TOEFL GRAMMAR ( NGOAINGU24H )

TOEFL GRAMMAR
Grammar – Vocabulary
GRAMMAR– VOCABULARY.......................................................................................................................................1
1. SENTENCES..............................................................................................................................................................4

1.1 Sentencepatterns ...............................................................................................................................4
1.1.1 Subject.....................................................................................................................................4
1.1.2 Object......................................................................................................................................4
1.1.3 Complement ...........................................................................................................................5
1.2 Subordinateclause...............................................................................................................................5
1.2.1 Reducedclause ......................................................................................................................5
1.3 Reversion– Inversion– đảongữ: đảo độngtừ chính /đảotrợ độngtừ .............................................5
2. VERBS.......................................................................................................................................................................6

2.1 Tenses .................................................................................................................................................6
2.1.1 Past .........................................................................................................................................6
2.1.2 Present ...................................................................................................................................6
2.1.3 Future .....................................................................................................................................6
2.2 Verbpatterns........................................................................................................................................7
2.2.1 Intransitive V ...........................................................................................................................7
2.2.2 Linkingverbs:S + LinkingV +C (noun /adj / adv)..................................................................7
2.2.3 Transitive V:S + Vt +DO (sb) ................................................................................................8
2.2.4 Transitive V:S + Vt +DO (sb) + IO(sth)..................................................................................9
2.2.5 Transitive V:S + Vt +DO (sb) + Bare Inf. causativeform .................................................10
2.2.6 Transitive V:S + Vt +DO (sb) + V-ing(presentparticiple) V2 đang tiếptiễn....................10
2.2.7 Perceptionverbs: S +Vt+ DO(sb) + Gerund/ Bare inf........................................................10
2.2.8 Transitive V:S + Vt +O (sb/sth) + (as/ to be) + OC (complement).......................................10
2.2.9 S+ V + (not) + Gerund(V-ing) hòanthành công việc,đã qua, passive ............................12
2.2.10 S + expression+ Gerund(V-ing).........................................................................................13
2.2.11 S + V+ to + V......................................................................................................................14
2.2.12 S + V+ to-inf/V-ing ........................................................................................................ ....15

2.2.13 Seriesof V...........................................................................................................................16
2.3 Modal verbs – động từ hình thái ........................................................................................................17
2.4 Condition............................................................................................................................................18
2.4.1 Tense ............................................................................................................................. ......18
2.4.2 Conditional conjunction .........................................................................................................18
2.4.3 Unreal expression .................................................................................................................19
2.4.4 To Wish .................................................................................................................................19
2.5 Active- Passivevoice .......................................................................................................................20
2.5.1 Active form.............................................................................................................................20
2.5.2 Passiveform .........................................................................................................................20
2.6 Reportedspeech................................................................................................................................21
2.7 Verb+ prepositions ...........................................................................................................................22
2.8 Verbal phrases ..................................................................................................................................23
2.8.1 Clichés ..................................................................................................................................25
3. NOUNS ....................................................................................................................................................................25
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3.1 NounsagreewithV............................................................................................................................25
3.2 Countable anduncountable nouns.....................................................................................................26
3.2.1 countablenouns ....................................................................................................................26
3.2.2 Uncountable nouns ...............................................................................................................26
3.2.3 Countablenouns ...................................................................................................................27
3.2.4 Uncountable nouns ...............................................................................................................27


3.2.5 Count and noncount noun meanings.....................................................................................27

3.2.6 Collectivenouns+ singular / plural Verbs..............................................................................28
3.2.7 Patterns ................................................................................................................................28
3.2.8 Noun phrase = Adv +Adj + Noun.........................................................................................28
3.2.9 Noun clauses ........................................................................................................................29
3.2.10 Article...................................................................................................................................29
3.3 N + Verb ............................................................................................................................................29
3.4 Preposition ........................................................................................................................................30
3.4.1 Pronouns ..............................................................................................................................30
3.4.2 Noun phrases........................................................................................................................30
3.4.3 N – Idioms..............................................................................................................................31
4. ADJECTIVES ..........................................................................................................................................................32

