NHỮNG KHÁC BIỆT VỀ CƯỚI HỎI, TANG MA,KHAO VỌNG TẠI BẮC KỲ, TRƯỚC VÀ SAU CẢI LƯƠNG HƯƠNG TỤC THÍ ĐIỂM

NHCTNG KH^C B | | T VE CUtfl HOL TfiNG M^, KHfiO VpNG
T6I B^C KY TRaorC Vfl SflU Cfll laaNQ HOONG TUC TMI DIEM

DAO PHUONG CHI*

C

ai Itfdng htfdng tuc thi diem (1) Id
ddt cai Itfdng dtfdc tien hanh b mgt
so' dia phtfdng trtfdc phong trao cai ltfdng
htfdng chinh lan thtf nha't (nam 1921) tai
Bac Ky. Trtfdc chung tdi, da cd mdt so' nha
nghien ctfu de tap tdi giai doan thi diem d'y
nhtf: Dtfdng Qud'c Anh: Viet Nam - Nhiing
sU kien lich si? (Nxb. Khoa hgc xa hgi. Ha
N6i, 1988); Le Thi Hing: Chinh sdch cdi
liidng hUdng chinh do chinh quyen Phdp
tien hdnh d Bac ky - qua thiic tien tinh Hd
Bdng (Ludn van Thae si lich sil. Ha Noi,
2008); Nguydn Thi Le Ha: Tinh Hd Dong ndi thi diem chinh sdch cdi lUdng hUdng
chinh thdi Phdp thugc, Tap chi Khoa hgc xd
hgi ViHNam, sd9/2012...
Nhtfng cdng trinh tren deu cd chung
nhdn dinh: Cai htfdng htfdng tuc thi diem
dUdc tie'n hanh tai mgt tinh la Ha Dong.
Sau khi khao sat cac van ban tuc le bing
chtf Ndm (2) tai Vien Nghien cflu Han
Nom, chung tdi da tim tha'y mgt so' diem,
hoSc khdng ddng nha't vdi nhan dinh trong
cdc cdng trinh nghien ctfu di trtfdc, hoac bd
sung nhflng thdng tin ma cac cong trinh ke'

trdn chUa de cdp. Dd la: 1. Thdi diem b i t
diu tien hdnh cai ltfdng tbi diem: ndm 1905
- 1906; 2. Dia bdn tie'n hanh: it nha't gom 5

*TS. Vi^n Nghien ctfu Hdn Ndm

tinh Bic Ninh, Ha Ddng, Ha Nam, Htfng
Yen va Phuc Yen, chtf khdng phai chi ed Ha
Dong; 3. Phtfdng thtfc tie'n hanh: vtfa lam
vfla rut kinh nghiem... Mgt so'npi dung neu
tren chung tdi da cd dip trinh bay trong
Tap chi Hdn Ndm (3). Cung trong Tap chi
nay (so'4 nam 2013), chung toi tie'p tuc tim
hieu stf ddi thay ve te ttf qua cai lUdng
htfdng tuc thi diem (4). Bai vie't nay tim
hie'u ve nhtfng khae biet trong ctfdi bdi,
tang ma, khao vpng tai Bac Ky trtfdc va sau
cai Itfdng htfdng tuc thi diem va la stf tiep
ndi mach nghien ctfu cua tac gia.
Sau khi chgn Igc cac van ban tuc le theo
tieu chi: viet bing chtf Nom, ra ddi trong giai
doan thi diem (ttfc trudc thdi die'm ban hanh
Nghi dinh vd ldi chi thi ve viec lap cdc
Huang hoi ud lap so chi thu cdc xd trong xiJC
Bdc Ky - ggi t i t la Nghi dinh • thdi die'm tie'n
hanh cai lUdng chinh thtfc) va ed thdng tin
cu the ve stf khae biet trong htfdng tuc trUde
va sau cai Itfdng, chung tdi tim dtfdc 12 van
ban dudi day (xem bang 1).
Nhflng thay dd'i dtfgc chiing tdi ehu

trgng nghien ctfu trong cac van ban tuc Id
neu tren khdng phai la toan bg ngi dung
sau cai Itfdng, ma la nhtfng ddi thay cd ghi
cu the ve sU khae biet gifla tuc cu va tuc


Rghien cijru Ljch sii". sg 6.2014
Bang 1: Cac van ban cai lUtfng hkng chS Nom co ghi n h a n srf thay doi ve cUoti hoi,
tang ma, khao vong trong giai doan thi diem
Nien hieu

Kyhieu

TT

Van ban

1
2
3
4
5

A F a8/5
AF.a2/l4
AF.a2/l7
AF.a2/23
AF.a2/63

DuyTanlhiJ7(19l3)

DuyTfln8(l914)lflp
DuvTan9ll9l3)lflp
DuvTan8(l914)iap
DuyTan9(191.'>)

6
7

Bic Ninh linh Thuan Thanh phSn phu Dt Ki^u xO dan luc
H^ Ddng linh Dan Phuong huv^n Dumig Lilu l6ne Qae Dirong xa phone tuc
Ha D6ng linh Dan Phircng huv^n D^c Set I^ne Phuone Bang xa phone luc
Ha DOng linh Dan Phmyng huv^n Tha Lao t^ne Tlianh Diem x i chfnh tn phone tuc
Ha Dfing tinh Hoai Di}c phu Ttr Liem huy^n Phu Gia ldng Thuy Phuong xa
phone tuc
Ha Dflng tinh Thanh Tri huyen Thanh Tri wSne Yen Duyen x i tuc le
Ha Nam linh Duy Tien huyfn Moc Hoan l6ng Nha Xd x i tuc le

AF.a2/87
AF.a 10/23

DuyTan4(l910)lrJnh
Khai Djnh 3 (1918) sao

8
9
10
11
12

Ha Nam linh Ly Nh^n phii Kim Bane huv^n Nhat Tun tone iuc le

Huns Yen linh Yen My huyen Tit Duong l6ne Dong Xa xa Thuy Lan Ihdn luc 16
Himg Yen iinh Yen My huy^n Yen Phii 16ng Hao Xuyen xa Dong La Ihon luc 10
Himg Yen linh Yen My huyen Yen Phii long Hao Xuyen xa Thuung ihon tuc \€
Hung Yen linh Yen My huyen Yen Phu l6n$ Th6 Coc jsa tuc le

AF.alO/4
AF.a3/53
AFa.3/57
AFa.3/58
AFa.3/39

Khai Dinh 5 (1920)
Khai Dinh 4 (19201(5)
Khai Dinh 4 (1920)
KhaiDinh4(l9I9)
Khai Dinh 4 (1920)
van ban h6a

Bang 2: C\idi hoi trifdc va sau cai Itfdng
TT
1
2

Tieu muc
Gian^ day
(Tien cheo)

3

Giang day

4

Lan nhai

5

Giang day

6

Lan nhai

Tuc eii
Giang day
Trong lang 6 quan gia 5 d6ng (6). ngoai lang gap
doi la 12 quan gia lOdfing, sau lai chu^n cho trong
liing ndp 1 doi chie'u cap dieu Iam chieu cdng dan,
ngoai lang cune vay.
Giang day

Tuc tain
CSm
Ngu6i lang nop 3 dong,
ngudi ngoai n6p 6 dong

Van ban
AF.a8l5 [tit 29a\
AFa 3/53
l\6 86a]

ca'm

Trong lang 5 d6ng, ngoai lang gSp d6i. mdc d&u
phai nop lien giang dSy dong cira 3 dong
GiSng day

