u l u y e n :
Cku i : K i m loai nao sau day tac dung voi dung djch HCl loang va tac dung vdi khf

^ M . ^ = - - - 1 5 0
0,1

CI3 cho cung loai mu6'i clorua k i m loai?

108 + X = 1 5 0 = > X = 42

CI ( M = 35,5)
Br ( M = 80)

Hai halogen la Q (35,5) va Br (80).
vay hai mu6'i trong X la NaCl va NaBr.
Dap an dung la D.

A.Fe

B.Zn

N a F 4 - A g N O j -> kh6ng xay ra
NaCl + A g N O j

AgCl i + NaNOj

-> 0,1 mol

=> "^Agca =0.1.143,5=14,35(gam) ^1.5(gam)
loai tnrcmg hop nay.

C. Cu

D. A g

Hu&ng ddn gidi
K i m loai do la Z n :
Zn + 2HC1
Zn + Cl2

Trucmg hop 2: Hai mu6'i la NaF va NaCl.

0,1

19

N

Trirorng hop 1: Hai halogen d^u tao diroc kfi't tiia v6i A g N O j .

PTPU':

65x + M.l,25x

=>l,125M = 23,75n-20,5

S6 mol A g N O j : n^gNOj = 0 - ' ("loO •

NaX.

si

(2)

=> 25,75n + 38 = 58,5 + 1,I25M

Hu&ng dan gidi

Dat c6ng thufc chung ciia mu6'i la

V','

Theo nguydn t i c bao toan electron ta c6:
l,25n.x + 2x = 0,4 + 0,5 = 0,9

Thi dti 9: H6n horp X chira dong ihbi hai mu6'i natri cua hai halogen lien tife'p
trong bang tuSn hoan. La'y mot luorig X cho tac dung vira dii \6'\0 m l dung
dich A g N O , I M thi thu duoc 15 gam ket tiia. C6ng thiJc phan tijf ciia hai muoi
trong X la (cho F = 19; Q = 35,5; Br = 80; I = 127; Na = 23)
A. NaF va NaCl
B. NaBr va N a l
C. NaCl va N a l
D. NaCl va NaBr

'

6 5 x + M . l , 2 5 x = 19 ( l )

>ZnCl2 + H2
>ZnCl2

Dap an diing la B.

'^

Cha v.- Phan ling ciia cac k i m loai v6i khi CI, va axit H C l :
FeClj <-^ 5 ^ _ F e
CuCl,

«_ ± £ l l _

AgCl

^ -C!2_

- i ^ ^ F e C l .

Cu - t H C ^

+ H,

Khdng xay ra

'

Ag—^Khangxayra.
15


C&u 2: Cho m6t lirong don chat halogen tac dung h6't vdd magie thu dirge 19 gam
magie halogenua. Cung lugng don chat halogen do tac dung h6t vdi nhom tao ra
17,8 gam nh6m halogenua. Kh6'i lirgng don chat halogen da phan ung la
A. 8,0 gam.
B. 14,2 gam.
C. 19,0 gam.
D. 7,1 gam.
Hu&ng ddn gidi
Dat CTHH cua don chat halogen la X,
•

PTHH:

X2

>MgX2

+Mg

a mol

'

. 'f%

> a mol

3X2 + 2A1

> 2AIX3

a mol

> 2a/3 mol

=,ll?itl^ = J L
2.(27+ 3 X )

17,8

=,x=35.5 (a)
^

Vay halogen do la clo (CU).

=0,2

Dap an dung la B.
C&u 3: Cho 1,03 gam mu6'i natri halogenua (A) tac dung vdi dung dich AgNO, du
thi thu dirge mot kd't tua, ke't tiia nay sau khi phan iJng hoan loan cho 1,08 gam
bac. C6ng thiic ciia mu6'i A la
A. NaF.
B.NaCl.
C. NaBr.
D. Nal.

Hu&ng ddn gidi
I no

n^ = — - 0 , 0 l ( m o l )

Dat mu6'i natri halogenua la NaX.
PTHH:
NaX + AgNOj
> AgXi
<

^^Suyra:

K Y + AgNO, ^

AgY + K N O 3

vay: M h h - - ^ ^ = 2 5 7 , 4 ( g / m o l ) = ^ M x , y - 2 1 8 , 4 ( g / m o l )
0,0264

<-

' ;

vay khdng CO X, Y phu hgp.
Trucmg hop X 1^ F, Y la CI: AgF tan n6n chi c6 AgCl kd't tiia

0,01

NaCl-> n^aci = - ^ ^ = 0,0522 mol

58,5

+ NaNOj

(mol)

NaCl + AgNO,

vay mudi A 1& natri bromua (NaBr).
Dap an diing la C.

A g a i + NaNO,

**
'

'

(1)

* 3 22875
Theo (1) -> n^^ci = "Aga

0,01 (mol)

1 03
M^^x = ^ = 103 =>23 + M x - 1 0 3 =^

' "

Dap an diing la A.
Cau 5: M6t h6n hcyp X g6m 3 muoi halogenua ciia kim loai natri nang 6,23g hoa
tan hoan toan trong nuoc dugc dung dich A. Sue khi clo du vao dung dich A roi
c6 can hoan toan dung dich sau phan ung dugc 3,0525g mu6'i khan B. La'y m6t
nua lucmg mu6'i nay hoa tan vao nude r6i cho phan ihig voi dung djch AgNO, du
thi thu dugc 3,22875g ket tiia. Tim c6ng thiic ciia cac mu^i va tinh % theo khd'i
lugng m6i mu6'i trong X.
Hu&ng ddn gidi
Gia sii lugng mu6'i khan B thu dugc sau khi cho clo du vao dung djch A chi c6

Ag + -X2

AgX
0,01

(2)

•- ' S

%m(KF) = — x l O O % =34,17%.
^
^ 6,79

mei2 =71.a = 14,2(gam).

0,01

AgX + K N O 3

vay: mKci = 0,06 . 74,5 = 4,47 (gam) => m K P = 2,32 (gam)

(24 + 2.35,5)

Sd'molAg:

K X + AgNOj ^

Tir (2) ^ s6' mol KCl = s6' mol AgQ = 8,61 : 143,5 = 0,06 (mol)

a=Vay

:, VV

(1)

S6 mol h6n hop KX, K Y = ^'^^ ~ ^'^^ = 0,0264(mol)
108-39
^ ^

Theobaira: a.(24 + 2X) = 19
^ . ( 2 7 . 3 X ) = ,7,8
3 ^
^

C&u 4: Cho dung djch chura 6,79 gam h6n hop g6m 2 mu6i K X , K Y (X, Y m 2
nguydn t<5 c6 trong tu nhifin, 6 hai chu ki lifin tie'p thu6c nhom VIIA, s6' hidu
Zx < ZY) vao dung dich AgNO, dir thu dugc 8,61 gam kd't tiia. Th^nh ph^n %
kh6'i lugng ciia KX trong h6n hop ban d^u la
A. 34,17%.
B. 25,56%.

C. 45,68%.
D. 89,90%.
Hu&ng ddn gidi
Tnrcmg hop AgX, AgY d^u k ^ tiia:
f

-80(Br)

=

-2 = 0,045 mol < 0,0522 mol t

Do do, mu6'i khan B thu dugc ngoai NaCl con c6 NaF.
Vay trong h6n hgp X chira NaF, khd'i lugng NaF:
niNaF = m B - mNaci

= 3,0525 - 0,045. 58,5 = 0,42 (g)

,

0 42
%NaF = ——.100% = 6,74%"'^'*''-»-""''«*"'-»-'"-^*":'^^^

6.23

THiy mji TiwH oiNii

Tmm

17

Goi c6ng thiJc chung ciia hai mutfi halogen c6n lai 1^: NaY
2NaY + a 2 - > 2 N a C l + Y2

T h e o ( 2 ) - > n ^ ^ Y = n N a a =0.045 (mol)
•"NaY

S6' mol I2 = ^ : ^ = 0 , 0 2 4 ( m o l )

(2)

"'x - niNaF = 6,23 - 0,42 = 5,81

> .^

-

Theo phirong trinh s6' mol R Q O , =

(g)

R+35,5+16x =
Do 66:

*

Y=

= 129,11 = 23 + M y ^ M y = 106,11

0,045
,

-> ph^i c6 m6t halogen c6 M > 106,11 - » d6
Vay c6ng thiic cua mud'i thiJ 2 Ilk Nal.
Dod6c6haitrucmghop:
Tru&ng hop 1: NaF, NaCl vk Nal.
Goi a, b Mn lugt la s6 mol ciia NaQ
Nal
^
^ [58,5a + 150b = 5,81
laco: <
a + b = 0,045

*

'

'

.

yj^

iot.

•
"

v

^tf

'«

f-*'

l,086x

Thoa man vdi x = 2; R = 23, kim loai k i i m la Na; mu^i \h NaQO^.
2. Phuong trinh phan umg nhifit phan mu6'i:
.0
NaClOj — ^

NaQ + O,

Theo phuong trinh s6' mol NaQ = s6 mol NaQOj = 0,012
#

=> Kh6i luong NaQ = 0,012. 58,5 = 0,702 g.

[ 3 = 0,01027

Cau 7: Cho 50 gam dung dich M X ( M la kim loai ki6m, X 1^'halogen) 35,6% tac

[b = 0,03472

djch nude loc. Bie't n6ng d6 M X trong dung djch sau thi nghidm giam 1,2 ISn so

dung vcri 10 gam dung dich AgNOj thu duoc ke't tua. Loc kfi't tiia, duoc dung

vdi n6ng d6 ban ddu.

