English learning strategies of vietnamese tertiary students

English Learning Strategies of
Vietnamese Tertiary Students
by

Nguyen Thi Boi Hoang
(Master of Arts)

Submitted in fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of

Doctor of Philosophy

Faculty of Education
University of Tasmania

January 2013


Declaration of originality
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Statement of authority of access
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Statement of ethical conduct

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iii


Abstract

Τ0)%&0%(#6(03),)%#52302(%,(5#ΟΤΤΡ5Π#03(#8(6,(≅(7#2.#+0≅(#0#10Υ.3#,1<0:2#.)#60)%&0%(#
6(03),)%#0)7#<(34.310):(=#/.?(≅(3∀#2+(#&5(#0)7#(44(:2,≅()(55#.4#ΤΤΡ5#03(#
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:033,(7#.&2#,)#2+(#:.)2(Α2#.4#Ν)%6,5+#05#0#ς.3(,%)#Τ0)%&0%(#ΟΝςΤΠ#2(32,03∋#(7&:02,.)#
,)#Ω,(2)01#,)#3(5<.)5(#2.#2+(#60:>#.4#3(5(03:+#(≅,7():(#3(%037,)%#ΤΤΡΞ3(602(7#,55&(5=#
!2#?05#0,1(7#02#ΟΧΠ#,7()2,4∋,)%#2+(#2∋<(5∀#43(Ψ&():∋#0)7#<022(3)5#.4#60)%&0%(#
6(03),)%#52302(%∋##&5(#01.)%#Ω,(2)01(5(#ΝςΤ#2(32,03∋#52&7()25Ζ#ΟΦΠ#,)≅(52,%02,)%#2+(#
3(602,.)5+,<#8(2?(()#2+(#3(<.32(7#ΤΤΡ#&5(#0)7#6(03)(3#≅03,086(5#5&:+#05#%()7(3∀#
&),≅(35,2∋#∋(03#%3.&<5∀#0:07(1,:#10Υ.35∀#5(64Ξ302(7#Ν)%6,5+#<3.4,:,():∋∀#0)7#
60)%&0%(#6(03),)%#8(6,(45Ζ#ΟΗΠ#(Α<6.3,)%#52&7()25[#0)7#2(0:+(35[#<(3:(<2,.)5∀#
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0)06∋5,5#?05#(1<6.∋(7#,)#2+(#52&7∋=#ς.3#2+(#Ψ&0)2,202,≅(#<+05(∀#0#5&3≅(∋#
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0)7#60)%&0%(#6(03),)%#8(6,(45∀#2+,5#3(5(03:+(3Ξ%()(302(7#Ν)%6,5+#Τ0)%&0%(#Τ(03),)%#
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≅06,76∋#:.1<6(2(7#Ψ&(52,.))0,3(5#?(3(#:.66(:2(7#43.1#ΝςΤ#52&7()25#02#0#&),≅(35,2∋#,)#
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iv


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∴Σ#52302(%,(5#?(3(#3(<.32(7#2.#8(#+,%+6∋#&5(7#Οβ(7,0)##∴Π∀#1.52#.4#?+,:+#?(3(#
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v


Acknowledgements
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vi


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vii


Table of Contents
(.23%∋,4∋5,&0%&06∋7777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777∋8∗∗∗#
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viii


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Ι02(%.3,502,.)#.4#ΤΤΡ5#=======================================================================================#ΗΣ#

Φ=Φ=∴=Χ#
ΤΤΡ#:02(%.3,502,.)#5:+(1(5#.4#<3(≅,.&5#3(5(03:+(35#===================================#ΗΣ#
Φ=Φ=∴=Φ#
ΤΤΡ#:02(%.3,502,.)#5:+(1(#.4#2+(#:&33()2#52&7∋#==========================================#∴Λ#

Φ=Η#

Ρ&::(554&6#60)%&0%(#6(03)(35#=======================================================================#∴∆#

Φ=∴#

Τ(03)(3#≅03,086(5#0)7#ΤΤΡ5#==========================================================================#]Φ#

Φ=∴=Χ#
Φ=∴=Φ#
Φ=∴=Η#
Φ=∴=∴#
Φ=∴=]#
Φ=∴=Λ#

∆#

ϑ)#.≅(3≅,(?#======================================================================================================#]Φ#
φ()7(3#==============================================================================================================#]Λ#
;3.4,:,():∋κ#ϑ:+,(≅(1()2#=================================================================================#]Κ#
ϑ:07(1,:#10Υ.35κ#ς,(675#.4#52&7∋#=====================================================================#ΛΧ#
∃02,.)06,2∋κ#Ν2+),:,2∋κ#Ι&62&3(#==========================================================================#ΛΗ#
−(6,(45κ022,2&7(5#================================================================================================#Λ]#

Φ=]#

Τ(03),)%#()≅,3.)1()2#0)7#ΤΤΡ5#==================================================================#Λ∆#

Φ=Λ#

ΤΤΡ#,)523&:2,.)#=============================================================================================#ΣΓ#

Φ=Σ#

φ0<5#,)#2+(#4,(67#==========================================================================================#ΣΛ#

Φ=∆#

ς301(?.3>#.4#≅03,086(5#,)#2+(#52&7∋#===========================================================#ΣΣ#

Φ=Κ#

Ι.):6&5,.)#===================================================================================================#Σ∆#

Β%6%.;Ε)∋Φ%0),≅,3,∀∃∋77777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777∋ΓΧ#
Η=Χ#

!)23.7&:2,.)#================================================================================================#ΣΚ#

Η=Φ#

Ρ2&7∋#7(5,%)#================================================================================================#ΣΚ#

Η=Φ=Χ#
Η=Φ=Φ#

Η=Φ=Η#

⊥&0)2,202,≅(#≅(35&5#Ψ&06,202,≅(#0<<3.0:+(5#=====================================================#∆Γ#
β,Α(7#1(2+.75#0<<3.0:+#=================================================================================#∆Χ#
Μ(5(03:+#7(5,%)#.4#2+(#:&33()2#52&7∋#===============================================================#∆Η#

