NGHIÊN CỨU VỀ HOẠT ĐỘNG MẬU DỊCH CỦA NGƯỜI HOA Ở VIỆT NAM

G A O V A T H U O C P H I E N :
N G H I E N C U U V E H O A T D O N G M A U D I C H
N G t f O I H O A 6

C U A

V I E T N A M N t T A D A U T H E K Y X I X

DUONG VAN HUY*

N Q a dau the ky XIX la giai doan lich
sQ day nhiing bien ddi ve mat kinh
te - xa hoi. Hoat dong thiidng mai, nhat la
ngoai thiidng v i n dien ra va diidc su
khuyen khich tQ phia chinh quyen trung
ildng. Ddng thdi, cimg vdi su that bai cua
cac thiidng nhan phiidng Tay trong hoat
dong mau dich vdi nha Nguyen va sii that
bai cua ngiidi Viet trong cac hoat dong
thiidng mai vdi thi triidng Trung Qudc.
Ngiidi Hoa da trd thanh mdt life liidng quan
trong, nam girl cac hoat dong mau dich quan
trong cua Viet Nam ke ca noi thiidng va
ngoai thiidng, va nhat la trong cac hoat dong
m i u dich giQa Viet Nam va Trung Qudc. Vdi
chinh sach i f u ai cua chinh quyen nha
Nguyen, ngiidi Hoa da tham nhap vao hau
het cac Hnh viic kinh doanh thiidng mai cua
Viet Nam. Ben canh do, ho cung tham gia
tich ciic vao buon ban hai mat hang ciic ky
quan trong va nhay cam thdi ky nay do la

gao va thudc phien. Mat hang gao co anh
hiidng tnic tiep tdi van de kinh te va dn dinh
xa hoi cua Viet Nam. Thudc phien la mat
hang buon ban quan trong cua cac thiidng
nhan qudc te khong chi d Viet Nam ma con
tren khap cac thi triidng khu viic. Cho nen,
1

1

* Th.S. Vien Nghien cQu Dong Nam A

xuat gao di nhap thudc phien ve la mot
trong nhQng hoat dong kinh doanh dem lai
nhieu ldi nhuan nhat cho Hoa thiidng d Viet
Nam thdi ky nay. Ddng thdi, nhQng hoat
dong thiidng mai nay da tac dong khdng nhd
tdi ddi sdng kinh te, xa hoi Viet Nam diidng
thdi.
1. Hoat dpng buon ban gao cua Hoa
thu'o'ng cV Viet Nam
Viet Nam von phong phu ve gao, nha't la
tQ khi lanh tho diidc md rong xudng phia
Nam, dien tich canh tac diidc md rong, dieu
nay da khien cho khu vQc Nam Bo da. trd
thanh viia lua cua ca. midc va la mat hang
buon ban quan trong cua cac Hoa thiidng
(1), nhat la trong buon ban vdi Trung Qudc.
Trong nhieu triidng hdp chinh quyen Viet
Nam da cam buon ban gao de dam bao nhu

cau tieu dung trong mfdc, nhiing vdi nhu
cau ve gao manh me tQ phia Trung Quo'c
da khien cho viec budn ban gao cd the kiem
diidc nhQng khoan ldi nhuan kich xu, chinh
dieu nay da khien cho Hoa thiidng bat chap
thu doan de tien hanh cac hoat dong budn
lau gao tQ Viet Nam sang Trung Quo'c, bat
chap lenh cam cua chinh quyen trung lidng
Viet Nam khi do.


46
Ben canh do, trong khi tang nhanh ve
dan so tai Trung Quoc, thi dien tich canh
tac trong lua lai bi thu hep b nhieu ndi do
chien tranh tan pha, hoae nhiing dien tich
trong lua khong tang kip so vdi nhip do
tang dan sd. Ngoai ra, trong thdi ky cuoi
the ky XVIII dau the ky XLX nha Thanh
Trung Quoc, chien tranh nd ra trien mien,
cdng vdi viec doi kem mat mua xay ra
thiidng xuyen. Cho nen, viec thieu liidng
thiic da trd thanh van de cap thiet dat ra
dd'i vdi Trung Quo'c. Chinh vi vay, trong cac
hoat dong buon ban vdi Dong Nam A, nha
Thanh khuyen khich cac hoat ddng nhap
khau gao va nhat la hoat dong mau dich
lua gao vdi Thai Lan va Viet Nam.
Trong cac hoat dong budn gao vdi Dong
Nam A, Viet Nam chiem mot vi t r i quan

trong, song cac hoat dong mua ban nay chu
yeu dien ra tren phiidng thiic buon lau cua
cac Hoa thiidng b Viet Nam. Trong khoang
the ky XVII, kinh doanh gao d Viet Nam da
phat trien manh, nha't la viec xuat khau
gao cua Dang Ngoai qua con diidng cang
Hai Phdng, va trung tam nhiing hoat ddng
kinh doanh nay la Phd Hien. Den nam
1831, khi Pho' Hien ddi ten thanh Hiing
Yen, thi cang nay khong cdn vai trd la
trung tam thiidng mai nQa. Den 1825, cac
tu lieu cho biet cd khoang 40 chiec thuyen
buon cua Hoa thiidng budn ban b Nam
Dinh va Ha Noi, hai cang nay trd thanh
nhQng trung tam xua't khau chu yeu b khu
viic chau thd Song Hdng (2). Hai Phdng
cung trd thanh mot thiidng cang quan
trong vao khoang giQa the' ky XIX. Trong
khoang thdi gian tQ 1844 den 1846, mot
giao sy truyen dao cua Dominican la
Mannuel de Rivas cho biet mdt so'thong tin
ve nhQng con so' thiidng thuyen ngiidi Hoa
den Bac Ky de buon ban gao. Ong cho biet,
chi rieng d cang Hai Phdng cd hdn 500 ta
gao xuat khau (d day la ddn vi ta cua Tay
1

Rghien cuoi Lich stf. so" 2.2011
Ban Nha, 1 ta Tay Ban Nha tiidng diidng
khoang 46 kg, nen trung binh trong liidng

khoang 23 tan), ong cung cho biet b Ha Ndi
sd liidng gao xuat khau cdn ldn hdn nhieu
(3).
Cu the hdn ve viec Hoa thvidng tham gia
vao hoat dong buon ban gao d Bac Ky
chung ta co the tim thay trong nhQng bQc
thu cua Pierre Andre Retord, Cha sd Tda
thanh Tay Tonkin, ong cho biet vao khoang
nhQng nam 50 cua the ky XIX, khi ong td
ra lo l i n g ve nan ddi d Bac Ky, va ong do ldi
cho nha Nguyln la "ke thdng chinh quyen
nay dUdng nhu ngdy cdng trd nen bdt Itfc
doi vdi khu vUc nay, chinh quyen doi ddi
vung nay gidng nhu vung bi chinh phuc vd
nhung quan lqi d day khai thdc chung de
thoa man long tham cua hq... d day cdc
quan lqi cua chung ta... dd cdm rd't gat gao
viec xudt khdu gao tie tinh ndy den tinh
khdc. Lenh cdm mdu dich duqc ban ra vdi
viec chi dUdc dung thuyen nho; nhung cdc
quan chdc chinh quyen dtfa vdo cdc hdnh
vi pham phdp de lam giau cho chinh hq, de
phong buon lau, truy kich den ciing bon
buon lau, tich thu hang hda vd ddnh thue
nang xd phat Idm giau cho quan lqi' (4).
Ddng thdi, Retord cung da so sanh vdi each
Qng xQ cua chinh quyen vdi ngQdi dan dia
phQdng va vdi viec ung ho sQ md rong
thvidng mai cua ngiidi Hoa, dng cho rang,
"nhung gi chinh quyen [Hue] lam khdng

phai cho ngUdi dia phUdng, hq chu yeu cho
ngUdi Trung Qudc den ddy hang nam td
khi cd noi chien tai ddt nUdc hq [Trung
Qudc] vd hq [ngUdi Hoa] cd dtfqc stf cung
cap luong thtfc ldn. Quan lqi ve be mat
mudn dudi hq di nhtfng nhtfng ngUdi nUdc
ngodi ndy bi mat dUa cho so tien ldn, va vi
vdy hq dtfdc ttf do thtfc hien trqn ven cdng
viec kinh doanh cua minh. Nam ngodi
(1856), nhieu ngudi Hoa den Tonkin (Bac
Ky) khdng mang theo hang hda de bdn d


47

Qao va thuoc phien: Rghien ciru ve.
day ma hq chi lang le thu mua gao, hdu het
nen thtfOng mai d Trung Qudc bi ngitng tre
bdi stf tan phd cua cdc cudc khdi nghia vd
chien tranh cua ngtfdi Anh (chien tranh
Nha Phien) da phd huy chung" (5).
Trong ket luan cua Retord, ong cho biet
them, nam 1857 lai co mot nan doi khac va
gao da tang gia hdn 5 lan so v6i khi ong
den Bac Ky vao nam 1832 (6). Giong nhu"
nhQng phai doan truyen giao ngiidi Phap
khac khi do, Retord song gan vdi khu vQc
co mQc song trung binh va cong viec cua
ong da phan anh ro cai nhin r&'t phd bien
ve hoat dong buon ban gao cua ngiidi Hoa d

