IELTS practice test 11 reading academic test

IELTS PRACTICE TESTS

READING
TEST 11


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Reading Academic
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Test 11

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SECTION 1

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Questions 1 – 13

The DNA database
A At the start of the 20th century, Scotland Yard's fingerprint bureau began a quiet revolution in policing.
A hundred years on, detectives have a new tool at their disposal in the form of DNA matching. In 1995 the

government set up a national database recording the DNA of everyone who was convicted of a crime,
hoping that it would make future cases easier to crack. Since then the England and Wales database has
swollen to 5.5m entries, covering 4.8m citizens, some profiles are duplicates, or some 9% of the population.
It is thought to be the biggest DNA database in the world. Despite plans announced this week to limit its
growth, it looks likely to stay that way.
B The reason for the database's size is that since 2004 it has included not just those convicted of crimes but
those who have been merely arrested. As far as police are concerned, the bigger the pool, the more chance of
a match with their next crime scene. But the inclusion of people who have never committed a crime has
been controversial. Up to a million of those in the database do not have a conviction. Chief constables have
the discretion to remove profiles if they choose, but that seldom happens. One MP, Diane Abbott, is running
surgeries to show her constituents how to appeal. Still, only a few hundred profiles are deleted each year.

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C Last December the European Court of Human Rights ruled that holding so many innocent people's
DNA records "could not be regarded as necessary in a democratic society". On November 11th the Home
Office released plans to trim the number of people being included, a bit. People arrested and released will
still have their DNA held, but only for six years. Under-18s in the same situation will stay on the database for
three years.

D As is now customary, the plans include tougher rules on terrorism: those cleared of terror offences
could still have their DNA held indefinitely, subject to regular reviews. And the Home Office proposes to
give the police the power to take DNA from people who have convictions pre-dating the database. No one
knows how many are in this group, but the back catalogue could inflate the database dramatically. Chris
Sims, the chief constable with responsibility for the database, expects forces to use the power "proactively".

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E Whether the European Court will be satisfied with these tweaks remains to be seen. The opposition
Conservatives say that if they win power at the approaching general election they will copy the Scottish
system, in which people who are not convicted usually have their DNA removed from the database as soon
as the case against them is dropped. Keeping the records of those who have done nothing wrong

undermines the traditional presumption of innocence, the Tories say.
F The government argues that shrinking the pool of people on the database means that fewer crimes will
be solved. The Association of Chief Police Officers examined a set of homicide and rape cases from last year
in which a DNA match had been made with a profile on the national database. In about a tenth of these
cases, the match was with someone who was on the database despite not having a conviction.
G Home Office boffins justify the six-year retention of innocents' DNA with research showing that people
who are let off after an arrest are more likely than the general public to be rearrested. Their likelihood of
rearrest only drops back to average levels after six years, the number-crunchers found. Interestingly,
juveniles take longer to return to a 'normal' risk profile than adults, leading Home Office scientists to note
that there is a case for retaining their DNA for longer than that of adults, not shorter, as the government has

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decided.
H High profile cases have made even liberal-minded folk think twice about limiting the size of the
database. Last year Mark Dixie was jailed for a rape and murder that might never have been solved had he
not had a DNA sample taken following his arrest, and subsequent release, over a pub brawl a few months
later. The prospect of even a handful of killers evading justice will make it hard for any government to cut
the database back much more.

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Questions 1 - 8
Match each heading to the most suitable paragraph.

i

Records of non-convicts helps

ii

On record without conviction

iii

Database is too large

iv

Hardly democratic

v

Previous offenders

vi

Database unlikely to be cut by much

vii

Against the idea of innocence

viii

The largest of its kind

ix

included

Higher chance of being arrested again

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1

Paragraph A ..........

2

Paragraph B ..........

3

Paragraph C ..........

4

Paragraph D ..........

5

Paragraph E ..........

6

Paragraph F ..........

7

Paragraph G ..........

8

Paragraph H ..........

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Questions 9 - 13
Write NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS from the text.

9 The European Court of Human Rights believes that having non-convicts on the database is .................. .
10 Chris Sims thinks that the .................. should have a proactive approach to using the database.
11 In Scotland, innocent people's DNA records are removed when the case ................. .
12 The time needed for young people to return to normal risk profile is .................. for adults.

