VƯỢT ĐÍCH MÔN SINH HỌCTẬP 1: LÝ THUYẾT

- 1-

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c ng c


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m

20

1907

Thomas Alva Edison
mc

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nh vi

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th ng

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Th

h

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m
Sinh


ng l c: Mr.Vas

ng b c th y truy n l a, truy
di n gi Ph

t r ng cu c s

cc

Nguy

Th
t

ng nh

nh,

.
i Linh Gia

C
nhi

tb

t

tb nb
m ng internet,

d

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m google
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ng. T

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cc

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n

nh

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THPT Qu c gia

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B
Th c s

- 6-

y h c Sinh h c

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................................................................................................. 2
.............................................................................................................................. 4
................................................................................................................................... 5
......................................................................................................................................... 7
.................................................................................................. 11
..................................................................................................................................... 15
................................................................................................... 15
........................................................................................................... 18
NH CC

.............................................................. 18
........................... 19

........ 26
................................. 28
.................................... 32
......................................... 39
........................................................... 41

NH CC

T

............................................ 42
.......... 42
............................... 45
................ 51
................... 56

................................................................................ 56
GREGOR MENDEL ................................................................................................... 58
............................................................................................ 61
......................................................................... 65
....................................................................... 70
.................... 75
...................... 76
......................... 81
............................... 85
-

................. 90
............................................. 93

- 7-

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..........................................99
N H C QU N TH ......................................................................103
................................................................................103
................................................................................................................. 103
.......................................................................................... 105
NG D NG DI TRUY N H C ......................................................................109
................................... 109
............................................................ 109
........................................ 113
......................................................... 114
............................................................... 115
.................................. 121
..................................................................................130
....................................................................................................................139
............................................................................................................................139
B. N I DUNG ...............................................................................................................................140
............................................................................140
......................................................... 140
..................................................................................... 141
.............................................................................147
........................................................................ 147
-

............................................. 151

................................................................................................. 156

.................................................................................. 156
-

...... 156

....................................................................... 160
....... 167
...................................................169
........................................................................................ 169
-

......................................... 171
.............................................175
.................... 175
............................. 178
... 180
............................................... 181

.............................................................................................184

- 8-

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........................................................................................................ 186
.............................................................................. 187
...................................................................................... 190
................................................................................ 193
.................................................................................. 203
.......................................................................... 210

............................................................................ 222
..... 226
................................................................................ 232
..................................................................................................... 234
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.............................................................................................. 263
.................................................................................. 270
..................................................................................................................................... 279
...................................................................................................................................... 280
..................................................................... 281
..................................................... 287
......................... 292
........................................................... 294
... 295
............................................................................................................. 299

- 9-

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ng

Th i gian c

s ng cu

ng
ng
u - s ng v i k t qu
n c a nh

quan tr ng nh
m
s bi t b n th c s mu n tr
t c th

- 10 -

ic
a nh
mc

nh b

ng nh t
ng
u

y u. Steve Jobs.

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(Tham kh

trong Ph l c 2 cu
ct
r

c bi t trong vi

li u c

ta

ng
u c

d

th c trong

cu n

t ph

t l thu c, m

ng d n

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ng d n

c s nguy hi m khi s d

d

ih cs b

u h s lo

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t

ra

c

i quy

lo l ng, b

cm tv

cl

y vi

nh. T t y u s d

ng d n s d ng s

nc
ih ck

t th i gian, tu i tr
u hi u qu , nh

th

ng d n s

c nh ng n i dung tr

ph

c a t ng

, hi u qu
m tl nn a

ngh

c

y

:
ng d n s d

1.

i

thi u

Ph l c 2 cu

.

d
t

t, hi u qu nh t.

Khi t h c b ng B

ngh

v

u th

v n d ng ki n th

m t

.K

u bi t c
l

ng t t, sai

t t b i nh

n ki n th c c

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v

a

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nb ,

c

l
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iv

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m t

v p n a.

ng s m t th i gian, b
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.

ng th

ng v

u

thu n.

2.
ph

quy

m 3 ph n Di truy n h c, Ti

t logic r t ch t ch -

dung trong m

c

ch t ch gi

cc

n i
t ch

- 11 -

i

y, m m i ph n

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u theo th t t ng n i dung, t

c m i ph

t ng

quan n i dung s
hi u n i dung logic c

tt g

b

em d nh , d hi u.

C

c

3.

ng d
u n i dung, nhi

t c a ph n Di truy n h c do
p, nhi

tr

ng. C

quy

h

cd

ng.

Di truy n h
C

u th

T p1

t.

thi u 2 c p nu.

C
nv

cc

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l

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n gi

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em hi

T p 2-

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nh

v

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gi

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Ph

khi sang

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t di truy n m
gi

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d

V

ch

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ur

Di truy n h c t

chinh ph

n ch

hi

pc

c.

c ch n

cl

hi

hi

t di truy n.

t di truy n, n i dung bi n lu n r t quan tr ng. C
n lu n t

m u

- 12 -

m

g
i gi i m u cho m i

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ng l i gi i m u m c

mr t

nhi u. C th

i

n lu n. Ti

y xem c n th n t
,d

c bi n lu n sao cho th t hi u. Cu i

ki n t bi n lu n l i. N

m b o r ng

um

v n d ng m t

o

t ch

quy lu

n ph i h

linh ho t

t

o.