Trong lang trAu ri/ou va 3
ddng. ngoili lang 5 d6ng
ca'm

AFa.3/53
[lci86a|
AFa.3/59

Trong lang n6p 2 dong,
Ngoai lang 4 d6ng

9

Lan nhai

Trong lang 3 d6ng va IrSu cau, la'l ca la 4 dong,
ngi/cii ngoai Rap 2 la 6 ding
Giang day
Trong ldng 5 quan -H rugu 2 lo t trau cau 100 khau,
khae lang ga'p hai. Nop ie giap cung nhu le lang.
Hang ngo hang giap la'y iifin cheo

10

12

Giang day
N6p cheo
Lan nhai

Gitinp day
Lan nhai

Giang day

cam
Bo

AFa.3159
[td25bl
AFa3l5S[\i)ii]
AFa 3158 [t6 3a]
AF.a2l87

Chi n6p 23 phong trau va 1
dong. ngoai lang thi nop 6
d6ng; ai b6n tang 1 nam tro
len Ihl phai cheo giap

AFa2l63
[ta 66a]

Giang day
7 - 8 dong

2 d6ng Vd irSu ruou

AF.a2ll4 [16 3b]

Ngudj trong lang n6p 5 ddng. ngoai ldng nop g^p 2
lil 6 (7) dong, khi ruoc dau lai phai nop nen giang
day dong cong cho tuSn phien uoc de'n 3 dong. Nha
nao giau lai phai den 5 d6ne
Gidng day

Ngu6i trong lang n6p giau
cau n/gu va lien la 3 dong,
ngudi ngoai nop ga'p 2.
Ti^n a'v sung cflne
ca'm

/lFa.i/J7[l&7bJ

mdi. Dd la, nhflng thay ddi ve ctfdi hdi; tang
ma, khao vgng.
1. Nhiing t h a y ddi ve ctf6i h o i
Cac van ban ghi chep ve ctfdi hdi gifla tuc cu
va tuc mdi dtfdc chung tdi tho'ng ke nhU bang 2.
Bang 2 cho tha'y stf tiet kiem trong chi
phi ctfdi hdi. Mdt Id ctfdi xtfa, khdng ke chi
phi dac bidt la khoan "thach ctfdi" cua nha.

AFa.3l57[{iSia\

gai, ddi vdi ngtfdi dan ndi chung, khoan tien
nang nha't chinh la tien lan nhai (tien
cheo). 7/14 tieu muc trong bang 2 vd" lan
nhai, trong dd trtf tieu muc 9 khdng ndi ro
trtfdc day hang ngd hang giap la'y tien cheo
la bao nhieu, 6 tieu muc cdn lai deu cho
bie't kha chi tidt ve mtfc tien tid't kiem. Cu
the xem bang 3.


RhiJug hh6& biet vi ea(A hb\. tang ma...

g 3: Thong ke cu the tinh hinh li^t ki^m trong khoan lan nhai d nhSiig ti^u muc
cd SIT so sanh chi ti£i chi phi giiJa le cii va le mdi
TT

T u c cii

1(2) (8)

- Trong ling: 6 quan gia 5 d6ng -i-1 dOi
chi^u cap di^u
- Ngoai lang; 12 quan gia 10 d6ng + 1
d6i chig'u cap di£u
- Trong l^ngi 5 ddng •^ giang day ddng
cira 3 ddng
- Ngoai lang: 10 ddng + giang day
ddng ciJia 3 ddng
- Trong langr 4 ddng
- Ngoai lane: 6 ddng

- Trong lang 5 quan + ruou 2 Ig + irSu
cau 100 kh^u (le giap ciing nhir le
lang)
- khdc lang g i p hai (15 giap ciing nhu 16
lane)
bay lam ddng

2(4)

3(6)
4(8)

5(9)
6(13)

- Trong Ikng' 5 ddng + li^n giang day
ddng CLfa 3 - 5 ddng)
- Ngoai ling 10 ddng + li^n giang day
ddng cira 3 - 5 ddng)

Tucm6i
- trong lang: 3 ddng
- ngoai lang. 6 ddng

S6 tien tiet kiem
(% tie! kiem)
- Irong lang: 2 ddng = 3 quan 6 (9)
-(40)
- ngoai lang- 4 ddng = 7 quan 2 (40)

Van ban
AFaJf53

- Irong lang: trau ruou +
3 ddng
- ngoai lang: 5 ddng

- trong lang- 5 ddng (62,5)
- ngoai lang, 8 ddng (61,5)

AFa3l59

- trong lang: 2 ddng
- ngoai lang: 4 ddng
bo

- Irong lang: 2 dong (50)
- ngoai lang: 2 done (33,3)
- trong lang: 10 quan) (10)
=
3.6OOd(iO0)
- khae lang; 20 quan =720d(IOO)

AFa 3158

2 ddng + IrSu rugu

5 - 6 ddng (71,4-75)

AF.CI2//4

- trong lang: ir^u rugu +
3 ddng
- ngoai idng: 6 ddng

- Irong lang: 5 - 7 ddng {62,5 - 70)
- ngoai lang' 7 - 9 ddng
(53.8 - 60)

AFa 3/57

Xet rieng ve ldi ich tren phtfdng dien vat
cha't sau cai Itfdng trong ctfdi hoi, so' tid'n
tidt kiem dtfdc it nha't la 2 ddng, nhieu nhd't
Id 3.600d; ty Id tid't kidm dtfdc it nhd't la
40%, nhidu nha't la 100% (trung binh la
62,9%). Ke't hdp bang 2 va bang 3, co the
nhdn ra 3 thay dd'i sau day trong cUdi hdi:
Tiet gidm hogc bo hdn khodn tien lan
nhai
Dieu dd tha'y trong thay doi sau cai
lUdng la so' tien lan nhai giam di dang ke.
Thdm chi, co nhflng dia phtfdng cdn bd b i n
khoan thu nay. La'y vd phai nop cheo la
dieu dtfdng nhien trong quan niem cila
ngtfdi Vidt Nam xtfa:
Co audi md chdng co cheo,
Ddu rdng co giet mUdi heo cdng hoai
Hay:
Co cUdi md chdng co cheo,

Nhdn duyen trdc trd nhU keo khong dinh
Tgc xtfa, Id'y nhau khdng cin dang ky
k^t, ndn "cheo" chinh la "ban hdn thu hdp
phap" cua ddi vd chdng. Cai Itfdng quy dinh
giam sd tien cheo da danh, cd dia phtfdng
(11) cdn quyd't dinh bd b i n khoan tien nay.