13 Mark Dixie was convicted as a result if a DNA sample taken after a .................. .

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SECTION 2

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Questions 14 – 26

The Switch to Farming
When our Stone Age ancestors first began cultivating their food instead of foraging for it in the wild, they
could not have foreseen what a momentous step they were taking. Almost all the trappings of modern life
flow from that fateful decision. Farming allowed people to live together in large, permanent settlements. Its
regular surpluses gave some the freedom to spend their lives pursuing goals other than food production.
And ultimately agriculture let us create the sort of complex stratified society we live in today.
With so much seemingly going for it, archaeologists have long seen the transition to farming as a crucial
step in the march of human progress. Once our ancestors realised they could plant seeds in springtime and
reap a nourishing harvest a few months later, everyone wanted a slice of the action, and the idea spread
quickly. But studies of modern hunter-gatherers suggest that farming may be far more labour-intensive than
foraging for food. And skeletal remains of Stone Age farmers show more signs of tooth decay, malnutrition
and infectious disease than those of their hunter-gatherer predecessors. It seems that farming may not have
been such a slam-dunk improvement after all.

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So why were our ancestors so eager to adopt a lifestyle that left them worse off Some experts think

hunter-gatherers may have been forced into farming by overpopulation or climate changes that strained
their old food supplies to breaking point. Others contend the rise of agriculture had less to do with filling
hungry bellies than with feeding a hunger for status. So far, our window into the past is too small to be sure
which explanation is right. But the answers should get clearer in the next few years as researchers gather
crucial new data.

Part of the difficulty in explaining the rise of farming is that it was not a single event. Agriculture had at least
seven independent origins around the world, each with its own unique set of conditions. Then there is the
fact that the switch did not happen overnight, or even within a few generations. The archaeological record
shows that when people first domesticated crop plants they remained a minor part of the diet for centuries
or even millennia. Only much later did farmed crops move to centre stage as the main source of food. Any
explanation for the rise of farming must consider the driving forces behind these two separate steps.

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Initial cultivation began in the eastern Mediterranean region near the end of the last ice age, around 12,000
years ago. At that time floras and faunas were changing rapidly. North American hunter-gatherers would
have been especially distressed by the extinction of many of the large game animals that once provided them
with relatively easy and nutritious food. "We know for a fact that the ecological circumstances were
changing dramatically. The animals weren't there for them to take any more. It's at that point that we see
people start intensively utilising plants," says Dolores Piperno of the Smithsonian Institution in Balboa,
Panama, and Washington DC.
Such adaptability is certainly a characteristic of modern hunter-gatherer societies. "They're constantly
fiddling with their sources of food to see if there are any ways they can improve predictability or reduce
risk," says Bruce Smith, director of the archaeobiology programme at the Smithsonian Institution in
Washington DC. So it is reasonable to assume that as the glaciers receded and the climate became more
suitable for cereal grasses, Stone Age foragers would naturally have added them to their diet and learned
ways to improve their growth such as selective weeding and burning to clear land. Such semi-domesticated
species might then have remained as one option on the menu of people who were still primarily

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hunter-gatherers for many generations.
Many archaeologists, though, are turning away from this scenario in favour of a completely different
explanation. The first domesticated crops, they suggest, may have been the Stone Age equivalent of peacock
tongues or caviar - in other words, luxury foods intended for feasts. Throwing a feast would allow the giver
to assert their status, cement alliances and accumulate favours that they could later cash in for political gain.
"It's an incredibly powerful motor for cultural transformation, and the fuel this motor uses is food," says
Brian Hayden, an archaeologist at Simon Fraser University in Vancouver, Canada. Today's high-powered
socialites will recognise the impulse - and the need for exotic ingredients to impress guests.
Certainly, many of the earliest domesticated plants seem better suited to the role of palate-teasing delicacies
than staples, Hayden notes. Lentils, for example, usually grow just two per wild plant and would have been
terribly finicky to harvest. A hungry person could have filled his belly quicker with any number of other
plants, yet lentils are among the first crops of the near East. In Central America, the earliest crops include
chillies, avocados and gourds. "These were things that would have virtually no impact on people's diets if
they were starving," says Hayden. Indeed, these gourds are completely inedible - but they make fine serving
vessels for a feast.

