ADDRESS TERMS IN THE NOVEL GONE WITH THE WIND AND THEIR EQUIVALENTS IN VIETNAMESE TRANSLATION CUON THEO CHIEU GIO

MINISTRY OF EDUCATION AND TRAINING
VINH UNIVERSITY

TRAN THI KIM TUYEN

ADDRESS TERMS IN THE NOVEL GONE WITH THE WIND AND
THEIR EQUIVALENTS IN VIETNAMESE TRANSLATION
CUON THEO CHIEU GIO

Major: Theoretical Linguistics
Code: 62. 22. 01. 01

SUMMARY OF DOCTORAL THESIS
IN LINGUISTICS AND LITERATURE

NGHE AN - 2016


1
INTRODUCTION
1. Rationale
1.1. In language in general and in Vietnamese and English in particular,
address terms are the reflection of the hierarchical relationship among participants
of the conversations as well as their attitudes and emotion. In order for the
conversation to go smoothly, speaker should choose suitable address terms basing
on the relationship between listener and speaker. The choice and usage of suitable
address terms with the context and content will depend on this interpersonal
relationship; these address terms also have impacts on the development of the
conversation. It is, therefore, meaningful and important to conduct a research into
the respective expression of form of address in the two languages (English Vietnamese).
1.2. In Vietnamese, address terms are diversified and they carry different

connotations in different circumstances; the same role may have different address
terms with different shades of emotions. Address terms in English are, however,
different in both quantity, kind of speech (address) and structure of address terms.
The difference between the two languages has created confusion for translators
when choosing the equivalent address terms, especially when translating work from
English into Vietnamese. In this thesis, the author will investigate the translation of
address terms from the original version in Margaret Mitchell’s Gone with the wind
(Macmillan Publisher, 2005) the translated Vu Kim Thu translator’s Cuon theo
chieu gio (Thoi Đai Publisher, 2009) to identify the systematic characteristic and
principles in the translation activity from English into Vietnamese and vice versa.
1.3. In real-life communication, personal pronouns are used more frequently
than nouns to address people, meanwhile, in Vietnamese, personal pronouns are not
as popular as nouns to address people, especially kinship noun. Therefore, in
translating address terms that appear in conversations between characters from
English into Vietnamese, there are both similarities and differences between English
and Vietnamese in terms of the use of personal pronoun, addressing nouns (name
and full name, kinship nouns, nouns expressing feeling, nouns expressing gender,
nouns showing politeness, objectification noun, occupational titles…) as well as
emotion and culture and etc. It is an essential and practical to point out the
similarities and differences among these issues for the teaching of English and
Vietnamese.


2
1.4. In actual fact, both Vietnamese learners of English and foreign learners of
Vietnamese encounter many difficulties in using address terms in learning as well as
in translating from English to Vietnamese and vice versa. They make many mistakes
in usage because of a lack of clear understanding of the functions, semantics,
pragmatics and culture of each terms (whether to use personal pronoun or noun to
address). Therefore, “Address terms in the novel Gone with the wind and their

equivalents in Vietnamese translation Cuon theo chieu gio” is essential and need to
be conducted.
2. Research objects and aims
2.1. Research objects
For this paper, we choose to investigate address terms used in the dialogues of
characters in Margaret Mitchell’s novel Gone with the wind (Macmillan Publisher,
2005) and its Vietnamese translation Vu Kim Thu translator’s Cuon theo chieu gio
(Thoi Đai Publisher, 2009).
This novel was translated into Vietnamese by some authors such as Duong
Tuong, Le Cong Thanh. In this thesis, we selected the translation of by Vu Kim Thu
translator (Thoi Đai Publisher, 2009).
2.2. Aims of the study
This study aims at:
- In terms of theory, it aims to identify factors that influence address terms
such as: role of communication, attitude in dialogues of the novel Gone with the
wind (English version) and the translation Cuon theo chieu gio (Vietnamese
version), and the similarities and differences in the use of personal pronoun and
nouns of address in English and Vietnamese, thereby making contribution to the
theory of address form in general theory of the translation of address form from
English into Vietnamese in particular.
The practical aim of the study is to apply findings of the study of address terms
in the novel Gone with the wind (English) and the Vietnamese translation Cuon theo
chiều gió into teaching - learning activity and English - Vietnamse and Vietnamese English translation activity.
3. Tasks of the thesis
To conduct this study, the thesis has the following tasks:
a. Collect, classify the system of address terms which reflect the
interpersonal relationship of communication participants in the novel Gone with


3

the wind by Margaret Mitchell and the translation Cuon theo chieu gio of Vu Kim
Thu translator.
b. Compare, collect address terms in novel Gone with the wind (English) and
the translation Cuon theo chieu gio (Vietnamese), analyzed from two axis: b1)
Vertical axis - reflecting social position, power and b2) Horizontal axis - reflecting
close relationship, or distance between communicators to identify similarities and
differences in terms of number of address terms, the variation in the usage of these
terms depending on feelings, psychology, culture, characters' interpersonal
relationship in family and society.
c. Identify similarities and differences in the use of address terms with models
of interpersonal relationships reflected through PPs, nouns of address, expressions of
address (EA), and ellipsis (reduced address terms) which are used in communication
in the English original and Vietnamese translation.
d. Apply research findings which are reflected through models of interpersonal
relationship in the teaching - learning activity and translation between English and
Vietnamese.
4. Research material and methods
4.1. Research materials
We collected and analyzed address terms in characters' conversations in the
novel Gone with the wind by Margaret Mitchell and the translation Cuon theo chieu
gio of translator Vu Kim Thu. In addition, we used the translation Cuon theo chieu
gio by Duong Tuong to make comparison.
4.2. Research methods
4.2.1. Listing and classification
We listed the number of address terms including personal pronoun, sub-group
of nouns and expressions of address in characters' talk in specific context and
classified them into groups and subgroups to draw general observation.
4.2.2. Discourse analysis
On the basis of address terms collected using discourse analysis, we described
the equivalence between the original and translation in terms of semantics, content,

reference system of address terms, communication target and etc. In addition, we
analyzed and explained the relationship between language and psychology, culture,
society to describe characteristics and translation methods of address terms in
characters' conversations in the English original and the Vietnamese translation.
4.2.3. Comparison method