4.1 Position of adj. inclause ....................................................................................................................32
4.2 Possition of adj inphrase: OPSHACOM.............................................................................................32
4.3 Patterns .............................................................................................................................................32
4.3.1 Sentences .............................................................................................................................32
4.3.2 Adjectiveclause.....................................................................................................................33
4.4 Comparison........................................................................................................................................33
4.4.1 Equal comparision ................................................................................................................33
4.4.2 Comparative .........................................................................................................................34
4.4.3 Supperlative...........................................................................................................................34
4.5 Vocabulary ........................................................................................................................................34
4.5.1 Descriptiveadj ......................................................................................................................34
4.5.2 Limitingadj.............................................................................................................................34
4.5.3 Irregular comparativesand supperatives ..............................................................................35
4.6 Preposition.........................................................................................................................................36
5. ADVERBS ...............................................................................................................................................................37

5.1 Definition ...........................................................................................................................................37
5.2 Adverbial phrases= MPT= Manner + Place+ Time............................................................. .............37

5.3 Building words....................................................................................................................................37
5.4 Vocabulary ........................................................................................................................................37
5.4.1 Frequency..............................................................................................................................37
5.4.2 Degree...................................................................................................................................38
5.4.3 Quality/manner – tính chất,cáchthức ..................................................................................38
5.4.4 Place......................................................................................................................................38
5.4.5 Time- thời gian .....................................................................................................................39
5.4.6 Purpose – mụcđích ..............................................................................................................39
5.4.7 Reason– nguyênnhân .........................................................................................................39
5.4.8 Concession – nhượng bộ ......................................................................................................39
5.4.9 Contrast– đối lập .................................................................................................................39
5.4.10 Vocabulary ..........................................................................................................................39
6. CONJUNCTIONS.....................................................................................................................................................40

6.1 Vocabulary.........................................................................................................................................40
6.1.1 Coordinatingconjunction ......................................................................................................40
6.1.2 Subordinatingconjunction ....................................................................................................40
7. PREPOSITIONS.......................................................................................................................................................42

7.1 Meaning..............................................................................................................................................42
7.2 Phrases..............................................................................................................................................43
LISTENING.................................................................................................................................................................47
TOEFL.........................................................................................................................................................................48
8. CONFUSED WORDS...............................................................................................................................................48
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9. NUMBERS...............................................................................................................................................................51

9.1 Ordinal numbers– số thứ tự ..............................................................................................................51
9.2 Cardinal number – số đếm ................................................................................................................51
9.3 Time, .................................................................................................................................................51
9.4 Age ....................................................................................................................................................52
9.5 Measurement– units .........................................................................................................................52
9.6 Comparative ......................................................................................................................................53
9.7 Maths .................................................................................................................................................53
10. EXPRESSIONS - PHRASES .................................................................................................................................53


1. SENTENCES
Main clause + subordinate clause

1.1 Sentence patterns
Introductory
modifier
N,
Adj,

S

Adv

+ definiting relative clause
+ , Appositive (N phrase),
non-definite relative
clause
(V-ing, V-ed…) ,

Adv,

Adv
Prep. + V-ing + O,
V-ing + O,
V-ed + O,
To – inf + O,
Adverbial clause,

V–ing
+O
V–ed +

V

O

Adv

V
V

O
O

, V-ing + O
and V + O

V

O

,…, and V + O

V

O

V

O

Adv
modifies
clause
Adv
modifies V
active
passive
purpose

Main clause
Main clause

Adverbial
clause

SPECIAL
It / there + be + adj + to-inf/ that + clause.

It / there + be + N + adj - clause.
It is likely that + clause
That + clause + V + O
It is the first (sb) to – inf
(Sb) + first + V-ed
It was 1973 that + clause
It was I/she/he/we/they/you (=subject compplement)
who … It is + to be + pp + by 2010
It was + to be + pp + by 1995

future invention

past invention

Ex.
Astronomer now believe
them. To influence farmers
the most.
The very mistakes they make show that + clause.
The committeemembers resented thepresident’s not Oinforming them of meeting.
S

V

adj

N

N

O

The American dancer Maria Tellchief first became prominet in Europe.