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Even crops that we now think of as quintessential staples, such as rice, tend to be used as high-status
specialty foods by traditional societies today. In the Torajan culture on the Indonesian island of Sulawesi, for
example, poorer families subsist mostly on manioc and other root crops and hoard their precious rice for
feasts. Even the rich tend to eat other foods for everyday meals and pull out the rice for company. In the
Stone Age, something similar may have happened with grains such as wheat and barley. Many experts think
that beer, not bread, was the most important early product of these grains - and the importance of alcohol in

a feast is obvious. Animals, too, were probably used for celebrations rather than everyday meals, as they still
are in today's subsistence societies.

If the first crops were prestige items, not staples, that would explain why they remained such a minor part of
the diet for so long. And the times and places where crops first appear fit the expectations of Hayden's
"competitive feasting" scenario. "We expect domestication to occur in fairly affluent societies, and where
there's some social and economic complexity and inequality, and I think that's exactly what we find," he says.
Storable, status-enhancing grains could also have been bartered for other luxury items, such as polished
stone axes, the production of which seems to coincide with early grain cultivation in many societies.

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Questions 14 - 26
Write True, False or Not Given.

14 As farming became established many people had more free time.
15 Research suggests that early farming was harder work than previous methods of getting food.
16 Farming may have developed as a result of changes in weather conditions.
17 In many parts of the world, farming changed eating habits overnight.
18 The earliest signs of farming can be traced back to the ice-age.
19 Modern hunter-gatherers were constantly looking for more reliable sources of food.

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Questions 20 - 23
Choose A, B or C.

A

Brian Hayden

B

Bruce Smith

C

Dolores Piperno

20 asserts the role of food in cultural development.
21 explains why people became more interested in plants.

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22 explains why people were very interested in where their food came from.
23 questions the reason behind the growth of certain crops.

Questions 24 - 26
Complete the summary with NO MORE THAN ONE WORD from the text.

As some crops were difficult to grow and did not provide much in the way of basic food, they might have
been grown to gain 24 ............. . Some of these crops may have been 25............. in exchange for other
products, for instance tools like 26 ............. .

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SECTION 3

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Questions 27 – 40

Fabrics and Weaving in Early Societies
A The postcard shows a fur-clad woman cowering in the back of a cave. In the foreground, her
manly-looking husband deftly carves a female figurine. This image from a French archaeological museum
reflects current ideas of human society in the Ice Age, about 28,000 years ago. Man the hunter is also cast in
the role of sensitive artist, while his partner fades into the background. "The image is almost certainly
wrong," says Jim Adovasio.
B Beautifully carved female forms, the so-called Venus figurines, are some of the earliest works of art.
Their often explicit sexuality has led archaeologists to see them as fertility symbols or mother goddesses. But
Adovasio, from Mercyhurst College in Pennsylvania, and his colleagues want to rewrite the history books.
They have discovered what look like carvings of woven fabric detailed on the figurines. If they are correct, it
means that textiles were being made long before anyone ever suspected. It also challenges old ideas about
the status of men and women, and who did what to fill the larder.

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C Notions about how our Palaeolithic ancestors lived come mostly from evidence in ancient stones and
bones. They paint a picture of macho men wielding stone-tipped spears as they hunted for mammoths. In
reality, though, the great majority of material that Ice Age people worked with probably came from plants.
In technologically simple societies today, and in more recent archaeological sites, people used 20 times as

much plant matter as stone. But it is only in the past couple of decades that archaeologists have started to get
a handle on this "missing matter".

D Adovasio's lab is leading the way. He got his first glimpse of evidence for Palaeolithic weaving five years
ago when, lacking a proper screen, he projected a slide showing a strangely embossed piece of ancient
ceramic onto the door of a refrigerator belonging to his colleague Olga Soffer from the University of Illinois
at Urbana-Champaign. "It was immediately obvious to us that the image was of the warp and weft of woven
fabric," recalls Adovasio, who has spent many years working with ancient textiles.