Bac Ky (7). Ben canh do, viec nghien cQu ve
thue thu tQ ngoai thiidng trong thdi gian tQ
nam 1865 den nam 1868 cung cung cap
nhieu bang chQng cho thay nhieu ldi ich cd
diidc tQ xuat khau gao, cung nhii thong qua
thue danh vao thudc phien, thie'c va go
cQng. Vao nam 1865 va 1866, thue danh
len moi thuyen buon tham gia buon ban
diidng song d Tonkin la 50 lang bac. Nam
1865, tdng so' 157 thuyen buon phai tra tdi
7.850 lang bac va nam 1866 thue thu diidc
la 5.450 lang bac. Thue thu tang them 75
lang bac moi thuyen buon trong nhQng
nam sau do (8).
Nam 1865, sau khi nan ddi d tinh Hai
Diidng dan den 8.000 ngiidi chet, chinh
quyen nha Nguyen da thQc hien danh thue
gao xuat khau nham bao ve liidng gao cung
Qng cho nhu cau trong midc. Tuy nhien,
nam- 1866, cac Hoa thvidng yeu cau cho ho
diidc xu&'t k h i u gao mien thue b cang Hai
Phdng trong vdng 5 nam, ddi lai Hoa
thiidng se cung cap 69 thuyen manh de
giup chinh quyen Viet Nam tran ap hai tac
d cQa song Cam thuoc khu vQc vinh Ha
Long. SQ hdp tac nay diidc chinh quyen tan
thanh, va 69 chiec thuyen nay diidc miln
thue buon ban gao. Ngoai ra, 26 chiec

thuyen manh khac den diidc Nam Dinh va

Hai Diidng. Ddng thdi 30 chiec thuyen
manh Hoa thiidng da mua 1.364.260 can
gao (1 can = 0,6 kg) ho&c 818,5 tan, vdi so
thue quy dinh la 3 lang bac cho 1000 can,
chinh quyen thu diidc 4.091 lang bac tQ
thue (9).
Nam 1867, cang Hai Diidng chi thu dQdc
310 lang bac thue tQ 3 thuyen budn, thap
hdn 10% so vdi 5.563 lang bac tien thue thu
diidc tQ 25 thuyen buon diidng song d Tra
Ly cua Nam Dinh. Khi dQdc hdi ve ly do tai
sao, cac thvidng nhan den tQ Trung Hoa cho
biet ho chi diidc phep thu mua gao trong
vong 8 den 9 ngay, va neu ho b lai lau hdn
thi bi coi la "gian thvidng" (cunning
merchants) va se bi trQng phat. Vua Tii
DQc da hdi cac quan lai d Hai Diidng ve van
de nay va ho da bao cao rang "cdc thuyen
budn nha Thanh nho vd vdn thi khiem ton,
nen hq mudn den de budn bdn. Hq yeu cau
nhd vua giam thue mdi, yeu cdu ndy that
qua ddng" (10).
Viec xuat khau gao qua dang se tao ra
thieu hut d chinh Viet Nam, lam tang gia
va cudi cung gay bat dn ve xa hoi. Do do,
chinh quyen nha Nguyen can ngan chan te
nan budn l&u neu ho muon diidc long dan.
Nhiing ngan chan that khong de vi ngiidi
Hoa luon cd nhu c i u va viec xuat khau
sang Trung Hoa ke ca b&'t hdp phap, vi cd

ldi rat ldn. Khong chi cd Hoa kieu, ma ngay
ca ngii dan hay thiidng nhan Viet Nam
cung thong ddng vdi thiidng nhan ngiidi
Hoa de cung Qng cho viec thQdng mai song
hanh nay (11). Cac phu thQdng ngQdi Hoa b
Viet Nam cung nhu d Ha Noi thvidng dung
thuyen ldn di lai cac tinh mua gao ve rdi
len hit chd sang Trung Qudc ban lai de
kiem ldi to. Trong mua ban gao cac phu
thiidng Hoa kieu thiidng ap.dung ket hdp
cac thu doan cho vay lai, mua lua non va
1


48
bat bi mua re (12). NgQdi Hoa chia vao the
diidc Qu dai ve phap luat va so' vd'n ldn cua
minh. Cac Hoa kieu d Ha Noi da toa di
khap cac ndi cho cac tieu chu va nha nong
ngiidi Viet vay vd'n, dac biet la "cac Hoa
kieu bang Quang Dong diing lam chu cac
ngan hang, ho cho vay lai co khi tdi 60%
hang nam, trie 5% hang thang, Hocquard
goi nhiing Hoa kieu kieu do la nhiing ten
Do thdi Vien Dong, va mdi khi mua lua sap
chin... nhQng hoa Kieu dd cam tui bac, ngdi
thuyen di day do khap cac nga song, gid tui
bac do du do cho cac nha ndng vay, nhat la
dd'i vdi nhiing ngiidi dang can tien trong
cong viec ma chay hieu hy. Va den ky han,

neu cac con nd do khong co tien tra thi Hoa
kieu da nham so' lua thu hoach cua ngiidi
di vay ma bat bi mua lai vdi mot gia re
mat" (13). J.Dupuis khi den Ha Noi co ghi
lai sii kien cac Hoa thiidng pho' Quang
Dong da dung 3 chiec thuyen budn di thu
mua lua gao chd tQ Hai Diidng ve. Nam
1879, Tii Diic cung du rang "gdn day nghe
rat nhieu nhdng thuyen budn (nha Thanh)
cd dd khdng de dpi den mua hq lua chin...
[gao bi] chd trdm ra khoi cda bien". Ddi khi
ho ciing diing manh khde trao ddi thuyen
budn de chd trdm gao ve Trung Quoc (14).
Nhu cau ldn ve gao cua thi triidng Trung
Quoc da kich thich ddng chay gao ra ngoai
lanh tho Viet Nam va tao nen sii bung nd
manh me trong buon ban lau gao thdi ky
nha Nguyen. Ben canh do, trieu dinh Hue
da ap dung hang loat cac chirm sach nham
thiic day viec nhap khau gao nham dap
ling nhu cau liidng thiic trong midc. Nam
1825, thue diidc mien trQ elm yeu phu
thuoc vao liidng gao chd tren tau dd'i vdi cac
thuyen budn ngoai quoc tai cang Viet Nam,
nha't la nhiing thuyen buon til Siam va Ha
Chau (15). Neu cac thuyen buon ngoai quo'c
van chuyen gao den Viet Nam cang nhieu

Rghien curu Lich sit, so" 2.2011
thi thue miln cung nhieu hdn (16). Budn

ban gao trong midc chu yeu do chinh quyen
nam giQ nham dam bao dap ling du nhu
c i u qudc gia. M i l n thue n h i m thiic day
thvidng nhan cung cap gao cho khu viic ndi
dia. Thue diidc m i l n neu thuyen budn den
chi mang theo hang hda la gao (17). Tuy
nhien, nhQng thuyen budn khong the diidc
mien thue hoan toan neu thuyen cua ho
mang gao cung vdi cac hang hda khac den
(18). Nam 1864, mot thvidng nhan Trung
Qudc la Van Thuan chd gao tQ Siam va
diidc mien thue hoan toan khi budn ban d
Binh Dinh (19).
Viec budn ban gao phi phap thiic sii
dang lo ngai dd'i vdi trieu dinh Hue. Trong
the ky XIX, trieu dinh lien tuc ban hanh
cac quy dinh han che dd'i vdi cac hoat ddng
budn lau gao ra nQdc ngoai. Nhiing cac
thiidng nhan, nha't la Hoa thiidng van
budn ban gao bi m&t bang nhieu each khac
nhau va da phan deu trot lot. Mot mat,
cac thuyen budn cua Hoa thQdng thQdng
xuyen thay ddi cac ke hoach xuat khau
gao sang Trung Hoa de tranh bi danh
thue, hoae danh lQa thue khi ho quay trd
lai Viet Nam (20). Mat khac, nhieu Hoa
thQdng budn l&u gao diidi ly do ddng
thuyen hoae budn ban cung cac loai hang
hda khac. Budn lau gao xay ra rat thQdng
xuyen, va nhieu thvidng nhan ngiidi Viet

gia dang thanh nhQng Hoa thiidng de
budn l&u gao. Viec gia tang sd' liidng cac
hoat dong budn lau nhu v&y dan den viec
chinh quyen gia tang cac quy dinh han che
cac thQdng nhan dia phiidng gia dang cac
thuyen budn Trung Hoa (21).
1

Nam 1828, nha Nguyln da cam cac
thuyen budn Viet Nam den Ha Chau budn
ban gao. Nam 1836, trieu dinh da cQ nhieu
quan lai di cdng can Ha Chau, va nhQng
quan chQc nay da bao cao r i n g da thay


Qao va thuoc phien: Rghien ciru ve.