4
We compared characteristics and use of address terms which are suitable with
communication role, context and functions of address terms used in the translation
from the English original into Vietnamese translation. We did this in order to find
similarities and differences in the use of address terms between these two languages.
Apart from the above methods, our thesis also used some other methods, such
as, systemization, modeling the use of address terms in the two languages (English
and Vietnamese), using both qualitative and quantitative methods to have
appropriate results.
5. Contribution of the thesis
This is the first study about the number of address terms and their translation
from English and Vietnamese and the differences in the use of address terms in
communication between the English original and Vietnamese translation.
6. Structure of thesis
In addition to Introduction, Conclusion, and References, the thesis has 4
chapters:
Chapter 1: An overview of past studies and literature review
Chapter 2: Personal pronouns were used by characters in the orginal novel
Gone with the wind and equivalent translation in Cuon theo chieu gio
Chapter 3: Nouns of address were used by characters in the orginal novel
Gone with the wind and equivalent translation in Cuon theo chieu gio
Chapter 4: Application of research findings into teaching - learning activities
and translation of address terms

5
Chapter 1
AN OVERVIEW OF PAST STUDIES AND LITERATURE REVIEW
1.1. An overview of studies into address terms
Until now, many authors have mentioned the topic of address terms (AT) ,
however, there has not been an agreement on the concepts of address. In the world
and in Vietnam, there has been major achievement in the studies of address terms.
1.1.1. History of studies into address terms
The issue of AT in English has been studied for a long time:
In 1961, Brown, Roger W. and Marguerite Ford in their article Address in
American English analyzed address form (AF) in conversations between two
participants in many different contexts, with the influence from socio-psychological
factors basing on the close relationship of three kinds of AF (first name or surname
to address, words of address for absent people (first name or surname) [127, p.371].
In 1968, Hanning, Robert W mentioned the use of AF in middle-aged literature
[135, tr.325]. In1973, Eliason Norman E. studied AF and references [133, p.137]. In
1985, Lou Quangquinh wrote about society and culture in naming principles [138,
p.3]. In 1988, Braun, F wrote an article about models and the multilingual,
multicultural use of AF [126]. Also in 1988, Thai Duy Bao in Constrative analysis
of etiquette in English - VietNamese dialogue [5] mentioned PP (PP) and nouns of
address (NA) in English. The author wrote: “In English conversation, the use of PP
is compulsory and traditional such as PP I, we for the first-person pronoun,
interlocutor (the addressor) and PP you for second-person, who is the participant
(addressee). These personal pronouns appeared in all communication and social
relationships despite differences in social positions, ages and intimacy level
between speakers. In other words, it reflects relationships between communication
partners, between interlocutor and addressee…” [5, tr.45-46]. In addition, the author
also mentioned types of address in English which reflect position but not politeness,

and not affected by different shades of communication in different situations…
Although address terms in English show equality of address terms and they cannot
be replaced by other address terms, depending on characters' attitude and feelings,
we can see variation of temporary address terms such as my love, my pet…. In 2006,
authors Bull, Peter, Fetzer, and Anita mentioned the strategy of using AF in
interviews with government leaders, typically issues surrounding the questions
[128, tr.1].
Generally speaking, there have been many studies and articles about AF in
English or comparison between English and Russian, Sino, Swiss, Japanese, South
African or Vietnamese… but no articles have mentioned the translation of AF in the
novel Gone with the wind from English into Vietnamese.
1.1.2. Studies of address terms in Vietnamese


6
In Vietnamese, address terms were first studied by Alexandre De Rodhes in his
Dictionary of Vietnamese - Portuguese – Latin, in 1651, he mentioned PP, as well as
the nouns indicating kinship (NIK) with addressing functions such as ong, ba, chu,
bac, cau… However, in this dictionary, these AF were not complete and did not
reflect all terms used in real life. In 1884, Truong Vinh Ky spent 30 pages in his book
Grammare de langueannamite to describe PP. Nguyen Van Chien had articles about
Locality of kinship nouns in Vietnamese [18], Address terms in Vietnamese [20],
Address terms in Vietnamese [21]. In Semantics of conversational lines [58] and
pragmatics textbook [59, p.191-197], Do Thi Kim Lien mentioned relevant issues of
AF in conversation or in communication between communication participants such
as as pairs of interactive AF in asking and answering; the development and
conversion of AF with the content of conversation; the development in psychology
and emotion of characters which influence the usage. In addition, we must also
mention articles about address terms by Bui Minh Yen in the doctoral thesis
Addressing in family and society of Vietnamese [119]. The doctoral thesis Address