1.1.1 Subject
Noun, N phrase, N clause, Pronoun,
Gerund, Ex. That – clause + V + O

1.1.2 Object
DO = sth
Patern:

IO = sb
S + tV + IO (sb) + DO (sth)
S + tV + DO (sth) + prep. + IO (sb)

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1.1.3 Complement
N, Adj.
Pattern:

S + Linking V + complement ( modify S)

Complement : classification (norminal), description (adjectival), location time (adverbial).

1.2 Subordinate clause
Noun clause
Adjective clause
Adverbial
clause
Reduced adj-clause; appositive.

1.2.1 Reduced clause
If, unless,
whether,

When, after, before, since, while
Once, until, when, whenever, where, wherever, as

although, though
Though
While
Ex. Take the medicine as prescribed

V-ing
V- ed

Active
Passive

Main clause
(S+V+O)

adj

The man took the medicine as havingto.
After / if permitted, the student will be absent from class.

1.3 Reversion – Inversion – đảo ngữ: đảo động từ chính / đảo trợ động từ
Pattern:

adv + aux/defective V + S – Strong form

Weak form: emphasize
Ex. Money you shall have if you go and get me a magazine.
Negative word: not only, not until, not once, at no tim, by no mean, nowhere, never, seldom,
rarely, scarely, hardly, no longer, barely, no sooner, nowhere, not, at no time, nore, neither, on no
account, by no means, little, evenless, so, such
Ex. Never will I smoke again.
Ex. In no circumstances must a soldier leave his cambat position.
= A soldier must not leave his cambat position in any circumstances .
Only, so, such…: only after, only once, only them, only by chance , only today, only yesterday, only
on rare occational, only with dificulty, only by luck
Ex. So beautiful is she that… = such a beautiful girl is she that…
Only + subordinate clause, + main clause
Preposition phrase + V + S: in front of, in the corner of, in, outside…  đảo động từ
Ex. On the desk lies a spider
Here / there + V + S

chủ từ giả

 đảo động từ

Ex. Here comes my taxi!

Except:

Here you

are!
If clause: unreal in the past/present; real in the present
Ex. Had I met you 10 years ago, I wouldn’t have married her.
Were I you, I would marry
Should she come, I’ll tell.
Did you study har, you might pass the exam.
Comparision

 đảo động từ

Ex. Helium is not inflamable, and is therefore safer than hydrogen.
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New York City’s Central Park is nearly twice aslargeas is the secondsmallestcountry, Monaco.
{long subject}


2. VERBS
Finite verb:

can combine with S

Non-finite verb:

to – inf; V – ing; V – ed

complete sentence (chia thì và phù hôïp với S).
cannot make a complete sentence.

2.1 Tenses
2.1.1 Past
2.1.1.1

Simplepast

Time expression: Prehistory, deadth, ancestor, during the 1840s, the early_ , during the
industrial revolution ( meaning finish)
2.1.1.2

Past progressive

2.1.1.3

Past perfect =had + pp
1st action

2nd action

Now

past

simple

Present

perfect

past

= inf

= had + pp.

= V-ed

After + had + pp
By (before)

finish before another action (V-ed)
, had + pp.

2.1.2 Present
2.1.2.1

Simplepresent

2.1.2.2

Present progressive

2.1.2.3

Present perfect = have +pp
đến hiện tại

finish beforeanother action: liên quan đến hiện tại, kéo dài

Time expressions: yet, already, often, as soon as, during the past few days, lately, recently, just,
ever, never, so far = up to now = for some time now, frequently, finally, after, since, for, over the past
few years, during the past three decades, by the end of.
Formular:
S + has/have (not) + pp +
(yet) S + has/have + yet + toinf +
2.1.2.4

Present perfect progression:S+ has/have +been+ V-ing

Time expressions: for, since, all day (morning… )

2.1.3 Future
2.1.3.1

Simplefuture:

will/shall+ inf

Time expressions:
next time,
2.1.3.2

Futureprogressive: will/shall+ be + V-ing

Time expressions
2.1.3.3

Futureperfect:will /shall +have+ pp

Time expressions: by…, by that time, by then, in a few hours, by the end of next year…
Note:
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Don’t use perfect tense in time clause, except in reported speech.