Vay:

C6ng thurc mu6'i M X la

%Naa = ^ ^ 1 ^ . 1 0 0 % = 9,64%
6,23

%NaF = 6,77%; %NaI = 83,59%
Tru&ng hop 2: NaF, NaBr va Nal.
Tac6: j l 0 3 a ' ^ 1 5 0 b ' = 5,81_^ ra' = 0,02

Ttif,^

R=29,25x~35,5

0,024

n i N ^ = 58,5. 0,01027 = 0,6008 (g); niN,, = 150. 0,03472 = 5,208 (g)

[a' + b' = 0,045

0,024

[ b ' = 0,025

%NaI = 141-100% = 60,19%; %NaF = 6,74%.
6,23
C&u 6: Ho^ tan 1,086 gam mu6'i chiJa oxi ciia clo vdi m6t kim loai ki^m v^o nude,

axit hod dung djch bang axit H2SO4 loang rdi them tiT dung dich K I vao cho de'n
khi kh6ng c6n I , thoat ra thi thu duoc 6,096 gam I2. CQng luong mu6'i trdn dem
nhiet phan hoan to^n sau phan ihig con lai a gam mu6'i.
1. Xdc dinh c6ng thiic mu6'i?
'
(')
2. Tfnha?

D.NaBr.

C. L i Q .

' •

Hudng ddn gidi
r,,
, ^•
35,6x50
o , X
Theo bai ra: mMx =
= 17,8 (gam)
100

,0 - =

M X + AgNO, -> M N O 3 + AgX i

= 103. 0,02 = 2,06 (g); niN„ = 150. 0,025 = 3,75 (g)

2 Ofi

vay %NaBr = — . 1 0 0 % = 33.07%
6,23

B.KI.

A. NaF.

X
=>

m^gx

= (108

=>

mMXc6„i,i =

X

X

+ X).x;
17,8

X

HIMX phin

-(M

+

(mol)

= (M +

X).x

X).x

=> C% M X trong dung dich sau phan ihig la:
^ 3 5 ^ ^ j2o.(M + X ) =35,6.(108 + X )
1.2

_17,8-(M+X).x
6 0 - ( 1 0 8 + X).x
M

L i (7)

Na(23)

X

a (35,5)

12,58

MlaLi,Xiaa

K(39)
4634,44

mu6i M X la L i a .

Dap dn dung la C.

Hu&ng ddn gidi
1. C6ng thiic mu6'i c6 dang RQO, (x = 1 -> 4).
Phuong trinh phan umg:

Rao, + 2xKI + xH,S04 ^ RQ + xlj + xK,S04 + xH^O
18

19


Dang 2: Xdc dinh luffng chat (tham gia, sdn phdm, cdn Iqi sau phan
vd thdnh phan cdc chat trong hdn harp

Goi s6 mol Fe304 la x => s6 mol Cu la 3x
T a c 6 : 2 3 2 x + 64.3x = 4 2 , 4 = > x = 0 , l

1. L i thuy^'t v$n dung va phuong phap glai:
*
-

Hu&ng ddn giai

itng)

Cac phucfng phap giai nhanh duoc sir dung:

Fe304 + 8HC1

Phuong phap bao toan electron: Trong phan ung oxi hoa khu, t6ng s6' mol

0,1

electron do chat khu ciio phai diing bang tdng s6' mol electron do chat oxi hoa nhan:

Cu

S e ( c h o ) = E e ( n h a n ) => iicho-Necho = n„hi:,. N,„h,„

+

-

CUCI2 + 2FeCl2

0,2

= > n c u ( d . , - 0 . 1 - 3 - 0 , 1 - 0 , 2 (mol)
Vay m = mcu (du) = 0 . 2 . 64 = 12,8(gam)

+

Giai he phircmg trinh, xac djnh cac dai luong theo yfiu ciu ciia bai toan.

Phuong ph^p bao toan khoi luong: Trong m6t phan ung hoa hoc, tdng kh6'i luong

Phuong phap su dung cac cong thurc giai nhanh:
+

C6ng thiic tmh kh6'i luong mu6'i clorua thu ducfc khi hoa tan hit h6n hop kim

loai bang dung dich H C l : m„„,„, = m^i^^,^ + ^ I H H J
+

M6ts6'chuy:

-

Fe304 khi giai bai tap c6 the qui doi thanh: FeO.Fe^Oj.

dung vdi dung djch HCl nhung bj hoa tan boi dung dich FeClj):
CuCU + 2 F e a 2
5Al2(S04)3 + 3K,S04 + 6MnS04 + 24H2O

K i m loai Fe (hoac Cr) tac dung voi CU va axit HCl tao ra san ph£m mu6'i clorua
2Cr + 30,
Cr + 2HC1

- > 2CrCl3

Thidu

3 : 1) tac dung vori dung dich H C l du, sau khi cac phan ung xay ra hoan toan

c6n lai m gam chat ran. Gia trj ciia m la
B.9,6.

'

Thi du 2: Hoa tan hoan toan 2,7 gam h6n hop X g6m Fe, Cr, A l bang dung djch
H C l du, thu duoc 1,568 lit khi H j (dktc). Mat khac, cho 2,7 gam X phan ling
hoan toan vdi k h i

du, thu duoc 9,09 gam mud'i. Khd'i luong A l trong 2,7

A . 1,08 gam.

B. 0,27 gam.

C. 0,81 gam.

D . 0,54 gam.

Goi x , y , z 1 & luot la so mol F e , C r , A l trong X.
=>56x + 52y + 27z = 2,7

(l)

3!:::

Fe + 2HC1 - > F e C l j + H j t

Cr + 2HC1 ^ C r Q j + H2 t

X

y

A l + 3Ha

->

C. 19,2.

D . 12,8.

(Trick de tuyen sink Cao dang khoi A)

X

->

y

^ AICI3 + l.SHj t

=>x + y + l , 5 z - 0 , 0 7

.;

1: Cho 42,4 gam h5n hcrp g6m Cu va Fe304 (c6 t i le so mol tuong ung la

A . 6,4.

+) Tuy Cu kh6ng tan trong H C l , nhung bj hoa tan bod FeCl,.
—~—
t

z

CTCXJ + H ,

2. C a c thi du minh hoa:

—

'

*) X + dd H Q du:

M u d i clorua bj oxi hoa boi KMn04/H2S04:

khac nhau:

Chu v: +) Fe304 = Fe203.FeO

''

Theo bai ra: H j j ^ = 0 , 0 7 (mol)

Do do h6n horp Cu, Fe304 c6 tha' bi tan hat trong dung djch H C l (Cu khdng tac

IOAICI3 + 6KMn04 + 24H2SO4

' '' "

(Trich de tuyen sink Cao dang nam 2012 - Khoi A)
Hu&ng ddn gidi

FejO^ + 8HC1 - > 2FeCl3 + FeCl, + 4 H , 0

Cu + 2Fea3

•

Dap an dung la D .

+ 27,5nHci

*

'

gam X la bao nhiau?

C6ng thiirc tinh kh6'i luong mu6'i clorua thu duoc khi hoa tan h6't h6n hcyp oxit

k i m loai bang dung djch H C l : m,|„„, = mh4„

''"'"'"^

'rf^

• ••••

Dat ^n, dua vao djnh luat bao toan electron lap duac phuong trinh dai s6'.

ne'u bie't kh6'i luong cua (n - 1) chat thl tinh duoc khd'i luong ciia chat con lai.

-

2FcCl,

A.-,J/-'

ling oxi hoa - khir).

A p dung: Trong m6t phan ung, c6 n chat (k^ ca chat phan ung va san ph^m),

-

+

0,2

+

ciia cac chat san ph^m bang t6ng kh6'i luong ciia cac chat tham gia phan ung.

-

->

0,1

Viet cac qua trinh oxi hoa, qua trinh khijf (khong cin vie't phucmg trinh phan

2FeCl3 + FeCl2 + 4 H 2 O

l,5z

_ .

(2)

*) X + C l , ( d u ) :

'

Fe + - C l 2 - > F e a 3
2
2
3

Cr + - C l 2 ^ C r Q j
2 ^

x->l,5x

y->1.5y

\

• '

A1 + -C12

2 ^
z—•l.Sz

fhi du 4: D6't 16,2 gam hOn hop X g6m Al va Fe trong khi CI2 thu duoc h6n hop
chat ran Y . Cho Y vao nude du, thu duoc dung dich Z va 2,4 gam kim loai.
Dung dich Z tac dung duoc vdfi t6i da 0,21 mol KMn04 trong dung dich
H2SO4 (kh6ng tao ra SO2). Phdn tram khd'i luong ciia Fe trong h6n hop X la
A. 72,91%.
'
B. 64,00%.
C. 66,67%. '
D. 37,33%.
(Trich di thi tuyin sink DH khoi B)

• AlCl,

=>x + y + z = 0,06

(3)

Hu&ng ddn gidi

Tir (1, 2, 3) =>x = 0,02; y = 0,02; z = 0,02
• Vay iTiAi/x -0,02.27 = 2,54(g)

,

, j)

Goi X , y l^n luot la s>6 mol Al, Fe phan ling.

? in

Tac6:

Dap an diing la D.

Thi du 3: H6n hap X c6 khd'i luong 82,3 gam g6m K Q O j ,

€3(003)2,

CaQj va

27x + 56y = 16,2-2,4 = 13,8

(l)

Theo djnh luat bao toan electron ta c6:

'

3(x + y ) = 0,21.5=>x + y = 0,35

K Q . Nhiet phan ho^n to^n X thu duoc 13,44 lit O2 (dktc), chat ran Y g6m

(2)

CaQz va KCl. Toan b6 Y tac dung vira du vdi 0,3 lit dung djch K2CO3 IM thu

Tir(l,2) =>x=0,2;y = 0,15.

duoc dung dich Z. Luang KCl trong Z nhi^u ga'p 5 15n luong K C l trong X.

Khdi lirang Fe trong X nam trong khoang:

PhSn tram khd'i luong KCl trong X la

0,15.56
A. 18,10%.