terms originating from kinship nouns in Vietnamese surveyed, described and
analyzed carefully, completely and comprehensively about all kinship nouns used to
address in communication [31]. In 2012, Truong Thi Diem wrote about Address
terms originating from kinship nouns in Catholic community of Vietnamese [32]. In
2012, Truong Thi Minh Phương in her article about Address terms of Vietnamese [79]
emphasized some basic characteristics in the use of layers of AF in Vietnamese and
some practical applications in communication. In 2014, La Thi Thanh Mai in her
doctoral thesis Addressing characteristics of Korean and Vietnamese [64] discussed
similarities and differences in address terms in family and society contexts between
Koreans and Vietnamese.
Having a look at studies about address terms in English and Vietnamese, we
see that no studies mentioned the comparison of address terms in communication
between English and its Vietnamese translation, with the analysis into a specific
novel, therefore, we chose this topic: “Address terms in the novel Gone with the wind
and their equivalents in Vietnamese translation Cuon theo chieu gio”.
1.2. Literature review
1.2.1. Overview of address terms
AF include PP and NA or EA (this is the basis for our analysis and
comparison in chapter 2 and 3) and we call them units of AT used by characters to
“address themselves” (self-reference) and “address others” (refer to other people)
with the function to position, establish interpersonal relationship and express
attitude, feeling, psychology, awareness in communication in family and society.
At the same time, AF reflects the intellectual level and national culture, which
have been long established in the community and have become the habits of
conversation participants.


7
The main function of AF is to establish relationship among communication
participants and reflect the attitude and feeling of interlocutors through their three

main functions: positioning, reference and showing interpersonal relationship. Units
of AT in Vietnamese usually have three functions namely positioning, reference and
interpersonal relationship.
1.2.1.3. Address terms in English and Vietnamese
Address terms in English and Vietnamese consist of personal pronoun and
nouns of address (NA) (surname and first name, NIK, nouns denoting feelings, nouns
denoting gender, nouns denoting politeness, objectification nouns, and status nouns)
and EA used in specific contexts.
1.2.2. Overview of communication
Communication is the exchange and interaction through difference means. In
our opinion, communication is information exchange between two or more people in
specific contexts and situations. When the first person addresses the second person
using a PP or a NA, this created an activity, which is a communication activity. It
includes influencing factors such as communication role, communication content,
communication purpose, communication context and attitude.
1.2.3. Some relevant issues to equivalence in translation
When translating from source language A (English) to target language B
(Vietnamese), there may be some circumstances such as complete equivalence,
partial equivalence or no equivalence. On this basis, we proposed a diagram showing
the interpersonal relationship, which are the expression and the expressed. (see Thesis
p.32).
Therefore, translation is about finding equivalence (from source language to
target language). The equivalent language itself is the communication of language
(translation of language determined by the expressed - the content, type, intention,
purpose and style of the author and the expression - the characteristics of the language
and the translation of the source culture to target culture.
1.2.3.3. Address terms in translation
Translation of AT is a linguistic translation activity (about certain units of
speech or texts from source language into target language) but it should maintain
the content of source language. This is the intercultural process between two or

more languages, requiring translators to understand clearly cultural features of both
source and target languages so that they can express correctly and accurately the
content and meaning of source language.
1.2.3.4. Differences in translating between two languages in terms of cultural issues
In translating between two or more languages, AT of both Vietnamese and
English reflect politeness and feelings. PP in English only have neutral meaning
(he/ him, she/ her, you, we/ us, they/ them), no other PP reflects a sense of
formality or informality. Meanwhile, PP in Vietnamese do not show politeness and


8
formality but only neutral feelings (toi, chung toi…), or informality (tao, han...).
Apart from PP, there is a large number of NA such as surname and first name,
NIK, status nouns, expressions of address (EA)… which can replace PP, even used
more than PP.
From the above analysis, we can see that the use of AT in Vietnamese has
unique cultural meanings, which is different from the use of AT in English
1.2.4. Introduction of Gone with the wind and the translation Cuốn theo
chiều gió
Gone with the wind [I] is the famous novel by Margaret Mitchell, published in
1936 and won Pulitzer prize in 1937; it was one of the most well-known book and
translated into many different languages in the world. The story plot is as follows:
The context is in Georgia and Atlanta; the story told how a strong woman living in
South America, Scarlett O’Hara, had two find all ways to survive through the war
and the difficult life that she experience with her friends, family and beloved people
in the South of America during the civil war and reconstruction period. The story was
also about a romantic and beautiful love story between Scarlett O’Hara and Rhett
Butler. Rhett Butler was in love with Scarlett. But Rhett could not express his love to
Scarlett because she was “very cruel towards those who loved her. She took their love
and used it as a rod to hit those who loved her”. This is considered a classic, romantic

and wonderful love story of our time.
1.3. Summary of chapter 1
In chapter 1, we draw some conclusions: We described the concepts of AF in
English and Vietnamese to compare AT between source language (English) and
target language (Vietnamese), in a limited scope which is the conversations between
characters in Gone with the wind and Vietnamese translation Cuon theo chieu gio:
- Basic components of AF are: positioning function, reference function,
interpersonal relationship function to describe AT. These functions can mark the role
of communication participants to develop their conversations.
- Subgroups of AT in Vietnamese communication including: PP, NA such as
first name and surname, nouns denoting feelings, nouns denoting gender, status
nouns, kinship nouns or EA. They all reflect interpersonal relationship and relevant
factors in communication such as: content, purpose and attitude of communication in
corresponding contexts of communication participants.
- We also mentioned some equivalent units in many other languages such as:
concepts of translation, equivalence in translation between the two languages and
especially translation methods (English - Vietnamese) via cultural factors.
- We have summarized a chart of AT that characters use in English and
translated into Vietnamese. These results can be used as a basis for our analysis
into their usage, presented in chapter two and three, from which we can identify the
similarities and differences and cultural features.


