JAPANESE GRAMMAR Flash card Ngữ pháp

2
1

あああ(1)
あああ

amari (1)
too much, very, a lot
Amari always precedes the verb.

ああ
ああ

aru
to be, to exist (of inanimate things); to have
Thing + あ + place + あ + ああ
Person/Place + (あ)あ + thing + あ + ああ

4

3

ああ
ああ

ii
good

ああああ
ああああ

ippai
full, many, a lot
ippai + V
ああああああああippai taberu - to eat a lot
あああああああippai aru - there are a lot of something


5

ああ (1)
ああ (1)

iru (1)
to exist (for animate, usually living, things)
Thing + あ + place + あ + ああ
Person/Place + (あ)あ + thing + あ + ああ

6

ああ (2)
ああ (2)

iru (2)
-ing
V.te-form + iru (ああ)


8
7

あ (1)

あ (2)
あ (2)

あ (1)

ka (2)

ka (1)

or

question particle
Sentence + ka(ああ.

Noun + ka + Noun + ka
Verb. plain + ka
Adj-i + ka
Adj-na.stem + ka


10
9

ああ(1)

あああ3あ
あああ3あ

ああ(1)

kara(3)

kara(1)

so

from, since
Noun + kara (ああ)

Verb + kara
I-adjective + kara
Na-adjective + da + kara
Noun + da + kara

11

あああああ
あああああ

kara(2)
after having done s.t.; since
te-form of Verb + kara +あ[main clause]

12

あ (1)
あ (1)

ga (1)
subject-marking particle


14
13

あ (2)
あ (2)

ga (2)
but, however

あああ
あああ

Kurai
approximately, about
Number + Counter + kurai (あああ)

Sentence-1 + ga(あ) + Sentence-2
Demonstrative Pronoun/Adjective + kurai (ああああ
Sentence-1 + ga(あ)あ
Interrogative Pronoun + kurai (あああ)


16
15

ああああ

ああああああ
あああああああ

ああああ

kosoado kotoba

keredomo

ko-, so-, a- & do- demonstrative pronouns

although, though, but

Koreあああ Kochiraああああ this/here is When the
object is close to the speaker

clause + keredomo
V.plain/plain past + keredomo
i-adj + keredomo
na-adj + copula. plain/plain past + keredomo
noun + copula. plain/plain past + keredomo

Soreあああ Sochiraああああ that/there When the object
is close to the person spoken to
Areあああ Achiraああああ Over
there(that/location)When the object is far from the
both
Doreあああ Dochiraああああ Which

17

ああ

18

ああ

あ

Suru

あ

to do

Da

Imperfective form - あああああ
Connective form - あ

be (copula)
Present: Da

Predicative form - ああ

Present negative: ja nai

Attributive form - ああ

Past: datta

Hypothetical form - ああ

Past negative: ja nakatta

Imperative form - あああああ

20

19

ああ

あああ
あああ

Darō
Probably

ああ

* Verb/i-Adj.inf + あああ

Dake

あああああああ

only, just

ああああああ
ああああああ

ああああああああ

Noun + dake (ああ)

* na-Adj.stem + (あああ)あああ

Verb/i-Adj. inf + dake (ああ)

ああああああ

na-Adj. stem + na dake(ああ)

あああああああああ
* Noun + (あああ)あああ
ああああああ
あああああああああ


21

あああ

22

あああ

te iru
be doing something, be in a state created
before
Dictionary form
ああ
あああ
oyogu
oyoide
あああ
あああ
taberu
tabete
ああ
ああ
suru
shite
Case ii)
Dictionary form
あああ
あああ
nureru
nurete
あああ
あああ
kowareru kowarete

Te-form
あああああ
oyoide ru
あああああ

tabete iru
ああああ
shite iru

Case i)
Te-form + iru
is swimming

English

is eating
is doing

Te-form
Te-form + iru
English
あああああ (got wet and) still wet now
nurete iru
あああああ (got broken and) it is broken now
kowarete iru

あああああ
あああああ

te kudasai
Please do something
* [te-from of a verb] あ kudasai.
Please do...

24

23

あああああああ/あああああ
あああああああ/あああああ

te wa ikemasen/te wa dame da
you can't do
* te-form of a verb + あ あああああ/ああああ
* te-form of a verb + あ あああ
= you can't do something, you should not do
something.