AF.a2l87

Day qua la mgt quye't dinh "dung cam".
Cuo'n tuc le ghi quy dinh bd thu cheo
iAF.a2/87) dtfdc bien soan ttf nam 1910,
tflc la thugc giai doan dau cua phong trao
cai lUdng thi die'm (12). Mdi cf giai doan diu
ma da cd bien phap xii ly dtft diem nhtf vdy,
CO the tha'y tinh t h i n cai lUdng cua dia
phtfdng nay ra't cao. Dieu dang chu y la bdn
canh thai do ctfdng quyet ddi vdi tuc cu la
bd thu cheo, khdng tha'y co quy dinh ve
nghla vu thay the nao, vi nhtf phai ghi so
gia thu chdng ban. Phai chang thdi diem dd
chinh quyen vin chtfa dtfa ra quy dinh ghi
so' gia thu? Neu qua nhtf vay thi quye't dinh
xoa bd le nop cheo nay qua la mgt hanh
dgng tao bao va ba't ngd.
Thu hep ddi tUdng thu cheo
Trtfdc khi tien hanh cai Itfdng thi diem,
b mgt sd dia phtfdng, mud'n ctfdi vd, ngUdi
dan ong phai nop tdi hai khoan cheo, hoac
cho ngd va giap (13), hoac cho lang va giap

(14)... nhflng sau cai ltfdng, so tien cheo
khdng nhflng it di so vdi trtfdc do, ma cdn
giam ttf 2 xudng 1 khoan, Trong nhflng
trtfdng hdp nhu the' nay, ganh nang chi phi
qua la dtfdc thu hep mgt each dang ke,


Rghien euru Ljch si^, s^ 6.2014
Bang 4: Thay ddi sau cai lu'ong trong cac tieu muc tang ma
T
T
1

Tieu muc

Tuc CO

Tucm^
Le 1 nop 10 ddng. le 2 ndp 6 dong, le 3 nOp 3 ddng; hay
mudn lam theo cd le cung dirge

2

Umma

Ngheo ihl bien Irdu ruou va i
quan 2 tien, trung thi bien c& xoi
ga; giau bien ca xdi ga x6i Ign
irJu ruou, ngudi di vd co cd
Lam cd dai ngudi di dua

3

49 ngay

Lam CO mdi dan, chia phSn

4

100 ngay

Lam cd men dan. chia phan

5

Tieu luong

Lam c6 mdi dan. chia phan

6

Dai ludng

LSm c6 mdi dan, chia phSn

7

a i Ijch

Lam cd mdi dSn, chia ph^n

8

- Te le ba bdn tuan, Iam cd de'n 100
ddng. nha ngheo den 30 ddng
- Ndp lien vat dau don. nfip lien
hahuyel
Lam c6 dai lang idn 50 ddng

y
•""•"•
10

Mdi he'l cac ddng ddng nao cung
cd phan, vang co ngudi de'n nam
bay phiin

Mdi he'l Cii may xdm

12

H6i

phutag

Lam ma

Hdi phudng dam ma
Mdi cac ndc
Ldm colon den 100 ddng

Ndp cho mdi ngu'di lo viec hanh long 1 hao, nop lien
lang hang nha't 10 ddng. hang nhl 6 ddng, hang ba 3
ddng, ngheo khdng phai ndp
Mud'n lam le ngu ihl mdi ky lao sac muc de'n hg le. chi
dai giSu nudc
Muon lam le ngu th'i mdi ky lao sac muc d^n hd le, chi
dai giau nudc
Mudn lam Id ngu thi mdi ky lao .sac muc de'n ho Id, chi
ddi fiiiu nudc
Mud'n lam 14 ngu thi mdi ky lao sac muc diJn hd II, chi
dai gi^u nudc
mudn lam le ngu ihi mdi kJ lao sac muc dCn hd ie. chi
dai giau nudc
- Trinh vao sd lir, le nh3il 15 ddng, le nhi ndp 10 ddng, le
ba ndp 5 ddng. Nhd ngheo khdng phai nop
- Trich le ihii nha't ra 5 ddng, le ihiJ ba ra 2 ddng (17) d^
cho liy phu, cdn Ihi sung cdng
Le hang nha't 10 ddng, hang nhi 8 ddng, hang ba 5
ddng. dai mdi ngudi dd liiy 1 hao, nha ngheo khdng
Mdi du cac ddng: ddng ihii nhai la ngudi trong giap,
chia sua't; p h ^ thd hai mdi quan vien bifin 1 con Ign, 1
cd xdi. 1 budng cau, tS' xong bidu quan visn chia ph^n,
ai dl Ih: udng rugu. viing thi Ihdi; ddng hdi lao dong
lenh ban ddng binh ddng phien ddng ba vai ai di Ihi
udng rucai ai vSng thi Ihdi
Xom ndO vao xdm a'y, chia phan irong xdm, xdm khae
khdng duoc laiy phSn cung khdng duoc mdi. Ngudi
ngheo khdng lam duoc ma Ihi ndp le giap 3 quan, 100
mieng cau, phai ngudi di ving khong dua ma cung

khdng cd Ir^u cau 10 khliu keu vdi ban giap Ihi phat 2
hao; phai ngudi noi ngUdi nha ngheo khdng lam duoc
ma 3 hao
Cam hdi phudng
Kul giam dl chi mdi nhung ban giap ban ngd hai noc ay
ma Ihdi, ai le Ifi duoc ihi .".ung cong 5 ddng
Hang nhai ndp 10 ddng, hang nhi ndp 15 ddng, hang ba
ndp 5 ddng. Nha ngheo khdng phai ndp Tuy phu duoc
chia le nha't 5 ddng. le hai 3 ddng, le ba 2 ddng, con lai

B6 tuc gidng ddy
Giang day la "khi nha hg trai dtfdng di
ddn nha gai thi b gifla dtfdng thudng gap
nhflng dam giang day [...] phai nop mgt mon
tien cho lang ngUdi con gai nhtf mdt thtf
thue ctfdi hdi" (15). Tuc nay vtfa gay them
phi tdn cho hon chii, vtfa la stf phien toai,
m i t vui trong dam ctfdi. Sau cai Itfdng, tuc
nay dtfdc bai bd. De de phdng nhtfng ngtfdi
"khd bao", ed lang cdn quy dinh ai cd tinh
giang day se bi phat (16).
2. Nhffng t h a y doi ve t a n g m a

Van ban

'

AF.alO/23 [id
6b]

AFa.3/53
88b]
AFa.3/53
89a|
AFa.3/53
89a]
AFa.3/53
89bl
AFa.3/53
89b]
AFa 3/53
89b]

[id
[id
[td
[lit
[Id
[id

AFa.3/59
27b-28a]

[6

AFa.3/58
5a]

[td

AF.a2/l7
27a]

[Id

AF.a2/I7
27b]

[Id

AF.a2/n
28b]
AF.a2/l4
3b]
AF.a3/57
lOa]

[Id
[Id

[id

Ngi dung nhflng thay doi sau cai Itfdng
^^^ ^^"g "^a d^^^^S 4.
'^^^S ^^ ^° ^^'^ ^^ 14 tieu muc, trong do
^^^ ^° ^ ^^^ (7.1%) d tinh trang Itfdng kha,
^^^ ^^^^^ ^^^ khdng cung dtfdc. Nhflng
trtfdng hdp cdn lai (92,9%) deu dtfdc cai
Itfdng triet de. Thtfc te' dd cho thd'y, ben

canh tuyet dai bd phan lang xa cd quye't
tam cao ve viec cai ltfdng mdt hu tuc lien
quan dd'n giai doan cud'i cung cua ddi ngtfdi,
v i n cdn nhflng dia phUdng khdng mdn md
l i m vdi stf ddi mdi nay, nen ra't cd the, vide


Rhij'ng hhbc bigf vi cir6i h6i. hing ma..
Bang 5: Thong k& cu th^ tinh hinh tiet kiem Irong tang ma a nhimg tieu muc co su so sanh chi tiet
giiia chi phi theo ie cii va le mdi
T
T