9
Chapter 2
PERSONAL PRONOUNS WERE USED BY CHARACTERS IN THE
ORIGINAL NOVEL GONE WITH THE WIND AND EQUIVALENT
TRANSLATION IN CUON THEO CHIEU GIO
2.1. Summary of the translation of personal pronouns were used by
characters from [I] into [II]

In this chapter, we examined PP from 435 conversations in [I] and translated in
[II] with many different forms used and a considerable number as shown in table 2.1:
Table 2.1: Summary of the translation of PPs were used by characters
from [I] into [II]
Language
PP and percentage
The first PP
The second PP
The third PP
Total
Percentage

English
PP
6845
4959
3796
15600
100%

Vietnamese
PP
Ellipsis
4014
1634
143
1178
1200
915
5357

3727
34,3%
23,9%

NA
1014
3484
1331
5829
37,4%

EA
183
154
350
687
4,4%

In forms, there is a change of type of speech of PP from translated from
English into Vietnamese (PP → PP and NA) due to some factors affecting
conversation participants in terms of interpersonal relationship on the two axes
(vertical axis – horizontal axis), in which vertical axis is social relationship, status
and according to relationship such as close relationship (love, respect, husband and
wife), family relationship, friendship, enemy, hatred... between conversation
participants, and reflecting role, hierarchy in family and society, age, gender,
position, occupation, attitude, feeling.
2.2. The first person pronoun I, me is used in [I] and equivalent translation
in [II]
From the first person pronoun I, me is used in [I] and equivalent translation in
[II], we give the results:

2.2.1. Translation of the first single personal pronoun I, me
Number of times first person pronoun I, me is used in [I] and equivalent
translation in [II], which was shown in the table 2.2:
Table 2.2: Number of times first person pronoun I, me is used in [I]
and equivalent translation in [II]
English
PP
I: 4315
Me: 1659

VietNamese
PP

Percentage

2493
1047

57,8%
63,1%

Ellipsis Percentage

1035
335

24%
20,2%

NA

Percentage

EA

Percentage

766
226

17,7%
13,6%

21
51

0,5%
3,1%


10
2.2.2. Translation of the first plural personal pronoun we, us
Number of times first plural PP we, us is used in [I] and equivalent translation
in [II], which was shown in the table 2.3:
Table 2.3: Number of times first plural PP we, us is used in [I] and equivalent
translation in [II]
English

VietNamese

PP

PP

Percentage

Ellipsis

Percentage

EA

Percentage

NA

Percentage

We: 577

324

56,2%

169

29,3%

67

11,6%

17

2,9%

Us: 294

150

51%

95

32,3%

44

15%

5

1,7%

2.3. Translation of the second personal pronoun in characters’ dialogue
from [I] into [II]
Number of times second PP you is used in [I] and equivalent translation in [II],
which was shown in the table 2.4:
Bảng 2.4: Number of times second PP you is used in [I] and equivalent
translation in [II]

English

VietNamese

PP

NA

PP you: 4959

3484

Percentage Ellipsis

70,2%

1178

Percentage

EA

Percentage

PP

Percentage

23,8%

154

3,1%

143

2,9%

2.4. Translation of the third personal pronoun in characters’ dialogue
from [I] into [II]
2.4.1. Translation of the third single personal pronoun he, him, she, her
Number of times third single PP he, him, she, her is used in [I] and equivalent
translation in [II], which was shown in the table 2.5:
Table 2.5: Number of times third single PP he, him, she, her is used in [I]
and equivalent translation in [II]
English

VietNamese

PP

NA

Percentage

PP

He: 1051

536

51%

175

16,7%

Him: 529

235

44,4%

142

26,9%

Percentage Ellipsis

Percentage

EA

Percentage

247

23,5%

93

8,8%

106

20%

46

8,7%


11
She: 826

415

50,2%

212

25,7%

137

16,6%

62

7,5%

Her: 373

145

38,9%

106

28,4%

82

22%

40

10,7%

2.4.2. Translation of the third single personal pronoun they, them
Number of times third plural PP they, them is used in [I] and equivalent
translation in [II], which was shown in the table 2.6:
Table 2.6: Number of times third plural PP they, them is used in [I]
and equivalent translation in [II]
English
PP
They: 655
Them: 362

VietNamese

PP

409
156

Percentage Ellipsis

62,5%
43%

202
141

Percentage

EA

Percentage

NA

Percentage

30,8%
39%

44
65

6,7%

18%

0
0

0%
0%

2.5. The personal pronouns were added into the dialogue in the translation
Number of times PPs were added (insertion) into the dialogue of [II], which
was shown in the table 2.7:
Table 2.7: The PPs were added into the dialogue in [II]
Number of times
The PPs were added
The first PP
The second PP
The third PP
Total

English

VietNamese

0
0
0
0

156
3

76
235

2.6. Similarities and differences in translation of personal pronouns
2.6.1. Similarities
- Both English and Vietnamese have PP in the three positions: first PP, second PP,
third PP singular and plural which are used by characters in their communication. Also, all
PP have neutral shades of meaning and no PP show politeness, interpersonal relationship
or gender except for third person singular which shows either male or female.
- In English and Vietnamese, first person and third person PP reflect one
person (singular) or many people (plural). Second person (you) in English is both
singular and plural; in Vietnamese, first person PP such as mình, ta is used for both
singular and plural depending on specific context.
2.6.2. Differences
2.6.2.1. In terms of usage rate