49

khoang 500.000 can gao, tiidng diidng
khoang 300 tan dQdc xuat khau di
Philippin (25). Trong khi gia gao tang
manh vao nhQng nam 20 the ky XIX d khu
viic Bac Ky thi gia gao lai vd cung thap d
Gia Dinh, nam 1829 "ky trudc gid gao rat
re, 1 phUctng (38,5 lit) gao gia khdng qua 56 mach (hay tien, tUOng dUOng 0,5-0,6
quan). Gdn ddy, tuy nam dUOc mua md gid
gao cung khong dudi 1 quan, do la bdi bon
budn gian xdo dong trdm nhieu vd thuyen
ngtfbi Thanh chd khach den hop an rat

nhieu" (26). Chinh v i v&y ma ddng chay gao
ra midc ngoai ngay cang nhieu chu yeu
thdng qua cac hoat dong budn lau cua Hoa
thiidng.
Ben canh do, gao dQdc cac Hoa
Vdi liu the ve mat dia Ty gan vdi Trung
Qudc, mot so' dia phiidng cua Viet Nam nhii thiidng van chuyen di vdi khd'i liidng khdng
Quang Yen, Hai Diidng, nan budn ban v i n nhd cung do sii cho phep cua cac quan lai d
chuyen gao phi phap diln ra thvidng xuyen. day (27). Chinh vi vay, khu vQc Gia Dinh
Cung vdi viec gia tang dan sd'd Trung Qudc cung la trung tam de cac "gian thQdng"
tii the ky XVIII da thiic day sii nhap khau ngiidi Hoa ke ca ngiidi Viet budn lau gao
gao cua midc nay va ldi nhuan thu diidc t i i mot each manh me, va nhQng thQdng nhan
viec budn ban gao vd cung ldn da kich thich nay da thu diidc nhQng khoan ldi nhuan
ddng chay gao bi mat tQ Viet Nam den khdng Id (28).
Nam Trung Hoa. Dieu nay khien cho
Nam 1824, nhieu ngiidi chiu ddi d Kham
nhQng nan ddi ngay cang tram trong hdn d Chau va Liem Chau cua Trung Qudc, va
khu vQc cac tinh ddng bang Bac Bd do gia gao d day tang mdt each dot ngdt len tdi
nhieu nam mat mua, va nhQng nam diidc 4 tham chi 5 lang bac mdi ganh (29). Nhieu
mua thi liidng gao xuat khau qua nhieu ngiidi Viet budn ban gao phi phap tdi
gay nen tinh trang thieu gao thiidng xuyen, Kham Chau va Liem Chau. Ve ddng chay
gia gao tang chdng mat trong nhQng nam gao ra ngoai, Hoang de Minh Mang da. ra
20 cua the ky XIX, theo Nguyln The Arm lenh cac quan lai ap dung cac bien phap
thi, trong nhQng nam 1825 va 1829-1830 nghiem khac nham ngan chan viec budn
thi gia gao tang 50 den 100% (24). Nhiing lau gao sang Trung Qudc (30). Cac thiidng
van de budn ban gao khdng anh hiidng qua nhan Viet Nam cung nhii thiidng nhan
nhieu tdi ddi sdng kinh te, xa hdi cua ngiidi Trung Hoa da bi mat van chuyen gao sang
dan dia phiidng khu vQc Nam Ky, bdi den Trung Qudc, tham chi cho du chinh quyen
thdi ky nha Nguyen, khu vQc nay dien tich nha Nguyen da han che ngiidi Hoa d Viet
canh tac md rong hdn bao gid het va trd Nam tham gia budn ban (31). Nam 1836,

thanh vQa lua, ngudn cung cap gao chu yeu Nguyln Cdng TrQ, Tong ddc Hai DQdng va
cua Viet Nam. Khdng chi vay, day la khu Quang Yen nhan diidc chi thi cua trieu
vQc xuat khau gao ldn nha't cua midc ta. dinh Hue thQc hien viec cap giay phep cho
Vao nam 1804, khu vQc Gia Dinh cd thiidng nhan bdi vi nhieu ngiidi Viet Nam

nhieu thuyen buon va thiidng nhan den t i i
Viet Nam buon ban gao vdi ngiidi dia
phiidng d Ha Chau va mua thuoc phien chd
ve Viet Nam. Bao cao nay la nguyen nhan
dan deh chinh quyen nha Nguyen phuc hoi
lai lenh cam, cho nen nhiing ngiidi Viet dia
phiidng khdng diidc phep ban gao cho Hoa
thiidng hoae cac thiidng nhan midc ngoai
khac (22). Hdn nQa, cd nhieu Dai Dich
Thuyen d Vinh Long da. xuat ra midc ngoai
budn ban gao, nhiing mot so'budn ban d thi
triidng trong midc. Dieu nay cung cd the
thay mot so' ho den Trung Qudc den budn
ban gao vdi cac thiidng nhan d Quang Chau
hoae Hai Nam, cung nhu" d Ha Chau (23).


50

Rghien ciru Lich stf. so" 2.2011

dong thuyen d Hai Diidng va Quang Yen
nham wkn chuyen bi mat gao cho cac Hoa
thiidng (32). Cho nen, chinh quyen Viet
Nam thi hanh he thong nay nen moi

thiidng nhan co dQdc han ngach buon ban
gao n h i t dinh dii6i sii giam sat va phan
phoi cua chinh quyen nha Nguyen cl Van
Don va Van Ninh (33). Mac du v&y, tinh
trang thieu gao van d i l n ra trien mien
khong chi nhQng nam mat mua ma thieu
ca trong nhQng nam diidc mua.

viec nay da van chuyen phi phap gao de doi
la'y ddng va trang thiet bi quan sQ trQdc khi
ban chung cho chinh quyen. Rieng ve mat
nay thi viec "xuat khau gao trai phep" de
ddi la'y hang hoa chien liidc cho trieu dinh
Hue la sQ bd sung can thiet va quan trong
cho nen kinh te, chinh t r i (37). Viec thieu
ddng la nguyen nhan khien cho nha
Nguyln dung Hoa thQdng cho van chuyen
gao de trao ddi la'y ddng. Nam 1814, mot
chiec thuyen chd Nitrat Kali (dung lam
Vao thdi ky Thieu Tri, dong chay gao thudc sung) tQ Macao den ban chung cho
phi phap ra ngoai qua tQ Hai DQdng va Viet Nam vdi gia 100 can la 10 dollar Bd
Quang Yen vo cung nghiem trong. Nhieu Dao Nha. NhQ mdt sii bao dap,, chiec
thuyen buon loai nho dia phiidng da buon thuyen budn nay dQdc mien thue diidc thu
ban lau gao, cung Qng cho Quang Yen va mua gao va cac hang hda cam khac de quay
cac vung phu can. Vao nam 1845, nhieu ve. Trong khi chd ddi, nhQng hang hda
thuyen buon Trung Hoa tham gia vao cac khac dQdc tiep can va ban tai Viet Nam
hoat dong buon ban gao bi mat v6i ngiidi (38). Tuy nhien, viec thu mua gao tQ nhQng
dia phiidng. NhQng hoat dong buon ban tQ thQdng ma khdng diidc sii phe chuan cua
ngam nay vo cung nghiem trong, khien cho nha Nguyen thi van khdng diidc phep (39).
trieu dinh Hue da phai ban hanh lenh ca'm Hoa thQdng van diidc phep chd nhQng sd'

tQ thQdng buon ban gao vao nam 1845 (34). liidng gao dQdc quy dinh tQ Viet Nam tdi
Chinh quyen nha Nguyen da manh tay hdn Trung Hoa. Tren mot chQng miic nao dd,
trong viec khong che tinh trang buon ban Hoa thQdng cd sii liu dai cua chinh quyen
gao hoae xua't khau gao phi phap sang trong viec budn ban gao, nhat la viec
Trung Quoc hoae di Ha Chau trong thdi ky nhQng thQdng nhan nay giup dd chinh
Tii DQc (35). Tuy nhien, cac quy dinh han quyen v&n chuyen den trang thiet bi vu
che buon ban gao khong hoan toan thanh khi. Dd'i vdi nha Thanh, trieu dinh Hue da
cong trong viec han che dQdc nan buon lau trao ddi gao la'y thiet bi quan sii trong bd'i
gao. Nam 1858, nhieu thuyen buon Hoa canh nhu cau ve gao cua nha Thanh tang
thiidng da den khu viic bien Phan Thiet d len nhanh chdng do viec bung nd dan sd' tQ
Binh Thuan va tham gia manh me vao cac cud'i the ky XVIII. Ngoai nhQng Hoa
hoat dong buon ban lau gao vdi ngiidi Viet thiidng, tham chi ca nhQng thQdng nhan
(36).
khac d khu vQc cung tham gia vao viec trao
Chung ta biet rang, tren danh nghia thi ddi thiet bi quan sii lay gao cua Viet Nam
viec xua't kha\i gao la phi phap thdi va cac loai hang hda cd ich khac. Cac
Nguyen. Tuy nhien, chfnh quyen vSn dinh thQdng nhan Siam cd the mua cac loai
ky phe chuin viec xua't kh£u gao de ddi la'y hang bi c&m nhu td lua vai vdc va cac loai
nhung hang hoa quan trong khac nhu ddng hang hda dia phiidng khac d Viet Nam chi
va cac trang thiet bi quan sii cho trieu can ho ban tieu thach cho chinh quyen
dinh. Cho nen, nhieu thQdng nhan ldi dung Nguyln (40).
1

1


Qao va thugc phien: Rghien ciru ve.
Ben canh do, den thdi ky nhiing nam 70
va 80 cua the ky XIX, viec md ciia khau da
co nhQng hau qua tai hai, dac biet cl Bac

Ky. Trieu dinh vi thieu kinh nghiem cung
chinh sach kinh te, thieu nhan vien chuyen
mon, nen khong co kha nang kiem soat
nhiing cd che cua thiidng nghiep vdi midc
ngoai, nhat la doi v6i Hoa thiidng. Trieu
dinh cung khong biet den ca cai cd che dinh
gia cua thi triidng t i i do, nhu" Philastre cat
nghia trong thii gui Thong doc Nam Ky:
"ThUa Thong ddc, trong quyet dinh cua
chinh phu An Nam, co le ngai se ngqc
nhien khi ong thuqng thu noi la: ...khdng
han che vd cung khdng gidm gid... Vi mdt
quan niem rd't sai lam phdn kinh te md
chinh phu ndy cung nhu chinh phu Trung
Hoa thudng dinh miic tdi da cho gid gao,
mdi khi hq budc phdi diing nhUng bien
phdp nhu the. Dd cung chinh Id chu tdm
hien thdi cua nha vua, nhung tdi da nhiet
thdnh nhdn manh cho thuqng thu hieu
rang, neu cd theo cdch thdc cu ky do, chinh
phu cua dng khdng the cd tham vong biet
duqc cdc nha budn nUdc ngodi da die lai
chUa khi chinh phu dinh gao gid ndy hay
gid khdc, cung nhu chinh dng khdng biet
rang dan se khdng cd lqi neu cd the mua
duqc gao, vi gid gao qua cao. Tdi thdy la
dng thuqng thu da duqc cudcF' (41).