B. 12,67%.

C. 29,77%.

.K,

'

'

•'

vay 51,85% < %mpj,/x <66,667%

D. 25,62%.

(Trick dSthi tuyen sink DH khoi A)
Hu&ng ddn gidi

Dap an diing la B.
Thidu 5: D6t chay hdn hop g6m 1,92 gam Mg va 4,48 gam Fe vdi h6n hop khi

Phuong phap bao toan kh6'i luong:

X g6m clo va oxi, sau phan dug chi thu duoc h6n hop Y g6m cdc oxit va

Theo bai ra:

mu6'i clorua (khdng c6n khi du). Hoa tan Y bang m6t luong vfira dii 120 ml

= 0,6 (mol); nK2C03 = 0,3 (mol)

dung dich HCl 2M, thu duoc dung dich Z. Cho AgNOj du vao dung dich Z ,
Sodd phan utig:

X

'° > Y + Oj

thu duoc 56,69 gam kd't tia. Phin tram th^ tfch ciia clo trong h6n hop X la

Theo dinh luat bao toan khd'i luong ta c6:

A. 51,72%.

" " Y = m c a a 2 ( Y ) + m K C i ( Y ) =82,3-0,6.32 = 63,l(g)
PTHH:

CaCI, + K.COj ^ CaC03 + 2 K a
0,3

0,3

0,6 (mol)

B. 76,70%.

C. 53,85%.

D. 56,36%.

(Trich di thi tuyen sink DH khdj B)
Hu&ng ddn gidi

i

. ^

Se> mol cac cha't: n^^ = 0,08 (mol); np^ = 0,08 (mol); nna = 0,24 (mol)

• " c a C a i Y ) =0.3.111 =33,3(g)

Goi x, y, z Idn luot la s6' mol ciia Cl2,02 va Ag"^ (tao ra Ag).
=>'"Ka(Y) =63,1-33,3 = 29,8(g)

I*'

Cac qua trinh nhucmg nhan electron:
Mg-2e->Mg^*

Theo bai ra: ni,^Q^Y)+0,6 .74,5 = Sm^^^^^j

f

Fe - 3e -> Fe^*
=> 29.8 + 0.3.2.74,5 = 5.m^ci(x)
vay

-"KCKX)

%m^„(^plii2l!^. 18,10%
82,3

Dap an diing la A.

= 14,9(g) ^

a 2 + 2e ->
0 2 + 4e

2cr
20-^

Ag*+ le ^ Ag

f
'

Theo nguyfin tac bao toan electron, ta c6:
0,08.2 + 0,08.3 = 2x + 4y + Iz =>2x + 4y+ z = 0,4

99

'^^

' ' '
(l)
23


- > H2O

2H* +

O2 + 4e

0,24->0,12

0,06

=>y = 0,06

Hu&ng ddn gidi

20^"

->

3 36
Theobaira: nci2 = r T 7 = 0,15(mol)

0,12

22,4

(2)

K2Cr207 + 14HC1
Ag* + l e - > Ag J.
z

Ag+ +

z

Cr

^

AgCli

0,05

( 2 x + 0,24) - > (2x +0,24)

0;i5(mol)

Ddp &n diing la A.
Thi du 8: Cho m gam h6n hop X g6m FeO,Fe203,Fe304 vao m6t luong vira du

(3)

Tiir(l,2, 3) =>x=0,07;y = 0,06;z = 0,02
Vay
•^

<-

=>a = 0,05; b = 0,7

=> 108.Z + 143,5.(2x + 0,24) - 56,69
=>108z + 287x = 22,25

0,7

2KC1 + 2CrCl3 + 3CI2 + 7H2O

% V c , , h , = % n c , , / h h = - ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ = 53,85%
a2/hh
ci2/hh 0,07 + 0,06

Dap an diing la C.
Thidu 6: Cin t6'i thi^u bao nhidu gam NaOH (m,) va
(mj) de' phan ling hoan
tokn vdi 0,01 mol CrQj. Gia tri cua m, va mj iSn luot la

dung djch H Q 2M, thu diroc dung dich Y c6 ti 16 s6' mol Fe^"" va Fe^^ la 1: 2.
Chia Y thanh hai ph^n bang nhau. C6 can phSn m6t thu duoc m, gam mu6'i
khan. Sue khi clo (du) vao phfo hai, c6 can dung dich sau phan ling thu duoc
m2 gam mu6'i khan. Bid't mj - m, = 0,71. Th^ tich dung djch HCI da dung la
A. 320 ml
B. 80 ml
C. 240 ml
D. 160 ml
(Trich de tuyen sinh Cao dang khoi A)
Hu&ng ddn gidi

A. 3,2 va 1,065

B. 3,2 v^ 0,5325

Vi Fe304 = FeO.Fe203 => coi h6n hop X chi gom FeO (x mol) va FejOj

C. 6,4 va 0,5325

D. 6,4 vk 1,065

(y mol)

(Trich de thi du bi dai hoc)
Hu&ng ddn gidi

Ta c6: n^^c\2 = "FeO = x (mol); npecij = 2nFe203 = 2y (mol)
V i ti le s6 mol Fe2+ va Fe^* la 1 : 2

PTHH:

=>nFeCi2 :"FeCi3 = 1:2

16NaOH + 2Cra3 + 3CI2 ^ 12NaCl + 2Na2Ci04 + 8H2O
0,08
Vay:

CI2

<- 0,01 ^0,015(mol)

=> X : 2y = 1:2

+ 2FeCl2

2FeCl2

x/4<-x/2

x/2

m, =mNaOH =0,08.40 = 3,2(g)

TheobMra: m j - m , =0,71

"12 ='"ci2 =0,015.71 = l,065(g)

71.x
di^u nay tuong duong voi: —'— -0,71

4

Dap an diing I I A.
ChU v.-

mat ly thuye't c6 thi c6:

Vay nHci =2x + 6y = 2.0,04+ 6.0,04 = 0,32(mol)

14NaOH + 2CrCl3 + 3CI2 ^ 12NaCl + Na2Cr207 + 7H2O
0,07

<- 0,01

=^"^ddHa = 0,32/2 = 0,16(1) = 160(ml)
Dap an diing la
Thi du 9: Cho 3,16 gam KMn04 tac dung voi dung dich HCI dac (du), sau khi

0,015(mol)

=> m, = 0,07.40 = 2,8(g); m2 = 0,015.71 = l,065(g)
Thi du 7: Cdn a mol K^CrjO, va b mol HCI d^ diiu che' duoc 3,36 lit
kifin chudn. Gia tri a v l b iSn lirot la
A. 0,05 va 0,7

B. 0,05 va 0,35

C. 0,1 va 0,7

=>x = y .

phan ling xay ra hoan toan thi s6' mol HCI bi oxi hoa la
di^u

A. 0,10.

B.0,16.

C.0,02.
D. 0,05.
(Trich de tuyen sinh Cao dang khoi A)
Hu&ng ddn gidi

D. 0,1 va 0,35

(Trich de thi du bi dai hoc)
Theo b l i ra: n KMn04 =

3J6
158

=

0,02 (mol)
25


Cdchl:

Bao toan electron

+7

Mn
0,02

+ 5e

3. Cac bai tskp tu luyen:

+2

-1

CI2

2a

Mn
^ 0 , 0 1 (mol)

0,1

C&u 1: Cho 2,13 gam h6n hop X g6m ba kim loai Mg, Cu \k A l 6 dang b6t tac
dung hoan toan \cn oxi thu dugc h6n hop Y g6m cac oxit c6 kh6'i luong 3,33
gam. The' ti'ch dung dich HCl 2M vifa dii d^ phan umg he't voi Y la
A. 90 ml.
B. 57 ml.
C. 75 ml.
D. 50 ml.
(Trich De thi tuyen sinh Dai hoc khoi A)

Hu&ng ddn gidi
Ta C O so d6 phan ulig:
^' * •' * ' ' ' '

+ 2e
0,1 (mol)

S6 mol H Q bj oxi hoa la 0,10 mol
Dap an diing la A.
Cdchl: Sir dung phuong trinh ion rut gpn:
2Mn04 + I6H+ + lOCF ^ IMn^^

0,02

->

+ 5CI2 + 8H2O

Kimloai+oxi

0,1 (mol)

= > HHCI (bi oxi hod) = 1^.,- (bj oxi ho4) = 0,10

_,2
(mol)

( 0 + 2e

Dap an diing la A.

Chu y; Trong phan ung nay, HCl dong hai vai tro: .

Dodo:

m^imioai
=>

m„,i

+ M6i tnrcmg (tao mu6'i clorua)
Do do kh6ng ti'nh diroc luong H Q bi oxi hoa theo phucfng trinh phan ling dang
phan i\X.
Thi du 10: Didn phan dung dich CuQj voi difin cue tro, sau m6t thoi gian thu
duoc 0,32 gam Cu b catot va m6t lucfng khi X b anot. HSfp thu hoan toan
lugtng khf X tr^n vao 200 ml dung dich NaOH (d nhiet d6 thucmg). Sau phan
ung, ndng d6 NaOH con lai la 0,05M (gia thie't th^ tich dung dich kh6ng thay
ddi). N6ng d6 ban ddu ciia dung dich NaOH la
A.0,15M.
B.0,2M.
C.0,1M.
D. 0,05M.
(Trich De thi tuyen sink Dai hoc khoi A)

^

CuCU

> Cu +
0,005

a.

2NaOH

0,005

0,01 (mol)

= 0,05(mol);
nN,oH(d„)

= 0,05.0,2 = 0,01 (mol).

a,
0,005 (mol)

^,,a
m,,,;,

mk,^,o,i

= 3,33

-

2,13

=> Ho = — = 0,075 (mol) = n 2

=

l,2g

v

' '

Qua trinh hoa tan oxit vao dung djch axit:
-2

O + 2H"
> H.O
, = 2 . n 2 = 2 . 0,075 = 0,15 (mol)
= > HHCI = n ^+

vay:

HO = ^

= 0,15

(mol)

,_

= 0,075 lit = 75 (ml).

Dap an diing la C .

S6 mol Fe304: np,304 = ^

PTPIT:
= 0,01

.

V i s6' mol FeO bang s6' mol FcjOj ndn qui d6i h6n hap thanh Fe304 (FeO.FcjOj):

+ 0,01

= 0,02

Vay n6ng do ban ddu ciia dung dich NaOH: CN,OH (ban d4u)
Dap an diing la C .

moxi =

i;.