12
From the tables were written above, we see that the number of times PPs were
used into the communication in the English original version than its in the
VietNamese translated version. This was shown in the table 2.8:
Table 2.8: The PPs were used into the communication in [I] and [II]
Total
PP
The first PP
The second PP
The third PP
Total

English

VietNamese

Percentage

6845
4959
3796
15600

4170
146
1276
5592

1,6
34
3
2,8

2.6.2.2. In terms of semantics, pragmatics and culture
In this thesis, we analyze the differences in AT through characters'
conversation in the novel and comparison between English and Vietnamese in terms
of equivalence, number of sub-groups; modeling of address terms; semantics,
pragmatics, culture
2.7. Summary of chapter 2
Conclusions drawn:
- In terms of the number of PP used, PP used in [I] are 2.8 times more than
those used in [II].
- In terms of translation activity, PP in [I] is translated on an equivalent basis

into [II]; on the basis of content, purpose, attitude of characters, the translator
selected different AT to suit communication context. In Vietnamese, emotion is
always the most important consideration when addressing other people. With the
same person, but in different context and feelings, the use of AT also changes.
- In terms of the use of PP, in English, PP does not reflect any interpersonal
relationship in both axes (social relationship - family relationship), unaffected by
factors such as age, position, relationship, attitude and feeling of communication
participants. In Vietnamese, because PP are distributed unevenly, Vietnamese
people had to use more NA and EA while translating. Therefore, PP in Vietnamese
are various and flexible and depending on the type of object, content, purpose and
attitude of communication, each character has to replace PP with suitable NA;
depending on interpersonal relationship in terms of communication content, purpose
and attitude in different context, speakers should have different choices of AT
which are PP, NA, or EA.
- In terms of similarities and differences between PP used in the English


13
original and Vietnamese translation, PP in both languages contain politeness
(neutral), but there is a clear difference in usage habit. In English, PP usually do not
reflect clearly feelings (polite/impolite) as in Vietnamese.
Chapter 3
NOUNS OF ADDRESS WERE USED BY CHARACTERS IN THE ORIGINAL
NOVEL GONE WITH THE WIND AND EQUIVALENT TRANSLATION IN
CUON THEO CHIEU GIO
3.1. Summary of the translation of nouns of address were used by
characters from [I] into [II]
In this chapter, we examined NA from 435 conversations in [I] and translated in
[II] with many different forms used and a considerable number as shown in table 3.1:
Table 3.1: Summary of the translation of nouns of address were

used by characters from [I] into [II]
English

VietNamese

NA

NA

Percentage

EA

Percentage

PP

Percentage

Ellipsis

Percentage

2865

1970

68,7%

784

27,4%

63

2,2%

48

1,7%

3.2. Translation of sub-noun groups to address as reflected in character's
conversations from [I] to [II]
3.2.1. Translation of surname and full name
The number of times of the characters in the dialogue used full name and name
in [I] and equivalent translation in [II], which was shown in the table 3.2:
Table 3.2: The number of times of the characters in the dialogue used
surname and full name in [I] and equivalent translation in [II]
English

VietNamese

Surname
and full
name

Surname
and full Percentage Ellipsis Percentage EA Percentage PP Percentage NIK Percentage
name

1710

1525

89,2%

102

6%

75

4,4%

4

0,2%

4

0,2%

3.2.2. Translation of the nouns indicating kinship
The number of times was shown in the table 3.3:
Table 3.3: The number of times of the characters in the dialogue
used the nouns indicating kinship in [I] and equivalent translation in [II]


14
English

VietNamese

NIK

NIK

Percentage

EA

Percentage

Ellipsis

Percentage

230

154

67%

69

30%

7

3%

3.2.3. Translation of the emotional nouns
The number of times was shown in the table 3.4:
Table 3.4: The number of times of the characters in the dialogue
used the nouns indicating kinship in [I] and equivalent translation in [II]
English

VietNamese

The
The
emotional Ellipsis Percentage NIK Percentage EA Percentage emotional Percentage PP Percentage Name Percentage
nouns
nouns

144

45

31,3% 33 22,9% 32 22,2%

30

20,8%

2

1,4%

2

1,4%

3.2.4. Translation of the gender nouns
The number of times was shown in the table 3.5:
Table 3.5: The number of times of the characters in the dialogue
used the gender nouns in [I] and equivalent translation in [II]
English

VietNamese

The gender
nouns

The gender
nouns

Percentage

72

41

56,9%

Ellipsis Percentage

13

18,1%

EA

Percentage

11

15,3%

PP Percentage NIK Percentage

5

6,9

2

2,8%

3.2.5. Translation of the nouns denoting politeness
The number of times was shown in the table 3.6:
Table 3.6: The number of times of the characters in the dialogue
used the nouns denoting politeness in [I] and equivalent translation in [II]
English

VietNamese

The nouns
denoting
politeness

Ellipsis

Percentage

NIK

Percentage

The nouns
denoting
politeness

Percentage

EA

Percentage

PP

Percentage

73

38

52,1%

14

19,2%

12

16,4

6

8,2%

3

4,1%

3.2.6. Translation of the materalistic nouns
The number of times was shown in the table 3.7:
Table 3.7: The number of times of the characters in the dialogue used the
materalistic nouns in [I] and equivalent translation in [II]
English