51
chuyen d day dd san sdng. Cxldc van tdi la

18-20 xu mdt tq d Bdc Ky. Mdi chii'c tdu
thuy deu cd mang tdi cho chung tdi mdt so'
hanh khach ngUdi Hoa lam phu hay vien
chdc thUOng mai. Hien cd nhieu nhd budn
ngudi Hoa mdi duqc thdnh lap" (42). Gao
diidc xuat khau, gia gao tai cho cang tang.
NhQng ngiidi Hoa lam trung gian mai ban
di khap xQ Bac Ky de mua gao trQc tiep
cua ngiidi san xua't. Nhii the se khien cho
nan doi kem cang nghiem trong hdn, theo
nhii bao cao cua Philastre gQi Thong doc
Nam Ky: "Ong Kergaradec viet thu cho tdi
rang nan ddi gdy tai hqi trdm trong tdi tdn
tinh Ninh Binh, hon nita, gao rat ddt khap
coi Bdc Ky. Tdi cung biet Id Nghi An ciing
cO cite ddi kem tUOng dUOng nhu trong cdc
tinh phia Nam. ...Cdc thUOng ldi vd ngUdi
tich trd nhieu gao chi din lqi riing cua
minh vd chi nhin sU viic vdi con mat rat
khdc nhau. Bdi vi hq mua dUdc mdt so ldn
gao vd cd lqi khi dem bdn d HUOng Cdng,
thi hq tuyin bo ld Bdc Ky cd thtfa mtfa gao.
Dieu dy dung vdi nhiing kho chUa cua hq,
nhUng khdng dung vdi ddn chung" (43).

Co the noi rang, viec nan doi thQdng
xuyen xay ra cl Viet Nam thdi ky nha
Nguyen, nghiem trong nha't la nhQng nan
doi xay ra cl Bac Ky da anh hQdng khong
nho tdi ddi song kinh te, xa hoi cua Viet

Viec md ciia cac ben cang cang tao them Nam. Nan doi xay ra do thieu hut gao
the thiidng phong cua ngiidi Hoa trong trong midc bdi van de gao d Viet Nam bi
pham vi thiidng nghiep, ho do xo den Ha van chuyen qua nhieu ra ngoai bien gidi
Noi va Hai Phong. Nam 1876, Tii Diic cho qua cac hoat dong thiidng mai cua Hoa
phep xuat khau gao, dinh thdi han cho thiidng va nha't la cac hoat dong buon lau
xuat khau gao la 40 hoae 60 ngay tuy hoan lua gao. Dieu nay mot lan nQa phan anh
canh. Kha nhieu tau buon tii Hiidng Cang nhQng hoat dong thiidng mai nay cua Hoa
tdi mua gao nhu Ture lanh sii Phap cl Hai thQdng cung da co tac dong khong tot tdi
Phong, da chiing kien vao ngay 4 thang ddi song kinh te xa hoi cua Viet Nam, va la
gieng nam 1878 nhu" sau: "Tinh hinh nguyen nhan gay nen tinh trang bat dn ve
thUOng nghiep tdt. Gao tit ndi dia duqc dUa an ninh liidng thQc va d i n den nan doi
ra rat nhieu. Tdu thuy chay b&ng hoi nUdc trien mien xay ra d mien Bac Viet Nam
tii HUOng Cang den ludn thdy so'hdng van thdi ky nay.
1


52
2. Hoat dong b u o n ban thuoc phien
cua Hoa t h i i d n g of Viet Nam
Thuoc phien chide von chide coi nhii mot
loai diidc diidc buon ban giQa Trung Quoc
va Viet Nam trong the ky XVII. Dau the ky
XVII, nha Minh Trung Quoc da nhap khau
thuoc phien tQ Bac Viet cho muc dich thuoc
chQa benh (44). Theo do, trong the ky XVII,
XVIII, viec buon ban vdi Dang Ngoai chu
yeu thong qua cac Hoa thQdng. Hang hoa
giQa Trung Quoc va Dang Ngoai diidc lQu
thong v6i cac loai hang hoa chu yeu nhQ
hiidng lieu, cac san pham diidc lieu diidc

xuat khau tQ Dang Ngoai deh Trung Quo'c.
Ben canh do, Dang Ngoai cung nhap khau
iQdng 16n thuoc bac hon hdp tQ Trung Qudc
(45).
Thudc phien dang sdi dQdc sQ dung vao
khoang d i u the ky XVIII d chau A. NgQdi
Ha Lan la nhQng ngiidi nghi ra viec lam
loang ndng do thudc phien sdi bang viec
hut thudc phien vdi midc. Thudc phien
dang sdi diidc tieu thu d Java. Ngay sau do,
nhQng ngiidi Hoa dinh cQ d Formosa (tQc
Dai Loan) da bat chQdc lam theo (46). Cung
trong thdi ky nay d khu viic Dang Trong
hut thudc phien gid'ng nhQ hut thudc la
(47). Cho nen, rat hdp ly khi cho rang dau
the' ky XVIII, thudc phien diidc diia vao
tieu thu d Viet Nam, khdng chi nhu" mdt
loai thudc t r i benh ma cdn nhu" mot loai
thudc hut. Thudc phien diidc hut d Viet
Nam d i u tien chu yeu trong gidi Hoa kieu,
sau dd lan d i n sang cac t i n g Idp nhan dan
ngQdi Viet va ke ca t i n g Idp quan lai. Va,
viec budn ban thudc phien cd lien quan
chat che vdi viec budn ban gao cua Hoa
thiidng d Viet Nam trong the ky XLX.
Cung vdi viec xuat khau gao ra midc
ngoai thi Hoa thQdng lai diia thudc phien
quay lai thi trUdng Viet Nam. That vay,
ngiidi ta thiidng trao ddi hai mdn hang nay

Rghien ciru Lich stf. so' 2.2011
vdi nhau: mdt chiec ghe thuyen Viet Nam,
ma chu cd the la ngQdi Viet hay ngiidi Hoa,
ra khdi den diem hen, ding sau mot dao
nhd nao do, vdi mot tau budn Trung Hoa di
ve phia Java, hoae dao Hai Nam, hay ve
phia Quang Chau,... (48). V i cac phu
thQdng Hoa kieu thiidng dong thuyen budn
chd gao cti Quang Chau rdi tQ do chd thuoc
phien den Viet Nam. Cho nen, d Ha Ndi,
mdt lQdng ldn thudc phien dQdc dQa vao tQ
Van Nam theo diidng sdng Hdng. Da sd' cac
khach hang tieu thu thudc phidn cua Hoa
thQdng la gidi quan lai va cac nha quyen
quy (49). TQ d i u the ky XLX, thdi quen hut
thudc phien lan rdng triidc het trong gidi
Hoa kieu b Nam Ky, sau do d i n d i n xam
nhap vao xa hoi Viet Nam. Trieu dinh Hue
thiidng xuyen ra lenh cam dung thudc
phien nhQ cac lenh nam 1817, 1820, 1824,
1832, 1840, 1852, 1853 va 1856, nhiing deu
khdng thanh cdng, ca viec budn lau thudc
phien deu khdng chim dQt.
Chung ta biet r i n g , thudc phien va cac
mat hang khac tQ Trung Qudc tran ngatp
vao thi trQdng Viet Nam qua con dQdng
vien gidi tren bd va diidng bien, tQ Van
Nam, Quang Tay va Quang Ddng tdi Bac
Ky, va cung tQ Quang Ddng, Phuc Kien,
Chiet Giang, Thiidng Hai, H i i Nam tdi

Trung va Nam Ky. Khu viic Bic Ky cd vi t r i
tiep giap vdi Trung Qudc, nen thudc phien
vao Viet Nam rat de dang, nha't la Bac Ky,
bing ca hai con diidng bd va dQdng bien va
ca hai hinh thQc la thiidng nhan va bon
budn ban phi phap. Thudc phien den qua
diidng bo chu yeu diidc van chuyen lau qua
dQdng Van Nam va Quang Tay. Thiidng
nhan ban thudc phien de ddi lay cotton va
nhQng hang hda dia phiidng khac d Viet
Nam, rdi sau dd dung tien nay de mua s i m
trang thiet bi vu khi tQ cac thiidng n h i n
Phap (50). Trong mdt chQng miic nha't
dinh, cac thiidng nhan cung bi ldi keo vao