2

Tuccu

Tuc mdi

-4.32 ddng) (18)
• L i vat liiy iheo gia canh
- L^mcd

Hang nhdt: 10 ddng
Hang nhi: 6 ddng
Hang ba: 3 ddng
hay mudn lam iheo cd le ciing duoc
Le nha't: 15 ddng
Lenhi: 10 ddng
Le ba: 5 ddng

Tn'ch cho itiy phu -i- sune cone
Le hang nhat 10 ddng + dai mdi ngudi dd liiy 1 hao.
hang nhi 8 ddng •^ d i i mdi ngudi dd lily 1 hao. hang ba
5 ddng + dai mdi ngudi dd liiy 1 hao
(nha ngheo khdng phai ndp lien, dua ma kfnh mdi
ngudi mdi khiu trau)
Hang nhai' 10 ddng
Hang nhi' 15 ddng
Hang ba: 5 ddng
luji phu dugc chia le nh£ll 5 ddng, le hai 3 ddng. le ba 2
ddng, cdn lai sung cdng
nha ngheo khdng phai ndp

3

• Lam cd lir 30 ddng d^n
lOOd
- Tidn vat d i u ddn
- Tiin ha huvei
Lam cd he'l 50 ddng

4

U m c d h f l 100 ddng

cai lUdng, ddi vdi hp chi la b i t huge theo
trao lUu, cdn thtfc tam thi v i n mud'n duy tri
tuc cu. Dieu do cung the hien suda'u tranh
tu tudng phtfc tgp cila nhflng ngUdi trong
cugc trUdc phong trao cai lUdng ndi chung,

cai lUdng thi diem ndi rieng.
Trong so' 14 tieu muc tren, thi co 4 muc
c6 the quy chi phi ldm ma ra so' tien cu the,
cdn lgi chi ghi chung chung. NhUng diJ cu
the hay khong thi dieu cd the' cho tha'y ro la
vide cai lUdng deu theo xu hudng tiet giam
tdl da (xem bang 5).
Ke't hgp bang 4 va bang 5, cd the nhan
tha'y cai lUdng dem den it nha't la 6 net mdi
cho tang ma nhU sau:
Tiit kiim chi phi
Nhin vdo sd' tien tid't kiem cung nhtf ty
lg tid't kigm, cd the nhgn tha'y stf thay ddi
dang k^ ve chi phi trong tang ma, Trtfdng
hgp it nha't cung tid't kidm dUdc 40d, nhieu
nhd't thi len tdi 429d; ty le tiet kiem ft nha't
Id 80%, nhidu nhd't Id 100% (nhflng trUdng
hgp nhd nghdo khong phai nop tien). Mtfc
tie't ki$m trung binh Id 90,2%. Phai ndi
ring dfiy Id mdt btfdc ddi thay nhay vgt.

Sotientielkiem(%
tiet kiem)
422-429 ddng (19)
(97,7 - 99,3)
hay mud'n lam Iheo cd
le cGng duoc
25 - 85 ddng'*'
(83,3 - 85)

Van ban

AFM2//7

AFaJ/59

40 - 50 ddng
(80 - 100)
AFa.3/58
90 - 100 ddng
(90- 100)
AF-a3/57

Phdn loai chi phi theo hodn cdnh kinh te
Trtfdc cai Itfdng khong phan biet nhieu
lim ve hoan canh kinh te' (trong 4 trUdng
hop b bang 5, trUdng hdp 1, 2 tuy co stf
phan biet cac khoan chi phi gitfa nha giau
va nha ngheo nhtfng 1 thi phan biet khdng
dang ke, con 2 thi cho du nha ngheo cbi
pbai bd ra so' chi phi bang 30% so vdi nha
giau, nhung van la mgt khoan tien Idn so
vdi chi phi sau cai Itfdng va van la mgt mdi
lo, mgt tai boa vdi nhieu gia dinh ngheo.
Trong khi dd, theo le mdi, nop le khi nha cd
tang dugc phan hang rd rang theo gia canh,
dac biet la co mgt thay ddi mang tinh each
mang la "nha ngheo khdng phai nop tien"
(21). Co the ndi, day la mgt stf each tan
"dung cam", the hien quyet tam manh me

theo ne'p sd'ng mdi cung nhu net nhan van
cua ngUdi dan.
Tiet gidm cdc hgng muc tiin nop
Neu nhtf theo tue cu, ngoai lam cd, tang
gia cdn phai nop tien cho lang, sam le vat
(22) hoac nop tien vat dau ddn, tien ha
huyet... (23), thi sau khi cai luong, tat ca
deu chi phai nop mdt khoan tien theo quy
dinh ma thdi va khoan tien theo quy dinh


Rghien cihi Lich 5i>. so 6.20li
do dtfdng nhien la tha'p hdn nhieu lan so
vdi chi phi trudc cai Itfdng.

Bo ldm CO

Trtfdc khi cai Itfdng htfdng tuc di vao do:
Tiet gidm thdnh phdn dUdc mdi
song, nha nao cd dam ma la cd cd. Lam c£
Trtfdc cai Itfdng, d mgt so' dia phtfdng khi de tuan theo "le lang", de "gia nd mieng",
nha cd dam la phai mdi ta't ca cac xdm, cac Giau da danh, ngheo cung vay, khdng lo
giap, cac ngd hoac cac ddng (ngtfdi trong dUdc thi "cd ngtfdi phai bo lang ma di" (30).
giap, quan vien, hgi lao, lenh ban, binh, Cd ban la hii tuc an sau vao tap quan cua
phien, ba vai...). Mdi sua't trong cac ddng la ngtfdi dan khong bie't da bao ddi. "Ne'u
mdt phan, Ngtfdi cd chan b bao nhieu ddng trong nha ba'n tung, chtfa the' lo ngay dUdc,
thi dtfdc ba'y nhieu suat, nen "cd ngtfdi ddn thi de'n luc khae cung phai lo mdi xong..,"
nam bay phin" (24). Sau cai Itfdng, stf mdi (31). "Cd ndi nghiet qua, he hie'u chu co lo
mgc hoac chia p h i n phien ha td'n kem nay dtfdc tra btfa cho dan thi dan mdi cho
dtfdc tie't giam thanh hoac mdi du cac ddng chd'ng gay [...]. Lai co ndi hie'u chu con

