TỔNG HỢP TẤT CẢ CÁC BÀI BÁO NGHIÊN CỨU KHOA HỌC HAY NHẤT ĐẴ ĐĂNG TRÊN TẠP CHÍ KHOA HỌC

67

• Tap san KHOA HQC & CONG NGHf

TINH HINH BENH NHAN NHAP CANH VAO VIET NAM
•

•

•

QUA CAC CUfA KHAU TAY NINH
• Tran Phffdc Doan, Le Hoang San
Irung tdm Kicm dich Y tequdc le'Tdy Ninh
Tdm tat
Md dau: Trong nhffng nam gan day. tren the gidi ciing nhff cac nffdc trong khu vffc,
dich benh dang didn bidn phffc tap va phai sinh ngay cang nhieu cdc benh truyen nhilm
nguy hiem mdi. Nghien cffu sau khi hoan thanh khdng nhffng giup nha khoa hpc, nha
quan ly hieu hdn ve tinh hinh benh iruycn nhiem nhap canh qua cac cffa khau Tay Ninh
ma cdn giiip hinh thanh quy trinh xff ly khi cti dich.
Muc tieu: Nham khao sat md hinh benh tat tff Campuchia nhap canh vao Viet Nam
kham va dieu tri qua cdc cffa khau Tay Ninh \a ddng thdi kdt hdp tam sodt tile benh cum
A(H5N 1), benhta dd'i vdi nhffng benh nhan nhap.
Dd'i tffdng va phffdng phdp nghien cffu: Mdt nghien cffu cat ngang md ta dffdc thffc
hien trong thdi gian tff 9/2009 ddn 8/2011 tai cdc cffa khau Tay Ninh. Tai cdc cffa khau
Tay Ninh, nghien cffu vien tidn hanh dieu tra ta't ca benh nhan nhap canh, Iffu y ddn cd
nhffng trieu chffng: sd't, ho, khd thd, tieu chay... Phidu dieu tra dffdc diing khai thdc thdng
tin bd sung la mdtbd cau hdi gdm 30 cau hdi, hdi v l tien sff benh, ve sinh trong sinh boat
(an ud'ng, ngudn nffdc, ve sinh tay chan), ndi cff tru ciia dd'i tffdng trdng thdi gian benh,
viec chan nudi gia cam. Sai lech trdng nghien cffu dffdc lffdng trffdc va dffdc kiem sodt
bang nhieu hinh thffc khdc nhau.

Ket qua: Cd tdng cdng 1.796 dd'i tffdng thda cdc tieu chi chpn lffa trong nghien cffu va
da ddng y tham gia nghien cffu. Benh khdng phai benh truyin nhiem cd 1.503 benh
nhan, chiem ti le 83,7% trong dd ndi bat la 3 loai benh chiem ti le cao la cha'n thffdng do
tai nan giao thdng hay tai nan sinh boat (chiem ti le 17,8%), tai bien mach mdu nao
(15,6%) va huyet dp cao (5,6%). Trong tdng sd'55 mau lam xet nghiem benh ta tff 55 dd'i
tffdng nghien cffu, kdt qua cho tha'y cd 4 mdu dffdng tinh Vibrio cholerae 0 1 , chiem ti le
7,3% (khoang tin cay 95%: 0,4% 14,1 %). Trong tdng sd238 mdu lam xet nghiem benh
cum trong nghien cffu nay, ketqua dffdng tinh chiem 12,6% (khoang tin cay 95%: 8,4% 16,8%), trong dd dffdng tinh vdi cum A/H3N2 la 24 mdu, chiem ti le 10,1 % va dffdng tinh
vdi cum A(HlNl)pdm 2009 la 6 mdu, chiem ti le 2,5%.
Ket luan: Hai nhdm benh nhap canh chii yeu la nhdm benh khdng truyin nhilm
chiem ti le 83,7% va nhdm benh truyen nhilm chie'm ti le 16,3%. Dd'i vdi cdc benh
truyen nhilm, mac du nghien cffu chffa phdt hien trffdng hdp nao mac cum A(H5N1)
nhffng ca benh cum A(HlNl)pdm 2009 chie'm ti le 10,2% tren tdng sdnhdm benh truyin
nhilm va 12,6% tren tdng sdea nghi ciim. Ngoai ra, ca benh ta chiem ti le 1,4% tren tdng
sdnhdm benh truyen nhilm va 7,3% tren tdng sd' ca tieu chay. Dd'i vdi benh khdng •