Gao va thuoc phien: Rghien cuu ve..
cac hoat (long nay, cac Hoa thiidng d Trung
Quoc cung nhii b Viet Nam va Siam da v&n
chuyen nhieu thuoc phien den Viet Nam.
Hdn nQa, bon hai tfic ndi len manh me d
khu viic duyen hai bien gidi Viet - Trung,
khu viic Vinh Bac Bd va Vinh Thai Lan
khien cho nhiing khu viic nay ra't khd kiem
soat viec budn \k\i va ciing la nhiing tuyen
ndng VEUI chuyen lau thudc phien vao Viet
Nam.
Ddi vdi liidng thudc phien xam nhip vao
Viet Nam qua cac con diidng, mdt so nhd
thudc phien diidc vhn chuyen bang thuyen,

nhiing phan ldn xam nhap bang diidng bd
(51). Hdn nQa, nhiing ten budn l&u ngiidi
Hoa giQ vai trd quan trong trong cac hoat
dong budn l&u thudc phien t i i Trung Hoa
va Viet Nam. Tii thdi ky Gia Khanh (17961820) va Dao Quang (1821-1850) Trung
Qudc trd di, bon Tam Hdp Hgi budn ban
thuoc phien tren bien khu viic Hoang Hai,
Macao, va Chau Giang, va he thd'ng diidng
thuy b tinh Quang Ddng. Ngoai ra, bon Yen
Bang (nhdm hut thudc phien) b Tii Xuyen,
va Van Nam hdp tac vdi bon Ca Lao Hqi
(Hdi Anh em) de budn ban l&u thudc phien
(52). Trong nhiing nam dau thdi Tii Diic,
viec hut thudc phien da lan tran khap ndi,
tham chi den ca bd p M n quan lai. Nhiing
ngiidi hut bao gdm nhQng ngiidi dan dia
phiidng cung nhii nhQng quan lai hoang
than qudc thich. Nhieu thiidng nhan da
thue nhieu ngQ dan dia phiidng vftn chuyen
thudc phien den Viet Nam cho ho, va
nhQng thQdng nhan khac thi dung nhQng
khach di thuyen vltn chuyen thudc phien.
NhQng loai hinh budn l&u thudc phien nay
d Viet Nam khien cho viec bat giQ ke pham
tpi khd khan hdn (53).
Thudc phien diidc coi nhii mdt mat hang
nguy hiem, va bi han che b Viet Nam thdi
ky nha NguySn. Chinh sach ddi vdi thudc

53

phien diidc thay ddi hen tuc. Chinh sach
cam thudc phien tren hai phiidng dien: thd
nhdt, nh&p khau thudc phien bi cam, thd
hai la hut thudc phien ho&c phat tan thudc
phien cung bi cam. Vao dau thdi ky tri vi
cua hoang de Gia Long, thudc phien la mat
hang khdng bi danh thue. Nhiing thudc
phien va ca mQc lai bi danh thue d Ha
Tien, ndi quan ly cua Mac TQ Thiem con
chau cua Mac CQu. Nam 1810, vua Gia
Long td ra thdng cam vdi ngQdi dan d Ha
Tien va da mien trQ thue thudc phien va
thue ca mQc (54). Tuy nhien, vao nam
1818, trieu dinh Hue da ban hanh lenh
cam thudc phien d Gia Dinh (55).
Den thdi Minh Mang, chinh quyen nha
Nguyln hieu ro tac hai cua thudc phien va
da ap dung lenh cam. Hdn nQa, chinh
quyen nha Nguyln da dQa ra nhieu quy
djnh ve viec trQng phat dd'i vdi hanh vi
pham tdi budn lau, hut thudc phien, hoae
cd nhQng hoat ddng ldi kdo khac cd lien
quan den thudc phien. Nam 1820, chinh
quyen cam hut, tang trQ, phat tan, tinh che
va budn ban thudc phien. Neu pham tdi d
che da'u nhQng hoat ddng phi phap thudc
phien d cac hai cang thi se bi trung phat.
Trong con mat cua nha Nguyen, thudc
phien la thQ ddc hai cao bdi vi nhQng ngQdi
midc ngoai chang han nhQ ngiidi Hoa da

dQa thdi quen hut thudc vao Viet Nam va
hut thudc phien vd cung hai cho sQc khde
va nguyen nhan dan den viec quan lai va
ngQdi dan sao nhang chQc trach cua minh
(56).
Nha Nguyen diia ra nhieu hinh phat
khac nhau cho nhQng ngiidi hut va budn
l&u thudc phien. Ve cd ban, hinh phat cho
ngiidi hut thudc phien khdng nghiem khac
nhii viec nhap khau thudc phien, nhQng chi
den nam 1832, khi cac hoang than qudc
thich va cac quan lai nhQ Tdn Tha't Huyen,


54
Hoang Cong Tai cung hut thudc phien.
Chinh quyen da ban lenh cam thudc phien
nghiem ngat hdn (57). Nam 1835, trieu
dinh Nguyen da ban bd" nhiing quy dinh ve
viec td cao, td' giac, cung nhii kiem tra va
b i t giil nhiing ngiidi dinh h'u den viec buon
lau va hut thuoc phien. Nhiing ai td' cao
ngiidi hut ho&c buon lau thudc phien se
diidc thiidng hdn 20 lang bac diia tren con
sd' ngiidi budn ban hoae tang trQ thudc
phien. Cung thdi gian do, nhieu bien phap
nghiem khac diidc diia ra de ngan chan
ngQdi midc ngoai dQa thudc phien vao Viet
Nam (58).
Nhieu thQdng nhan ngQdi Hoa v i n tiep

tuc chd thuoc phien den Viet Nam budn
ban, b i t chip cac lenh cim cua trieu dinh
Hue diia ra. Thudc phien d Bac ky chu yeu
diidc cac Hoa thQdng mang den bing diidng
bd va dQdng bien, nhd vi t r i dia ly tiep giap
trQc ti§'p vdi Trung Hoa, nha't la cac trung
tam thQdng mai khu vQc Nam Trung Hoa,
vi v i y thudc phien tran ng&p vao Bic ky
cung tQ khu viic nay. Van Nam la khu viic
van chuyen thudc phien qua dQdng bd ldn
n h i t tdi *Bac Ky qua mang liidi thiidng mai
bien gidi Viet - Trung. Nhieu tu triidng dia
phiidng tham gia manh me vao cac hoat
dong budn ban thudc phien tren nhQng
tuyen budn ban thudc phien cua ngQdi
Han. Hdn nQa, sQ cung Qng thudc phien
cua cac tu triidng dja phiidng cung tao nen
ddng chay thudc phien trong noi vung, dieu
nay d i n den sQ phan chia thanh cac tuyen
budn ban thudc phien khac nhau, nhQng
tdc ngiidi thieu sd' dja phiidng trdng va ban
thudc phien cho nhQng ten budn lllu ngiidi
Hoa, sau dd nhQng ten nay phan tan thudc
phien den cac thi triidng tieu dung cac dja
phiidng hoiic vQdt qua bien gidi quo'c gia
(59).

Rghien cuu Lich sit, so" 2.2011
Budn lau thudc phien chiem vi t r i Qu the
trong cac hoat ddng mau dich d Bic Ky the

ky XLX, vi v&y ma thQc dan Phap sau nay
cd ging danh thue budn ban thudc phien va
nhieu quy djnh ve han che thudc phien
nhiing deu bi pha vd vao cudi the ky XIX
(60). H i u het thudc phien d Bic Ky dQdc
budn lau bdi Hoa thiidng, tham chi thdng
qua nhQng ngQdi Hoa dQdc thue theo hdp
ddng cung da thiet lap dQdc 17 kho hang,
va cd 618 dia diem budn ban le hdp phap.
Ngoai nhQng Hoa thiidng budn ban tQ
nhan, bon thd phi va phan loan cung tham
gia manh me vao budn lau thudc phien tQ
Van Nam tdi Bic Ky. Quan phien loan
ngQdi Hdi cung thuc day budn lau thudc
phien den khu viic Shan va Burma de ddi
l i y vu khi va cac thiet bi quan sQ khac nQa
(61). Chung ta khdng the coi nhe nhQng
dam thd phi, tQ khi ho tham gia vao budn
lau thudc phien, n h i t la cuoi the ky XIX,
dam quan Cd Den va Cd Vang da td chQc
nhQng dam phan loan d Quang Tay td chQc
tQ nhQng n&m 60 the ky XIX trd di, chung
dung tien kiem dQdc tQ budn ban thudc
phien d Bic Ky de ddi l i y trang thiet bi
quan sQ, nhQ viec mua vu khi tQ Phap (62).
Khi nhQng dam dao tac thd phi nay cd diidc
kinh phi s i m trang thiet bi quan sQ tQ viec
budn ban thudc phien va budn lau, hoae
cQdp bdc hang hda thi ho se la nhQng tai
hoa ldn cho cu" dan dia phiidng va cho trieu

dinh, va viec dep yen chung cang trd nen
khd khan hdn.
Budn lau thudc phien diidng bien tQ
Trung Qudc den Viet Nam cung da dem lai
ldi nhuan khdng Id cho Hoa thiidng, chinh
vi vay, bat cha'p lenh ca'm va nhQng hinh
phat diia ra, cac Hoa thiidng ngay cang
tang ciidng viec diia thudc phien vao thi
triidng Viet Nam. Nam 1831, mdt chiec tau