nhUng "ai di thi ud'ng rtfdu, ving thi thdi" chiu nd mieng cua dan thi d i u he't tangba
(25), hoac xdm nao ehi mdi xdm a'y (26), nam roi cung chtfa dtfdc bd dd hie'u phuc,
giap nao, ngo nao chi mdi giap, ngd a'y (27) h i khi nao lo xong thi mdi la he't tang che"
ma thdi. Stf thay doi nay da giam bdt dtfdc (32). Bdi vay, cd the ndi hiiy bd c6 ban la
kha nhieu chi phi cung stf ban tam, lo ling mgt sU thay dd'i mang tfnh each mang
cho tang chu, vi chang nhtfng khdng phai trong cai ltfdng. De bie'u thi sU thay ddi do,
chia phan chdng cheo theo ddng, ma cdn d mdt so' dia phtfdng cdn quy dinh rd hinh
khdi phai lo den phan cua nhflng ngtfdi thtfc phat ddi vdi nhflng ai cdn luyen tiec
te nan cd ban trong luc "tang gia bo'i roi":
ving mat.
"Phat ngtfdi ndi ngtfdi nha ngheo khong
Cdm hgi phUdng ddm ma.
Iam dtfdc ma (33) 3 hao" (34), hoac phatca
Hgi phtfdng dam ma - co ndi cdn ggi la
ngtfdi Iam cd l i n ngtfdi an cd (35), tham chi,
"hg hie'u" - la mgt nhdm ngtfdi "tu nguyen
chi "ndi ban" de'n vide an cd thdi cung bi
tap hdp nhau lai, de khi cin thi chung tien,
phat (36).
chung cila ma giup bd't ctf thanh vien nao
[...] de' lam ma chay [...]. Ngtfdi ddng gdp
3. T h a y ddi t r o n g k h a o v g n g
bie't chic r i n g khi de'n Itfdt minh gap kho
Khao vgng la mgt tuc anh hudng tdi kha
khan, ban than cung se dtfdc hg giup dd nhieu linh vtfc trong lang xa: dtfdc vao
nhtf vay" (28). Neu nhtf stf van hanh cua nd hang chtfc sic, mua ngdi, len lao, dtfdc bdng
dtfdc sudn se dung nhtf muc dich tdt dep sac..., h i ai cd mgt trong nhflng stf viec nhil
ban dau thi khong cd gi dang ban, nhtfng cd tren deu phai bd tien lam cd dai lang, hoflc
mgt dieu khong dUdc nhtf y la, do nhie'u vtfa lam cd vtfa mua mdt so Id vat theo quy
nguyen nhan, sau khi da nhan dUde stf

dinh. Ne'u chtfa thtfc hien "nhiem vu" tren,
ttfdng trd ttf nhflng ngtfdi cung hgi, khdng thi khong dtfdc ai cong nhan va khi ra dinh
phai ai cung tra dUde "mon nd" nay khi ban
chic chin la v i n phai ngdi cung dam "dan
hgi cd nhu cau, bdi vay, "eo ngtfdi mat ca
den". Vay mtfc khao vgng ay the nao? Duai
eiia nha vl lam ma" (29). De tranh stf khong
day la bang tho'ng ke chi phi cung nhtf hinh
hay ay, dia phtfdng da budc phai dtfa ra
thtfc khao vgng cila tuc cu va tuc mdi (xem
htfdng giai quyet la cam hgi phtfdng.
bang 6).


Rhihig hh6e bifit vi euiM h6i. tang ma..
Bang 6: Khao vpng trudc va sau cai linmg
T
T

Tif u miic

Tuccfi

Tuc mdi
Clii

Khao lie

2
3

4

Thil li>. chij
l£, la chijc
Lam ldng 1;^
chua man kf
Khao lao

6

Khoa
muc
phjm hfim v^
cd b^ng sac
Tdng ly

7

Khao lao

8

Cd khoa muc.
sac
bkng,
phim ham
Ngudi ra IDm
tdng 1^ khao

5

9

to

Khao mo

11

Ra iam ldng

12

Khoa
muc
phdm hiim va
cd bang sdc
Du ngdi ihii

13
14

16
17

18

- 50 tudi ndp 1 chiec mam
ddng rAng 1 lhu6c 3 l£c
- 55 tudi siJia 100 khju gidu. 1

chai ruou;
- 6 0 - IOOiudimdilidtsii:a 1 le
xdi ea v^ gidu nmu gia 3 done
Sira le y£i thdn va lam cd dai
dan an udng
L^m cd khao dan mdi duoc
ngdi iht?nhuky muc
52 ludi iam cd dai dan Ion 50
ddng
khao dan 50 ddng

Phuong thiJK:
cai Itnmc
Co
Khdc

AFaJI53
(Id 86b]

- 50 tudi ndp 4 ddng
- 6 0 - 100 ludi mdi Idn2ddng

mdi ngudi ndp 6 ddng d^ lam quy
1 nam ndp 6 ddng. 2 nam ndp 2
ddng, man han khdng phai khao
ndp cac le phSm va lien idng
cdng 15 ddng
ndpl£ 10 ddng

Van ban

^
^
"

AFa 3/53
(Id 87b]
AFa.3/53
[Id 88a]
AFa 3/59
[Id 26a]
AFa 3/59
[Id 26b]

'^ "
'
" ^

AFaJ/59
Ild26b|
AFaJISB
(Id 3b]
AFa.3158
(Id 3b]

"
"
"

L ^ rucni dai dan tdn 30

ddng
-•iO - 90 ludi sira 1 con Ign va
Irdu nnni dai lang he'l 30 ddng
Le cu lam cd khao idn d£n 40
ddng d^ lam lien ihil chi

Ndp 10 ddng

Sira rugu dai dan, luc linh
bang lai lam 16 thdn irinh
bilne
52 tudi phai lam cd dai lung
Idn de'n 100 ddng

Ndp lai Cci 6 ddng sung cdng

AFa 3/58
[Id 4b]

52 ludi phui ndp le lang cac le
phdm va lidn cimg la 10 ddng,
Ne'u len lao bay. Iam chin muoi
ludi sira l£ ndp le la'l ca la 5
ddng, Nhung li^n ay sung lam
CLia cdng dan
Ndp le khao vong 10 ddng de
sung i:im cua cdng dan, khdng
phui i:im cd ban gi nOa

AFa 3/57

[Id 8a]

Ndp 15 ddng d^ sung lam ciia
cdng dan

AFa 3/57
(Id 9a]

Liim ruou dai dan Ion phi de'n
30 ddng bac, liic lanh bang rdi
lui phai lam le Ibdn va lam niou
dai dan Id'n phi 40 ddng bac
nihi Ihi mdi duoc nedi Ihil
Liim cd tdn phi 80 ddng Ihi
duoc iam Tien chi hay la Thii
chi
L!)m \i ga xdi

50 ndp 10 ddng. 70-90 ludi ndp 2
Ndpie 10 ddng

LiVy lijin sung cdng 1 ddng
La'y lifin sung cdng Ai liim cd
dfln cung khdng an niia

Ngudi
cd
danh
phan
chile djch

Bdu cir ly d{ch

Lim cd khao mSl 100 ddng
Ird len
Lam 1 nee ruou 1 uec khao

1 liec ihdi rdl ndp 20 ddng iung

Huong
Irudng,
Tnrang ludn
MOi dan ihil

Cd le cd khao

Nay iheo cung dugc

Khdng cil tudi. xin vao bien
10 quan 3. lang bien len vao
.sd. dime an rudng cdng ngay.
ddng gdp suu dich ngay. lang
cd Iff Id khao le de^n vai thi
phtii bien ga 4 con. xdi 4 can,
ruou 6 quan. Irdu cau 40
khau. chi£u hdng luc I ddi

Con trai 17 ludi mdi dugc vao
sd lang, 18 vao sd nha nudc. le
khao Iheo nhu Irvdc ai da vao
khdng ddng li£m dugc phai bd

Ihi phdn rudng phai gia lang d^
cap cho ngudi khae, Bao gid lai
xin vao ihi lang Iruy Ihu 3 quan.
xudng ngdi huong iim 3 ngdi.
NhuTig ngUdi bo fly cimg ngitdi
ngh6o khdng vao dugc ma de'n
18 phiu ITnh Ihe lily Ihan ihi
phui chiu li^n .suu ciing li^n de
de cdn cac viec khdng khidn ca.
cdn ai khdng cm con gi mdi
khdng cd Ihd liiy Ihan thi dudi
dl khdne chii^a