68

• Tflp san KHOA HQC & CONG NGHE

• truyen nhicni thi ba loai benh cd ti le cao nha't la tai nan giao thdng va tai nan trong sinh
hoat (1 7,8'/f), lai bidn mach mau n;io( 15,6'/r'), benh cao huydt ap(5,6%).
Tff khoa: benh truyen nhiem, md hinh benh, cffa khau, benh ta, benh ciim, kiem dich y
td. Tay Ninh.
D A T ^ ANDK
Trong nhffng nam gan day, ircn thdgidi cQng nhff cdc nffdc trong khu vi/c, dich benh
dang dicn bidn phffc tap va phdt sinh ngay cang nhidu cdc benh truyin nhilm nguy hiem
mdi. Cac nghien cffu cho tha'y mdt trong nhffng bien phdp hffu hieu nha't de phdng chdng
dichbenhlaylan vao Viet Nam va ngffdclaila (ang cffdng gidm sdt va xff ly triet dd dich

benh ngay tff dau. De lam dffdc dieu nay thi kidm dich y td tai cdc cffa khau can hoan
thanh tdt nhiem vu sang lpc trong vice bao ve sffc khde qud'c gia. Tuy nhien. mac du y te
cffa khau da dffdc dau tff va phat trien trong nhffng nam vffa qua, nhffng cho den nay tai
Ta\ Ninh vdn chffa cd mdt quy trinh chuan nham gidm sdi, ddnh gid va xff ly cdc benh
truyen nhilm di vao Viet Nam qua cdc cffa khau. Mpt trong nhffng nguyen nhan cho viec
chffa dinh hinh quy trinh la do sff thidu hut thdng tin va chffa cd nghien cffu khoa hpc nao
dffdc thffc hien tai day.
Tinh Tay Ninh cd 240 km dffdng bien gidi gidp vdi Campuchia. Cdng ddng dan cff cdc
huyen vung bien gidi ciia Campuchia gidp vdi VietNam cd nin kinh te'cdn tha'p. trinh dp
dan tri va dieu kien ve sinh kem, ngffdi dan cd thdi quen khdng an chin udng sdi, y te cd
sd gan nhff khdng cd. Ddi sd'ng ngffdi dan chii yeu lam ndng nghiep va budn bdn nhd,
chan nudi cd the hd gia dinh, gia sue gia cam da sd'tha rong, la dilu kien dd dich benh de
phdt trien (benh cum A(H5N1) va benh ta). Dien hinh la benh cum A( H5N1) xay ra trong
nam 2007 vdi 01 trffdng hdp tff vong tai huyen Me-mdttinh Kdng-Pong-Cham gidp vdi
tinh Tay Ninh. Theo thdng bdo ciia Bd Y td Campuchia ngay 02/12/2008, da cd 08 trffdng
hdp mac ciim A(H5N1) tren ngffdi va cd 07 trffdng hdp tff vong tai Campuchia.
Chinh vi vay, de cd the dinh hinh he thd'ng thu thap thdng tin diJf bdo dich benh va lam
cd sd cho viec lap kd hoach phdng chd'ng dich, chiing tdi thffc hien nghien cffu "Tinh hinh
benh nhan nhap canh vao Viet Nam qua cdc cffa khau Tay Ninh". Nghien cffu nay nham
khao sat md hinh benh tat tff Campuchia nhap canh vao Viet Nam khdm va dilu tri qua
cdc cffa khau Tay Ninh va ddng thdi kdt hdp tam sodt ti le benh ciim A(H5N1), benhta
dd'i vdi nhffng benh nhan nhap canh vao Viet Nam qua cde cffa kha'u tai Tay Ninh.
Nghien cffu sau khi hoan thanh khdng nhffng giup nha khoa hoc, nha quan ly hieu hdn ve
tinh hinh benh truyin nhilm nhap canh qua cdc cffa kha'u Tay Ninh ma cdn giup hinh
thanh quy trinh xff ly khi cd dich.
DOITlJOfNG PHl/dNG PHAP N G H I E N C 0 U
Mdt nghien cffu cat ngang md ta dffdc thufc hien trong thdi gian tff 9/2009 den 8/2011
tai cdc cffa kha'u Tay Ninh. Vi nghien cffu nham tam sodt ti le benh ta va cum nhap canh
qua dffdng bien gidi nen cd mdu dffdc xdc dinh dffa vao cdng thffc ffdc lffdng ti le benh ciia
Cochcran (1977) trong dd ti le ke't cupc ffdc dinh la 3%, sai sd'cha'p nhan trong nghien cffu •