Qao va Hiuoc phi&n: Rghien cuu vi.
cho thuoc phien va chu tau la Ngd Dai
Nhu!, mot thvidng nhan ngiidi Hoa, den mot
cang bien mien Bac Viet Nam. Mot vien
quan cl Blc Thanh (Ha Noi) da bao vdi
hoang de Minh Mang va sau do trieu dinh
da diia ra cac hinh phat doi vdi Hoa thiidng
nay va tong pham cua han. Nhiing ke toi
pham nhii Diep Hoan, T r i n Tu* bi tong di
day, trong khi do, Ngo Urig Hong, em trai
ciia Ngo Dai Nhii va Ly Bang phai chiu
tong giam. Thuy thii va nhiing ngiidi lam
thue tren thuyen diidc tha ve que, va hang
hoa bi tich thu sung cong (63). Nam 1836,
nhieu thuyen buon Trung Hoa buon l&u 65
can thuoc phien song va 25 lang thuoc
phien chin tu" Quang Dong va bi phat hien
cl Quang Nghe (64). Nam 1857, mot thiiy
thu ngiidi Anh la Edward Brown da giiip

bon ciidp bien b i t giG thuyen buon ldn
Phiic Kien tren diidng t i i Kham Chau den
Viet Nam. Chiec thuyen buon Phuc Kien
nay chd thuoc phien, vang thoi, va cac loai
hang hoa gia t r i khac. Hdn nQa, Brown
ciing chuyen chd nQa hdm thudc phien t r i
gia 210 Dollar den cac khu vQc ven bien
Viet Nam (65). Nhieu thudc phien dQdc bon
hai tac dem trd lai Trung Hoa. Nam 1837,
mot thuyen hai tac ngiidi Hoa bi chinh
quyen nha Nguyen b i t diidc, thudc phien,
cat, va tre chung mang theo tren thuyen
deu bi tich thu sung cong (66). Hdn nQa,
nhieu quan lai nha Nguyln buon ban thudc
phien tQ khu viic Dong Nam A tren hanh
trinh thQc hien cac hoat dong m^u dich.
N&m 1836, T r i n Hiing Hda va cac quan lai
khac budn lau thudc phien va sach ve
Thien chua giao, sau khi hq da hoan thanh
cac cong viec buon ban cua minh va quay
vetQHa Chau (67).
Ben canh do, vu Lam Tic TQ nha Thanh
thieu dot nha phien d Quang Dong da cd
tac dong manh me den chinh quyen nha
1

55
Nguyen, chinh quyen thiic hien nhieu bien
phap de phdng nghiem ngat ddi vdi nan
buon lau thudc phien den Viet Nam. Trong

con m i t cua trieu dinh Hue thi ho dang cd
nhQng bien phap hieu qua de c i m va tieu
huy thudc phien deh tQ Trung Qudc, dieu
nay cd the khien cho bon budn lau midc
ngoai phai van chuyen thudc phien den Ha
Chau budn ban. Ngoai ra, chinh quyen
phai ap dung r i t nhieu bien phap cQng r l n
de ngan chan budn ban thudc phien dang
ndi len manh me (68). Nam 1839, nha
Nguyln da ban hanh lenh c i m thuoc phien
khac, va cac quy dinh han che hut, tang
trQ, phan phdi thudc phien diidc dQa ra
(69). CQng nam, mdt so thiidng nhan ngiidi
Hoa bi ch6m d i u bdi budn ban thudc phien
hoae sach vd cd noi dung md am, va dQa
ngQdi vung trdm sang Viet Nam (70). Vao
thdi ky cudi cua hoang de Minh Mang dng
da chi thi cho cac quan lai hay can than vdi
cac thQdng nhan midc ngoai, n h i t la Hoa
thQdng (71). Sau Chien tranh Nha phien
l i n thQ n h i t d Trung Qudc (1839-1842),
trieu dinh nha Nguyen da duy t r i sii phdng
ngii manh me ddi vdi tinh hinh thuoc
phien. Nam 1843, cac quan lai d Ha Tien
bao cao r i n g cd 6 chiec tau cua ngQdi chau
Au chd thudc phien da ha neo d nhQng tinh
ven bien cua Siam. Trieu dinh Siam da tich
thu sd' thudc phien va nhQng hang hda
khac va ddng cQa cQa bien n h i m han che
nhQng diem vao Siam. SQ kien nay nhQ

mot hdi chudng danh thQc trieu dinh Hue
(72). Ddng thdi, Crawfurd cung canh bao
ve sii xam nhap cua thudc phien vao Viet
Nam, "thudc phien la sQ tan pha ddi vdi
vQdng trieu, theo tinh toan khoang mdt
liidng ldn t r i gia 3.500 dollar Tay Ban Nha
cho mot thung, khoang 150 thung moi
nam, 2/3 so' nay dii tinh cho Blc Ky va 1/3
la cho Nam Ky va Kamboja" (73).


56
Quay tro" lai van de cam thuoc phien,
trong thdi ky t r i v i cua vua Tii Diic, thuoc
phien bi cam nhieu lan. Tuy nhien, viec
cam nay khong co hieu qua, viec thudc
phien tran lan ngay cang nhanh. Nam
1862, nhieu quan lai bao cao vdi vua Tii
Diic rang nan hut thudc phien van cdn phd
bien tai Viet Nam. Nhiing thi triidng tieu
thu ldn da. kich thich thiidng nhan budn lau
thud'c phien ngay cang nhieu. Cac quan lai
da trinh tau nhiing ban bao cao cho Tii Diic
ndi ro rang danh thue nang se thay the
diidc viec cam thudc phien, de ngan chan
sii lan toa va anh hiidng nguy hai cua
thudc phien. Cii 40 can (khoang 0,5 kg)
thudc phien phat hien diidc tii Hoa thiidng,
thi danh thue t r i gia mot can. Nam 1863,
chinh quyen nha Nguyen da phe chuan

viec danh thue nang vao thudc phien de
thii nghiem thay the cho viec cam thudc
phien hoan toan triidc day. Vi the, thing 2
nam 1865, Tii Diic bd lenh cam, ngoai tru"
dd'i vdi quan lai va nha vua chi thi cho
danh thue rihap khau that nang ddi vdi
mat hang nay, "Tu nhieu nam qua, luqt
phdp ta nghiem cam thud'c phien. Nhung
ngu ddn nhieu ke da mac thanh nghien,
cam cung khd chita, chi lam lqi cho ke budn
bdn len lut ma thdi. Neu chung ta khdng
cdm diing thud'c phien duqc, chang tha
ddnh thue thudc phien that nang. Vdi chinh
sdeh nay, so ngUdi bdn va hut thud'c phien
se gidm. Nhu vdy khdng cdm ma cd hieu
qua nhu Id cdm. Nha nUdc se ra lenh cho
cdc thUOng nhdn ngtfdi Hoa tit nUdc ngodi
sang, khi hq den cdng Viet Nam nhdn vien
quan thue se bdt hq ke khai khdi lUOng
chinh xdc so thud'c phien nhdp khau vd bat
hq ddng thue theo quy dinh" (74).
Ciing chinh vao nam ay, khdi triing thue
nha phien ma chinh quyen nha Nguyen
thu dKdc vdi sd tien la 302.000 quan (75),
day qua khong phai la con so' nhd trong cac

Rghien cuu Lich stf, so' 2.2011
khoan thu cua chinh quyen trong mot nam,
va dieu nay ciing chiing td r i n g nan budn
thuoc phien vo cung phd bien trong gidi

Hoa thvidng thdi ky nay.
Rdi nhiing nam tiep sau dd, tdng so' thue
danh vao thuoc phien mdi nam la 382.200
xau tien (76). Tuy nhien, xem ra viec danh
thue n&ng len buon ban thuoc phien khong
giai quye't diidc van de. Cung nam dd
(1865), cac quan lai bao cao vdi vua Tii Diic
rang, viec bar bd lenh cam thud'c phien la
nguyen nhan dan den van nan thud'c phien
cang nghiem trong, nguy hai, va lan tran d
Viet Nam ngay cang rong hdn (77). Chinh
vi vay, trieu dinh nha Nguyen phai danh
thue thudc phien n h i m bd sung cho qudc
kho' trung ildng trong nhiing nam cudi
triidc giai doan thiic dan d Viet Nam.
Chinh the quan chu Viet Nam da ban dac
quyen cho cac Hoa thiidng cho den khi xac
lap tinh trang ho quo'c chinh thiic d Viet
Nam. Ngay sau khi Phap b i t d i u cong cupc
chinh phuc mien Nam va chinh quyen
Phap d Nam Ky da co' gang xiet chat viec
buon ban thudc phien cua ngiidi Hoa. Do
v&y, nhiing ket qua dd Phap da dat diidc,
day cung la mdt l i do de ngiidi Phap thiic
hien phan chia va hinh thanh cac nhom
ngiidi Hoa hay tang gia cho viec tinh che
thuoc phien, tham chi khuyen khich cac
hoat dong budn ban thuoc phien phi phap,
va cd sii dieu dinh giQa~chinh quyen thiic
dan va Hoa thiidng de ngiidi Phap co diidc

ldi nhuitn ldn nha't (78). Tuy v&y, thiic dan
Phap v i n khong hoan toan kiem soat diidc
thi triidng thud'c phien d Bic Ky trong
nhiing th&p nien cuoi the ky XLX. Nam
1890, nhiing ngiidi Hoa diidc thue theo hdp
ddng v i n diidc sik dung trong cac hoat dong
buon ban thudc phien phi phap. (3 Viet
Nam, g i n 60% hoat dong buon ban thuoc
phien diidc thiic hien qua cac thvidng gia
hoat dong phi phap (79).