Al-'a 3/57
(id 9a]

"
^
^
'

"

AF.a/0/4
(Id 13a]
AF.alOM
[Id 12b]
AF.a/0/2
illdlb]
AFa! 0/2

J [Id lb]

AFa2/87
[ld3Sa|


Rghien ctfu Ljch sii*. so 6.2014
19

Khao

20

Co

bang

Lam cd mdi moc ra't idn kem.
cd ngudi ma't ca co nghiep
An 3 ngay phi 400 bac Ee

21

Cdp bang

Khao cap bang phf 300 bac

22

Phd

dfo

Td'n 200 bac Ie (4 ngudi den 7
ngudi sifa chung)

ly
Xa

Ndp 30 ddng. x6i ga. cau. cd len
nua cung khdng phai ndp
200 ddng -sung cdng, su'a 3 le ra
dinh. mieu, van chi; ve sau nhan
Tien chi ihi nop 50 ddng va ba 16
nhu trudc
150 ddng sung cdng
Siia chung 3 le ra dinh. mieu, van
chi *• mdi ngudi 20 ddng sung cdng
(4 ngudi den 7 ngif&i si/a chune)

'^ "

[Id 26a]

il

[Id 2b]

AF.a2ll4
[td 3a]
AF.a2H4

(Id .la]

., * "
" "-

1

Bang 7: Thong ke cu the tinh hinh tiet kiem trong khao vong d nhiing tieu muc
CO sir so sanh chi tie't giiia chi phi theo le cii va ie m6i
TT

Tieu muc

Tucc.

Sdtientietkicm
(% tie! kiem)
1 d (9.3)

AFa.3/53

35d (70)
40d (80)

AFa.3/59
AFa.3/59

20d (66.7)
L34d(89.3)

AFa 3159
AFa 3/58

30d (75)

AFa.3/58

- 52 tudi. 10 ddng
- 7 0 - 9 0 i j d i : m d i Idn 5 ddng
lOd

75d (75)

AFa 3/57

60d(Si5,7)

AFa 3/57

Nop 15 ddng dd .sung lam ciia
edng dan

6.5d(81,3)

200 ddng sung cdng, sira 3 le ra
dinh, mie'u, van chi; vd sau
nhan Tien chi Ihl ndp 50 ddng
va ba le nhu trudc
150 ddng sung cdng

L50d
(.37.5 - 50)

1.50d(50)

AFM2/I4

Sira chung 3 le ra dinh, mie'u,
van chi -i- mdi ngudi 20 ddng
sung cone ( 8 0 - I40d)(37)

60d - I20d (30 60)

AF.a2/l4

Tuc miii

- 5 0 tudi: 1 mam ddng
- 6 0 - 100 tuoi: mdi Ian3d6ng
50 ddng
Khao dan 50 ddng

- 50 ludi' 4 ddng
- 60 -100 tudi: mdi ISn 2 ddng
15 ddng
Ndpie 10 ddng

Lam ruou dai dan idn 30 ddng
50 - 90 ludi mdi lan dai lang he't
30 ddng (tdng I50d)

Le CIJ lam cd khao id'n den 40
ddng dd lam nen thu chi

Nop 10 ddng
50 ndp 10 ddng. 70 - 90 tudi
mdi Idn ndp 2 ddng (ldng 1 dd)
N g p l e 10 ddng

Khao lao

52 tudi dai lang Id'n 100 ddng

Rd lam tdng iy

70d

Khoa muc pham
ham va cd bang

Lam cd Idn phi 80 ddng ihi
duoc lam Tien ciii hay la Thii
chi
an 3 ngay phf 400 bac

1(1)

Khao lao

2(4)
3(5)

Khao lao
Khoa muc pham
ham va cd bang

4(6)
5(7)

Tdng ly
Khao lao

6(8)

Co khoa muc,
sdc bang, ph^m

7
(10)
8
(11)
9
(12)
10
(20)

Cd bang sac

11
(21)
12

(22)

ca'p bang

Khao cap bang phi 300 bac

Phd ly de'n Xa

Ion 200 bac le (4 - 7 ngudi sita
chung)

Xem xet nhflng thay dd'i tinh theo gia tri
vat cha't eiia cac muc ta tha'y ed 12/14 tieu
mue cho biet kha cu the ve chi phi khao
vgng trtfdc va sau cai Itfdng. Cu the nhtf
bang 7.
Ke't hdp bang 6 va bang 7, trfl trtfdng
hdp 17 trong bang 6 khong ehi ra stf thay
ddi ro rang ve phtfdng thtfc sau cai Itfdng,
21/22 trtfdng hdp cdn lai deu cho tha'y
nhtfng chuye'n bien ma cai Itfdng dem lai.
Dd la 3 thay ddi dtfdi day:
Tiet kiem chi phi
Bang 7 cho tha'y tieu muc tiet kiem dtfdc
it nha't la Id, nhieu nha't la 260d, ty le tie't

Van ban

i

AFa.3/57

200d

AF.a2/14

kiem it nha't la 9,3%, nhieu nha't la 86,7%
(trung binh la 61,4%).
Bo ldm CO
Cd 18/22 trtfdng hdp cho tha'y: sau cai
Itfdng, tuc lam cd dai ddn da dtfdc huy bo,
thay b i n g nop Ie vdi mdt khoan tien it hda
lam cd ra't nhieu. Trong 18 tieu muc khao
vgng tren, duy 1 tieu muc (so' 17, bang 6) 5
tinh trang ludng kha, cai ltfdng hay khdng
cflng dUdc. Nhtfng xem y ttf, thi dtfdng nhil
CO chie'u nghieng ve viec Iam co theo co tuc
hdn, vi van ban nay chi ke ra Id khao cu r6i
ke't thuc bing mgt cau: "nay theo ciing
dtfdc", ma khdng thd'y quy dinh Id khao


Rhiimg hhae bie^ ve cuoi hdi. teng ma...
vgng sau cai Itfdng the' nao. Dieu dang chu
y la dia phtfdng c6 quy dinh lUdng kha
trong tieu muc Khao vgng nay cung chinh
Id dia phUdng cd quy dinh Itfdng kha tai
tieu muc Tang ma da trinh bay d tren (xa
Nha Xa, tdng Mgc Hoan, huyen Duy Tien,
tinh Ha Nam). Qua do, cd the tha'y do ehinh

la dia phUdng cd "stfc y" kha Idn trong edng
cugc cai lUdng. Va chic chin rang, ne'u
khao sat toan bg kho tuc le trong giai doan
ndy, thi day cung khong phai la trtfdng hdp
qua ca biet. Ttf dd, cd the bie't phong trao
cai lUdng di dUdc vao ddi sd'ng thue te qua
khdng phai la dieu de dang.
Quy dinh tuoi mua thit vi
Neu nhtf trtfdc cai Itfdng ngtfdi ta khdng
quy dinh tudi mua vi thfl, co nghia la cha
me cd the mua thfl vi eho dtfa tre ngay sau
khi nd vtfa chao ddi, thi sau cai Itfdng, do
tudi da dtfdc quy dinh rd rang: 17 tuoi mdi
dUdc vdo so lang, 18 tuoi mdi dtfdc vao so
nUdc. C6 nghia Id, song song vdi quyen Idi
ciia ngUdi mua thtf vj, le mdi cdn chu trpng
den nghla vu, trach nhiem, y thtfc ciia
ngudi dd - phai den do tuoi thanh nien
ngUdi ta mdi cd the co y thtfc ve nghla vu,
trach nhiem ciia minh va cd kha nang chiu
trach nhiem diy dii vdi nghia vu a'y - chfl
khdng phai ddn t h u i n quan tam de'n quyen
Idi, de'n "cai danh" cua ngtfdi dan va "hdm
quy" cua ldng nhU trUdc day. Ngoai ra, ed
dia phUdng cdn quy djnh chi tiet ve each
thtfc xi( ly cac trtfdng hdp sau khi da mua
ngoi thfl roi ma khdng hoan thanh nghia
vy: khong ddng thue' dtfdc thi phai bd ngdi
thfl, den khi mua lai bi truy thu 3 quan,
xud'ng ngdi hUdng am 3 ngoi (38), Co nghia

Id, ngodi sU giam bdt ganh nang ve khao
vgng, Idng xd cung quy dinh rd ve nghla vu
cila ngudi da c6 ngdi vi, dong thdi de" ra
hinh phat doi vdi nhflng ngUdi khdng hoan
thdnh nghia vy ciia minh.