VietNamese


12,8%

4

Percentage

5

Name

12,8%

Percentage

5

NIK

Ellipsis

46,1%

The
gender
nouns

Percentage

18

EA

Percentage

39

The
emotional
nouns

Percentage

The
materalistic
nouns

Percentage

The
materalistic
nouns

Percentage

15

10,3%

3

7,7%

3

7,7%

1

2,6%

3.2.7. Translation of the nouns indicating position and occupation
The number of times was shown in the table 3.8:
Table 3.8: The number of times of the characters in the dialogue used the nouns
indicating position and occupation in [I] and equivalent translation in [II]
English

VietNamese

The nouns indicating
position and occupation

The nouns indicating
position and
Percentage

Ellipsis

Percentage

2

1,6%

occupation

124

122

98,4%

3.2.8. Translation of the expressions of address
Các EA được các nhân vật sử dụng trong [I] và được chuyển dịch sang [II],
chúng tôi rút ra những kết quả về số lượng và hình thức được sử dụng như sau:
The number of times was shown in the table 3.9:
Bảng 3.9: The number of times of the characters in the dialogue used the
expressions of address in [I] and equivalent translation in [II]
English

VietNamese

EA

EA

2072

1974

Percentage Ellipsis Percentage

95,3%

71

3,4%

NA

Percentage

PP

Percentage

21

1%

6

0,3%

3.3. The nouns of address were added into the dialogue in the translation
Number of times nouns of address were added (insertion) into the dialogue of
[II], which was shown in the table 3.10:
Table 3.10: The nouns of address were added into the dialogue in [II]
English

The nouns of address were added into [II] (VietNamese)
Total: 327

NA: 0
EA: 0

NIK:

304

Surname and
fullname: 13

The nouns indicating position
and occupation: 6

The nouns denoting
politeness: 4

EA: 32

3.4. Similarities and differences when translating nouns of address in
terms of semantics, pragmatics and culture


16
3.4.1. Similarities
In Vietnamese and English, characters use both NA and EA and address and
they have the following similarities:
- NA are first name and surname, NIK, nouns denoting feelings, gender,
politeness, objectification, status and EA in both languages convey a sense formality,
politeness, love, neutrality and informality.
- NA and EA in both languages (English và Vietnamese) identify genders in
some NA sub-groups such as NIK, nouns denoting gender, politness and some EA.
- In NIK sub-group in both languages, interpersonal relationship in terms of
hierarchy, age, position is reflected.
- Plural NA (referring to many people) are used in accordance with EA (combination
of words) to address.

- NA in English and Vietnamese do not change forms when they have the
subject or object function in the sentence.
However, they do have some differences in number, semantics, pragmatics and
culture as follows:

3.4.2. Differences
In terms of semantics pragmatics and culture
3.4.2.1. The number of times
The number of times was shown in the table 3.11:
Table 3.11: The nouns of address were used in the communication in [I] and [II]
Language
English

VietNamese

Nouns of address

NA

Percentage
between [I]
and [II]

2392

NA ở [I] → NA ở [II]: 1970
PP ở [I] → NA ở [II]: 5829
NA were added in [II]: 327
Total: 8126

3,4

3.4.2.2. In terms of semantics, pragmatics and culture
From the above, we can see that NA used and English and Vietnamese do not
have one-to-one equivalence (1 - 1) but they are more popular and frequently used in
Vietnamese, about 3,4 times; and they are used in English less than in Vietnamese. In
addition, we recognize differences in PP in both languages (English and Vietnamese)
such as: subgroup form; ranking; use in each sub-group; feelings conveyed; models
of types of address.


17
3.5. Summary of chapter 3
From the above analysis, we conclude as follows:
- In Vietnamese, communication partners, including both addressor and
addressee, use NA (first person and second person and even third person when
mentioned), and in English, hardly any NA is used by communication participant to selfaddress himself/herself as the first person, they only do that in second and third person.
- In both English and Vietnamese there are NA, but in English, characters use
fewer NA to “address”, but only use when address others (second person) or when
mentioning the third person in Vietnamese, and in Vietnamese, NA are used to
“address” basing on bidirectional relationship between communication partners so it
is more diversified and intricate than in English.
- In terms of use, NA in Vietnamese, used directly and indirectly can be
combined with reference words (này, kia, đó), for plural NA we have to add (các,
mấy, những, chúng…) before NA, as for NA in English, only in indirect form, there
is a combination with reference words (that, those), for plural we add s or es to the
end of NA.
- In terms of feeling, in both Vietnamese and English, NA reflect feelings
such as formality, politeness, informality, closeness, love, neutrality. However, in

Vietnamese, feelings are usually depicted through NA, meanwhile in English there
are very few NA that convey feelings, including PP.
- In terms of meaning, in Vietnamese there is equal contribution of shades such
as: they don’t carry formality or politeness but mainly informality, feelings,
impoliteness, therefore, if wishing to convey politeness, formality, interlocutors
cannot use AT by PP, but have to use AT by NA such as NIK, surname/name…
especially in literature and arts.