Qao va thuoc phi&i: Rghien ciru ve.
Co the noi, cho du la thdi ky quan chu
doc lap hay thdi ky thuoc dja nQa phong
kien thi ngiidi buon ban thudc phien d Viet
Nam van la ngiidi Hoa, sii thay ddi ve
chinh t r i hau nhii khong anh hiidng deh
cac hoat dong buon ban m&t hang nay,
t h i m chi ldi dung viec dd de Hoa thvidng
cang md rong hdn quy mo buon ban thudc
phien cua minh, nhat la cac hoat dong
buon l i u .
Ket luan
Dd'i vdi thvidng nhan, hoat ddng thvidng
mai la de kiem ldi, tham chi ho bat chap
thu doan de thu diidc ldi nhuan tdi da cho
minh. Tren nhieu phiidng dien, sii tich ciic
ciia nhiing thiidng nhan da thiic day nen
kinh te phat trien hdn, hang hda liiu thdng,

khien cho cung - cau g&p nhau, dap Qng
diidc nhu c i u ciia ngiidi tieu dung. Ddng
thdi nhd thvidng mai ma chinh phu tang
them diidc ngan khd' qudc gia, nhiing ngiidi
hiidng ldi nhieu nha't chii yeu la thvidng
nhan. Song, khdng phai liic nao cac hoat
dong thvidng mai cung dem lai nhiing yeu
td' tich ciic, nha't la nhiing hoat ddng phi
phap nam ngoai sii quan ly cua thi triidng.
Cho nen, chiing tdi mudn nhah manh rang,
trong nhiing hoat ddng ngoai thiidng cua
Hoa thiidng d Viet Nam thdi ky nQa dau
the ky XIX dd'i vdi hai mat hang lua gao va
thud'c phien da. tac ddng khdng nhd tdi ddi
sd'ng kinh te - xa hdi cua Viet Nam.
Khdng chi thdi ky nha Nguyen, ma rat
nhieu thdi ky khac cua Viet Nam, nan ddi
thQdng xuyen xay ra, nha't la d Bac Ky,
dien tich trdng lua khdng du cung Qng cho
nhu cau tieu dung, trong thdi ky nay, chinh
quyen Hue phai thiidng xuyen chd gao tQ
Gia Dinh ra Hue va Bac Ky de dap Qng
nhu cau cua ngiidi dan. Nhiing nhQng hoat
ddng budn ban gao cua Hoa thiidng khdng
ngQng tang len, nha't la nhQng hoat dong

51
budn lau lua gao da khien cho tinh hinh ddi
kem cang them nghiem trong hdn, nha't la
viec chenh lech gia gao ldn giQa Viet Nam

va Trung Quo'c, nha't la khu viic mien Nam
Trung Hoa thvidng xuyen xay ra chien
tranh ciidp bdc cdng vdi tdc do gia tang dan
sd' nhanh, dieu nay khien gao trd thanh
mat hang sieu ldi n h u i n trong cac hoat
ddng mau dich cua Hoa thQdng giQa Viet
Nam va Trung Qudc, nha't la do vi t r i dia ly
va giao thdng thuan tien cang khien cho
hoat ddng budn ban gao gia tang hdn. Do
v&y, de dap Qng nhu c i u clip thiet ve gao d
thi trQdng Trung Hoa, cac hoat ddng
thvidng mai cua Hoa thvidng d Viet Nam vd
hinh chung da anh hiidng nghiem trong tdi
thi trQdng gao Viet Nam, lam gia tang
nhQng bat dn xa hdi do viec thieu liidng
thQc gay nen.
DQa gao ra khdi bien gidi Viet Nam, Hoa
thQdng diia thud'c phien vao nhieu nha't la
diidi thdi vua Minh Mang va TQ DQc, thud'c
phien tran lan k h l p ca midc, khap cac gidi
tQ binh dan den quan lai. Mac du trieu
dinh nhieu l i n cam nghiem ngat budn ban
tang trQ va phat tan thud'c phien, nhiing
xem ra khdng may hieu qua vdi Hoa
thvidng vi day cung la mat hang dem lai
sieu ldi nhu&n cho Hoa thQdng. V i n nan
thud'c phien da tac ddng rat nghiem trong
tdi xa hoi Trung Qudc va nha Nguyen cung
nhin thay dieu nay, nhQng khdng the ngan
can ndi viec Hoa .thQdng dQa thud'c phien

vao thi triidng Viet Nam, bdi vdi mang liidi
budn ban rong k h l p khu vQc, lai cd sQ lien
ket manh me vdi thi triidng Trung Qudc
rdng ldn, khien Hoa thQdng cang khang
dinh diidc v j t r i cua minh trong cac hoat
ddng mau dich, ke ca nhQng hoat ddng
budn ban phi phap. NhQng hoat ddng kinh
doanh thudc phien cang gay anh hiidng
nghiem trong hdn tdi ddi sdng xa hdi cua
Viet Nam.


•Rqhien cuu Lich sit, s g j j O j l

58
Hau nhu* Hoa thu*dng da can thiep ra't
sau vao cac hoat dong thiidng mai ciia Viet
Nam thdi ky nay, nhiing hoat dong nay da
nam ngoai sii kiem soat ciia chinh quyen.
Va, Hoa thvidng vila la nhan td tich ciic cho
nen kinh te, xa hoi Viet Nam nhiing ciing
dem lai nhieu van de tieu ciic cho nen kinh
CHU

te - xa hdi. Cho nen, du thdi ky nao, viec
kiem soat chat che Hoa thiidng va nhQng
hoat ddng kinh te ciia ho la van de ciic ky
quan trong, bdi nam bat va ldi dung diidc
ddi ngii Hoa thvidng se la nhan td quan
trong de phat trien kinh te, xa hoi da't

nu*dc.

THICH

(1). Ve van de gao va buon ban gao cua Viet
Nam xin xem them trong Choi Byung Wook
(2004), Southern Vietnam under the Reign of Minh
Mang (1820 - 1841): Central Policies and Local
Response, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York,
pp. 69-71; Nguyln The Anh, Kinh te'va xd hoi Viet
Nam dudi cdc vua trieu Nguyln, Nxb. Van hoc, Ha
Noi, 2008.

(6). Annates de la Propagation de la Foi, Vol 30
(1858): 210-77, letter dated 24 June 1857, from
Mgr Pierre- Andre Retord, to Abbe Laurens
(France), quote, pp. 275. In Julia Martine,
"Chinese Rice Trade and Shipping from the North
Vietnamese Port of Hai Phong", Chinese Southern
Diaspora Studies, Volume 1, 2007, p. 84.

(7). Julia Martine, "Chinese Rice Trade and
(2). Li Tana, 'The late 18th century Mekong Shipping from the North Vietnamese Port of Hai
delta and the world of the Water Frontier", in Phdng", Chinese Southern Diaspora Studies,
Nhung Tuyet Tran and Anthony Reid, ed. Vietnam Volume 1, 2007, p. 84.
Beyond Borders, University Press of Wisconsin,
(8). Julia Martine, "Chinese Rice Trade and
2006, p.154.
Shipping from the North Vietnamese Port of Hai
(3). E. Toda, "Annam and its Minor Currency", Phdng", Chinese Southern Diaspora Studies,

Journal of the North-China Branch of the Royal Volume 1, 2007, p. 84.
Asiatic Society, 17, 1, 1882, p. 72. In Julia
(9). Qudc sit quan trieu Nguyln, Dai Nam thdc
Martine, "Chinese Rice Trade and Shipping from luc, chinh bien TV, Nxb. Giao due, Ha Noi, 2007, Q.
the North Vietnamese Port of Hai Phong", Chinese 35, tr. 1026-1027.
Southern Diaspora Studies, Volume 1, 2007, p. 83.
(10). Quoc sit quan trieu Nguyln, Dai Nam
(4). Annates de la Propagation de la Foi, Vol 30 thdc luc, chinh bien IV, Nxb. Giao due, Ha Noi,
(1858): 210-77, letter dated 24 June 1857, from
2007, Q.36, tr. 1055.
Mgr Pierre - Andre Retord, to Abbe Laurens
(11). Yoshiharu Tsuboi, Nude Dai Nam doi
(France), quote p. 224. In Julia Martine, "Chinese
dien
vdi Phdp vd Trung Hoa 1847-1885, Ban Khoa
Rice Trade and Shipping from the North
hoc
Xa
hoi Thanh uy, Thanh pho Ho Chi Minh,
Vietnamese Port of Hai Phdng", Chinese Southern
1990, tr. 145.
Diaspora Studies, Volume 1, 2007, p. 84.
(5). Annates de la Propagation de la Foi, Vol 30
(1858): 210-77, letter dated 24 June 1857, from
Mgr Pierre- Andre Retord, to Abbe Laurens
(France), quote, pp. 224-5. In Julia Martine,
"Chinese Rice Trade and Shipping from the North
Vietnamese Port of Hai Phong", Chinese Southern
Diaspora Studies, Volume 1, 2007, p. 84.

(12). Chung ta ditac biet rang, dudi che do
phong kien Viet Nam rat.fthoSc hau nhu khong cd
cac nha buon ban ldn ciing nhu cac nguon cho vay
lai ldn. Trong giao dich ho hau nha hoan toan tra
tien mat ngay hoiic cd vay mudn thi theo kieu hinh
thiic gian don nha't theo tirng gia dinh, ho hang,
hiing xdm. TrUdc su* de doa cua chinh quyen nha