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E That set them off scrambling for more evidence. Working with David Hyland, also at Mercyhurst
College, they found a rich vein in the archaeological sites of the Czech Republic, where ancient domestic
conflagrations had fired wet clay, leaving traces of textiles on the surfaces. So far, they have analysed
100-odd small fragments. "It's clear to us that by 28,000 years ago people had developed technologies for
sophisticated weaving of textiles, making nets, and plaiting and coiling baskets, using plant material," says
Soffer.
F "The work is very exciting," says Sarah Nelson from the University of Denver in Colorado. "It fits into
what people have begun to say must be there."
G There are no known fragments of woven fabric in the archaeological record from this time, but
Adovasio and his colleagues realised that there might be clues on the Venus figurines. About half of them
have patterns on the head that have been interpreted as Ice Age hairdos, or around the arms, chest and waist
that are usually thought to be tattoos or cloth made of animal skins. When the researchers started to look at
these patterns under low-power microscopy, however, they saw depictions of twined or plain woven cloth,
just like the indentations Adovasio and Soffer had noticed on the ceramics.

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H "People have been handling these figurines for 100 years, and they have been so overwhelmed by the
sexual imagery that they barely saw these patterns, let alone analysed them," says Adovasio. "But when you
point it out to people, they say, `Of course, it's so obvious'."
I The detail of the carving is extraordinary. On the famous Venus of Willendorf, for example, the
criss-cross pattern on the head, once thought to represent plaited hair, turns out to be a representation of a
fibre-based woven cap. The patterns on the lower body of the Venus of Lespuge depict a kind of skirt made
from 11 cords. The carver even went to the trouble of depicting the cords in one section as fraying at the
hem. "It's not something you could carve just by looking at textiles," says Adovasio. "You have to know how
the weaving or plaiting is done technically."
J In today's technologically simple societies, women do most of the weaving. If the carvers were also the
weavers, then it might have been the women who fashioned the figurines. "That challenges a lot of
unquestioned assumptions in archaeology," says Soffer. What's more, the sophistication of the textiles
implies that their production was very labour intensive and required great skill. The researchers believe that
these were probably ritual items, symbols of achievement, not daily garb. If so, they say, Ice Age women were
not just the subservient preparers of food and bearers of children as has been assumed, but individuals with
social prestige and power.

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K Margaret Conkey from the University of California, Berkeley, believes that such inferences about social
status may be "getting onto shaky ground". Nevertheless, she concedes: "This work is important because it
forces people to sit back and figure out what questions need to be asked to get a deeper understanding of
past societies. They are rattling a few cages, and that's terrific."

L In the practical realm of subsistence, for example, the ability to make nets would bring new ways of
acquiring meat. Armed with nets, Palaeolithic people, including women, children and older people, could
have caught rabbits and other small game. "This is a much more realistic picture of what was probably going
on in the Upper Palaeolithic," says Conkey.

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M The new findings challenge our thinking about what technologies characterise advances at this critical
time in human evolution. "It may be that the explosion of weaving was one of the signature technological
elements of our species," says Adovasio. For Soffer, the work has a personal side, too. Before becoming an
archaeologist, she was a fashion promoter and coordinator for Federated Department Stores in New York.
"Yes," she says, "it closes the circle for me very nicely."

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Questions 27 - 32
Which paragraph contains ...

27 how a problem of research resources led to a interesting discovery
28 a date by which time people were highly skilful in interlacing cloth
29 compares the employment of two materials
30 an image of early man which is probably inaccurate
31 a fact neglected for a long time
32 a finding which probably changes our view of the roles of the sexes

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Questions 33 - 37

Write NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS from the text.

33 The detail on the Venus of Willendorf includes the .............. of her skirt.
34 Producing fine detail requires a technical understanding of .............. .
35 There is some evidence to suggest that the carvings were .............. by women.
36 The quality if the carvings seem to suggest that the women of that time had ............ .
37 Conkey thinks the findings are important because they make people .............. .

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Questions 38 - 40
Write NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS from the box.

Perhaps one of the main advantages of this research is that it challenges previously 38................ about the
roles of men, women and children in these 39 ............. . All members of the family, for example, could have
taken part in the search for food. In addition, the findings may add to our understanding of which
40 ................ that period.

technologies, processes, weaving, defined, carvings, people, early, challenges,
social, take, hard, societies, held, potentially, dated, views

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Answers

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1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13

viii
ii
iv
v
vii

i
ix
iii
not necessary
forces
is dropped
longer than
pub brawl

14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26

Not Given
True
True
False
True
True
A

C
B
A
prestige
bartered
axes

27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40

D
E
C
A
F
B
fraying
weaving

fashioned
social prestige
/ power
sit back
held views
early societies
technologies
deined

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