18
Chapter 4
APPLICATION OF RESEARCH FINDINGS INTO TEACHING-LEARNING
ACTIVITIES AND TRANSLATION OF ADDRESS TERMS
4.1. Application of research findings into teaching-learning activities and
translation of address terms of characters' speech from [I] to [II]
The model of AT reflecting interpersonal relationship between communication
partners from [I] to [II] is as follows:
The AT model reflects interpersonal relationship among characters; we draw a
model of forms of address basing on the times of appearance in novel as follows:
1. Grandparents - grandchildren relationship (2 times): address others ong/ ba...
- address onself chau...
2. Parent-child relationship (47 times): address others ba/ cha/ me/ ma... address oneself con/ name (when small Wade)...
3. Aunt/uncle-nephew/niece (24 times): address others bac/ chu/ co/ di... address oneself chau.
4. Sibling/cousin relationship (61 times): address others anh/ chi - address onself anh/
chi/ em.
5. Husband-wife relationship (31 times): address others anh/ name... - address
onself toi/ em...
6. Love relationship (13 times): address others anh... - address oneself em...
7. Stepfather/ stepmother – step child (2 times): address others duong/ di... address onself con...
8. Colleague (hierarchy) (3 times): address others sep/ name... - address oneself

toi...
9. Social relationship (109 times): address others ong/ ba/ anh/ chi/ name... address oneself toi/ em...
10. Employer-employee relationship (90 times): address others ong/ ba/ co/
may... - address oneself toi/ tao...
So in [I] and [II] there are 10 types of addressing models to express
interpersonal relationship.
From addressing models used in [I] and [II], we propose equivalence when
translating units of AT of characters' conversation from [I] into [II] and application of
translation research is as follows:


19
4.2. Research findings and proposals for translation and teaching-learning
of units of address terms
4.2.1.Research findings in translation of address terms
4.2.1.1. Research findings in the translation of PPs
PP can be translated into PP, NA into NA but they can also be translated with a
change of type of speech or it may be necessary to use EA in the most accurate
equivalent forms of target language so that it is suitable with the context, custom,
culture and vice versa, from source language (Vietnamese) into target language
(English). In addition, apart from the change of type of speech, we also find the
reduction and addition of AT to clarify meaning.
4.2.1.2. Research findings in translation of nouns of address
The translation of NA from a source language (English) into target language
(Vietnamese) or vice versa (from Vietnamese into English) is usually exactly
equivalent with source language in terms of type of speech, vocabulary meaning with
original version, therefore, sometimes we have to change the type of speech or use
equivalent meaning by using EA in the most equivalent form of the target language
so that the translation is suitable with context, customs, culture of each language and
vice versa, we have to use implicit meaning (subjectification) or a certain symbol

attached with cultural feature of the target language, which is more common than the
meaning of source language.
4.2.2. Researching findings in teaching-learning activities of address terms
4.2.2.1. Research findings in teaching-learning activities of address terms
It is possible to translate PP into PP, NA into NA but it is also possible to
translate by changing type of speech or use EA in the most equivalent form of target
language to suit the context, customs, culture and vice versa, from source language
(Vietnamese) into target language (English).
4.2.2.2. Research findings in teaching-learning activity of nouns of address
The teaching of NA from a source language (English) into target language
(Vietnamese) or vice versa (from Vietnamese into English) is usually not exactly
equivalent with source language in terms of type of speech or meaning of
vocabulary in the original version, therefore, it is necessary to change type of
speech or use equivalent meaning by the most equivalent form of EA of the target
language to suit context, custom of each language and vice versa, or using implicit
meaning (objectification) or a certain symbol attached with cultural feature of the
target language, which is more common than the meaning of source language.


20
4.2.3. Proposed application in the translation of address terms
4.2.3.1. Proposed application in the translation of PPs
Depending on situation, context, feelings of communication participations, we
will have appropriate translation; specifically here, PP from English into Vietnamese
and vice versa, from Vietnamese into English, as reflected in the following table:
Table 4.3: Suggestions in the translation of PPs
Vietnamese
English

Complete

equivalence

Partial
equivalence

No equivalence
Different
translation

PP

PP

EA

NA

Ellipsis

Insertion

Ellipsis

PP

4.2.3.2. Proposed application in the translation of nouns of address
Depending on situation, context, feelings of communication participations, we
will have appropriate translation; specifically here, DTNX from English into
Vietnamese and vice versa, from Vietnamese into English, as reflected in table 4.4.:
Table 4.4: Suggestions in the translation of nouns of address

Vietnamese
English

NA

Complete
equivalence

Partial
equivalence

NA

EA

No equivalence
Different
translation

Ellipsis

Insertion

PP

Ellipsis

NA

4.2.4. Proposed application in the teaching-learning activities of address

terms
- Instructors need to provide clear explanation so that learners can understand
equivalent words and their usage and the shades of meaning, psychology, attitude,
feeling and cultural characteristics of AT in each language (English and Vietnamese).
- Instructors need to give sample examples, practice exercises and conversations
relevant to AT in the two languages so that learners can frequently practice, apply and
use them confidently in each context and situation.
- Or when instructors provide guidance to Vietnamese learners to introduce
themselves in English and vice versa, learners should introduce their surname and
name, jobs and marital status (for female) so that speaker can address appropriately
as Miss = cô: title for single women or teachers or Mrs = bà: married women.


21
- Especially in English, speakers usually use Miss with surname but when they
have close relationship they will use Miss with name and for EA that reflect position
and occupation, they usually combine NA that reflect position, job with surname or
both name and surname but hardly use only first name.
- In addition, when communicating with AT in both English or Vietnamese,
speakers tend to use full name in the beginning of the conversation but in latter part
and towards the end of the conversation, characters have known more about each
other and with more intimate relationship, they will use first name instead of surname
or full name.
4.3. Summary of chapter 4
In this chapter, we have mentioned some issues as follows:
- To reflect the expression and the expressed in an interpersonal relationship,
we indentify the 10 types of AT models used in [I] and [II].
- The use of AT in characters' conversation in [I] and [II] from the table of
frequencies of equivalent translation towards PP and NA have been analyzed through
specific data.