• Tap san KHOA HOC & CONG NGHE

69

• nay la 2%, xdc sua't sai lam loai 1 la 5%. Cd mdu tinh dffdc la 279 va dff tru ma't mdu thi
nghien cffu nay chpn 300 mau dd xet nghiem trong dd 60 mau xet nghiem benh ta va 240
mau xet nghiem ciim.
Trong thdi gian nghien cffu, tai cdc cffa khau Tay Ninh, nghien cffu vien (ddng thdi la
kiem dich vien y te) se tidn hanh dilu tra tat ca benh nhan nhap canh bao gdm: benh
nhancd gia'y chuyen vien, benh nhan tffdi khdm va dieu tri cd nhffng trieu chffng: sd't, ho,
khd thd, tieu chay... tff Campuchia vao Viet Nam qua cac cffa kha'u Tay Ninh. Nghien cffu
vien quan sdt thd trang va khdm phdt hien nhffng trieu chffng tren va sau dd tien hanh la'y
mdu benh pha'm dd'i vdi nhffng benh nhan cd trieu chffng tren va chuyen mdu benh pha'm
di lam xet nghiem dd chan dodn xdc dinh benh ciim, ta. Ngoai ra, nghien cffu vien cung
tie'n hanh phdng va'n dd'i tffdng nham khai thdc mdt sd thdng tin lien quan den cdc trieu
chffng benh thdng qua phieu dilu tra.
Phidu dieu tra la mdt bd cau hdi gdm 30 cau hdi khai thdc thdng tin nhff: tien sff benh,
ve sinh trong sinh hoat (an ud'ng, ngudn nffdc, ve sinh tay chan), ndi cff tru ciia dd'i tffdng
trong thdi gian benh, viec chan nudi gia cam. Sd' lieu sau khi thu thdp v l dffdc kiem tra
tinh day dii va phu hdp ciia thdng tin. Nhffng phidu dilu tra khdng dii thdng tin se dffdc
loai ra. Phidu dilu tra sau dd dffdc ddnh ma sd'va dffdc nhap vao mdy tinh va dffdc phdn
tich bang phan mem thd'ng ke Epi info 6.0. Cdc chi sd'thd'ng ke md ta chii yeu sff dung tan
sd'va ti le phan tram.
Sai lech trong nghien cffu nay dffdc kiem sodt td't bang cdch tap hua'n ca'n than cho
dieu tra vien trffdc khi tien hanh nghien cffu. Dieu tra vien la nhffng ngffdi cd kinh
nghiem nghien cffu va ddng thdi la cdc kiem dich vien y tdtai cdc cffa kha'u nen se dam
bao khai thdc td't cdc thdng tin tff dd'i tffdng nghien cffu. Ngoai ra, bd cau hdi dffdc thidt kd
diing vdi muc tieu nghien cffu, cdch diing tff ngff rd rang, ngan gpn, de hieu va d l tra ldi

nen ciing gdp phan ban chdsai lech thdng tin khi tidn hanh thu thdp dff lieu. Hdn nffa, de
dam bao dd'i tffdng cd thd hidu dung cdc thdng tin can khai thdc thi phieu dieu tra dffdc
the hien bang hai ngdn ngff la tie^ng Viet va tieng Anh. Tuy nhien, nghien cffu vien cd the
giao tidp vdi dd'i tffdng bang tieng Khd-me khi can thidt. Khdng nhffng thd, sai lech chpn
lffa dffdc kiem sodt td't nhd viec bdm sdt cdc tieu chi nhan vao va tieu chi loai ra trong
nghien cffu. Ngoai ra, dilu tra vien cung dffdc tap hua'n td't v l cdch chpn dd'i tffdng va bat
budc phai tuan thii theo danh sdch da dffdc chpn lifa. Viec tidn hanh dilu tra cdn cd sff
gidm sdt ciia nghien cffu vien chinh nen se giam thieu dffdc sai sd'do chpn lffa dd'i tffdng.
KETQUA VA BAN LUAN
Trong thdi gian nghien cffu, cd tdng cpng 1.796 dd'i tffdng thda cdc tieu chi chpn lffa
trong nghien cffu va da ddng y tham gia nghien cffu. Benh khdng phai benh truyen nhilm
cd 1.503 benh nhan, chiem ti le 83,7% trong dd nd'i bat la 3 loai benh chiem ti le cao la
• cha'n thffdng do tai nan giao thdng hay tai nan sinh boat (chiem ti le 17,8%), tai bie'n mach
mdu nao (15,6%) va huyet dp cao (5,6%).
•