ああああ
ああああ

te mo ii
may; it is alright
(V / adj-i / adj-na , N + Copula).te mo ii
Verb:
ああああああああ
tabete mo ii
may eat; it is alright to eat
adj-i:
あああああああああ
tsumetakute mo ii
it is alright if s.t. is cold
adj-na:
あああああああああ

shizuka de mo ii
it is alright if s.t. is quiet
Noun:
あああああああああ
gakusei de mo ii
it is alright if s.o. is a student


25

ああああああ
ああああああああ

te-kei
te-form - and, -ing
あああ→ああああ
shinu → shinde
あああ→ああああ
yobu → yonde
あああ→ああああ
fumu → funde
Class 2 verbs:
v.stem + te
あああ→あああ
deru → dete
Irregular verbs:
あああ→あああ
kuru → kite
あああ →あああ
suru → shite

i-adjectives
final i becomes kute and can
function as "and" connecting
adjectives together or a
conjunction linking clauses
together.

Class 1 verbs:
u/tsu/ru-verbs:
あああ→ああああ
kau → katte
あああ→ああああ
matsu → matte
あああ→ああああ
kaeru →あkaette
ku-verbs:
あああ→ああああ
tsuku → tsuite
Exception:
あああ→ああああ
iku → itte
gu-verbs:
あああ→ああああ
oyogu → oyoide
su-verbs:
あああ→ああああ
korosu → koroshite
nu/bu/mu-verbs:

26

あ (2)
あ (2)

de (2)
by, with, using
Noun + de(あ)

27

28

あ(1)

あ(3)

あ(1)

あ(3)

de(1)

de (3)

at, in, on (place)

and, because

location + de (あ)

あああ


30

29

あ(4)
あ(4)

de (4)
at, on
Time + de (あ)

ああ
ああ

desu
to be (copula)
Present: Desu
Present negative: De(wa) arimasen / Ja arimasen
Past: Deshita
Past negative: De(wa) arimasen deshita / Ja arimasen
deshita


32

ああ
31

あ (2)
あ (2)

to (2)
and, with, as
Noun + to(あ) + Noun

ああ

dō
How
1 - state of something or someone:
ああああああああああああYamada-sensei wa dō desu ka?
- How is Professor Yamada?
2- to suggest something:
ああああああああああOcha wa dō desu ka? - How about
tea? / Would you like some tea? / How is the tea?
3- あああああああああああああKono ji o dō yomimasu
ka? - How do you read this character?


33

34

ああああ

ああ

ああああ

ああ

dōshite

doko

why

where?

"ああああ + Question"

あああdoko

35

あ (1)
あ (1)

na (1)
don't do
Append na to the plain nonpast affirmative form of a verb:
V.plain nonpast + na

36

あああ
あああ

Class I - あああiku - to go

nakute

ああ + あ = あああ - don't go!

is not - and -, do not do

iku + na = iku na - don't go!

Verb. inf. negative (without nai) + nakute

Class II - あああmiru - to lookあ

i-Adj. stem + ku nakute

ああ + あ = あああ - don't look

na-Adj. stem/Noun + de wa nakute/ja nakute

miru + na = miru na - don't look
Class III - ああ - to do
ああ + あ = あああ - don't do
suru + na = suru na - don't do


37

あああああああ

あ-あああああ あ ああああ

na-keiyoushi no katsuyou
na-adjectives conjugation
Plain Nonpast:
ああああああ(Kare wa shizuka da. He is quiet.)
Plain Nonpast Negative
あああああああああ(Kare wa shizuka de wa nai. He is not quiet.)
あああああああああ(Kare wa shizuka ja nai.)
*ああ/jaあis a contraction of ああ/de wa and is more colloquial than
ああ/de wa
Plain Past:
あああああああああKare wa shizuka datta. He was quiet.あ
Plain Past Negative:
あああああああああああ(Kare wa shizuka de wa nakatta. He was not
quiet.)

38

あ
あ

ni
in; at; on; to


40
39

あああ

あああ

ni suru
decide on, make it
* Noun + ni suru (あああ)

あああ
あああ

niあe
to (place, etc)
place + ni (あ)
place + e (あ)


41

42

あ

あ (1)

あ

あ (1)

ne

no (1)

tag question (isn't it? right? eh?)

possessive particle

the particle ne is added to the end of the sentence

Object1 + あ + Object2

43

あ (2)

44

あ (2)

あ

no (2)

あ

one

wa

i-Adjective + i + あ

Topic maker, As for

na-Adjective + na + あ

[ A ] wa [ B ] desu.

Noun + あ

= [ A ] is [ B ].