NaQ + NaQO + H.O

=> T6ng s6' mol NaOH ban ddu:
2^nN,OH (bandiu) = HNaOH (p/x) + "NaOH (du)

iFi

5-

C^u 2: Di hoa tan hoan toan 2,32 gam h6n hcpfp g6m FeO, Fe304 v^ FcjO, (trong
do s6' mol FeO bang s6' mol Fe^O^), cSn diing vita dii V lit dung djch H Q I M .
Gia trj cua V la

A. 0,08.
B.0,16.
C.0,18.
D. 0,23.
(Trich De thi tuyen sinh DH khoi A)
Hu&ng ddn gidi

Hu&ng ddn gidi
64
S6' mol NaOH du sau phan ihig:

+

•.

12

+ Bj oxi hoa (chat khijr): 2C1 -> Clj + 2e

0,32

i,"'- ^

> O)

= m„,,i, -

-1

S6 mol kim loai Cu: n^^ -

''^'Pi
..fi:,Z7s

> oxit

(mol)

0,02
=

0,2

Fe304 + 8HC1
0,01

= 0,1M

- 0,01(mol)
> FeCl^ + 2FeCl3 + 4H2O

-> 0,08 (mol)

Suy ra th^ ti'ch dung djch HCl cSn dung: V,<,„c, = ^
E>ap an diing la A.

^

= 0,08 (lit)

'


Cau 3: De oxi hod hoan to^n 0,01 mol C r a , th^nh K 2 C r 0 4 bang CI, khi c6 mSt
KOH, lirong t6'i thi^u
va KOH tucmg ling Ik
A. 0,015 mol va 0,04 mol.
B. 0,015 mol va 0,08 mol.
C. 0,03 mol va 0,04 mol.
C. 0,03 mol va 0,08 mol.
(Trich De thi tuyen sink DH khoi A)
Hudng ddn gidi
PTPU":
ICrGj + 3 0 , + 16KOH ^ 2K2Cr04 + 12KC1 + 8H,0
0,01 mol

Cau 5: Cho 9,12 gam h6n hop g6m FeO, FcjOj va Fe304 tac dung vdi dung djch
HCl (du). Sau khi cac phan urig xay ra hoan to^n, duoc dung djch Y, c6 can Y
thu diroc 7,62 gam FeClz va m gam FeQ,. Gia trj ciia m la
A. 9,75.
B. 8,75.
C. 7,80.
D. 6,50.
(Trich De thi tuyen sinh Dai hoc khd'i B)
Hu&ng ddn gidi
7 62
'
'
'
f

SdmolFeQ,: n p ^ a 2 = - [ ^ = *^'06('"°')
^ .Vi Fe304 = FeO.FcjOj, nfen c6 th^ coi h6n hop g6m FeO (x mol) va FcjOj
(y mol).

TheoPTPU": n^^ = - .ncK:i3 = -.0,01 = 0,015 (mol)
HKOH =

8-

"ocb

=

8-

0,01

= 0,08

(mol)

Theo bai ra, ta c6:

v

PTPU*:

Vay cin t6'i thieu 0,015 mol CI2 va 0,08 mol KOH.
Dap an dung la B.
Cau 4: Nung h6n hop b6t g6m 15,2 gam CTJOJ va m gam A l & nhifit d6 cao. Sau

khi phan ihig hoan toan, thu duoc 23,3 gam h6n hop ran X. Cho toan b6 h6n hop
X phan ling vdi axit HCl (du) thoat ra V lit khi H2 (6 dktc). Gia tri ciia V la
A. 3,36.
B. 4,48.
C. 7,84.
D. 10,08.

72x + 160y = 9,12

FeO + 2HC1

(1)

> FeCU + HjO

X

X

Fe^Oj + 6 H a

> 2FeCl3 + 3H2O ^

y

2y

n Feci2 = X = 0-06 (mol)

(2)

TO (1, 2) ta c6: X = 0,06; y = 0,03 (mol)

(Trich Delhi tuyen sink DH - khd'i B)

vay

m = m p^ci, = 2.y. 162,5 = 2.0,03.162,5 = 9,75 (gam)

Hudng ddn gidi
S6' mol Cr^O,:

Dap an diing la A.

15,2
nc^o3 = T T T = 0, '(mol)
152

So 6.6 phan ling: A l + CfjOj -> H6n hop sau phan ihig
•"0203

+

'"AI

=

nihhsp

=> niA, = mhh,p - m C ^ Q J = 23,3 - 15,2 = 8,1 (g)

=>

UA,

PTPLT:
Saupir:

=

—

(Trich De thi tuyen sinh Dai hoc - khoi B)
Hu&ng ddn gidi

= 0,3 (mol)
Cr,03

0,1

0,1 (mol)

; f ; 2 A 1 + 6Ha
0,1
Cr + 2 H a

Theobaira: n^^ = ^
=0,15(mol); n^Q=
^ 22,4
^

> 2Cr + AI2O3

+ 2A1

0,2

*

X + HCl:

Cu + HCl

0,15 (mol)

0,2 (mol)

=0,35. 22,4 = 7,84 (lit)

Dap an dung la C.

l,5x
> khdng phan ung

X + HNO3

*

Zn H2 = 0,15 + 0,2 = 0,35 (mol)
=>

> 2AICI3 + 3H2t

= 1,5. x = 0,15 =>x = 0,1 (mol).

> C r a , + HjT

0,2

2A1 + 6HC1
X

> 2k\C\^ + 3H2T
-

^
= 0,3(mol).
22,4

0,1

Sau phan ling nhiet nh6m c6: 0,1 mol A l (du); 0,2 mol Cr; 0,1 mol AI2O3.

ft,

Cau 6: Cho m gam h6n hop X gdm A l , Cu vao dung dich HCl (du), sau khi V.€x
thiic phan ling sinh ra 3,36 lit khi (o dktc). Neu cho m gam h6n hop X trSn vao
mot luong du axit nitric (dac, nguoi), sau khi ka't thuc phan umg sinh ra 6,72 lit
khi NO, (san phdm khir duy nha't, do 6 dktc). Gia tri ciia m 1^
A. 11,5.
B. 10,5.

C. 12,3.
D. 15,6.

Al + HNOj^ij,
.

„g„oi)

Cu + 4HN03,<,i,)
y

> bj thu d6ng hoa
> Cu(N03)2 + 2NO2 + 2H2O

,

.


n

NO2

= 2y = 0,3 => y = 0,15 (mol)

Vay
m = niA, + mc„ = 0,1.27 + 0,15.64 = 12,3 (g)
Dap an dung la C.
Chu v: * A l , Fe, Cr bi thu d6ng hoa trong HNO3 dSc, ngu6i.
Cau 7: Dung dich X chiia h6n hop g6m NazCOj 1,5M

K H C O 3 I M . ^fh6 tir tv?
timg giot cho de'n hfi't 200 ml dung djch H Q I M v^o 100 ml dung djch X, sinh
ra V 1ft khi (6 dktc). Gia trj cua V la
• ,vi'
A. 4,48.
B. 1,12.
C.2,24.
D. 3.36.
^
^'l ' * ^
(Trich Be thi tuyen sinh Dai hoc khd'i A)
Hu&ngddngim
Theo b^i ra: n^a = 0,2.1 = 0,2 (mol); n NajCOa = 0,1.1,5 = 0,15 (mol).
' n K H c o 3 = 0.11

'

=0,1

(mol)

'

Khi nho tir tCr dung djch H Q (H") vao X thi:
%

Na^COj +
0,15

HCl

>

+

H*

0.05 <

>

0.05 — >

CO:t

0.15 (mol)

+

H2O

c a u 8: Khi cho 100 ml dung djch KOH I M vao 100 ml dung djch HCl thu duot
dung djch c6 chiia 6.525 gam chat tan. Ndng d6 mol (hoac mol/1) ciia H Q trong
dung djch da dung 1^

Theo bai ra:

UKOH

nH2S04

= 0.5. 0.28 = 0,14 (mol);

Ta thafy

=

Sord6:

Kim loai+ Axit

D. 38,93 gam.

"82804

+

nH^

= 8.736/ 22.4 = 0,39 (mol).

^na^ => Axit phan ling v&a he't voi kim loai.
> mud'i + Hj

''^ '

,.

Cau 10: Cho m gam b6t A l vao c6c chura V lit dung djch NaOH 2M, sau phan ling
hoan tohn cho tiep dung djch HCl vao c6c 66 de'n khi cha't ran tan he't thafy cdn

diing 800 ml dung djch H Q I M va c6 3.36 lit khi thoat ra (cj dktc). Gia tri cua m
va V lin luot la

C. I M .

2Al + 2 N a O H + 6H2O ^ 2NaAI (OH)^ + 3H2 t

D. 0.25M.

X

Suy ra, KOH phan irng chira he't (HQ he't. chat tan c6 K Q v^ KOH).
Goi X , y Idn luot 1^ s6' mol KOH phan ling voi HCl va c6n du.
Theo b i i ra. ta c6: x + y = 0.1
(1)
i
74.5. X + 56. y = 6,525
(2)
Tir (1. 2) ta giai ra duoc x = 0.05.

->

x

->

NaAl(OH)^ + 4HC1
X

- >

x

y

->3y -).

(mol)

NaQ + AICI3 + 4H2O

4x

2A1 + 6HC1-).2A1C13+3H2

> K Q + HjO

Gia thid't KOH phan img he't => n^a = I I K O H = 0.1 (mol)
=> mKc, = 0,1. 74,5 = 7,45 (g) > 6.525 (g).

HHCI

B. 6.075 va 0,2500
D. 3,375 v^ 0,2500
Hu&ng ddn gidi
- 0.8.1 = 0.8 (mol)

Khi thoat ra la H^: n^^^= 3.36 / 22.4 - 0.15 (mol)

(Trich Dim tuyen sinh Cao dang khoi A)

Huong ddngidi
= 0,1.1 = 0.1 (mol).

Phuong trinh phan ung: KOH + H Q

C. 103,85 gam.

(Trich Di thi tuyen sinh Cao ddng khd'i A)
Hudng ddn gidi
Theo b^i ra: n^a = 0.5. 1 = 0.5 (mol);

TTieo bM ra:

Dap an dung la B.