2.2 Verb patterns
S+

Auxilary V +
Modal V = can, could, may, might, will,
would, shall, should, must, ought to,
had better, would rather
Modal verb + (not) bare – inf.
Primary V = be, have, do…

Main V +
Intransitive V +

Transitive V +
Linking V +
To be

Modifier = adv

IO + DO = Sb + Sth
Complement = N, adj, adv

2.2.1 Intransitive V
Intransitive Verbs: cannot be passive
form
Swap – run rẩy,

+ modifier = adv

Collape, run, walk, wait…

2.2.2 Linking verbs: S + Linking V + C (noun / adj / adv)
Linking verbs:
Be = Become
Become * – trở
nên Go
Grow
Get
Turn
Remain – vẫn còn
Stay
Appear *
Look *– trông như

Seem *– dường như
Sound – nghe như
Prove – tỏ ra
Feel

+ complement = N, adj, adv

Smell
Taste
Ex. To look ordinary lying on the bed

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2.2.3 Transitive V: S + Vt + DO (sb)
2.2.3.1

Subjunctive– bàng thái cách: S +Vt + DO(sb) + to-inf.

Meaning

an order or a request 2 Subj.

Transitive V: can make passive forms
Formular:
S1 + V + DO(sb) + (not) to – inf.
S1 + V + that S2 + (not) bare – inf mpresent subjuctive

Verbs:
Advise + V-ing

Know + V-ing = + to-inf.

Allow * + V-ing ≠ + to-inf,

Instruct
Invite *

= permit
Ask + to-inf

Move

Cause *

Need + to-inf ≠ +V-ing (= need to

Command

be V-ed  active)

Convince = persuade –
thuyết phục

Order * + to-inf

Challenge = Defy – thách thức

Prefer +to-inf ≠ V-ing

Decree – ban hành

Propose + to-inf ≠ +V-ing

Demand

Recommend * + V-ing

Desire + V-ing

Permit * = allow + to-inf ≠ +V-ing

desire + to-

= +(as)+to-inf

+ (sb) + (not) to – inf.

Remind

inf

Request * + to-inf

– muốn

Require *
Stipulate – quy định.

Enable
Encourage (*)

+ V-ing
Suggest *
= encourage * that (bare-inf) Teach
- khuyến khích, ủng hộ

Tell + (sth) *
Train

Expect + to-inf
Force + to-inf

Urge – thúc giục.

Help + V-ing = + to-

Wish + to-inf

Help + (sb) + to-inf / bare-inf
Hire + to-inf
Insist * + that = on + V-ing /

Demand, insistance, preference, proposal, recommendation,
request, requirement, suggestion
To ask, demand, insist, prefer, propose, order, recommend, require,
request, suggest
It’s

Recommended*, suggested*, proposed*, required*, urgent – khaån
Mandatory, obligatory – bắt buộc
Assential*, nessessary*, important*, vital*- very important,
imperative *- cấp bách, bắt buộc (a).
2.2.3.2

S+ V + to+ be+ pp

Ex. There is (sth) to be

passive

passive

+ that + clause (bare-inf) +
main V

+ that + clause (bare–inf)
Or
+ to – inf

active.