4. N h a n xet
Qua tim hieu ve stf chuyen bien sau cai
Itfdng thi diem 5 ba muc ctfdi bdi, tang ma va
khao vgng, chung ta da cd con so' cu the la
ctfdi hdi va khao vgng ed 3 thay ddi chinh,
cdn tang ma thi cd tdi 6 thay ddi; Tang ma
CO ty le tie't kiem eao nha't, thtf de'n ctfdi hdi,
cud'i cimg la khao vong. Nhtf vay, tang ma
dan diu ca ve so' phtfdng dien thay ddi lan ty
le tie't Idem sau cai Itfdng, cUdi hoi dtfng thtf
nhl ci ca hai mat, cdn khao vgng thi b phtfdng
dien nao cung dflng cudi cung, Nhtf vay,
trong ba muc tang ma, ctfdi hoi va khao vgng
thi muc dtfdc quan tam nhat la tang ma,
muc it dtfdc quan tam nha't la khao vgng.
Ctfdi hdi dflng gifla hai muc tren.
Theo toi, do cung la dieu de hieu vi dd'i
vdi tang chu, ma't di mgt ngUdi than da la
mgt sU dau budn khdng gi bu dap noi, lai
cdn phai lo mot khoan chi phi Idn nfla de
bay bien cd ban thi qua la buon cang them
buon, dau cang them dau. NhUng theo
quan niem cu: "Lam ma td'n tie'n nhieu
chtfng nao, cd nhieu ngUdi an ud'ng chtfng

nao, thi dtfdc tie'ng khen chtfng nay [...] co
ngtfdi mang cong mac nd, cim nha ban dd't
de lam ma, tuy be trong thi lo lang kho sd
ma d be ngoai thi cho la da "ehe dtfdc mieng
the gian" (39). Tuc Ie a'y dtfdc Phan Ke Binh
due ket nhtf sau: "Tuc a'y la mgt tuc ra't tho
bl, ra't hu bai, ra't bac beo, khdng con tuc
nao xa'u xa de tien bang tuc a'y" (40), Cd le
ehinh vi vay nen khi budc vao cai lUdng,
day ehinh la muc dUdc tiet giam mgt each
quyet het nhat.
Viec khao vong it dtfdc quan tam hdn
tang ma va cudi hdi cung la die'u de bieu vi
tang ma la viec dau budn cua ddi ngUdi va
khong phai la dieu dtfdc mong ddi; la'y vd Iiy
chdng la nhu cau thiet yeu cila con ngtfdi, Id
die'u ma ta't ca nhflng ngtfdi binh thtfdng can
phai cd. Cdn khao vgng khdng phai la mgt


Rghien euru Ljch sJr. s o 6.2014
dieu bi^t h a n h lihtf tang ma, cflng khdng Id

Tren day la mgt so' vgn de ve thay d^i

nhu c i u thiet ye'u nhtf ctfdi hdi, ma nd thugc

trong t a n g ma, ctfdi hoi, khao vgng 3 Bdc

ve phtfdng dien danh dtf, quyen Idi, thugc ve

Ky sau cai Itfdng thi diem qua khao ctfu cdc

stf "oai". Ne'u so sanh ba muc do, thi khao

van ban tuc Ie viet b i n g chfl Ndm. Diem

vgng la muc cd dgng ltfc thay dd'i kem hdn

chung trong ca ba muc t a n g ma, ctfdi hoi,

ca. Phai chang chinh vi vay nen mac du

khao vgng deu n h i m han che' chi phi, tigt

cung cd 1 tieu muc "Itfdng kha" nhtf da trinh

kidm tien. Trong dd, tie't kiem trong tang

bay b tren, nhtfng trtfdc khi cho phep cd the

ma la ddng ke hdn ca. Day la mdt trong

lam theo Id cu, tang ma cd quy dinh rd le

nhflng quy dinh mang tinh vtfdt trdi dang

mdi ra sao, cdn khao vgng thi chi neu le cu

ghi n h a n trong cai Itfdng htfdng tuc thi

ma khong he danh cho Ie mdi chfl nao?

diem b Bac Ky.

CHU

THICH

(*). Nghien ciiu nay dugc tai trg bdi Quy phdt
trien Khoa hgc vd Cong nghe Quoc gia
(NAFOSTED) trong de tdi md so'VII2.7-2010.07.
Xm chdn thdnh cdm cfn.
(1), Cac khai niem "tuc Ie", "thi diem" da dUdc
chiing toi trinh bay trong bai viet tren, Xm khong
n h i c lai S day,
(2). Viec chpn tuc IS ghi b i n g chfl Nom ciia
chung toi 6 day chi dan thuan can cii tren phuong
di€n vSn tu chii Ithong chiu anh hudng cila bat Ity
yeu to nao khae. Sd dl chiing toi chon doi tUdng do
I^m tu h^u ngliien cUu trong bai viet nay la bdi
ngudi viet co tham vong tim hieu ve phong trao cai
lUdng thi diem tai mot vung rong 16n la Bic Ky qua
tuc le, nhung day lai la mot kho t u lieu vo cung rpng
16n vdi hang nghin dau sach, bao quat dupc toan bp
nguon thu tich khong lo nay la die'u phai trong chd
vao sU chung tay cila nhieu nha nghien ciiu. Bdi
vay, each lam hdp ly nhat doi vdi chiing toi hien nay
la chi nghien citu nhflng van ban b i n g chij: Nom, bo
phan chiem mpt ti le nhd trong kho tuc le hien cdn,

nhung vi.n cd the giiip chiing ta tim hieu ve cong
cupc cai luong ciia nhieu tinh.