B.0.5M.

B. 25.95 gam.

A. 6.075 va 0.0625
C. 7,425 va 0.0625

0,05 (mol)

v a y V = Vco2 = 0,05.22,4 =1.12 (lit).

A.0.75M.

A. 77,86 gam.

=>m
= 7,74 + 0,5.36.5 + 0.14.98 - 0,39.2 = 38.93 (gam).
Dap An diing 1^ D.

Sau phan ling nay, luong HCl con lai la: n^am = 0,2 -0,15 = 0.05 (mol)
Do d6. xay ra qua trinh:
HCO3

c a u 9: Hoa tan he't 7,74 gam h6n hop b6t Mg, A l b ^ g 500 ml dung djch h6n hop
H Q I M va H2SO4 0,28M thu dugc dung djch X va 8,736 lit khi H2 (Jb dktc). C6
can dung djch X thu duoc luong mu6'i khan la

-

> NaCl + NaHCO,

> 0,15

vay
CM(„a, = x/0,1 = 0.05/0,1 = 0.5M.
Dap &n dung la B.

t

l,5y

..v.
, r4x + 3y = 0.8
Theobairataco:-^
^

ix> x = 0.125; y = 0.1
[1.5y=0.15

Tu

Vay: m = (x + y).27 = (0,125 + 0,l).27 = 6.075(g)
V = x/2 = 0,125/2 = 0,0625(1)
J>5pdndunglaA.

J


Cty TNHHMTV mvu

C&u 11: H6n hdung dich HCl du thu duoc 186 gam mu6'i va c6 3,2 gam chat rSn kh6ng tan.
Cung la'y 50 gam M tac dung hoan toan vdi khi clo thi thu duoc 199,85 gam
mu6'i. Phin tram khd'i luong cua Cr va Cu trong M l^n luot la
A. 17,84 va 12,8%
B. 20,80% v^ 6,4%
C. 2,080% va 6,4%
D. 30,67% v^ 23,4%
Hu&ng ddn gidi
, ,
* M + dung djch HCl (du):
Cr + 2 H C l ^ C r C l 2 + H 2
2Al + 6 H a - ) - 2 A l C l 3 + 3H2
Mg + 2 H C l - > M g C l 2 + H 2
Cu + HCl

Fe.Oy + yCO -

=>Vco =0,075.22,4 = 1,68 (1ft)

Theobaira: n^ci =0,4(mol)
nNa2C03 =0,2(mol); nN,HC03 =0,3(mol)

-6,4%

HCl + Na2C03 -)• NaHCOj + NaCf

Ban d^u:

0,4

2Cr + 3Cl2->2CrCl3

Phan iJng:

0,2 <- 0,2

2A1 + 3Cl2

Conlai:

0,2

50

* M + Khia,(du):

2AICI3

C U + C I 2 ->CuCl2

10,4.100% = 20,8%
50
Dap an diing la B.
Cau 12: Hoa tan het 4 gam oxit Fe.Oy c^n diing 52,14 ml dung dich HCl 10%
(d = 1,05 gam/ml). Dd' khii hoa hoan toan 4 gam oxit sat nay dn it nha't th^ tfch
khi CO (dktc) la (cho H = 1, CI = 35,5, O = 16, C = 12, Fe = 56)
A. 1,68 lit
B. 1,24 lit
C. 0,056 lit
D. 1,545 lit
Huamg ddn gidi

0,2

0,4

Phan ling:

0,2 ->

0,2

2y

->

0,2

xFeCl2y/, +

•

A. 1,008 lit

B. 0,336 lit
C. 1,344 lit
Hu&ng ddn gidi

Theo bki ra: n.
'K2Cr207 "

4,41

D. 0,672 lit

= 0,015 (mol)

PTPU:
K2Cr207 + 14HCI -> 2KC1 + 2Cra3 + 3CI2 + 7H2O
0,015

->

0,045 (mol)

=>Vc,2 =0,045.22,4 = 1,008 (lit)

^
...
52,14.1,05.10
Theobaira: n^^i^—r::r^:7-7—=0,15(mol)
100.36,5

0,15

0,4

cau 14: Cho 4,41 gam KjCr.O, vao dung djch HCl dSc, dir. Th^ tich khi thoat ra {b
dktc) sau khi ka't thuc phan ling la

>%m'Cr/M

1
0,15/2y

0,2

Dap an diing la A.

m c , = 0,2.52 = 10,4{g)

2yHCl

^

Vco2 = 0,2 . 22,4 = 4,48 (lit)

=> 0,05.135+ ncr(l58,5-123) = 13,85 =:>ncr =0,2

+

0,2

0

Banddu:

-> 0,05(mol)

m c u c i j + "^Crcij - mcrCi2 = '^^,85 -186

Fe^Oy

0,2

,

HCl + NaHC03 -> NaQ + CO2 t +H2O

Mg + Cl2 - > M g C l 2

0,05

^

E)ap an dung la A.
cau 13: Nho ttr tir cho de'n het 400 ml dung dich H Q I M vko 200 ml dung djch
chura d6ng thcri Na^COj I M va NaHCOj I M , kfi't thuc phan ling thu duoc V lit
CO2 (dktc). Gia tri ctia V la (cho C = 12,0 = 16, H = 1, Na = 23, Q = 35,5)
A. 4,48
B. 8,96
C. 6,72
D. 2,24

PTPU':

'Cu/M

PTPlT:

^

Hudng ddn gidi

=^mc„-3,2(g)^nc„=0,05(mol)

Ta tha'y:

-> xFe + yCOj

1
y
0,15/2y0,075

> Kh6ng xay ra.

3,2.100%

KhangVift

f^ap an dung la A.
yH20

15: Hoa hat 2,32 gam h6n hop FeO, Fe304, Fe^O, (trong d6 FeO, Fc.O, c6 s6'
"lol bang nhau) trong 80 ml dung djch HCl I M thu duoc dung djch X. Cho X
tac dung voi dung dich AgNOj du thi thu duoc bao nhieu gam chat kh6ng tan?
^•16,80
B. 11,48
C. 1,08
D. 12,56


Huang ddn gidi
V i npeo = npejOa ^
"Fe304 -

PTPLT:

prPlT:

Co' h6n hop la Fe304 (FeO.FePj).

•^'"^^ =0,01(mol);

HHCI

z ^

0,08 -> 0,02

->0,01

>3AgCl
>

+ 3AgN03

+

->H^+cr
1 <-l(mol)

—^>2AgCl

i

+Ag i +Fe(N03)3

=1,1 (mol);

2z mol FeQj; z mol FeClj.

''• '
>Cu + N i C l 2

y/2<-y/2
Theo bai ra, ta c6: 6x + 12y + 87 = 1,1 => 3x + y +,4z = 0,55 (1)
z/2+ y/2 = 0,05 => z + y = 0,1
(2)
CAn tinh: m=mcK:i3 +mcua2 +'"FeCi3 +'"FeCi2

"

=>m = 158,5+ 135.^+162,5.7+127.2
2
=>m = 158,5x +67,5y + 226z.

v

=>m=67,5(y + z)+158,5(x + z)

(3)

TO (1, 2) vao (3) duoc: m = 67,5.0,1+ 158,5.0,15=30,525(gam)

n^^_ = l(mol)

2H++2e
1

^HjT
->0,5(mol)

vay V = 0,5 .22,4= 11,2 (1ft)
Dap an dung la C .

Cau 17: D^ hoa tan hat h6n hop X g6m Cr^Oj, CuO, Fe304 cin vira du 550 ml dung
djch HCl 2M, sau phan ling thu duoc dung dich Y. M6t nijfa dung dich Y tha'y
hoa tan he't t6'i da 2,9 gam b6t Ni. C6 can nifa dung dich Y con lai thi thu duofc
bao nhiau gam mu6'i khan?
A. 30,525 gam
B. 30,8 gam
C. 61,6 gam
D. 61,05 gam
Hu&ng ddn gidi
HHCI

Ni +CUCI2

> 0,02 -> 0,01 (mol)

'

Theo bki ra:

z

z/2 <-z

m„o,„,

=> nioiorua = 53 - 17,5 = 35,5 (g) ^

2z

Ni + 2FeCl3-).2FeCl2+NiCl2

0,06 (mol)

-)-M"++nCr

17,5

, ,

Y + Ni:
I+Fe(N03)3

Dap an dung la D.
C^u 16: Cho 17,5 gam h6n hop A l , Zn, Fe tac dung hoan toan vdi dung dich HCl
du thu diroc dung djch X va V lit H , (dktc). C6 can dung djch X thu duoc 53
gam mu6'i khan. VSy gia tri cua V la
A. 8,96
B.5,60
C. 11,2
D. 6,72
Hit&ng ddn gidi
Sodd: MCL

8z

Dung djch Y g6m: 2x mol CrClj; y mol CuQj

^ m = mAgci +mAg =(0,06 + 0,02).143,5 + 0,01.108-12,56(gam)

HCl

J,

y

0,01

0,01
. Vay, kh6'i luong chat khdng tan:

=

2y

Fe304 +8HCl->2FeCl3 +FeCl2 + 4 H 2 O

FeCl2

> =>53

^

Fe304+8HCl-^2FeCl3 + F e C l 2 + 4 H 2 0

0,02

y

2x

CuO + 2HCl->-CuCl2 + H 2 O

y

FeCl3+3AgN03
,

6x

X

=0,08(mol)

^ =>nFea3 =0.02(mol); npecij =O.OKmol)

,

CrjOj +6HC1 ^ 2CrCl3 + 3 H 2 O

=0,05 (mol)

Goi X , y, z \in luot la s6' mol ciia CrjOj, CuO, Fe304 c6 trong h6n hop X.

Dap an diing 1^ A.
Cau 18: Kh6i luong t6'i thi^u NaOH
Q , d^ oxi hoa hoan t o ^ vdd 0,» ' ;nol
NaCrOz thanh Na2Cr041^ luot la
A. 1.6gva l,065g.
B. 3,2 g va 2,13 g.
C. 1,2 gva 1,065 g.