2.2.4 Transitive V: S + Vt + DO (sb) + IO (sth)
List of verbs:
Write
Read
Sing
Tell

Paint
Draw
Pass
Hand
Give
Send
Borrow (sb) (sth) = borrow (sth) from
(sb) Lend * (sth) to (sb)
Mail
Bring
Find
Get
Leave

+ (sb) + (sth)

Promis
e Offer
Throw
Sell
Buy
Loan
Owe – nôï
Advance – đặt trươùc
Teach
Show
Make
Feed
Cut
Build

S + V + IO (sth) + to/for (DO)
(sb)
Explain
Describe
Introductio

+ (sth) + to/for (sb)

n Lend
Say
Report
Repeat

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2.2.5 Transitive V: S + Vt + DO (sb) + Bare Inf.
form
2.2.5.1

causative

Active

To have/get + (sb) + bare – inf
To have/get + (sth) + pp. passive

To help + (sb) + bare-inf. / to – inf
To make + (sb)/(sth) + bare-inf = force (sb) + to–inf.bắt buộc.
To let + (sb)/(sth) + bare–inf
Would you please * + (not) + bare-inf.
+ that + clause (bare-inf)

Please * + (don’t) + bareinf. To say/ tell + (sb)
To think / believe

2.2.5.2 Passive: S + Vt + IO (sth)+ pp./ Adj
Have / get/ make + (sth) + pp. nhờ (ai) làm …
Ex. To have my hair cut
To have the floor cleaned
Let us do (sth) = let’s do (sth)

2.2.6 Transitive V: S + Vt + DO (sb) + V-ing (present participle) V2 đang tiếp tiễn
List of verbs:
Catch
Find
Keep
Leave – để

+ (sb) + V-ing (present participle)
V2 đang tiếp tiễn

Set – để
Start

2.2.7 Perception verbs: S + Vt + DO (sb) + Gerund / Bare inf.
Perception verbs: sense of humor/community:

hearing, seeing, touch, smell, taste
Observe
See *
Look at
Watch *
+ (sb) + Gerund / Bare inf.
Hear *
Listen to
Notice *

Feel *
Smell
Taste

2.2.8 Transitive V: S + Vt + O (sb/sth) + (as / to be) + OC (complement)
List of verbs:


Call
Name
Make
Consider * (sb) (as) N = regard * (sb) + as + N – xem
như
Appoint *– bổ nhiệm

+ O (sb/sth) + (as / to be) + OC

Assign – phân công, chỉ định
Designate (chỉ
định) Choose

Select
Pick – out

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2.2.9 S + V + (not) + Gerund (V-ing)

hòan thành công việc, đã qua, passive

Tense:
Past action: V + having + pp.
Passive:

V + being + pp.

List of verbs:
Admit *– thừa
nhận

passive.

Keep (*)

Advise (*) + V-ing = advise + (sb) + to-inf

Like (**) + V-ing

like + to-inf

Anticipate * – đốn trươùc

Love (**)+ V-ing

love + to-inf

Appreciate (*) + V-ing = advise + adj + V-ing

Mention

Avoid *
Allow (*) + V-ing / to-inf = allow (sb) + to-

Mind * – would you mind / do you mind

inf. Complete

Need (*) + V-ing

Consider * – xem như.

Pardon

Control *

Permit (*) + V-ing = permit (sb) + to-

Defend
Defer = Delay + V-ing = Postpone + V-ing – trì

inf. Practise

hoãn Delay *+ V-ing = Postpone* + V-ing + to /

Quit *

until + Deny *+ V-ing = Refuse * + To-inf. – phủ

Remember (**) + V-ing

nhận Desire *

Recall

passive.

Miss
passive.

Prevent
remember + to-inf

Detest

Recollect

Discuss

Dislike

Recommend (*) + V-ing = recommend (as) +
to-inf

Encourage (*) + V-ing = encourage + (sb) + to-inf

Regret + V-ing

Enjoy *

Report

Escape

Resent * – phẫn nộ, nổi giận, ghen

Excuse

Resist – kháng cự

Fancy – tưởng tượng

Resume

Fear

Risk – liều

Finish *

Forbid (*) + V-ing = forbit (sb) + to-

Suggest

regret + to-inf – tiếc

passive.

inf. Forgive + V-ing = forgive (sb) +

Top, End (**)
Tolerate – tha thứ, chịu đựng

to-inf. Hate (**) + V-ing = hate + to-inf.