Η=Η#

9020#:.66(:2,.)#============================================================================================#∆∴#
Η=Η=Χ#
⊥&0)2,202,≅(#7020#:.66(:2,.)#==============================================================================#∆]#
Η=Η=Χ=Χ#
!)523&1()2ϕ#⊥&(52,.))0,3(5#=========================================================================#∆]#
Η=Η=Χ=Φ#
Ρ01<6,)%#=======================================================================================================#∆Κ#
Η=Η=Χ=Η#
9020#:.66(:2,.)#2(:+),Ψ&(5#0)7#<3.:(7&3(#==================================================#ΚΧ#
Η=Η=Χ=∴#
∗+(#501<6(#:+030:2(3,52,:5#===========================================================================#ΚΦ#
Η=Η=Φ#
⊥&06,202,≅(#7020#:.66(:2,.)#================================================================================#ΚΗ#
Η=Η=Φ=Χ#
!)523&1()2ϕ#Ρ(1,Ξ523&:2&3(#,)2(3≅,(?5#========================================================#ΚΗ#
Η=Η=Φ=Φ#
Ρ01<6,)%#=======================================================================================================#Κ∴#
Η=Η=Φ=Η#
9020#:.66(:2,.)#2(:+),Ψ&(5#0)7#<3.:(7&3(5#=================================================#Κ]#

Η=∴#

9020#10)0%(1()2#0)7#0)06∋5,5#==================================================================#ΚΣ#
Η=∴=Χ#
⊥&0)2,202,≅(#7020#10)0%(1()2#0)7#0)06∋5,5#===================================================#ΚΣ#
Η=∴=Χ=Χ#
9020#10)0%(1()2#=======================================================================================#ΚΣ#
Η=∴=Χ=Φ#
9020#0)06∋5,5#================================================================================================#Κ∆#
Η=∴=Φ#
⊥&06,202,≅(#7020#10)0%(1()2#0)7#0)06∋5,5#======================================================#ΚΚ#
Η=∴=Φ=Χ#
9020#10)0%(1()2#=======================================================================================#ΚΚ#
Η=∴=Φ=Φ#
9020#0)06∋5,5#==============================================================================================#ΧΓΧ#

Η=]#

Ν≅06&02,≅(#:3,2(3,0#.4#2+(#52&7∋#==================================================================#ΧΓΦ#
Η=]=Χ#
Ω06,7,2∋#0)7#3(6,08,6,2∋#======================================================================================#ΧΓΦ#
Η=]=Χ=Χ#
Μ(6,08,6,2∋#====================================================================================================#ΧΓΦ#
ix


Η=]=Χ=Φ#
Ω06,7,2∋#=======================================================================================================#ΧΓΗ#
Η=]=Φ#
∗3&52?.32+,)(55#0)7#0&2+()2,:,2∋#===================================================================#ΧΓΗ#
Η=]=Φ=Χ#
∗3&52?.32+,)(55#=========================================================================================#ΧΓΗ#

Η=]=Φ=Φ#
ϑ&2+()2,:,2∋#================================================================================================#ΧΓ]#

Η=Λ#
Η#

Ι.):6&5,.)#=================================================================================================#ΧΓΛ#

Ι#%60∗,&&.∗;%∋5,&60;#Ε0∗,&1∋Β%3∗.2∗3∗0∃∋.&≅∋ϑ.3∗≅∗0∃∋77777777777777777777777777777777777777∋=ΚΓ#
∴=Χ#

!)23.7&:2,.)#==============================================================================================#ΧΓΣ#

∴=Φ#

Μ02,.)06(#4.3#2+(#Ν)%6,5+#Τ0)%&0%(#Τ(03),)%#Ρ2302(%∋#
⊥&(52,.))0,3(#ΟΝΤΤΡ⊥Π#===============================================================================#ΧΓΣ#

∴=Η#

∗+(#4.&3Ξ520%(#:.)523&:2,.)#.4#2+(#ΝΤΤΡ⊥#=================================================#ΧΓΚ#
∴=Η=Χ#
∗+(#070<202,.)#.4#2+(#ΝΤΤΡ⊥#===========================================================================#ΧΧΓ#
∴=Η=Φ#
∗+(#7(≅(6.<1()2#.4#2+(#ΝΤΤΡ⊥#=======================================================================#ΧΧΦ#
∴=Η=Φ=Χ#
Ι.)5&6202,.)#?,2+#5&3≅(∋#(Α<(325#0)7#.2+(3#3(5.&3:(5#=============================#ΧΧΦ#
∴=Η=Φ=Φ#
9,5:&55,.)#?,2+#203%(2#6(03)(35#==================================================================#ΧΧ∴#
∴=Η=Φ=Η#

9(5:3,<2,.)#.4#2+(#4,352#73042#.4#ΝΤΤΡ⊥#========================================================#ΧΧΛ#
∴=Η=Η#
∗+(#3(4,)(1()2#.4#2+(#ΝΤΤΡ⊥#==========================================================================#ΧΧΣ#
∴=Η=∴#
∗+(#≅06,702,.)#.4#2+(#ΝΤΤΡ⊥#=============================================================================#ΧΧΚ#
∴=Η=∴=Χ#
Μ(6,08,6,2∋#====================================================================================================#ΧΦΓ#
∴=Η=∴=Φ#
Ω06,7,2∋#=======================================================================================================#ΧΦΧ#
∴=Η=]#
∗+(#ΝΤΤΡ⊥#Θ#ς,)06#≅(35,.)#================================================================================#ΧΗΧ#

∴=∴#
Λ#

Ι.):6&5,.)#=================================================================================================#ΧΗΦ#

Ι#.&0∗0.0∗8%∋/.0.∋Μ&.3∃6∗6∋7777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777∋=∆∆#
]=Χ#