D. 1,6 g v^ 2,13 g.
Hu&ng ddn gidi
PTHH:
2NaCr02 + ^Clj + 8 N a O H - > 2Na2Cr04 + 6NaCl + 4 H 2 O
0,01

-> 0,015-> 0,04 (mol)

mNaOH = 0,04.40 = l,6g; m p j = 0,015.71 = l,065g

^

^

E)ap an diing la A.
Cau 19: Ho^ tan hoan to^n m gam h6n hop g6m Na, Ba, K v^o nu6c thu duoc x
gam khi H,. Ne'u cho m gam h6n hop trfen tic dung vdd dung djch H Q du, r6i c6
can dung djch sau phan ling thi khd'i luong mud'i khan thu duoc 1^
A. (m + 17x)gam
B. (m + 35,5x)gam
C. (m + 142x)gam

D. (m + 17,75x)gam

,,
35


Ttnwaat

mm

gtat

nhann

BTH0irn^srTap7

-Timtanli

Toan

f)iiu ch6 cac hop chat c6 oxi ciia clo:

Hu&ng ddn gidi
K i hifiu Chung ba kim loai 1^ M (hoa trj chung 1^ n).

CI2 + 2NaOH(,„j„g)

> NaQ

0 2 + Ca(OH)2(b«„

M + n H j O ^ M (OH)^ + f " 2 '^

> CaOClj + H2O

302 + 6KOH — ^

M + nHa^Ma„+|H2 t

•

Lufong H2 sinh ra trong 2 phan ihig n^y bling nhau.

6 0 2 + 6Ca(OH)2 —
2.

2 X

+ N a Q O + H2O

5KC1 + K O O j + 3H2O
^

€ 3 ( 0 0 3 ) 2 + 5 C a a 2 + 6H2O

C a c thi d u m i n h hoa:

'rhidu I Chat diing d ^ 1 ^ kh6 khi 0 2 im \h
Vay kh6i lucmg mudl thu duoc: m^i^

,„,i

+ m.^™. = m + 35,5x (g)

A . NajSOj khan.

Dap an dung la B.

B. dung dich H2SO4 dam dac.

C CaO.

D- dung djch N a O H dac.

^
Dang 3: Dieu che,

tinh

-

Hu&ng ddn gidi

che

vd phdn Met cdc halogen vd hap chdi cua
1.

Cha't CO th^ dung di lam kh6 khi 0 2 im phai la:

halogen

L i t h u y e t vakn dung va phuorng phap giai:

MnX^ +

16HX,,) + 2KMn04

m^ng ngan
xtt"

4 H C I + O2 <
2NaBr +

-

Xj + MnS04 + Na.SO^ + 2 H 2 O

—

> 0 2 ! + H2t + 2 N a O H

^

H2,ic,+

RH +

I2 +

^

2Naa

B. A g N 0 3 , H I , N a 2 C 0 3 , Z n C l 2

C. A g N 0 3 , N a 2 C 0 3 , H I , Z n C l 2

D. ZnCl2,HI,Na2C03,AgN03
(Trick de tuyen sinh Cao dang khdi A)

Hu&ng ddn gidi
-

2HI + Na2C03
-

2NaI + C O j t + H 2 O

^ n g nghiem 2 va 4 la H I , Z n C l j .
H I + Z n C l 2 k h 6 n g xay ra
=> 6ng nghiem 2 la H I .
=> 6ng nghiem 1 la A g N 0 3 (dung dich con lai).
Vay 1, 2, 3 , 4 \in lupt la A g N 0 3 , H I , N a 2 C 0 3 , Z n C l 2

3 H X +H3PO3

3X2 + 2 P + 6 H 2 O

6ng nghidm 2 va 3 la H I , Na2C03:

^ n g nghifim 3 , 4 \in lupt la Na2C03, Z n Q j .

RCl + H C l

PX3 + 3 H 2 O ^
T h u c te.

' " " ' " " " ^ > 2 H a + Na2S04

Cl2„, — ! - ^ 2 H a , k ,

^

A. ZnCl2,Na2C03,HI,AgN03

Br2 + 2 N a a

CaF2„) + H2S04(d) - i i ^ 2 H F t + CaS04 i

H2S04,<,)

Dung dich trong 6'ng nghifim 2 va 4 kh6ng phan ling duoc vol nhau.
Dung dich trong cac 6'ng nghifim 1, 2, 3 , 4 1 ^ lupt 1^:

Di^u chd' cac hidro halogenua H X :

2Naa„ +

Dung dich trong 6'ng nghifim 2 va 3 t^c dung duoc vdd nhau sinh ra ch&t k h i ;

> 2 a 2 + 2H20

a2(ve«du) —

2NaI + Cl2(w«du)

Chat khdng tac dung vdd O j

chiia m6t trong cac dung dich A g N O j , Z n 0 2 , H I , Na2C03. Bife't rang:
-

(X la a , Br, I)
2 N a a + 2H2O

+

v

Thi du 2: C6 4 6'ng nghidm duoc danh s6 theo tu: t u 1, 2, 3 , 4 . M 6 i 6ng nghifim

> KCl + 3X2 + 3H2O

2NaX + MnOj + 2H2SO4,,, — ^

Chaft hao nude

Dap an dung la B .

+ 2H2O

> 2 K X + 2 M n X 2 + X2 + 8 H 2 O

6HX(„ + K Q O j

+

Thoa man d i ^ u ki6n tr6n la dung dich H2SO4 dam dac.

D i l u ch^ cac halogen trong phong thi nghidm va trong c6ng nghidp:
4HX(,) + MnO. — ^

(Trick di tuyen sinh Cao dang - Khoi A)

6 H X + 2H3PO3

E>^p an diing la B.
37


j TM du 3: Kh6ng khi trong ph6ng thi nghiSm bi 6 nhi^m boi khi clo.
c6 th^ xit v^o khdng khi dung dich nao sau day?
;

A. Dung dich NH,.

khiJt d6c,

B. Dung dich NaQ.

C. Dung dich NaOH.

D. Dung dich H 2 S O 4 loang.
(Trich detuyen sink Dai hoc khoi A)

i

Hu&ng ddn gidi

C6 th^ xit dung dich NH3:

2NH3 + SClj

+ 6HC1

HC1 + NH3->NH4C1
Ddp dn diing la A.
Thidu 4: Trong phong thi nghiSm, ngirori ta thucmg dilu chd'clo bang each
A. cho dung dich HCl dac tac dung vdi MnOi, dun nong.
B. Aitn phan dung djch NaCl c6 mkng ngan.
C. dien phan nong chay NaCl.
D. cho F2 d^y Clj ra khoi dung dich NaQ.
(Trich De thi tuyen sink DH - CD khoi A)
Hu&ng din gidi
Trong PTN, nguod ta thucfng dilu che' khi clo bang each cho cha't oxi hoa manh
(MnOj, K C I O 3 , KMn04, CaOQz,...) tac dung vdri axit clohidric dSc:

4Ha

+ MnOj — ^

6 H a + KQOa

CI2

+ M n Q j + 2H2O

> SCl^ + 2KC1 + 2 M n a 2 + SH.O
> CI2 + CaClj + H^O

2HC1 + C a O a ,

Chu v; Ne'u chat oxi hoa la Mn02 thi dn phai dun nong, con cha't oxi hoa la
KMn04 , K Q O j hoac CaOClj phan ihig xay ra b nhiet d6 thucmg.
Dap an diing la A.
Thi du 5: Di nhan biet 3 axit dac, ngu6i: HCl, H2SO4, H N O 3 dung n€ng biet
trong 3 lo mat nhan, ta dung thu6c thif la
A. Cu.
B.CuO.
C.Al.
D.Fe.
(Trich De thi tuyen sinh DH - CD khoi A)
Hu&ng ddn gidi
Ta chon thu6c thiir la Cu:
> kh6ng phan ling.

Cu + IHjSO^a^^ „g„,i)

> CUSO4 + S 0 2 t + 2H2O
kh6ng mau, mili h^c

Cu + 4HN03«,^.„g„^i,

>

Dap an diing la A.

fhfduS:
Co the phan bidt 3 dung dich: KOH, HCl, H2S04(loang) bang m6t

thu6'c thir la
A. gia'y quy tim.
B. A l .
C. BaCOj.
D. Zn.
(Trich De thi tuyen sinh DH - CD khoi B)
Hu&ng ddn gidi
Chon thu6'c thir la BaC03:
BaCO, + KOH (dd): khdng C O hidn tuomg

Cu(N03)2 + 2 N 0 2 t + 2 H 2 O
mau nau do

'
5 w;

BaCOj + 2HC1 - > BaCh + CO.J + HjO
BaCOj + H2SO4

BaS04^ + C O j t + HjO

Dap an diing la C .
Thi du 7: Neu cho 1 mol m6i chat: CaOCl,, KMn04, K2Cr207, Mn02 ISn luot
phan ling vdri luong du dung djch HCl dac, cha[t tao ra luong khi
nhi^u
nhat la
A. KMn04.
B. KjCrjO,.
C. CaOa2.
D. MnOz(Trich De thi tuyen sinh DH khoi A)

> S Q j + K Q + m.O

16Ha + 2KMn04

Cu + H Q

Chu y:
Kim loai yd'u (kim loai diing sau H trong day difin hoa, nhu Cu, Ag,...) kh6ng
phan ling vdi dung dich H Q .
Kim loai yfi'u (Cu, Ag, Hg, ...) tac dung vdi H 2 S O 4 dac, tao ra san p h ^ khir la
SO2 (kh6ng mau, miii hac); tac dung vdi H N O 3 dac tao ra san ph^m khii la NO,
(mau nau).

Hu&ng ddn gidi

PTPir xay ra:
CaOCU + 2HC1
1 mol

> CaCU + CljT + H2O
1 mol

2KMn04 + 16HC1
1 mol

>

K2Cr207 +
1 mol

> 3Ch + 2 K a
3 (mol)

14Ha

SCU + 2 K a
2,5 (mol)

+ 2Mna2 + 8H2O
+ 2Cra3 + IH.O

MnOj
+ 4HC1
>
CI2 +
MnCl2 + H2O
1 mol
1 mol
Vay tir K2Cr207 d\6u che' duoc nhi^u CU nha't.
Dap an diing la B.