70

TAP san KHOA HQC & CONG NGHI
B;ing 1: Tinh hinh cdc loai benh (N=1796)

sir
1
-)

Til§

SO'ca

1 Cn hCnIi

%

( " h ; l i i (iuri
267

14,9

T a i b i c n i n ; u h m a n n.u)

235

13,1
4,7

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3

H i i y c M ;'ip c a o

84

4

T i c u difdiij:

74

4,1

T i m m ; i c l i ( s i i y l i m . !)<( v . i i i l i m , i i l i o i m;'ni cO l i m . .)

64

3,6

62

3,5

60

3,3

57

3,2

n u d i i L ' i K - n i i o a ( X u a l h i i x c i l i a o li'r. viC-m d a d a y , d a u b u n g , t o i

6

l o a n , l a c r u d t .)

7

U n g thil'tg.in, phdi, xiAfng)

8

B c n l i d u d n g lid hap (lao p h d i . li.in ilich maiig: p h d i

9

B e n h \ c k h d p xifcJng ( v i e m k l i d p d a n j z t h a p , cap...)

48

2,7

LJ n a o . l a o m i ' i n y n a o

46

2,6

11

D u d n g l i c l nic'-u {\i\ i i c u , s u y i h a n , s()i i h a n . . . )

42

2,3

12

I ^ c n i i g a n m a t (s()i m a t , s o i d n g g a n . . )

42

2,3

13

t^c-nii v<2- n u i u ( b a c h c a u , s u y t u y , I h i c t i h('>ng cau...)

38

2,1

B c n l i p h u k h o a ( i c i n g k i n i i . x u f l t h u y e t a m d a o . ii x<( t u ' c u n g . .)

26

1.4

356

19,8

55

3,1

238

13,3

1.796

lOU

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K l i u c ( h o ra m a u , t a m i h a n p h a n l i e t , clau d a u , \ l e m , \ o a n g . t n ,

15

s u y n h u ' a c al

t h e , v i e i n t h a n h q u a n . v i c - m lai...)

T i e u chay (nghi benh la)

16
17

Nghi cum
T o n u cC)n«:

Benh nhan nhap canh mac benh phu khoa va cdc benh ve mau chidm ti le tha'p nha't vdi ti
le lan Iffdt la 1,4% va 2,1%. Cdc tile benh tat nay phii hdp vtfi tinh hinh thffc tdtai cdc tram
kiem dich y tdqud'c te^cffa khau. Tuy nhien, ti le cdc loai benh nay cung dao dpng tiiy vao
thdi diem trong nam. VI du, ngffdi nhap canh vdi cac chan thffdng do tai nan giao thdng va
tai nan sinh boat tang cao vao cdc thdng giffa nam (thang 5. 6, 7) va cao nha't la vao thdng

cudi nam (thdng 12) trong khi ti le dd'i tffdng nhap canh mac benh tai bidn mach mdu nao lai
bien ddng trong sud't nam nhffng cao nhd't la vao khoang thdng 7. Chinh vi vay, viec hieu
dffcJc md hinh benh tat nay va diin lien theo mua se giiip cho kiem dich y tdqud'c te'tai Tay
Ninh cd chffdng trinh hd trd va ffng phd kip thdi.
TNGT+TNSH
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Bieu do 1: sd'ca benh do tai nan giao thdng va tai nan sinh boat nhdp canh theo thdi gian •