!)23.7&:2,.)#==============================================================================================#ΧΗΗ#

]=Φ#

Ρ&3≅(∋#071,),52302,.)#===============================================================================#ΧΗΗ#

]=Η#

∗+(#5&3≅(∋#3(5<.)7()25#============================================================================#ΧΗ∴#

]=Η=Χ#
]=Η=Φ#
]=Η=Η#
]=Η=∴#
]=Η=]#
]=Η=Λ#

φ()7(3#============================================================================================================#ΧΗ∴#
Β),≅(35,2∋#∋(03#%3.&<5#====================================================================================#ΧΗ]#
ϑ:07(1,:#10Υ.35κ7,5:,<6,)(5#===========================================================================#ΧΗ]#
∗(52Ξ805(7#Ν)%6,5+#<3.4,:,():∋#========================================================================#ΧΗΛ#
Ρ(64Ξ302(7#Ν)%6,5+#<3.4,:,():∋#==========================================================================#ΧΗ∆#
−(6,(45#0)7#8(+0≅,.&35#,)#Ν)%6,5+#6(03),)%#======================================================#ΧΗΚ#

]=∴#

ς3(Ψ&():∋#.4#ΤΤΡ#&5(#=================================================================================#Χ∴Γ#
]=∴=Χ#
ς3(Ψ&():∋#.4#.≅(3066#0)7#%3.&<#52302(%∋#&5(#==================================================#Χ∴Χ#
]=∴=Φ#
ς3(Ψ&():∋#.4#,)7,≅,7&06#52302(%∋#&5(#==============================================================#Χ∴Χ#
]=∴=Φ=Χ#
Μ(%&602,)%#52302(%,(5#==================================================================================#Χ∴Φ#
]=∴=Φ=Φ#
ς.31Ξ805(7#52302(%,(5#===============================================================================#Χ∴∴#
]=∴=Φ=Η#
Ρ>,66Ξ805(7#52302(%,(5#==================================================================================#Χ∴Λ#

]=]#
]=]=Χ#

]=]=Φ#
]=]=Η#
]=]=∴#
]=]=]#

ϑ55.:,02,.)5#8(2?(()#ΤΤΡ#&5(#0)7#6(03)(3#≅03,086(5#================================#Χ∴∆#
φ()7(3#0)7#ΤΤΡ5#==============================================================================================#Χ∴Κ#
Β),≅(35,2∋#∋(03#%3.&<5#0)7#ΤΤΡ5#======================================================================#Χ]Φ#
ϑ:07(1,:#10Υ.35#0)7#ΤΤΡ5#==============================================================================#Χ]∆#
Ρ(64Ξ302(7#Ν)%6,5+#<3.4,:,():∋#0)7#ΤΤΡ5#===========================================================#ΧΛΦ#
Ν)%6,5+#6(03),)%#8(6,(45#0)7#ΤΤΡ5#=====================================================================#ΧΣΓ#
x


Ν#

]=Λ#

Ρ&1103∋#.4#>(∋#4,)7,)%5#===========================================================================#ΧΣ∴#

]=Σ#

Ι.):6&5,.)#=================================================================================================#ΧΣ∴#

Ι#.3∗0.0∗8%∋/.0.∋Μ&.3∃6∗6∋777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777∋=ΓΝ#
Λ=Χ#

!)23.7&:2,.)#==============================================================================================#ΧΣΛ#

Λ=Φ#

9020#0)06∋5,5#==============================================================================================#ΧΣΛ#

Λ=Η#

∗+(#,)2(3≅,(?#<032,:,<0)25#=========================================================================#ΧΣ∆#

Λ=∴#

;(3:(<2,.)5#0)7#022,2&7(5#=========================================================================#ΧΣΚ#

Λ=∴=Χ#
Λ=∴=Φ#
Λ=∴=Η#

Λ=]#
Λ=]=Χ#
Λ=]=Φ#
Λ=]=Η#

Λ=Λ#
Λ=Λ=Χ#
Λ=Λ=Φ#
Λ=Λ=Η#

Λ=Σ#
Γ#

∗+(#3.6(#.4#ΤΤΡ5#===============================================================================================#Χ∆Γ#
ς.3106#230,),)%#.)#ΤΤΡ5#===================================================================================#Χ∆Φ#

Μ(5<.)5,8,6,2∋#4.3#ΤΤΡ5#=====================================================================================#Χ∆Λ#

ΝΑ<(3,():(5#:.):(3),)%#ΤΤΡ5#=====================================================================#Χ∆Σ#
Μ(:.11()7(7#0)7#).)Ξ3(:.11()7(7#52302(%,(5#========================================#Χ∆Σ#
−033,(35#2.#ΤΤΡ#7(≅(6.<1()2#===========================================================================#ΧΚΓ#
Ρ+03(7#:+030:2(3,52,:5#.4#52302(%∋#&5(#============================================================#ΧΚ∴#

∗+(#6(03),)%#()≅,3.)1()2#=========================================================================#ΧΚΣ#
Τ(03),)%#40:,6,2,(5#============================================================================================#ΧΚΣ#
Τ(03),)%#.<<.32&),2,(5#====================================================================================#ΧΚΚ#
∗(0:+(3Ξ52&7()2#3(602,.)5+,<#==========================================================================#ΦΓ∴#

Ι.):6&5,.)#=================================================================================================#ΦΓ]#

/∗6Ε#66∗,&∋77777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777∋ΑΚΓ#
Σ=Χ#

!)23.7&:2,.)#==============================================================================================#ΦΓΣ#

Σ=Φ#

ϑ:+,(≅(1()2#.4#3(5(03:+#.8Υ(:2,≅(#Χ#========================================================#ΦΓΣ#

Σ=Φ=Χ#
Σ=Φ=Φ#

Σ=Η#
Σ=Η=Χ#
Σ=Η=Φ#
Σ=Η=Η#

Σ=Η=∴#
Σ=Η=]#

Σ=∴#
Σ=∴=Χ#
Σ=∴=Φ#
Σ=∴=Η#
Σ=∴=∴#
Σ=∴=]#
Σ=∴=Λ#

Σ=]#
Σ=]=Χ#
Σ=]=Φ#
Σ=]=Η#

φ()(306#43(Ψ&():∋#.4#52302(%∋#&5(#==================================================================#ΦΓ∆#
Ν1(3%,)%#<022(3)5#.4#ΤΤΡ#&5(#==========================================================================#ΦΓΚ#