Try (**) + V-ing

Imagine
Involve * – liên quan

try + to-inf

Understand
Want (*) + V-ing
to- inf.

want + to-inf = want (sb)

S + V + Gerund = S + V + DO(sb) + to-inf.
Advise

Recommend
Encourage – khuyến khích, ủng hộ
Allow
Permit
Forbid * – cấm

+ V-ing = + (sb) + to-inf


2.2.10 S + expression + Gerund (V-ing)
2.2.10.1 Expression/ phrasalverb
Can’t help
Can’t bear = can’t stand – không thể chịu
đựng have a hard time
have fun
trouble spend
time
go (

sport / hobby)

be worth

+ V-ing

passive.

Give up = abandon – từ bỏ, đầu
hàng Get through = use up; finish +
V-ing Go on = continue, work on

Keep on
Put off = postpone (hoãn)

2.2.10.2 Prep.+ V–ing
Approve of
Be letter off
Count on
Think about / of
Forget about
To object to

+ V-ing

To look forward to
To be accustomed to = get/ be used to + Ving
used to + inf.
To go ( sport /
hobby) Accustom to

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2.2.11 S + V + to + V
2.2.11.1 S+ V + (not) to–inf. (không cónghóa mục đích)
hướng tới tương lai: mong muốn, bắt buộc
Afford (đáp ứng)
Agree* + to-inf

Learn – nghe tin
refuse + to-inf

Like / dislike (**) + to-inf + V-ing

Aim

Love (**) + to-inf

Appear*

Manage

Arrange

Mean

Ask+ to-inf = ask (sb) + to-inf.

Need* + to-inf = need (sb) + to-inf + V-ing

Attempt

Offer

Beg

Order + to-inf = order (sb) + to-inf

Care

Plan

Choose

Prefer

Claim – tuyên bố.

Prepar

Consent – tán thành, đoàng

e

yù. Dare

Pretend – giả vờ
Promise*

Decide

+ V-ing

Demand* + to-inf = demand + that (bare-inf) =
demand (sb) + to-inf

Refuse *

Deserve* – xứng đáng.

Seem

Desire (*) + V-ing/To-

Strive – phấn đấu, cố gắng = try + to-inf

inf. Determine

Struggle

Expect*

Swear

Force* + to-inf = force (sb) + to-inf

Tend

Fail*

Threaten – đe doạ

Forget (**) + to-inf

forget + V-ing

Request

Undertake – đảm

Happen

nhận Warn – cảnh

Hate
Help (**) + V-ing = help + to-inf.

báo

Hesitate
Hire + to-inf = hire (sb) +to-inf. = engage
Hope*
Intend*
Would like + to –inf invitation, want
To be likely + to –inf có lẽ.
There is to be + to –inf passive
S + V + Wh-question + to–inf.

Want * + to-inf = want (sb) + to-inf. want + V-ing =
want to be + V-ed.
Wait
Wish
Volunteer
Vote
* – bầu cưû.
+ to-inf

Ask
Tell
Show
Advise
Teach
Learn
Know

+ Wh-question + to-inf

Remember
Forget
Explain
Understan
d Wonder
Decide
Ex.
I want to know how to prepare a
lecture.

2.2.12 S + V + to-inf / Ving Don’t change
meaning Begin
Start
Intend
Continue

+ to–inf / V–ing

Bother
Help

Know
Change meaning:

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Remenbe
r Forget
Regret
Love
Like /dislike (would you
like) Hate
Want
Prefer
Try + to-inf

cố gắng

Try + V-ing

thưû

Need* + to-inf
active
Need* + V-ing = need + to be + pp.

passive

Advise + to-inf/V-ing = advise (sb) on
(sth) Agree

+ to-inf

Allow
Permit
Attempt
Leave
Mean
Neglect
Dread – sợ hãi
Study
Stop
Propos
e
Go on
Can’t help
Can’t bear

2.2.13 Series of V
2.2.13.1 S+ V + to+ V
Purpose nhằm, để.
2.2.13.2 S+ V and V
Consecutive

+ V-ing đã qua, bị động (được làm), công việc;
meaning: tinh thần, tình cảm

các hành động liên tiếp.