•

Tap san KHOA HQC & CONG NGHE

71

Bieu dd 2: sd'ca benh tai bidn mach mau nao nhap canh theo thdi gian

Bieu dd 3: sdca benh do cao huye^t dp nhap canh theo thdi gian
Benhnghingdbenhtruylnnhilmcd 293 benh nhan, chidm tile 16,3% trong td'ng sddd'i
tiTdng trong nghien cffu, trong dd sd'benh nhan nghi ciim la 238 benh nhan (chidm 81,2%)
va sdbenh nhan nghi benh ta la 55 benh nhan (chidm 18,8%). Trong td'ng sd55 mdu lam
xet nghiem benh ta tff 55 dd'i tffdng nghien cffu, ket qua cho tha'y cd 4 mdu dffdng tinh
Vibriocholerae 0 1 , chiem tile 7,3% (khoang tin cay 95%: 0,4%-14,1%). Qua khao sat 30
ca dffdng tinh cd 50% tiep xiic vdi gia cam trong vdng 7 ngay qua. Ddng thdi cd sdbenh
nhan an thit gia cam trong vdng 7 ngay vffa qua kd tff ngay phdt hien trieu chffng, chiem ti
le 46,7%. Tuy nhien, dieu nay chi cd y nghia ne'u ca ciim do viriit ciim A(H5N 1) tff gia cam
lay qua ngffdi, vdi ciim miia d ngffdi chi lay truyin tff ngffdi sang ngffdi thi viec tiep xiic gia
cam khdng lam tang nguy cd nhilm cum miia. Tuy vay, vdi viec sdddng ngffdi d gan khu
chan nudi gia cam, thffdng xuyen tiep xuc gia cam, giet md gia cam thi nguy cd mac ciim
gia cam A(H5N1) la ra't ldn neu cd mam benh tren gia cam, ddng thdi gia tang nguy cd tdi td
hdp yeu tddi truyin giiip ciim A(H5N1) cd kha nang lay truyin dl dang tff ngffdi sang •

72

• Tflp san KHOA HOC t CdNG NGHE

• ngffdi nhff Cli m mil.I. CO I lidklund;iu cho mdi dai dich dim mdi (dat dii 3 tien de gay dai dich
ciimciia WHO).
Trong long sd 2.^8 ni;iu him xcl ngliicm bdnh ciim trong nghien cffu nay, ketqua dffdng
tinh chicm 12,6% (khoang lin cay ')')7r 8,47r. 16,8%), trong do dffdng tinh vdi cum
A/H3N2 la 21 m.iu, chidni li Ic 10,1 Vr va dffifng linh vdi ciim A(H 1 N1 )pdm 2009 la 6 mdu,
chidm ll le l.^'/i Khdng phat hicn ini'img hdp ciim A(1I5N 1) nao. Kdt qua nay la phii hdp
\oi cac con so ihdng kc ciia c;ic cct quan quan ly Vi du, theo bdo cao sd 510/BC-BYT thi
macdutffdaunam2()l 1 ilcn 20/6/201 1 ca niuic cd 498 trffdng hdp mac cum A(HlNl)pdm
2009 lai 40 dia phffctng, trong do c6 1 ] trffdng hdp tff vong lai 10 dia phffdng nhffng tff dau
nam 201 1 ldi nay. Viet Nam chu'a ghi nhan ca benh nhan ciim A(H5N1) nao. Kdt qua tff
nghien cffu nay cung cho thay, liutng Iff nhff cac dia phff(tng khac, lai cdc cffa khau tai Tay
Ninh \ an liep luc ghi nhan r;ii rac Iru'dng hdp nhiem virus ciim AfHl NI )pdm 2009 nhffng
khdng ghi nlianc;icddich ldn trong cdng ddng.
Ngoai ra, ti Ic dffdng linh vdi benh ciim trong nghien cffu n.iy (1 2,6%) cung tffdng tff nhff
theo thd'ng ke dinh ky tai Tay Ninh. VI du, theo bdo cdo cua Trung tam Kicm dich Y te
Quo.' le (KDYTQT) Tay Ninh 9 thang dau nam 2009 thi trong long sdhanh khdch nhap
canh (425.746 Iffdt) phdt hien dffdc 243 khdch cd trieu chffng nghi ngd. Kdt qua da cd 28
trffcJng hdp dffdng tinh vdi ciim A(H 1N1 )pdm 2009 di qua cffa kha'u Mdc Bai, chiem ti le
11,5%. Tuy nhien, tile nay lai tha'p hdn so vdi nghien cffu tai cffa khau qud'c tdtai san bay
Tan Sdn Nhat. Theo bdo cdo ciia Trung lam KDYTQT Tp.HCM. trong tdng sdkhach nhap
canh dffdc do nhiet dp tai san bay Tan Sdn Nhd't tff ngay 26/4/2009 den ngay 10/9/2009 la:
1.127.962 ngffdi, phdt hien 1.458 ca nghi ngd, cd 317 ca dffdng tinh vdi ciim A(HlNl)pdm
2009, chidm tile 21,7%.
Nguyen nhan ciia sff khdc biet nay la quy md tidp nhan ngffdi nhap canh vao Viet Nam
tai Tay Ninh va tai Tp.HCM cd khdc nhau. Neu nhff tai Tdy Ninh chii yeu la ngffdi