ϑ:+,(≅(1()2#.4#3(5(03:+#.8Υ(:2,≅(#Φ#========================================================#ΦΧΗ#
φ()7(3#0)7#ΤΤΡ5#==============================================================================================#ΦΧΗ#
Β),≅(35,2∋#∋(03#%3.&<#0)7#ΤΤΡ5#=======================================================================#ΦΧ]#
ϑ:07(1,:#10Υ.35#0)7#ΤΤΡ5#==============================================================================#ΦΧΛ#
Ρ(64Ξ302(7#Ν)%6,5+#<3.4,:,():∋#0)7#ΤΤΡ5#===========================================================#ΦΧ∆#
Ν)%6,5+#6(03),)%#8(6,(45#0)7#ΤΤΡ5#=====================================================================#ΦΧΚ#

ϑ:+,(≅(1()2#.4#3(5(03:+#.8Υ(:2,≅(#Η#========================================================#ΦΦΓ#
∗+(#3.6(#.4#ΤΤΡ5#===============================================================================================#ΦΦΓ#
ς.3106#230,),)%#.)#ΤΤΡ5#===================================================================================#ΦΦΧ#
Μ(5<.)5,8,6,2∋#4.3#ΤΤΡ5#=====================================================================================#ΦΦΦ#

Μ(:.11()7(7#0)7#).)Ξ3(:.11()7(7#52302(%,(5#========================================#ΦΦΗ#
−033,(35#2.#ΤΤΡ#7(≅(6.<1()2#===========================================================================#ΦΦ∴#
Ρ+03(7#:+030:2(3,52,:5#.4#52302(%∋#&5(#============================================================#ΦΦΣ#

ϑ:+,(≅(1()2#.4#3(5(03:+#.8Υ(:2,≅(#∴#========================================================#ΦΦΚ#
Τ(03),)%#40:,6,2,(5#============================================================================================#ΦΗΓ#
Τ(03),)%#.<<.32&),2,(5#====================================================================================#ΦΗΧ#
∗(0:+(3Ξ52&7()2#3(602,.)5+,<#==========================================================================#ΦΗΦ#

xi


Σ=Λ#

ϑ:+,(≅(1()2#.4#3(5(03:+#.8Υ(:2,≅(#]#========================================================#ΦΗ∴#

Σ=Λ=Χ#
Σ=Λ=Φ#
Σ=Λ=Η#

Σ=Σ#
Ο#

!1<6,:02,.)5#4.3#52&7()25#================================================================================#ΦΗ∴#
!1<6,:02,.)5#4.3#2(0:+(35#=================================================================================#ΦΗ]#
!1<6,:02,.)5#4.3#(7&:02,.)06#071,),52302.35#0)7#<.6,:∋#10>(35#=====================#ΦΗ∆#

Ι.):6&5,.)#=================================================================================================#Φ∴Γ#

5,&Ε3#6∗,&∋7777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777∋ΑΗ=#

∆=Χ#

!)23.7&:2,.)#==============================================================================================#Φ∴Χ#

∆=Φ#

Ρ,%),4,:0):(#.4#2+(#52&7∋#===========================================================================#Φ∴Χ#
∆=Φ=Χ#
Ρ,%),4,:0):(#4.3#3(5(03:+#,)#ΤΤΡ5#======================================================================#Φ∴Χ#
∆=Φ=Χ=Χ#
β(2+.7.6.%,:06#,1<3.≅(1()2#0)7#,)).≅02,.)5#=========================================#Φ∴Χ#
∆=Φ=Χ=Φ#
δ).?6(7%(#(Α<0)5,.)#0)7#%()(302,.)#=======================================================#Φ∴Φ#
∆=Φ=Φ#
Ρ,%),4,:0):(#4.3#<30:2,:(5#:.):(3),)%#ΤΤΡ5#======================================================#Φ∴∴#
∆=Φ=Φ=Χ#
Ρ,%),4,:0):(#4.3#6(03),)%#<30:2,:(5#=============================================================#Φ∴∴#
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Ρ,%),4,:0):(#4.3#2(0:+,)%#<30:2,:(5#=============================================================#Φ∴]#
∆=Φ=Η#
Ρ,%),4,:0):(#4.3#<.6,:∋#:.):(3),)%#ΤΤΡ5#===========================================================#Φ∴Λ#

∆=Η#

;(35.)06#1(0),)%5#055.:,02(7#?,2+#2+(#3(5(03:+#52&7∋#============================#Φ∴∆#

∆=∴#

Μ(:.11()702,.)5#4.3#4&2&3(#3(5(03:+#=====================================================#Φ]Η#

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Ρ&%%(52,.)5#4.3#(Α2()5,.)#.4#2+,5#3(5(03:+#=====================================================#Φ]Η#
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Ρ&%%(52,.)5#2.#0773(55#2+(#>).?6(7%(Ξ%0<#?,2+#3(5(03:+#=============================#Φ]∴#

Ι.):6&5,.)#=================================================================================================#Φ]Λ#

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#

xii


List of Figures
ς,%&3(#Φ=Χϕ#Ι.):(<2&06#4301(?.3>#.4#ΤΤΡ5#,)#2+(#:&33()2#52&7∋#====================================#ΗΣ#
7%#5,∗(898ϕ#ΤΤΡ#:6055,4,:02,.)#5:+(1(#.4#2+(#:&33()2#52&7∋#============================================#∴Σ#
7%#5,∗(89:ϕ#ς301(?.3>#.4#6(03)(3#0)7#6(03),)%#()≅,3.)1()2#≅03,086(5#,)#2+(#
52&7∋#=====================================================================================================================#ΣΣ#
7%#5,∗(;9<ϕ#ς,)06#523&:2&3(#.4#2+(#Ν)%6,5+#Τ0)%&0%(#Τ(03),)%#Ρ2302(%∋#
⊥&(52,.))0,3(#ΟΝΤΤΡ⊥Π#========================================================================================#ΧΗΧ#
7%#5,∗(=9<ϕ#∃&18(35#.4#5&3≅(∋#3(5<.)7()25#8∋#%()7(3#===============================================#ΧΗ∴#
7%#5,∗(=98ϕ#∃&18(35#.4#5&3≅(∋#3(5<.)7()25#8∋#&),≅(35,2∋#∋(03#%3.&<5#=======================#ΧΗ]#
7%#5,∗(=9:ϕ#;(3:()20%(#.4#5&3≅(∋#<032,:,<0)25#8∋#10Υ.3#==============================================#ΧΗΛ#
7%#5,∗(=9;ϕ#Μ(5<.)7()25[#<3.4,:,():∋#6(≅(65#805(7#.)#5:.3(5#.4#,)2(3)02,.)06#
520)7037,5(7#2(525#===============================================================================================#ΧΗΣ#
7%#5,∗(>9<ϕ#∗+(102,:#523&:2&3(#.4#Ψ&06,202,≅(#4,)7,)%5#=================================================#ΧΣ∆#
∋