. ,

Thi du 8: Co ba dung dich: amoni hidrocacbonat, natri aluminat, natri phenolat
va ba cha't long: ancol etylic, benzen, anilin dung trong sau 6'ng nghidm ri^ng
biet. Ne'u chi dung m6t thud'c thiJ duy nha't la dung dich HCl thi nhan biet
duoc t6'i da bao nhieu 6'ng nghiem?
,
A. 5.

B.6.
C. 3.
D.4.
(Trich De thi tuyen sinh DH, kh6i_Al_
39


Hu&ng ddn gidi

3

-

Trich cac m i u thu vao 6'ng nghiSm.
Cho tijf tiir dung djch H C l vao cic mSu thif:

+

MSu nao tao ra khi bay Itn => m3u chura amoni hidrocacbonat N H 4 H C O 3 :

+

H Q + NH4HCO3
> C O , t + N H 4 a + H2O
MSu tao ra k6't tua trSng, sau do k€t tua bi tan => mSu chura natri aluminat
Na[Al(OH)4]:
HCl + Na[Al(OH)4]
3HC1 + A l ( O H ) 3

+

> A l ( O H ) 3 i + N a Q + HjO

MSu tao ra v^n due => mSu chira natri phenolat Q H j O N a :

+

+

C3H5OH

— ^

C2H5CI

+

H2O

MSu tao ra 2 Idrp chSft long kh6ng tr6n ISn vao nhau => mSu chira benzen C^Hf,:
HCl + QHe

+

K2Mn04 + M n O j + O^
2KMn04
FTPU':
, X CO thd'chura K , M n 0 4 , M n O , , K M n 0 4 (du).
PTPLT:

K2Mn04 + 8HC1
M n 0 2 + 4HC1

M n Q j + CI2 + 2H2O

Dap an dung la A .

cau 2:

Hian umg cua cSp cha't nao dudri day

mu6'i sat (III)?
A . Fe vdri I ,

khong th^

sijf dung d^ di6u chd' cac

B. Fe vdri B r j

C. FeCl2 vdri Br,

D. Fe vdri H N O 3 dac, ndng, du.

• Kh6ng tac dung

Hu&ng ddn gidi

MSu tao ra dung dich ddng nha't =:> mSu chiia anilin CsHjNHz:
H C l + C^H^NH,

2KC1 + M n C l , + 2 0 2 + 4 H 2 O

2 K M n 0 4 + 16HC1 - > 2 K C I 2 + 2MnCl2 + SQa + SHjO.

khdng tan
+

Hu&ng ddn gidi

> C^HjOHi + NaQ

MSu tao ra chat long kh6ng tan => mSu chiia ancol etylic Q H j O H :
HCl

C d u 1- N " " g K M n 0 4 m6t thcfi gian thu ducrc h6n hop chat rSn X . Trong X c6
th^ CO nhi^u nha't bao nhidu hop chat tac dung diroc vdri dung djch H C l giai
phong C I , ?
•
3
B. 4
C. 2
D. 1

Cac chat trong X tac dung vdri H C l dac d^u c6 th^ giai phdng khi CI2.

> A I C I 3 + 3H2O

H Q + CgHjONa

C a c b a l t$p t u luyfen:

(Tan)

> C6H5NH3CI

cac P T H H xay ra:
Fe + L

DAp dn dung la B.

0

-•FeL
2FeBr3

2Fe + SBr,

Thi du 9: Di loai bo A l , Fe, CuO ra khoi h6n hop g6m A g , A l , Fe va CuO, c6

Fe + 6 H N O 3

(d.c,du,

>Fe(N03)3+3N02+3H20

th^ dung lucmg d u dung djch nao sau day?
A . Dung djch Fe(N03)3.

B. Dung dich H C l .

C. Dung djch H N O 3 .

D . Dung djch N a O H .

(Trich detuyen sink Cao ddng khoi A)

->4Fea3+2FeBr3

D i p an dung la A .
C a u 3: K h i didu ch6 CI. bang cdch cho KMn04 tac dung vdri dung djch H Q dac thi H Q
A . vira la cha't khiJr, vtra la cha't tao m6i truomg.

Hu&ng ddn gidi
V i A l , Fe, CuO d i u phan ling vdri HCl (dd), con A g khdng phan ihig vdi H Q
=> CO th^ diing dung djch HCl (du)

B. la chat khijr
C . la cha't oxi hoa
D. vira la cha't oxi hod, vCra Ik chSft tao m6i truomg.

Dap an dung la B.
TM du 10: Trong phong

6 F e C l 2 + 3Br2

Hu&ng ddn gidi
thi nghiem khi di^u che'

dac, dun nong, d^ loai bo khi H Q ISn trong

tir M n O j va dung djch H Q

nguoi ta thucmg rira khi nay bang

A . dung djch H2SO4

B. dung djch N a O H

C. dung djch A g N O j

D. dung djch N a Q

-1
0
-1
PTPIT: 2 K M n 0 4 + 1 6 H C l - * 5 C l 2 + 2 K C l + 2 M n a 2 + 8 H 2 0
H C l vira la chat khtr

f -1
0
C1->C1

Hu&ng ddn gidi
Nguod ta dung dung djch NaCl v i :
-

H Q tan nhi^u trong dung djch NaCl
K h i a . It tan trong dung djch N a Q .
Dap an dung la D .

40

vira la m 6 i truomg

a

'Cl

An dung \k A .
41


C&u 4: Phong thi nghidm bi 6 nhidm lirong nho khf CI,. Phuong phap t6't nha't dung
di loai bo khf d6c nay la
A. phun dung dich KBr
B. Phun dung djch NaOH
C. phun dung dich CaCOH),
D. di hd lo dung dung djch N H , dSc
Hu&ng ddn gidi
Di loai bo lirgng nho khf Clj, phuong phap t6't nha't 1^ dting khf NH3 (khi NHj
duoc sinh ra bang each d^ ha lo dung dung dich NH3 dac)
3CU + 8NH3 ^ N , + 6 N H 4 a
Dap an dung la D.
C a u 5: Khi diiu chd' khf CK trong phong thi nghifim bang each oxi hoa axit HCl
khf clo thu duoc thucmg c6 l l n HCl. Di loai bo khf HCl trong khf diiu chi duoc
c&n dSn h6n hop khi nay qua
A. dung dich NaCl.
B. nirdc.
C. dung dich AgNOj.

D. dung dich NaOH.
Hu&ng ddn gidi
Di loai bo H Q nguofi ta dSn h6n hop HCl, Q , qua dung dich NaQ. V i dung
4 djch NaQ ha'p thu HCl, con CI2 tan v& ft trong dung djch NaCl.
Dap an diing la A.
C a u 6: Co eac hoa chat: K ^ C r A - H Q , KMn04, MnO,, NaCl, HCIO, H^SO,,
KCIO3. Nhihig hoa chat duoc sir dung d^ didu ch€ CI2 trong phong thf nghiem la

+ Cac axit halogen hidric (HCl, HBr, HI) d^u c6 tfnh khif (tdc dung v6i eac
chat oxi hoa manh) va c6 tfnh oxi hoa (tac dung vdi kim loai).
+ Axit flohidric HF la axit yfi'u, c6 tfnh chat dac biet (an mon thuy tinh):
4HF + SiOz - > SiF4 + 2H2O
+ KhfCO, tacdungvorinude Javen, eloruav6i:
NaClO + CO2 + H2O - > H Q O + NaHCOj
2CaOCl, + CO, + H2O
CaCOj + CaClj + 2HC10
+ FTHH: 2FeCl2 + a , - > 2FeCl3
2FeCl3 + Fe - > 3FeCl2 ^ ,
2. C a c thi du minh hoa:
Thi du 1: Cho phirong trinh hoa hoc (vdi a, b, c, d la cac h& s6):
aFeS04 + bCl2 -> cFe2 (SO4 )3 + d F e C l ,
Ti le a : c la

A. 4 : 1.

B.3:2.

Hu&ng ddn gidi
Hoan thanh phircfiig trinh hoa hoc:

A. K2Cr207,HCl,KMn04,Mn02,HC10

+2
+3
2Fe-2.1e->2Fe

B. K2Cr207,HCl,KMn04,MnOj,NaCl,HCIO,H2SO4

2Cl+2.1e->2Cl

0

C. K2Cr207,HCl,KMn04,Mn02,NaCl,HCIO

-1

6FeS04 + 3CI2 -> 2Fe2 (804)3 + ^^^^'3

D. K2Cr207,HCl,KMn04,Mn02,KC103

=>a:e = 6 : 2 = 3 : l

Hu&ng ddn gidi
PTHH eac phan ung didu ehe CU trong PTN:

Dap an diing la D.

16HC1 + 2KMn04 ^ 2KCI + IMnCXj + 5CI2 + SHjO

C . 2 : 1. .

D. 3 : 1.
( Trich dethi tuyen sinh DH khoi B)

Thidu 2: Hay cho bid't, phan ling nao sau day HCl dong vai tro la cha^t oxi hoa?

4HC1 + M n 0 2 M n C l 2 + CI2 + 2H2O

A. Fe + KNO3 + 4HC1

6HC1 + KClOj -> K C l + 3CI2 + 3H2O

B. MnO, + 4HC1 ->• M n Q j + C\2 + 2H2O

14HC1 + K2Cr207

2KC1 + 2CrCl3 + 3CI2 +7H2O

=> Cae hoa chat: K2Cr207,HCl,KMn04,Mn02,KC103

D. NaOH + HCl -> NaQ +

H,0
(Trich de thi du bi dai hoc)

Hu&ng ddn gidi

Dang 4: Xdc dinh chat phdn vcng, phuong trinh hod hoc
itng cua cdc halogen vd hop chat

Trong eac phan ling hoa hoc kim loai chi the' hifen tfnh khijf ntn khi tac dung vod

kim loai axit HCl dong vai tro la clia't oxi hoa. Tfnh oxi hoa ciia HCl do thanh
,

11

+1

0

1. L i thuyet v^n dung va phuong phap giai:

phan H the' hien:

2H+ 2e -> H 2

-

PTHH:

Fe + 2 HCl -> FeCl,2 +
H
-^-"2

Xem phdn If thuyfi't ve nhom halogen.
M6t s6' chu y:
+

3,,

C. Fe + 2HC1 -> FeCl2 + H^

Dap an diing la D.

vd chuoiphdn

FeCl3 + KCl + NO + 2H,0

Cac don chat halogen (F,, CI,. Br,, I,) d^u c6 tfnh oxi hoa manh.