Campuchia nhap canh qua dffdng bd hoac ngffdi dan trong khu vffc Chdu A (ma chii yeu la
Ddng Nam A) thi tai Tp.HCM ngffdi nhap canh cd the den tff nhiiu qudc gia khdc nhau tren
thdgidi bad gdm ca Chdu A, Chau Au, Chau Phi, Chau My vii ca Chau Uc vdi so'lffdng ldn.
Ngoai ra, cdc dac diem ve ve sinh phdng benh, ldi sd'ng d cac nhdm dd'i tffdng cung khdc
nhau (giffa ngffdi Campuchia va cac nffdc khdc tren the gidi). Hdn nffa. benh ciim
A(HlNl)pdm 2009 xua't phdt tff Chau My nen khi Tp.HCM tidp nhan nhieu ngffdi nhap
canhtffChauMy se cdtile caohdntaiTayNinh.
Tuy nhien, neu sd sdnh ti le 12,6% trong nghien cffu nay vdi cdc tinh khdc nhff An Giang,
Quang Tri, Lang Sdn, Lao Cai, Quang Ninh thi ti le nay lai ra't ddng quan tam. Bdi vi, theo
bdo cdo cua cdc Trung tdm KDYTQT tai cdc tinh tren thi nam 2009, cffa kha'u cdc tinh nay
vdn chffa phdt hien ca dffdng tinh vdi benh ciim nao nhap canh vao Viet Nam. Tuy nhien,
dieu can quan tam khdc lai la viec cdc tinh nay chffa cd quy trinh kiem tra va giam sdtbenh.
Qua phdn tich cho tha'y benh ciim chii yeu diin ra tff thdng 5 de'n thdng 10, cao diem la
thdng 8 hang nam. Dieu nay cung tffdng dd'i phii hdp vdi ke't qua giam sat ciim trpng diem
khu vffc phia Nam ciia Vien Pasteur Tp.HCM la ciim A (H3N2) gia tang tff thang 4, dat dinh
d thdng 6-7 va xudng tha'p vao thdng 9 hang nam.
•


• Tap san KHOA HOC & CONG NGH£

73

Bieu dd 4: Ca benh ciim xam nhap qua cffa kha'u theo thdi gian
KETLUAN
Hai nhdm benh nhap canh chii ydu: nhdm benh khdng truyen nhiem chie'm ti le 83,7%
va nhdm benh truyin nhiem chidm ti le 16,3%. Dd'i vdi cdc benh truyin nhiem, mac dii
nghien cffu chffa phdt hien trffdng hdp nao mac ciim A(H5N1) nhffng ca benh ciim
A(HlNl)pdm 2009 chidm tile 10,2% tren td'ng sd'nhdm benh truyen nhilm va 12,6% tren
tdng sd'ca nghi ciim. Ngoai ra, ca benhta chidm tile 1,4% tren tdng sd'nhdm benh truyen