xiii


List of Tables
∗086(#Χ=Χϕ## −522+,4(/0(%∀&.,52∗∀.(+∀6(6+.+(+∀+∃4&%&#==================================================#ΦΦ#
∗086(#Φ=Χϕ## ?∗0%∀%.%/∀&(/0(∃∗+,∀%∀#(&.,+.∗#%∗&#================================================================#ΗΧ#
∗086(#Φ=Φϕ## ?∗0%∀%.%/∀&(/0(∃+∀#5+#∗(∃∗+,∀%∀#(&.,+.∗#%∗&#================================================#Η∴#
∗086(#Φ=Ηϕ## ?%00∗,∗∀.(&≅∋∗2∗&(/0(≅∃+&&%0%≅+.%/∀(0/,(∃+∀#5+#∗(∃∗+,∀%∀#(&.,+.∗#%∗&#==========#ΗΚ#
∗086(#Η=Χϕ## ?+.+(≅/∃∃∗≅.%/∀(Α,/≅∗&&∗&#============================================================================#∆]#
∗086(#Η=Φϕ#((Β∋+,+≅.∗,%&.%≅&(/0(,∗&Α/∀6∗∀.&#====================================================================#ΚΦ#
∗086(#∴=Χϕ## −522+,4(/0(.4Α%≅+∃(Χ5∗&.%/∀∀+%,∗&(/∀())−&#===============================================#ΧΧΓ#
∗086(#∴=Φϕ## Β,/∀∆+≅∋Ε&(Φ∃Α∋+(&≅/,∗&(/0(.∋∗(!))−Γ(%.∗2&#=============================================#ΧΦΓ#
∗086(#∴=Ηϕ## Β/,,∗≅.∗6(Η.∗2Ι3/.+∃(Β/,,∗∃+.%/∀&(0/,(%.∗2&(%∀(−≅+∃∗(<Ιϑ∗#5∃+.%∀#(
−.,+.∗#%∗&#==================================================================================================#ΧΦ]#
∗086(#∴=∴ϕ## Β/,,∗≅.∗6(Η.∗2Ι3/.+∃(Β/,,∗∃+.%/∀&(0/,(%.∗2&(%∀(−≅+∃∗(8Ι7/,2Ι∆+&∗6(
−.,+.∗#%∗&#==================================================================================================#ΧΦ]#
∗086(#∴=]ϕ## Β/,,∗≅.∗6(Η.∗2Ι3/.+∃(Β/,,∗∃+.%/∀&(0/,(%.∗2&(%∀(−≅+∃∗(:Ι−Κ%∃∃Ι∆+&∗6(
−.,+.∗#%∗&#==================================================================================================#ΧΦΛ#
∗086(#∴=Λϕ#Λ%Μ+,%+.∗(Β/,,∗∃+.%/∀&(∆∗.Ν∗∗∀(%.∗2&(%∀(−≅+∃∗(<(+∀6(.∋∗(&52(/0(
−≅+∃∗&(8Ο(:#==================================================================================================#ΧΦΣ#
∗086(#∴=Σϕ## Λ%Μ+,%+.∗(Β/,,∗∃+.%/∀&(∆∗.Ν∗∗∀(%.∗2&(%∀(−≅+∃∗(8(+∀6(.∋∗(&52(/0(
−≅+∃∗&(<Ο(:#==================================================================================================#ΧΦΣ#
∗086(#∴=∆ϕ## Λ%Μ+,%+.∗(Β/,,∗∃+.%/∀&(∆∗.Ν∗∗∀(%.∗2&(%∀(−≅+∃∗(:(+∀6(.∋∗(&52(/0(
−≅+∃∗&(<Ο(8#==================================================================================================#ΧΦ∆#
∗086(#∴=Κϕ## −,≅03,02(#Ι.33(602,.)5#8(2?(()#,2(15#,)#2+(#3(≅,5(7#Ρ:06(5#Χ∀#Φ#0)7#
Η#=================================================================================================================#ΧΦΚ#
∗086(#]=Χϕ## Ι6055,4,:02,.)#.4#0:07(1,:#10Υ.35#=============================================================#ΧΗΛ#
∗086(#]=Φϕ## Φ6+Α.∗6(∗Χ5%Μ+∃∗∀≅4(.+∆∃∗(∆∗.Ν∗∗∀(3Π!7)Ο(3Π!7)(%Λ3Ο(Η!)3−(+∀6(
3Π!ΗΒ(&≅/,∗&#==============================================================================================#ΧΗΣ#

∗086(#]=Ηϕ## Θ52∆∗,&(/0(&5,Μ∗4(,∗&Α/∀6∗∀.&(∆4(.∗&.Ι∆+&∗6(!∀#∃%&∋(Α,/0%≅%∗∀≅4#===========#ΧΗΣ#
∗086(#]=∴ϕ## −∗∃0Ι,+.∗6(Α,/0%≅%∗∀≅4(%∀(0/5,(2+≅,/(&Κ%∃∃&#==================================================#ΧΗ∆#
∗086(#]=]ϕ## ϑ∗&Α/∀6∗∀.&Ε(∆∗∃%∗0&(+∀6(∆∗∋+Μ%/5,&(%∀(!∀#∃%&∋(∃∗+,∀%∀##==========================#ΧΗΚ#
xiv