4.

c, b n quy

nl
tc

c th

ki n th c trong cu

l i tr l

a ch :

/>

5.

v

bi

ng d

c chia s

h ct

tv

ng l c h c t

ng m

i dung r t quan tr
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6.

iq
c h c Ti

d ng nh ng t

ng th i nh m cung c

b ih

ng Anh

u s d ng thu t ng Ti ng Anh g c.
...aza

...ase
nitrogen

Base nitrogenous (adj) ho c Base nitrogen (noun).

Acid
Ph

Phosphate

Ph tphoric

Phosphoric
Nucleotide

Lipid
Polypeptide
Gen

Gene
Mendel

H i ch ng
cam k t

gan

Morgan; La

Darwin.

Down; T cs

khi s d ng

- 13 -

!

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tra c u


- 14 -

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1.
2.
3.
4.
5.

6.
7.

8.
9.
10.
11.
12.

O C

13.

-

- 15 -

-

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th
chuy

p
n nh n th c
ti m th c. Ti m

th
mv
n kh

c

nh l

l n em m i t

t c ph i t

p th

ph i k t h

h pv

ph n c

tv

nt

c n ph

h c thi nh ng

u l n, k t qu

a

y, m

pm t

ng v i t

u

khi

c

t

n m c khi

a th y nh th y ch cho m
a th

th y r t

th y c o s ch ch

c am

m th

p l i bi
n ph
m th c

ch
ng l

l

pl

c n chuy

p l i.
100%, h t s

,c n

b

i

m th c. M
ng d

it

t2l n

.N
v
hi
ng ni m tin, t ch

N
ch t tuy t v

t qu

quy

ph

i.
t tu

c em thu

ph

t hi u qu cao, khi

b

u th

ng t

cm

n

n) b i m
yn

i ti p nh n

nh c nh

tm
chi m b i nh

b l
m th

c.

- 16 -

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ib


- Walter Bagehot

c:

ng bao gi hy v ng t t c m

nh nh
m n, b

i, m
n l a ch
mong mu

n, b

ng h , m

ab
ng h

t may

i ng h
nh

- 17 -

p v i lu

cs
c.

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STT

Acid nucleic (

1

2

3

;

4

5

N:

mang T

:

d

.

,

;

.

CH

Acid nucleic (ADN, ARN)
.
.
.
.

- 18 -

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1:

V

:

I . ACI D NUCL EI C:
-

.

-

1.1:

e (A)

Acid nucleic l
ADN

ARN

Nucleotide: G
1.

(300

-

Ribonucleotide: G

n:

ng pentose (5C): Deoxyribose (C5H10O4)

-

ng pentose (5C): Ribose (C5H10O5)

- Base nitrogen (A , T, G, X)

- Base nitrogen (A , U, G , X)

-

-

- H3PO4

nhau

- H3PO4
4 lo i r ibo

4 lo
1.2

n:

i ta g

4 lo i nucleotide t

nhau
:

A, T, G, X

i ta g

lo i r ibonucleotide
rU, rG, rX

- 19 -

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i base: rA,


2.

-

im

v i nhau b ng m

tr

t

nh (phosphodieste) theo m t chi

-

ng c a r ibo

ng c
c

im

v i nhau b ng m

(phosphodieste) theo m t chi
-

r ibonucleotide

t -

v

a tr

c

v

a

i r ibo
polyr ibonucleotide.

polynucleotide.
3.
Hai

-

2 chu

nhau b

i

tv i -

1 chu i polyr ibo

t hydrogen theo cu n xo

NTBS:

t

t v i nhau b

k t hydrogen: (VD: tARN, rARN)

+A=Tb

t hydrogen.

+ rA = rU b

t hydrogen.

+G

t hydrogen.

+ rG

t hydrogen.

Xb

1.2.

rX b

2011 Pearson Education, Inc)

3. L
nitrogen
1. Deoxy

2.

3.

- 20 -

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4.
ADN
-

ARN
polyr ibo

-

polyr ibonucleotide:
+ mARN

,c

r ibonucleotide

+
base nitrogen theo NTBS.
+ Tay thang:
+ tARN
3,4 A0.

-

r ibo

sung (A = U, G

X)

10
20 A0.

(anticodon).
+ rARN

- 21 -

1.6)

r ibo

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t
Virus:
2x2x2 =

-

-

-

- mARN:
- tARN:

- rARN:
:

7.
; C. Capside;
6.

I I . GENE:

polypeptide Hb
1.7)
hemoglobin
- 22 -

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1 ADN = n gene

ARNpolymerase

:

-

G

Exon
I ntr on

.

-

-

-

.

4

,

ba

(ribo)nucleotide,

+

+

+
+

- 23 -

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.
VD: XGU, XGX, XGA, XGG, AGA, AGG

ar ginine.

UAA, UAG, UGA.
AUG

,

amine methionine

formyl methionine

)

(codon).
(anticodon).

I I I . PROTEI N
1.

Acid amine
20
1.8):

nhau.
-

-NH2).

-

-COOH).

-

(-R).
( )

2.

5
6

2 acid amine?
xu

b ba m

ba k

7.

mm,

- 24 -

0

?

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1

- Mahatma Gandhi -

- 25 -

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