Verb + あ


45

46

あああああ

あ

ああああああ

あ

wa nan desu ka

e

What is---

to, towards

* [demonstrative pronoun or something] + wa nan
desu ka?

location/direction + e(あ)


48

あああああああああ
47

あああああああああ

あああああ
あああああ

mashō ka

mashō/(yo)u
let's ~~; probably; i plan to
Class Dictionary form formal volitional
(masu stem + mashō)

informal volitional

Shall I/we

I

iku

iki mashō

ikō

[ Verb.masu-stem + あああああ ]

I

nomu

nomi mashō

nomō

II

miru

mi mashō

miyō

II

taberu

tabe mashō

tabeyō

III

suru

shi mashō

shiyō


49

ああああああああ
ああああああああ

masen ka, nai ka
Won't you.., Wouldn't you
* Verb. polite negative + ka (あああああ)?
Class Dictionary form
formal negative
(masu stem + masen) + ka
English
I
iku
iki masen ka
won't you go
II
miru

mi masen ka
won't you see
III
suru
shi masen ka
won't you do
* Verb. plain negative + ka (あ)?
Class Dictionary form
informal negative + ka
English
I
iku
ikanai ka won't you go
II
miru
minai ka won't you see
III
suru
shinai ka won't you do

50

ああ
ああ

mada
still, not yet

51

52

ああ

あああ

ああ

あああ

made

made ni

until, up to, even

before, by, within


53

あ

54

あ

あ (2)

mo

あ (2)

also, in addition, too

mo

[Object1]あ[property1/action1]ああ

even, as many/much/long

[Object2]あ[property1/action1]ああ


55

56

あああ

ああ

あああ

ああ

mo~mo

Mō

both 1 and 2, neither 1 nor 2

already, anymore


57

あ

58

あ

あ

ya

あ

and

yo

AあB

you know

AあBあ

あ + yo is attached to the end of the sentence.

A あ B あ C ああ

59

60

あ

あ

あ

あ

wa

o

weak emphatic particle used by female
speakers

object-marking particle
Noun + o(あ) + verb


61

あああ

62

ああああ

あ

kudasai

ああ

please

koto

Noun あああああ

thing(s); stuff; that

Verb.te-form ああああ


63

あああああ

ああああああああああ

ninshou daimeishi
referential noun (personal pronouns)
ああwatashi - I/me

ああwatakushi - I/me
ああboku - I/me (masculine)
ああ ore - I/me (masculine)
ああああatashi - I/me (feminine)
あああanata - you
ああ kimi - you (informal for intimate members only)
あああomae - you (informal for intimate members only)
ああkare - he/him
あああkanojo - she/her
Plural
あああwatashitachi - we/us
あああwatakushitachi - we/us
あああbokutachi - we/us (masculine)
あああoretachi - we/us (masculine)
あああああatashitachi - we/us (feminine)
ああああanatatachi - You (plural)
あああkimitachi - You (plural) (informal for intimate members only)
ああああomaetachi - You (plural) (informal for intimate members only)
あああkarera - they/them (masculine)
ああああkanojora - they/them (feminine)

64

ああ
ああああ

Zenzen
(not) at all; absolutely not

65

66

あああ

ああ

あああ

あああ

Dekiru

mae ni

can, be able to

before, in front of

Person/Thing あ noun ああああ

Verb.plain.nonpast ああ

Person/Thing あ Verb.plain-nonpast あああ あああ

Noun あああ

67

68

あああああ(あああ)

あああ
あああああ

josuushi
Counters
The number that precedes the counter is normally
from the "ichi", "ni", "san" counting system,
however, there are some counters that require use of
the "hitotsu", "futatsu", "mittsu" counting system
(minus the final "tsu").
In addition, the pronunciation of many counters
changes (according to Japanese pronunciation rules)
when a number is prefixed to it. For example, "hiki",
the counter for small animals, becomes "ippiki" for
one animal, "nihiki" for two animals, and "sanbiki"
for three animals.

ああああああああああああああ

doushi no katsuyou (kakokei)
Conjugation of verbs (plain past)
Conjugation of verbs to the plain past tense is similar to conjugation to the
te-form, with the only difference being that the last syllable becomes ta
rather than te.
Dictionary form

Te-form
Plain past tense
Translation
Class 1 verbs
ああ(kau)
あああ(katte)

ああ(aruku) あああ(aruite)

あああ(katta)

あああ(aruita)

To buy
To walk

ああ(oyogu) あああ(oyoide) あああ(oyoida) To swim
ああ(hanasu) あああ(hanashite)

あああ(hanashita) To speak

ああ(matsu) あああ(matte)

あああ(matta)

To wait

あああ(shinda)

To die

ああ(tobu)

あああ(tonde)

あああ(tonda)

To fly

あああ(yonda)

To read

ああ(kaeru) あああ(kaette)
Class 2 verbs
あああ(taberu)

あああ(kaetta)

To return(home)

あああ(tabete)

あああ(tabeta)

ああ(shinu) あああ(shinde)
ああ(yomu) あああ(yonde)

ああ(iru)
ああ(ite)

ああ(ita)
Class 3 verbs & irregular verbs
ああ(suru) ああ(shite)
ああ(shita)
ああ(kuru)
ああ(iku)

ああ(kite)

あああ(itte)

ああ(kita)

あああ(itta)

To exist
To do
To come
To go

To eat