2.2.13.3 S+ V (,) present participle
Simultaneous các hành động cùng một
lúc.

sẽ làm, kết quả meaning: vật chất,


2.3 Modal verbs – động từ hình thái
Present tense: Modal verb + (not) bare – inf.
Modal verbs: can, could, may, might, will, would, shall, should, must, ought to, had better, would
rather,
1. Request– Yêucầulịchsự
Will you

+ inf.

Would you + inf.

have (sb) do (sth)

invite

2. Permission– Xinphép
May, can

+ inf.

3. Ability – khả năng

Can + inf

= to be able to + inf.

có thể

4. Guess, posibility– Phán đốn
50%: may*, might* (unreal), could + inf

có thể

90%: should*, ought*

+ inf

expect – mong muốn

95%: must

+ inf

có lẽ là

chắc là

5. Advisibility – khuyên bảo
Should*, had better*, ought to
Should* have + pp

+ inf

nên, tốt hơn là

lẽ ra nên ( past)…

6. Necessary /obligation/logicalconclusion–cầnthiết, yêu cầu
Must + (not) inf

= (don’t) have to + inf (past tense: had to) = be to + inf.
= have got to + inf = be supposed to +

inf. Past tense: Must* + have + pp.

logical conclusion in

the past.
7. Logicalconclusion
Must + have + pp.

logical conclusion in the past.

Must + be + V-ing / adj

logical conclusion in the present.

Must + bare – inf … every day, often

logical conclusion events that repeat.

8. Preference– đề nghị

Present / Future: Would rather / would sooner + (not) inf. (present subjunctive – inf.)
Would rather than S2 + past subj. = S1 + wish + S2 + past subj.
Present contrary to fact:

S1 + wish + S2 + present subjunctive (inf.)

Past contrary to fact:

S1 + wish + S2 + past perfect subjunctive (had + past sub.)

9. Past habit – Thóiquen trongquákhứ
Would

+ inf. = used to + inf.

To be used to + V-ing
To get used to + V-ing

to be accustomed to
to become accustomed to

10. Wouldrather– thànhthựcmànói
Would rather + (not) bare-inf = Prefer + to-inf
Would rather* + S + (didn’t) + inf

unreal

thành thực mà

nói. Ex. I’d rather you didn’t do anything about it for the time

being.
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11. Spectationabout the past - ước đoán hành độngtrong quá khứ - “chắchẳnlà”
Past tense: modal + have + (not) past participle
Should + have + pp
Must + have + pp.

lẽ ra nên …
certain – chắc

chắn. May + have + pp.

possible– có

thể. Could + have + pp.
possible – có thể.
Might + have + pp.

less possible – it khả năng.

Can’t + have + pp.

impossible, almost impossible – hầu như không

thể. Ex. You should have done (sth) = you didn’t do (sth).

2.4 Condition
2.4.1 Tense
If- clause
Present
simple

Main clause
Future
simple

Do *
Past subjunctive

Will + inf.
Conditional
simple

V-ed (were) **
Past perfect
subjunctive

Would + inf.
Conditional perfect

Real in the present / future
Unreal in the present / future
Unreal in the past

Would + have + pp.

Had + past subj. *
Mixed time –
Result of the action in the past
Tense
Conditional tense: would + inf
Past subjunctive:

V-ed (were)

Past perfect sub.:

had + past sub.

Inversion
of perfect
had + omit “if”
Past
subjunctive

Conditional simple

Had + pp.

(unreal in the
present)

Would + inf.

(unreal in the

past)
expresion action in the future
expresion action in the
present
expresion action in the past

Could = would be able to
Might = may be would
Inversion – đảo ngữ ***
Ex 1.