2013, tr. 65-78. Chting toi tiep tuc tim h i l u sU doi
thay ve te t u qua cai ludng huong tuc t h i diem.
Trong dd, mot so' ket luan dUpc t a m r u t ra nhil
sau: 1. Cd t h i tha'y viec cai luong dd dem lai 9\[
thay doi ro ret, cu the la: sau khi cai luong, ganh
nang te tti khong cdn de nSng len vai ngUdi dan
nhu trudc ni3a, bdi trung binh, mdi nSm hp da tie't
giam dupc it nhat 85,52% tong chi phi so vdi Mc
chua cai luong. Su ti&'t giam nay, neu phan tich kJ
hdn, chinh la mot dang t a m trung tiet giam (tiet
giam do tiet ude chi phi; tiet giam do giam bflt
nhiing khoan ddng gdp khae nhd lay r a mpt phan
tien nop n h a n cac dip t e tu de sung cdng; tiet giam
chi phi tinh theo dau ngudi). 2, Viec cai lUOng vl t l
ta dupc tien h a n h theo nguyen tac: cd chi phi qua
cao hoac/va do mpt/it ngudi ganh chiu chi phi.
(5). Cung nien hieu Khai Dinh thfi 4 nhUng c6
ban thupe nam 1919 cd ban lai thuoc 1920. Dd li
do su chenh ve each tinh giiia nam Am lich va
DuOng lich,
(6). Nhan thay dOn vi "ddng" trong trUdng h ^
nay khdng gio'ng vdi ddn vi "ddng" thdng thudng c6
ty gia bang 1/360 quan n h u chung ta v i n bilt,

(3), Bko PhUdng Chi. Bi/dc ddu tim hieu ve cdi
luang huang tuc thi diem a Bdc Ky qua mgt so'vdn
bdn tuc le bdng chii Nom. Tap chi Hdn Nom, so 12013, tr. 58-71.

(4). Dao Phuong Chi. Bdi thay ve' te tU tgi mot
so tinh Bdc Ky qua cdi luong hUOng tuc thi diem:
Nhin tii van bdn tuc le. Tap chi Hdn Nom, so 4-

ngudi viet bai nay da thinh giao PGS,TS. Nguyin
Ta Nhi - mot nha nghien cilu da de tam den manf
tuc le tir lau - va dupc biet: "5 ddng" d day cd nghia
la 5 dong bac trdng hoa xde
(7). Van ban nham 3 va 6 ddng hoSc 5 vk 10
ddng mdi diing. O muc cai luong quy dinh ngUdi
lang nop 3 ddng. Vay thi nhieu kha nang trUdc cai


Rhiimg kh6e biet ve cwM h5i. tang ma..
luong lit Sd trong \hng vk lOd ngoai lang, vl neu la
3d trong lAng thi ciing b i n g vdi so tiin sau cai
lUdng, khong phii hdp vdi tinh than cai lUdng l i m .
(8). S6 trong () la so thfl tU 5 bang 2.
(9). Trong muc Cudi hdi, chiing tdi ciii tinh so
tien tiet kiem sau khi IS'y khoan nop theo 16 cQ trii
di khoan nop theo 1§ mdi, khong tinh hien vat, vl
khong biet dUa vao khung gia nao de quy hiSn vat
ra tiin dUpc. Bdi vSy, s^ tiin tiet kiem dUdc tren
thuc t l chic c h i n se nhieu hdn so vdi ket qua 6
day.
(10). Trudng hdp nay, trong lang: 10 quan, ngoai
lai^: 20 quan, la do tinh gpp ca le l a i ^ lin le giap.
(11). Hd Ddng tinh Thanh Tn huyen Thanh Tri
tdng Y§n Duyen xd tuc le (AF.a2/87, td 26a),

33
tiin tilt kiem 3 day chiing tdi tam tinh theo
phuong thUc: l£y so tien lam c6 mflc thlip (30d)
trong tuc cu trii di so tien le hang ba b tuc mdi (5d)
va la'y so tien lam cd d mflc cao (lOOd) trtf di sd' tien
le hang nha't 5 tuc mdi (15d).
(21). Hung Yen tinh Yen My huyen Yen Phu
tdng Hdo Xuyen xd Bong La thon tuc le AFa 3/57
(td lOa), Hung Yen tinh Yen My huyen Yen Phu
tdng Hdo Xuyen xd ThUOng thon tuc le AFa.3/58 (td
5a), Hiing Yen tinh Yen My huyen Yen Phil tdng
Thd Cdc xd tuc le AFa.3/59 (td 27b).
(22). Hd Bdng tinh Ban Phugng huyen Bdc Sd
tong Phuang Bdng xd phong tuc {AF.a2/J7, td 27a).
(23).Ai?'a.3/59, td27b.
(24).Ai^.a2/i7, td27a.

(12), Trong Budc ddu tim hieu ve viec cdi lUdng
huang tuc thi diem d Bdc Ky qua mgt so vdn bdn
tuc li bdng chU Ndm, chiing tdi da xae dinh dUdc
thdi diem bat dau cdng cudc cai luong thi dilm la
khoang 1905 - 1906.

(25). AF.a2/17. ib 27a.
(26).AF.a2/27, td27a.
(27). Hd Bong tinh Ban PhUOng huyen Buong
Liiu tdng Que Duong xd phong tuc AF.a2/14 (td
3b).

(13), Hd Ddng tinh Hodi Diic phu Tu! Liem

huy^n Phu Gia tong Thuy PhUOng xd phong tuc
(AF.a2/63, td 66a).

(28). Nguyin Tit Chi, Gop phdn nghiin ciiu vdn
hoa vd tgc ngUdi. Nxb Van hda dan tpc, Tap chi
Van hda • Nghe thuat, Ha Npi, 2003, tr,298,

(14), AF.a2/87, td 26a,
(15), Dao Duy Anh. Viet Nam vdn hoa si?
cUang. Xufl't ban bd'n phUOng, Sai Gdn, 1961, tr.
189,

(29). AF.a2/17, Sdd, td 27a,
(30). Bdc Ninh tinh Thuan Thdnh phdn phd Bi
Kieu xd ddn tuc AF,a8/5 (td 16b),

(16). Bdc Ninh tinh Thudn Thdnh phdn phu Di
Kiiu xd ddn tuc AF.a8/5, td 29a va Hd Nam tinh
Ly Nhdn phu Kim Bdng huyen Nhdt TUu tdng tuc
/^ AF.alOM, t d l 4 a ) . . ,
(17). Khdng tha'y ndi trich le thii hai ra bao
nhieu dong.
(18). K l tU day. chiing tdi tinh ddn vi "quan"
theo gia trj quy doi trong dan gian, bang 360 ddng
(theo Lyc Dilc ThuSm • Vd Qud'c Ky, Tien cd Viet
Nam. Nxb. Giao due Viet Nam. Ha Ndi, 2009, tr.
112.

(31), Phan Ke Binh. Viet Nam phong tuc. Nxb,
Tong hpp Ddng Thap, Thanh phd Hd Chi Minh,

1990, tr. 177.
(32). Phan Ke Binh, Viet Nam phong tuc. sdd,
tr, 178.
(33), "Lam dupc ma" trong trudng hpp nay c6
nghia la "lam co dam ma de mdi lang".
(34). AF,a2/27, td27a.
(35), AF.aS/5, td23a
(36). AF alO/4, td 23a.
(37). Mdi ngudi 20d, lam ehung tfl 4 den 7
ngUdi, tiic la so'tien nop se tif 80d - 140d.
(38). Ai^,Q2/S7, td38a,

(19). Sd' tien tinh d day chi la tUOng ddi. vi
nhieu trUdng h^p khong the tinh dupc khoan chi
phf cho lam CO va bi^n le trong le cu.

(39), Dao Duy Anh, Viet Nam
ciiOng, sdd, tr. 199.

(20). Van ban cho bilt trUdc day phai lam c5
h i t lOOd, nha ngh^o cung phai lam het 30d. Sd'

(40). Phan Ke Binh, Viet Nam phong tuc, sdd,
tr 179

udn hoa

si