∗086(#]=Λϕ## 7,∗Χ5∗∀≅4(/0(/Μ∗,+∃∃(&.,+.∗#4(5&∗(+∀6(#,/5Α(&.,+.∗#4(5&∗#========================#Χ∴Χ#
∗086(#]=Σϕ## 7,∗Χ5∗∀≅4(/0(%∀6%Μ%65+∃(&.,+.∗#4(5&∗(%∀(.∋∗(ϑ∗#5∃+.%∀#(#,/5Α#==================#Χ∴Φ#
∗086(#]=∆ϕ## 7,∗Χ5∗∀≅4(/0(%∀6%Μ%65+∃(&.,+.∗#4(5&∗(%∀(.∋∗(7/,2Ι∆+&∗6(#,/5Α#=================#Χ∴∴#
∗086(#]=Κϕ## 7,∗Χ5∗∀≅4(/0(%∀6%Μ%65+∃(&.,+.∗#4(5&∗(%∀(.∋∗(−Κ%∃∃Ι∆+&∗6(#,/5Α#===================#Χ∴Λ#
∗086(#]=ΧΓϕ#Ρ+∀∀ΙΣ∋%.∀∗4(.∗&.&(/∀(/Μ∗,+∃∃(+∀6(#,/5Α(&.,+.∗#4(5&∗(∆4(#∗∀6∗,#==========#Χ]Γ#
∗086(#]=ΧΧϕ#Ρ+∀∀ΙΣ∋%.∀∗4(.∗&.&(/∀(%∀6%Μ%65+∃(&.,+.∗#4(5&∗(∆4(#∗∀6∗,#=======================#Χ]Γ#
∗086(#]=ΧΦϕ#Τ,5&Κ+∃(Σ+∃∃%&(.∗&.&(/∀(/Μ∗,+∃∃(+∀6(#,/5Α(&.,+.∗#4(5&∗(∆4(5∀%Μ∗,&%.4(
4∗+,(#,/5Α#=================================================================================================#Χ]Η#
∗086(#]=ΧΗϕ#Υ/&.Ι∋/≅(Ρ+∀∀ΙΣ∋%.∀∗4(.∗&.&(/∀(/Μ∗,+∃∃(+∀6(#,/5Α(&.,+.∗#4(5&∗(∆4(
5∀%Μ∗,&%.4(4∗+,(#,/5Α#=================================================================================#Χ]∴#
∗086(#]=Χ∴ϕ#Τ,5&Κ+∃(Σ+∃∃%&(.∗&.&(/∀(%∀6%Μ%65+∃(&.,+.∗#4(5&∗(∆4(5∀%Μ∗,&%.4(4∗+,(
#,/5Α#=========================================================================================================#Χ]]#
∗086(#]=Χ]ϕ#Ρ+∀∀ΙΣ∋%.∀∗4(.∗&.&(/∀(/Μ∗,+∃∃(+∀6(#,/5Α(&.,+.∗#4(5&∗(∆4(
+≅+6∗2%≅(2+ς/,#=========================================================================================#Χ]Κ#
∗086(#]=ΧΛϕ#Ρ+∀∀ΙΣ∋%∀∗4(.∗&.&(/∀(%∀6%Μ%65+∃(&.,+.∗#4(5&∗(∆4(+≅+6∗2%≅(2+ς/,#==========#ΧΛΓ#
∗086(#]=ΧΣϕ#−Α∗+,2+∀Ε&(ϑ+∀Κ(Π,6∗,(Β/,,∗∃+.%/∀(.∗&.&(/∀#.Μ∗,+∃∃(+∀6(#,/5Α(
&.,+.∗#4(5&∗(∆4(&∗∃0Ι,+.∗6(!∀#∃%&∋(Α,/0%≅%∗∀≅4#===========================================#ΧΛΦ#
∗086(#]=Χ∆ϕ#−Α∗+,2+∀Ε&(ϑ+∀Κ(Π,6∗,(Β/,,∗∃+.%/∀(.∗&.(/∀(%∀6%Μ%65+∃(&.,+.∗#4(5&∗(
Ν%.∋%∀(ϑ∗#5∃+.%∀#(#,/5Α(∆4(&∗∃0Ι,+.∗6(!∀#∃%&∋(Α,/0%≅%∗∀≅4#========================#ΧΛ∴#
∗086(#]=ΧΚϕ#−Α∗+,2+∀Ε&(ϑ+∀Κ(Π,6∗,(Β/,,∗∃+.%/∀(.∗&.&(/∀(%∀6%Μ%65+∃(&.,+.∗#4(5&∗(
Ν%.∋%∀(7/,2Ι∆+&∗6(#,/5Α(∆4(&∗∃0Ι,+.∗6(!∀#∃%&∋(Α,/0%≅%∗∀≅4#======================#ΧΛΛ#
∗086(#]=ΦΓϕ#−Α∗+,2+∀Ε&(ϑ+∀Κ(Π,6∗,(Β/,,∗∃+.%/∀(.∗&.&(/∀(%∀6%Μ%65+∃(&.,+.∗#4(5&∗(
Ν%.∋%∀(−Κ%∃∃Ι∆+&∗6(#,/5Α(∆4(&∗∃0Ι,+.∗6(!∀#∃%&∋(Α,/0%≅%∗∀≅4#========================#ΧΛΣ#
∗086(#]=ΦΧϕ#−Α∗+,2+∀Ε&(ϑ+∀Κ(Π,6∗,(Β/,,∗∃+.%/∀(.∗&.&(/∀(/Μ∗,+∃∃(+∀6(#,/5Α(