If I had a car I would go to class on time.
Had I a car I would go to class on time.

Ex 2.

If he should be here he would see her
a little chance to happen
an opportunity

nếu tình cờ.
nếu có cô hội.

Reduce form – dạng rút gọn *
V-ing / V–ed + S + V + O

2.4.2 Conditional conjunction
 If, only if

nếu, chỉ khi.

 In case = in the event that

trong trường hôïp.

 Provided that * = providing that = as long as (adv) + phrase

miễn là, với điều kiện.

 Unless = If … not…

nếu không.

 Or else = otherwise = or

nếu không.


2.4.3 Unreal
expression
Ước

+ clause (unreal past)

ước mà, giá mà, giá mà.

Wish = If only
Would to God = would rather
that
V-ed

Would + have + pp.

ước gì

Might / could / would + inf

future

Might / could / would + past sub.
presen
t Might / could / would + past perfect sub. (had pp)

past

Như thể là
Main clause + as if / as though

+ clause = Would + have + pp.

Present simple past sub.
Past simple past perfect sub.
Đã đến lúc
It’s (high / about) time + for (sb) + to - inf punctual
It’s time + clause (V-ed = past sub.) đã qua

present đã đến lúc.

lẽra … đã …

complaining / criticizing: phàn nàn, chống đối, chỉ trích.
Unfulfilled desires in the past **
Had hoped + that + would + (not) + bare –
inf. Ex. She hadhoped that he wouldstay
longer.

2.4.4 To Wish
Wish + to-inf = wish + (sb) + to-inf

want

Wish + would + bare – inf
Wish + V-ed (past subjuctive)

unreal in the future / present / past

Wish + had + V-ed (past perfect)
Wish + (sb) + N

Ex. I wish you luck.

Wish + (sb) + adj

We wish you a Merry Christmas

Wish + for + N

He wished himself
dead. He wishes for
money.

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2.5 Active - Passive voice
2.5.1 Active form
Meaning: Express habitual, natural, realy actions
Compare these cases:
Active:

If the sake bakes much longer, it will

burn. Active: Brick exposed
Active:

Mecury expand in direct proporttion to

temp. Active:

the sale ends

Active:

City lies in …

Passive:

Cityislocatied in …

2.5.2 Passive form
S + V + DO (sth) + IO (sb)
DO (sth) + be + pp. + IO + by + S
IO (sb) + be + pp. + to + DO + by + S
S + get + pp

sth happen unplanned, unexpected.

S is said that + clause = S is said + to – inf. người ta nói
rằng S is supposed + to + inf. = It is planned / arranged /
expected There is / are + sth + to be + pp. dần được làm
Be + to be + present/ pp. intention – dự
tính. It’s believed
It’s hypothesized
It’s known
It’s said

+ that + clause (simple present)
expresses, knowledge

It’s thought
It’s true
It’s written
Ex.
Fish have been found to contain a particular type of fat that helps lower blood cholesterol levels


2.6 Reported

speech
Verbs:
ask, believe, forget, knowm remember, report, say, think, tell + that + clause.
Change:
 Pronoun, possessive pronoun he, she, they, him her…
 Time:
Today

that day

Yesterday

the day before.

The day before yesterday
days before Tomorrow

two

the next day, the

following day. The day after tomorrow
in two days’ time .
A year ago

the previous year, a year

before. Không đổi theo bảng khi có thời gian
cụ thể.
Ex, On Monday Jack said to Tom: “I’m leaving the day after tomorrow”.

On Tuesday Jack said to Tom he was leaving
tomorrow.
 Adjective:
This, that

the, it

These, those
Next
Last

them

the following

the previous

 Wh – question
Wh –word + S + V + O
 Câu mệnh lệnh

2 đại từ liên tục

Verbs: beg, remind, warn, advice, recommend, ask
S + O + to – inf.
 Mệnh đề diễn đạt một sự thật, chân lý
Không đổi trật tự của đại từ: simple present, simple past
 Điều kiện không thật

không đổi thì của động từ.

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