£^ap an diing la C .

43


Th( du 3: K h i nao sau day khong b | o x i h o i bofi nu6c gia-ven?
A . CO2.

B. SO,.

Hu&ng ddn gidi

C. H,S.

D. HCHO.

dc

(Trich de tuyin sink Cao dang Khoi A)

dich H Q , dung djch N a O H .

Hu&ng ddn gidi

Phuong trinh hoa hoc cdc phan ling minh hoa:

Nirdc Gia-ven c6 tinh o x i hoa manh nfen se o x i hoa durgc cac cha't c6 tinh khix
nhu

S02,H2S,HCHO

Con

k h i CO2 kh6ng c6 kha nang th^ hifin tinh khijf ntn se kh6ng bi o x i hod boi

*) D6 1^ m6t s6' kim loai ( A l , Zn, . . . ) :
2A1 + 6 H a

oxi hoa - khiJf): C O 2 + H 2 O + NaClO - > H C I O + N a H C O j
SO2 + NaClO + H 2 O

Zn(OH)2 + 2 H a

NaCl + H2SO4

NaHS + H Q

H C H O + NaClO ^ NaCl + H C O O H

NaHS + N a O H

Thi du 4: Cho cac phan ung sau:

2HC1

+ Fe

I4HC1 + K^Cr^O,
6HC1

+ 2A1

S6' phan ung trong d6 H C l th^ h\tx\h o x i hoa la
C.

1.

D . 2.

2FeBr2 + Br2

> IFeBr^

2NaBr + 0 2

> 2NaCl + BT2

Phat bi^u diing la :

(Trich Delhi tuyen sink DH - CD khoi A)

A. Tinh khix ciia CI" manh hon Br".

Hu&ng ddn gidi

B. Tinh oxi hoa ciia Brj manh hon ctia Q 2 .

Trong cac phan iJng, HQ thd' hidn tinh o x i hoa khi n6 tac dung vdri k i m loai (tinh

C. Tinh khu ciia Br" manh hcni ciia Fe"*

oxi hoa ciia ion H*)- Do do trong cac phan ung vdi k i m loai, H C l th^ hidn tinh

D. Tinh oxi hoa ciia Gi manh hon ciia Fe'*.

oxi hoa:
M

-

ne

H"

+

2e - ) . H ,

"

(Trich De thi luyen sinh DH - CD khdi B)

M"*

Hu&ng ddn gidi
Taco:

=> c6 2 phan irng (phan ling vdi k i m loai A l , Fe)
•

Dap an diing la D .
Thidu 5: Cho cac chat: A l , AUO3,

Al2(S04)3, Zn(OH)2, NaHS, K2SO3, (NH4)2C03.

S6' chat d^u phan ihig duoc vdd dung dich HCl, dung dich N a O H la
A . 5.

> 2NH3 + Na2C03 + H2O

Thidu 6: Cho bife't cac phan ihig xay ra sau:

> 2KCI + 2 M n a 2 + SCU + SHjO

B.4.

> 2NH4CI + C O j t + H2O

Dap an diing la A .

> 2AICI3 + 3H2

A . 3.

> NajS + H2O

= > CO 5 ch&X.

> 2KC1 + 2 C r a 3 + 3 0 , + THjO

16Ha + 2 K M n 0 4

, ^ ( 1

> N a Q + H2S

(NH4)2C03 + 2NaOH

> FeClj + H ,

, , ^

> Na2[Zn(OH)4]

(NH4)2C03 + 2 H a

+ 2H2O

^ 2Na[Al(OH)4]

> Z n a 2 + 2H2O

Zn(OH)2 + 2 N a O H

H 2 S + 4NaC10 - > H2SO4 + 4NaCl

• MnQ, +

> 2Aia3 + 3H2O

AI2O3 + 2NaOH + 3H2O

Cac khi bi o x i hoa boi nude Javen:

+ MnOi

j,

AI2O3 + 6 H a

y; - Tuy vay, C O , vSn phan ling duoc vdi nude Giaven (khdng phai phan ling

4HC1

>• 2Na[Al(OH)4] + 3H2

*) Cdc chat luong tinh:

Dap an diing la A .

-

> AICI3 + 3H2

2A1 + 2NaOH + 6H2O

nude Gia-ven.
Chu

chat A l , AI2O3, Zn(OH)2, NaHS, (NH4)2C03 d^u phan ling duoc vdi dung

B.6.

C.4.

D.7.

(Trich Delhi tuyen sinh DH - CD kh6i A)

Tinh khir ciia Br" manh hon Q" (vi tinh khir F < Q" < Br" < T)
Tinh oxi hoa 0 2 manh hon Br2 (vi tinh oxi hod ciia F2 > CI2 > Br2 > I2)
Tinh khir ciia Fe'* manh hon Br" (dua vao phan ling thii nha't)
Tinh oxi hoa ciia Br2 manh hon Fe'* (dua vao phan iitig thuf nha't), tinh oxi hoa
^"a CI2 manh hem ciia Br2 n6n tinh oxi hoa ciia CI2 manh hem Fe'*.
E>ap an diing la D.


I l l iHMl W W giui nnann B I nuu nt^v,

z-

i num

i uan

Thi du 7: Day g6m c&c chat d^u tac dung diroc vdfi dung dich H Q loang 1^
A. AgNOj, (NH4)3C03, CuS.
B. Mg(HC03)2, HCOONa, CuO.
C. FeS. BaS04, KOH,
D. KNO,, CaCOj, Fe(OH)3.
(Trich De thi tuyen sink Dai hoc khd'i A)

(III) Sue khi CO, vao nirdc Gia - ven.
(IV) Nhiing la nh6m v^o dung djch H,S04 dac, ngu6i.
S6 thi nghiem xay ra phan ting hoa hoc la
^.2.
B.3.
C.4.
D. 1.
(Trich Dethi tuyen sinh Dai hoc, khd'i B)

Hu&ng ddn gidi
Xet cac phuong an:
A. Loai VI CuS.
B. Thoa man:

• ^

:

• ,

Hu&ng ddn gidi

;•>••
C&c thi nghiem xay ra:

MgCHCOj), + 2HC1

> M g Q j + 2C02t + 2K^O

HCOONa + HCl

> HCOOH + NaQ

CuO + 2HC1

(I) .

Fe + H2S04(l)

(II) :

SO2 + Br2 + 2H2O

4HC1 + PbO,

(b)

HCl + NH4HCO3

(c)

2HC1 + 2HNO3

(d)

2HC1 + Zn

A. CUvaO,.

> NH4CI + CO, + H2O
> 2NO, + 0 2 + 2H2O

CI, + O2

b.

HjS + Cl,

c.

NH3 + HCI

d.

2HI + O3

Thi du 9: Co cac thi nghidm sau:
(I) Nhung thanh sSt vao dung dich H2SO4 loang, ngu6i.
(II) Sue khi S O , vao nu6c brom.

> NH4CI
>

I , + O2 + H2O

Chuj: Halogen (F,, CI,, BTJ, L , At2) kh6ng tac dung true tie'p voi O2.

B- Feci, + H2S

Co 2 phan umg trong do H Q the' hien ti'nh khir.
Dap an dung la D.

>S + 2HC1

Cac phan ung & B, C, D d^u xay ra or di^u kidn thucfng.
Dap an diing la A.

A. CI, + 2NaOH

+ 2H2O

> Z n a 2 + H2

> kh6ng xay ra

CSu 1: Truorng hop khong xay ra phan ling hoa hoc la

> NH4CI + CO2 + H2O
> 2NO2 +

a.

3. Cac bal tap tu luyen:

Chat khiJr

2HC1 + Zn

D. H I v a 0 3 .

Xet cac phuong an:

• PbQ, + Q , + 2H2O

d)

C.NH3vkHa.

Hu&ng ddn gidi

Khi tdc dung vori cac chat c6 tinh oxi hoa nhu Pb02, HNO3,... thi HCl th^ hidi
ti'nh khir:

2HC1 + 2HNO3
Chat khiJf

> HCIO + NaHCOj

B. H , S v a a , .

> P b Q , + CI2 + 2H2O

S6' phan lifng trong do H Q thi hien tinh khu la
A. 3.
B.4.
C. 1.
D.2.
(Trich De thi tuyen sinh Dai hoc, khd'i B)
Hu&ng ddn gidi

c)

> H2SO4 + 2HBr

(Trich Dethi tuyen sinh Cao dang khd'i A)

> ZnCU + H2

H Q + NH4HCO3

''^

Thidu 10: Cac khi c6 th^ cung t6n tai trong m6t h6n horp la

(a)

b)

>FeS04 + H2

Dap an dung la B.

Thi du 8: Cho cac phan utig sau:

4HC1 + PbO,

> v.. i]>. > • t ..

(III) :
CO2 + H , 0 + NaQO
Co 3 phan ling hoa hoc xay ra.

> CuCU + H2O

C. Loai vi BaS04.
D. Loai VI KNO3.
Dap an dung la B.

a)

_,

^ ' ^'

^- O 3 + 2KI + H2O
^ 3 0 , + 2H2S

> NaCl + NaQO + H2O

> FeS + 2HC1
> 2 K O H + I2 + O2
2H2O + 2SO2
(Trich De thi tuyen sinh Cao dang khd'i A)
Hu&ng ddn gidi

^et cac phuong an:
A. Dung.

' -

^
^^