&.,+.∗#4(5&∗(∆4(!∀#∃%&∋(∃∗+,∀%∀#(∆∗∃%∗0&#=====================================================#ΧΣΓ#
∗086(#Λ=Χϕ#Β∋+,+≅.∗,%&.%≅&(/0(&.56∗∀.(%∀.∗,Μ%∗Ν(Α+,.%≅%Α+∀.&#========================================#ΧΣΚ#

xv


1

1.1 Introduction
Τ0)%&0%(#6(03),)%#52302(%,(5#ΟΤΤΡ5Π#+0≅(#8(()#()2+&5,052,:066∋#3(5(03:+(7#8∋#
<30:2,2,.)(35#0)7#5:+.6035#?.367?,7(#5,):(#2+(#(036∋#ΧΚΣΓ5=#ς0≅.&3086(#3(5(03:+#
(≅,7():(#+05#8(()#(52086,5+(7#.)#ΤΤΡ5#05#0)#(44(:2,≅(#0)7#?.3>086(#:.1<.)()2#,)#
2+(#60)%&0%(#6(03),)%#<3.:(55=#ι)(#.4#2+(#1.52#%()(306#3(≅(602,.)5#.)#ΤΤΡ5#,5#2+02#
2+(∋#03(#0)#,)46&()2,06#40:2.3#,)#7(2(31,),)%#5&::(55#,)#5(:.)7κ4.3(,%)#60)%&0%(#
6(03),)%=#!1<.320)26∋∀#2+(#:0<08,6,2∋#2.#10),<&602(#0)7#10)0%(#52302(%,(5#4.3#
,1<3.≅(7#60)%&0%(#6(03),)%#(44,:,():∋#,5#.4#%3(02#<(70%.%,:06#5,%),4,:0):(#4.3#2+(#
<3.4(55,.)=#∗+02#,5#2+(#3(05.)#?+∋#ΤΤΡ5#8(:.1(#2+(#4.:&5#.4#2+,5#3(5(03:+#52&7∋=###
∗+,5#:+0<2(3#%,≅(5#0)#.≅(3≅,(?#.4#2+(#52&7∋∀#+,%+6,%+2,)%#2+(#3(5(03:+#302,.)06(#
?,2+,)#2+(#+,52.3,:06#0)7#:.)2(1<.303∋#:.)2(Α25∀#,)2(3)02,.)06#0)7#6.:06#5(22,)%5∀#
0)7#:&62&306Ξ(7&:02,.)06#80:>%3.&)75#?+(3(#,2#?05#5,2&02(7=#Ρ<(:,4,:066∋∀#2+,5#
:+0<2(3#,):6&7(5#2+(#2+(.3(2,:06#05#?(66#05#:.)2(Α2&06#302,.)06(#.4#2+(#52&7∋=#!2#
.&26,)(5#2+(#%&,7,)%#.8Υ(:2,≅(5∀#5,%),4,:0):(∀#3(5(03:+#1(2+.7.6.%∋∀#(2+,:06#
:.)5,7(302,.)5#0)7#6,1,202,.)5#.4#2+(#52&7∋=#ϑ)#.&26,)(#.4#2+(#:.)2()25#.4#066#2+(#
5&85(Ψ&()2#:+0<2(35#,5#065.#<3(5()2(7#,)#2+(#6052#<032#.4#2+,5#:+0<2(3=##

1.2 Research background
1.2.1 Theoretical background
ϑ#:3,2,:06#3(≅,(?#.4#2+(#3(602(7#6,2(302&3(#,)7,:02(5#2+02#4(?#3(5(03:+#52&7,(5#+0≅(#05#
10)∋#2+(.3(2,:06#:.):(<25#&)7(3<,)),)%#,2#05#2+(#?.3>#.4#ΤΤΡ5=#ϑ#≅052#30)%(#.4#03(05#
+0≅(#8(()#7.:&1()2(7#2.#5(3≅(#05#2+(#2+(.3(2,:06#4.&)702,.)#4.3#2+(#7(≅(6.<1()2#

.4#ΤΤΡ5∀#?,2+#(7&:02,.)06∀#:.%),2,≅(#∀#0)7#:3.55Ξ:&62&306#<5∋:+.6.%,(5#8(,)%#2+(#1.52#
:,2(7#4,(675#ΟΙ.+()∀#ΦΓΓ]Π=#ι2+(3#?,7(6∋#3(<.32(7#4,(675#,):6&7(#,)4.3102,.)Ξ
<3.:(55,)%#2+(.3∋∀#5.:,.Ξ:&62&306#2+(.3∋∀#5.:,06#:.)523&:2,≅,52#2+(.3∋∀#60)%&0%(#
2(0:+,)%#0)7#6(03),)%∀#0<<6,(7#6,)%&,52,:5∀#5.:,.6,)%&,52,:5∀#0)7#<5∋:+.6,)%&,52,:5#
ΟΙ.+()∀#ΦΓΓ]Π=#∃&1(3.&5#2+(.3,(5#3..2(7#,)#2+(5(#4,(675#+0≅(#8(()#&):(05,)%6∋#

1


:.)523&:2(7#0)7#3(:.)523&:2(7∀#?+,:+#7,3(:26∋#0)7#,)7,3(:26∋#,)46&():(#2+(#<30:2,:(#
.4#60)%&0%(#2(0:+,)%#0)7#6(03),)%#?.367?,7(=##
1.2.1.1 Shifts in learning theory and pedagogy
β.52#,)46&()2,06#0)7#.≅(303:+,)%#.4#066∀#?+,:+#,5#<032,:&6036∋#3(6(≅0)2#2.#2+,5#52&7∋#.)#
6(03),)%#52302(%,(5#.4#Ν)%6,5+#05#0#4.3(,%)#60)%&0%(∀#,5#2+(#<0307,%102,:#5+,42#,)#
6(03),)%#2+(.3∋#43.1#−(+0≅,.&3,51#2.#Ι.)523&:2,≅,51=#−(+0≅,.&3,51#.3#−(+0≅,.&306#
;5∋:+.6.%∋#,)23.7&:(7#0)7#7(≅(6.<(7#8∋#χ025.)#ΟΧΚΧΗΠ#0)7#Ρ>,))(3#ΟΧΚΗ∆Π#,5#
:+030:2(3,5(7#8∋#2+(#055&1<2,.)#2+02#066#8(+0≅,.&35#03(#0:Ψ&,3(7#2+3.&%+#
:.)7,2,.),)%#.)#0#52,1&6&5Ξ3(5<.)5(#<3,):,<6(=#!)#.2+(3#?.375∀#8(+0≅,.&3,52#2+(.3∋#
23(025#60)%&0%(#0:Ψ&,5,2,.)#05#0#<3.:(55#.4#+08,2#4.3102,.)#5+0<(7#8∋#<.5,2,≅(#.3#
)(%02,≅(#3(,)4.3:(1()2=#∗+,5#8(+0≅,.&3,52#,7(.6.%∋#&5(7#2.#8(#≅(3∋#7.1,)0)2#,)#2+(#
4,352#+064#.4#2+(#2?()2,(2+#:()2&3∋∀#8&2#?05#602(3#+(0≅,6∋#:3,2,:,5(7#4.3#7,5:.&)2,)%#.3#
7,53(%037,)%#2+(#1()206,2∋#0)7#:.)5:,.&5)(55#.4#2+(#6(03)(35=#∗+(3(4.3(∀#2+(3(#+05#
8(()#0#).2,:(086(#5+,42#2.#Ι.)523&:2,≅,51∀#3..2(7#,)#:.%),2,≅(#0)7#7(≅(6.<1()206#
<5∋:+.6.%∋#07≅0):(7#8∋#9(?(∋#ΟΧΚΧΛΠ∀#;,0%(2#ΟΧΚΣΦΠ∀#Ω∋%.25>∋#ΟΧΚΣ∆Π#0)7#−3&)(3#
ΟΧΚΚΓΠ=##
∗+(#4&)701()2065#.4#:.)523&:2,≅,51#03(#3(52(7#.)#2+(#<3,):,<6(5#2+02#6(03)(35#
:.)523&:2#2+(,3#.?)#>).?6(7%(#0)7#&)7(3520)7,)%#.4#2+(#.&25,7(#?.367#2+3.&%+#2+(#
<3.:(7&306#<3.:(55#.4#(Α<(3,():,)%#0)7#3(46(:2,)%#.)#2+(,3#(Α<(3,():(5=#!)#.2+(3#
?.375∀#2+(#:.)523&:2,≅,52#2+(.3∋#805(5#,25#<3,):,<6(5#.)#2+(#8(6,(45#2+02#?(#03(#0:2,≅(#
:3(02.35#.4#.&3#.?)#>).?6(7%(=#Ι.)523&:2,≅,51#+05#2?.#3(<3(5()202,≅(#2∋<(5ϕ#