- In teaching and learning, instructors and learners not only pay attention to
vocabulary but also understand their relevant factors, as well as their usage, position
in the sentence, and some expression in feeling and culture.
In English, AT rarely reflect interpersonal relationship, especially no PP
express interpersonal relationship... while in Vietnamese, AT which are PP also do
not reflect any interpersonal relationship, but NA tend to reflect interpersonal
relationship which is position, hierarchy, ranking, age because the way to address in
Vietnam is based on rituals, hierarchy and standards.


22
CONSLUSION
There have been many studies into AF in English and Vietnamese but there has
been no research into the translation of AF in a specific novel. This thesis focuses on
the use and expression of the translation of AT of characters in Gone with the wind
into Cuốn theo chiều gió. We draw some conclusions as follows:
1. Addressing is a linguistic act made in communication; it is only used in
conversations. From the theory of conversation and addressing function, we can see
that, factors such as age, gender, job, position, communication situation always have
impacts on the use of AT. AT are linguistic and cultural units reflected in different
communication contexts. They are closely attached with such factors as
communication roles and relationship between participants

because these

relationships themselves decide the choice and usage of suitable AT with the context,
at the same time affecting the development of conversations.
2. From the original versions, we can see two groups of AF used in large
quantities PP (15600 times) and NA (2865 times). When translating AT (PP and NA)
from English into Vietnamese, apart from maintaining the form of PP or NA,

translators also have to use reduction form to reduce the sentence, avoiding repetition
and adding PP and NA to clarify the meaning of the sentence, and to make clear the
content and attitude of participants in the conversation in specific contexts (scope of
literature). Here are some similarities:
There are some similarities between PP in English and Vietnamese, that is,
both first and third person reflects one or many people; regarding the use and
meaning: PP has first person, second person (in direct form) and third person (in nondirect form); containing politeness in formal relationship (neutrality); having ability
to combine with reference PP in non-direct form; acting as a subject or object in
sentence (in English, PP in its variant form acts as object); but not identifying gender
(but PP third person singular identifies gender) and does not reflect any interpersonal
relationship. Generally speaking, depending on context and situation, PP has suitable
meaning and usage in each language.
Apart from similarities, there are differences in PP in English and Vietnamese
in terms of number of usage. PP are use much more in English than in Vietnamese. In
terms of usage, meaning, pragmatics and culture, PP inVietnamese tend to generalize,
meanwhile that is not the case in English. PP in Vietnamese reflect informality or
disrespect, reflected through the attitudes of speakers in each context. This is what


23
makes the way of address of Vietnamese people different from that of English people
or other countries. PP in English in both forms have changes (variation) depending
on whether they are subject or object, while there are so such changes in Vietnamese.
3. NA include full name, NIK, nouns denoting feeling, gender, politeness,
objectification, status in English and Vietnamese are similar in that they express
formality, politeness, informality, closeness, love, neutrality; identify gender (in some
subgroups of NA such as NIK, nouns denoting gender, politeness and some EA);
NIK subgroups of both languages express interpersonal relationship classified by
hierarchy, age, position; they do not change forms when they act as subject or object
in the sentence.

4. In communication, the use of PP or NA between characters usually follow
rituals, standards, and selective, not random; however, it is also impossible to avoid
cases of extreme addressing, reflecting the loss of temper and control, resulting in
inappropriate use of AT. Within the scope of literary work, characters while taking
part in communication in Vietnamese and English all use AT, but with different
number of times of usage and differences and similarities in addressing. This shows
that, they are not only different in terms of language but also in culture and society.
When using AT in this scope, it is necessary to emphasize the principle of standard
in choosing AT and force translators to obey strictly, creating solid foundation in
the promotion and maintenance of the cultural and traditional character of our
country that was left behind by our ancestor.
5. Due to many influencing factors between communication participants, in
English and Vietnamese, they all reflect interpersonal relationship basing on
relationships on two axes: vertical axis, reflecting social relationship, and horizontal
axis, reflecting close relationship (love, respect, and husband - wife), close family
relationship, friendship, enemy, hatred relationship between participants and
reflecting hierarchy in family and society, age, gender, position, jobs, attitude,
feelings. However, in English communication, AT shows less interpersonal
relationship than Vietnamese.
6. In the teaching and learning of AT, teachers and learners need to
understand relevant issues, especially interpersonal relationship between
communication participants so that they can use appropriate AT with the content of
communication, purpose, context, feelings, attitude and typical culture of each
language. In translation of address terms or AT from English into Vietnamese we
should prioritize cultural and feeling issues. With the same object and character, but


24
in different context, and especially change of feeling, when translating, we also
need to change and use appropriate AT. Because in English, characters usually use

PP in communication to communicate content only with neutral meaning, in
Vietnamese, PP are distributed unevenly in terms of connotation (no PP in the
connotation of formality, only neutrality and informality), not enough PP to use in
communication, therefore NA seem to be used more than PP, therefore, when
translating sentences with PP we cannot translate “one to one”.
7. Therefore, from the ten types of models of interpersonal relationship of AT in
[I] and [II], we can say that: to ensure the content and connotation of AT in different
contexts, it is compulsory for learners and teachers to changePP, NA into EA, or omit
or add AT to suit the context, situation, state and cultural character depending on
different kind of language. Generally speaking, to be successful in translation activity
and teaching - learning activity, we need to have three factors: knowledge of language,
culture; skills and experience of translator, teacher and learner.