Qao va Hiuoc phien: Rghien curu vi.
nUdc, khong dam giQ mot sd von ldn, ho&c dung
von de cho vay lai. Luat phap nha nQdc phong kie'n
cdn quy djnh lai khong iMoc qua 3 phan hang
thang (3%) (dieu 134 luat Gia Long) va ba't ky
trQdng hop nao, lai ciing khong du^c vUdt qua so"
vdn cho vay (theo dao du nam TQ DQc thii 25
(1872).
(13). Jammes (HL), Souvenirs du paysd'
Annam, Paris, 1897. Dan theo Nguyln Thiia Hy,
Thdng Long- Hd Noi the ky XVII-XVIII-XIX (kinh
te - xa hpi cua mot thanh thi trung dai Viet Nam),
Hpi su hoc Viet Nam, 1993, tr. 164.
(14). TrUdc tinh hinh dd, trieu dinh nha
Nguyln da cho thi hanh mot loat cac bidn phap
khat khe ddi vdi vi^c budn lua gao. Lien tilp trong
nhQng nam 1824, 1827, 1828, 1833, 1836, Minh
M|nh dii ban ra cac sac lpnh nghiem ca'm vide ban
trom lua gao cho cac thuyen buon nha Thanh chii
ve" Trung Qudc. Nam 1850, TQ DQc lai nhac lai
vifc nghiem ca'm cac Hoa kiiu mua trom gao chd

ve Trung Qudc, va khdp cac chii thuyen gao dd vao
tdi "giao giam hau". Tuy nhien, vi§c buon ban trdm
van cQ tiep tuc. TrQdc thuc t& dd, tQ nam 1865, va
nhac lai nam 1869, Tu Diic da bai bd lenh ca'm
xua't khau gao, chuyln sang danh thue cac thuyen
buon Trung Qudc. Tuy nhien, ngudi chu. thuye"n di
mua gao phai cd giay phep, cd chinh quyen huyen
chdng thQc, trinh duyet d cac cd quan, chiu nop
thue quan tan 2,5% va phai budn ban ddng ndi
quy dinh. NhQng nam gao thdc khan hiem, nha
nude lai ra l§nh dinh ca'm lai vipc xua't khau gao
sang Trung Qudc. Xem trong, Nguyln Thira Hy,
Thang Long - Hd Npi theky XVII-XVIII-XIX (kinh
te - xa hpi cua mot thdnh thi trung dai Viet Nam),
Hoi su hoc Viet Nam, 1993, tr. 164-165.
(15). Quo'c sii quan trieu Nguyen, Bai Nam
thiic luc, chinh bien II, Nxb. Giao due, Ha Noi,
2007, tap 2, Q. 34, tr. 440.
(16). Noi cac trieu Nguyln, Khdm dinh Bai
Nam hoi dien sU le, Nxb. Thuan Hda, 1993, tap 4
Q. 48, tr. 431.

59
(17). Npi cac trieu Nguyen, Khdm dinh Bai
Nam hpi dien sU le, Nxb. Thuan Hda, 1993, Q. 49,
tr. 463-464.
(18). Qudc sQ quan trieu Nguyen, Bai Nam
thUc luc, chinh bien II, Nxb. Giao due, Ha Noi,
2007, tap 5, Q. 194, tr. 363.
(19). Qudc sQ quan trilu Nguyln, Bai Nam

thdc luc, chfnh bien IV, Nxb. Giao due, Ha Noi,
2007, Q. 30, tr. 862.
(20). Qudc sQ quan trieu Nguyln, Dai Nam
thQc luc, chinh bien II, Nxb Giao due, 2007, tap 3,
Q. 88, tr.457.
(21). Qudc sQ quan trieu Nguyln, Bai Nam
thUc luc, chinh bien I I , Nxb. Giao due, Ha Noi,
2007, tap 3, Q. 78, tr. 283.
(22). Qudc sii quan trieu Nguyln, Bai Nam
thdc luc, chinh bien II, Nxb. Giao due, Ha Ndi,
2007, tap 4, Q. 166, tr. 890.
(23). Qudc sQ quan trieu Nguyln, Dqi Nam
thytc luc, chinh bien II, Nxb. Giao due, Ha Noi,
2007, tap 4, Q. 167, tr. 904.
(24). Choi Byung Wook, The Nguyen dynasty's
Policy toward Chinese on the Water Frontier in the
First Half of the Nineteenth Century, in Nola Cook
and Li Tana (ed), 2004, Water Frontier: Commerce
and the Chinese in the Lower Mekong Region,
1750-1880, Singapore, p. 87.
(25). Choi Byung Wook, The Nguyen dynasty's
Policy toward Chinese on the Water Frontier in the
First Half of the Nineteenth Century, in Nola Cook
and Li Tana (ed), 2004, Water Frontier: Commerce
and the Chinese in the Lower Mekong Region,
1750-1880, Singapore, p. 87
(26). Qudc SQ quan trieu Nguyln, Bai Nam
thdc luc, Chfnh bien II, Nxb. Giao Due, Ha Noi,
2007, tap 2, Q. 61, tr. 884.
(27). Choi Byung Wook, The Nguyen dynasty's

Policy toward Chinese on the Water Frontier in the
First Half of the Nineteenth Century, in Nola Cook
and Li Tana (ed), 2004, Water Frontier: Commerce


60

•Rghien cuu Lich six, so" 2.2011

and the Chinese in the Lower Mekong Region,
(40). Qudc sii quan trieu Nguyln, Dqi Nam
1750-1880, Singapore, p. 92.
thue luc, chinh bien I , Nxb. Giao due, Ha Npi,
(28). Choi Piling Wook (2004), Southern 2007, tap 2, Q. 9, tr. 358.
Vietnam under the Reign of Minh Mang (1820 1841): Central Policies and Local Response,
Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, pp.72-73.
(29). Quoc su quan trieu Nguyln, Dai Nam
thiic luc, chinh bien II, Nxb. Giao due, Ha Ndi,
2007, tap 2, Q. 29, tr. 381.
(30). Minh Menh Ngii Tri Van, Vien Han Ndm.
A118/1, Q. 6.
(31). Minh Menh Tdu Nghi, Vien Han Nom,
Vhv. 96/6, tr. 10-28.
(32). Qudc sii quan trieu Nguyen, Dqi Nam
thiic luc, chinh bien II, Nxb. Giao due, Ha Noi,
2007, tap 4, Q. 167, tr. 906.
(33). Qudc sii quan trieu Nguyen, Sai Nam
thiic luc, chinh bien II, Nxb. Giao due, Ha Noi,
2007, tap 4, Q. 167, tr. 906.
(34). Quo'c sU quan trieu Nguyln, Dqi Nam

thiic luc, chinh bien III, Nxb. Giao due, Ha Npi,
2007, tap 6, Q. 53, tr. 803-804.
(35). Qudc sii quan trieu Nguyen, Dqi Nam
thiic luc, chinh bien IV, Nxb. Giao due, Ha Npi,
2007, Tap 7, Q.5, tr. 167.
(36). Qudc sit quan trieu Nguyen, Dqi Nam
thiic luc, chinh bien IV, Nxb. Giao due, Ha Npi,
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Nam hoi dien sii le, Nxb. Thuan Hda, Hue, 1993,
Q. 48, tr. 430-437.
(39). Npi cac trieu Nguyen, Khdm dinh Dqi
Nam hoi dien sit le, Nxb. Thuan Hda, Hue, 1993,
Q. 48, tr. 431.

(41). Luu tril AOM Aix, Amiraux 12873,
Philastre gui thd'ng ddc Nam ky, Hue ngay 24-41879, theo Shiharu Tsuboi, Niidc Dqi Nam doi
dien vdi Phdp vd Trung Hoa tii 1847 den 1885,
Ban Khoa hoc xii hpi Thanh uy Tp. Ho Chi Minh,
1990, tr. 279.
(42). AOM Aix, Amiraux 13194, Ture gui thdng
ddc Nam Ky, Hai Phong, ngay 4-1-1878, theo
Shiharu Tsuboi, Nude Dqi Nam ddi dien vdi Phdp
vd Trung Hoa td 1847 den 1885, Ban Khoa hoc xa
hpi Thanh uy Tp. Ho Chi Minh, 1990, tr. 280.

(43). AOM Aix, Amiraux 12873, Philastre gui
thong ddc Nam Ky, Hai Phong, ngay 24-4-1879,
theo Shiharu Tsuboi, NUdc Dqi Nam doi dien vdi
Phdp vd Trung Hoa tii 1847 den 1885, Ban Khoa
hoc xa hdi Thanh uy Tp. Ho Chi Minh, 1990, tr.
280.
(44). Stephen Tseng-his Chang, "Commodities
imported to the Chang-chou region of Fukien
during the late Ming period. A primary analysis of
the tax list", in Emporia, commodities and
entrepreneurs, pp. 164-165, Table I , medicinal
material.
(45). Khoo Kay Yong, "Responses to
Restrictions: Maritime Commerce in seventeenth
Century Tonkin" (Honours thesis, Dept. of History,
Faculty of Arts & Social Sciences, National
University of Singapore, 1995), pp. 37-38.
(46). Laufer Berthold, Tobacco and its use in
Asia (Chicago: Field Museum of Natural History,
1924), pp. 23-24.
(47). Laufer Berthold, Tobacco and its use in
Asia (Chicago: Field Museum of Natural History,
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nude ngoai dem lai", va trong nhQng nam 1820,
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Pham
nhQng ngudi biet ai giau thudc phien, nau
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sang) cd dem theo thudc phien thi chu thuyen se bi thuoc phien, ban mua thudc phipn hoae hut vung
tgi tram quye't, ngUdi lai thuyen bi toi tram giam thi bao quan. Bat dUdc qua. tang, tQ khdng day 1
hau". Nhu vay la hinh phat tdi chd thudc phien can trd xudng, vin theo le trudc, thudng cho ngUdi
nang hdn toi chd gao trom. Tuy nhien, cung nhu bao 20 lang bac; con tQ 1 can trd len thudng them
gao, viec dd khdng he ngan can dUdc tang Idp Hoa cho 30 quan tien; 5 can trd len; 50 quan; 10 can trd
thUdng Ha Ndi budn lau thud'c phien. Den nam len: 100 quan; 20 can trd len: 150 quan; 30 can trd
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cam thudc phien, ma chuyen sang danh thue that dem tang vat va pham nhan den xxt an, phai
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trieu dinh lai ra dao du kiem soat ngat ngheo vipc pham nhan dem ban di, thudng cho ngudi da td
mua ban thudc phien, bang cac chi ca'p chiing chi giac, con thQa thi sung cdng; neu khong dii thi la'y
cho mot sd ft Hoa kieu dUdc ddc quyen mua ban tien cdng ca'p cho. NhQdc bang quan dia phUdng
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