:.%),2,≅(#0)7#5.:,06∀#?+,:+#03(#).2#(Α:6&5,≅(6∋#7,44(3()2=#Β/#∀%.%Μ∗(≅/∀&.,5≅.%Μ%&2#
(1<+05,5(5#:.%),2,≅(#7(≅(6.<1()2#0)7#,)7,≅,7&06#:.)523&:2,.)#.4#>).?6(7%(#
%3.&)7(7#.)#2+(#?.3>#.4#;,0%(2#ΟΧΚ]∴∀#ΧΚ]]∀#ΧΚΣΓΠ=#;,0%(2[5#7(≅(6.<1()206#2+(.3∋#
,5#&)7(3<,))(7#8∋#0#+.6,52,:#0<<3.0:+∀#<.52&602,)%#2+02#6(03),)%#,5#0#7(≅(6.<1()206#
<3.:(55#?+,:+#,)≅.6≅(5#:+0)%(∀#5(64Ξ%()(302,.)∀#0)7#:.)523&:2,.)∀#(0:+#8&,67,)%#.)#
<3,.3#6(03),)%#(Α<(3,():(5=#ϑ::.37,)%#2.#+,5#2+(.3∋∀#6(03),)%#.::&35#2+3.&%+#2+(#
2+3((#7,52,):2#<3.:(55(5#.4#055,1,602,.)∀#0::.11.702,.)#0)7#(Ψ&,6,83,&1=#∃(?#
>).?6(7%(#0)7#(Α<(3,():(5#03(#055,1,602(7#0)7#2+()#,)2(%302(7#,)2.#(Α,52,)%#
5:+(10#2+3.&%+#2+(#<3.:(55#.4#0::.11.702,.)=#∗+(#.&2:.1(#.4#2+(5(#<3.:(55(5#,5#
(Ψ&,6,83,&1∀#?+,:+#,5#2+(#0:+,(≅(1()2#.4#)(?#&)7(3520)7,)%∀#:.+(3():(#0)7#
2


:.%),2,≅(#5208,6,2∋=#!)#2+,5#5()5(∀#>).?6(7%(#,5#2+(#.&2:.1(#.4#0)#()76(55#<3.:(55#.4#
:.)523&:2,.)∀#,)2(3)06,η02,.)#0)7#3(:.)523&:2,.)#.4#(Α2(3)06#3(06,2∋#8∋#,)7,≅,7&06#
6(03)(35=#−/≅%+∃(≅/∀&.,5≅.%Μ%&2#+,%+6,%+25#2+(#5.:,06#:.)523&:2,.)#.4#>).?6(7%(#
%3.&)7(7#.)#2+(#?.3>#.4#Ω∋%.25>∋#ΟΧΚΛΦ∀#ΧΚΣ∆Π=#!2#,5#<.52&602(7#2+02#>).?6(7%(#,5#
:.)523&:2(7#2+3.&%+#2+(#:.6608.302,≅(#0)7#,)2(30:2,≅(#<3.:(55(5#.4#5+03,)%∀#
7,5:&55,.)#0)7#)(%.2,02,.)=##δ).?6(7%(#,)#2+(#5.:,06#:.)523&:2,≅,52#≅,(?#,5#2+(3(4.3(#
2+(#3(5&62#.4#:..<(302,≅(#:.)523&:2,.)#,)#0#5.:,06Ξ:&62&306#:.)2(Α2=#ϑ5#0#?+.6(∀#2+(#
:.)523&:2,≅,52#<(35<(:2,≅(∀#(,2+(3#:.%),2,≅(#.3#5.:,06∀#3(%0375#6(03)(35#05#2+(#0:2,≅(#
:3(02.35#.4#2+(,3#>).?6(7%(∀#103>,)%#2+(#3(:.%),2,.)#.4#2+(#:()2306,2∋#.4#2+(#
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3


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1.2.1.2 Premises underpinning LLS research
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4


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1.2.1.2.1 Language learning strategies enhance performance
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1.2.1.2.2 Language learning strategies are transferrable
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5


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1.2.1.2.3 Language learning strategies are contextually and culturally specific
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6


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6(03),)%=##

1.2.2 Contextual background
1.2.2.1 English as a foreign language in Vietnam
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7


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8


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1.2.2.2 Issues of English language teaching and learning in Vietnam
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9