nhilm va 7,3% tren td'ng sd'ca tieu chay. Dd'i vdi benh khdng truyin nhiem thi ba loai benh
CO ti le cao nhd't la tai nan giao thdng + tai nan trong sinh boat (17,8%), tai bie'n mach mdu
nao (15,6%), benh cao huyet dp (5,6%).
KIEN NGHI
De chii ddng phdng chd'ng dich xdm nhap va lay lan, can gidm sdt ta't ca cdc cffa kha'u
giap vdi Campuchia, ban che'td'i da nguy cd lay lan mam benh bang cdch xay dffng phffdng
an san sang phdng chd'ng dich benh, tang cffdng boat ddng kiem dich y te'bien gidi, gidm
sat chat cdc trffdng hdp ciim A(HlNl)pdm 2009, ciim A(H5N1), benhta...caned quy trinh
giam sdt cu the; chua'n bi san sang cd sd vat cha't, trang thidt bi, thud'c dieu tri de chii ddng
phongngffa trffdng hdp dich xay ra.
Duy tri va tiep tuc ndng cao nang Iffc he thd'ng thu thap thdng tin dich benh tai cdc cffa
khau, kip thdi lam cd sd dff bdo dich de kiem sodt, khdng de cdc dich benh truyen nhilm
xamnhap vao VietNam qua cdc cffa kha'u Tdy Ninh.
Tang cffdng cdng tdc truyin thdng GDSK tai cac cffa kha'u vl phdng, chd'ng dich ciim
A(H1N1 )pdm 2009, cum A(H5N 1) va cdc benh dich khdc (dac biet dich tieu chay ca'p nguy
hiem).


• TiJD san KHOA HOC & CONG NGHE

74
TAI LIEU THAM KHAO
TRONG Nl/(lf(

1 Bd ^' tc (2007), Quydt dinh sd 14/2007/QD - BYT ngay 30/01/2007 vc viec ban hanh
quy dinh chffc nang, nhiem vu, quyen ban va cct cau id chffc ciia Trung tam Kicm dich Yte
Qudc tc linh, ihanh phd trffc lhuc)c Trung ffdng.
2. Bd ^' tc (2011), Hc)i nghi vc:- cdng tdc kidm dich y te bitin gidi vcHi sff tham dff ciia cac
chuvc}n gia y td. dai dic}n Sd Y tdcac tinh, thanh phd trong ca nffdc, ngay 16/12 tai Tp.Ho
Chi Minh.

3. Chinh phii (2010), Nghi dinh 103/2010/ND-CP ngay 01 /10/2010 quy dinh chi tiet thi
hanh mc)t sd'dic^u ciia Lual phdng, chiVng mdt scYbenh truyen nhiem vl kiem dich y tdbien
gidi.
4. Chinh phii (1998), Dic-u le kidm dich y te'bien gidi ciia nffdc Cdng hda Xa hdi Chii
nghia Viet Nam (Ban hanh kcm theo Nghi dinh sd41/1998/ND-CPngay 11/6/1998).
5. Cue Y td dff phdng Bd Y td(2010), Ddnh gid va thdng bdo dich benh truyen nhilm
ga\ tinh tra ng khd'n cap vl sffc khde cdng ddng qud'c td.
6. Cue Y tddff phdng Bd Y td(2010), Tai lic}u tap hud'n trien khai thffc hien cdng tdc
kidm dich y tdva cdc quy dinh qud'c tdlien quan tdi kidm dich Y td.
7 CucYtedffphdng(2008),Cdngvan.sd2385/DPMT-DTngay 17/12/2008.
8.CUCYtddffphdng(2009),Vanbansd376/DPMT KDHCngay 11/3/2009.
9. Dai hdi ddng Y tdThe gidi (2005), Dieu le Y id Qudc te sffa ddi 2005 dffdc Dai hdi
ddng Y tdThdgidi thdng qua thdng 5/2005.
10. Td chffc YtdThdgidi (2005), Dieu le Yte Qudc te
11. Td chffc Y tdThdgidi (2011), Hffdng dan cha'n dodn phdng thi nghiem va gidm sat
virus hpc benh ciim. Mang Iffdi gidm sdt cum toan cau. Geneva
12. Trung tam Kidm dich Y td Qud'c id Tp. Ho Chi .Minh (2010), Bdo cdo tdng ket boat
ddngnam2010va ke'hoachnam201 1.
13. Vicn Ve sinh Y id cdng cdng (2009), Ciip nhat kidn thffc Y te Dff phdng sd' 1, quy
1/2009.
NlJOfC NGOAI
14.

Byrd J. J, Xu H. S, Colwell R. R (1991) "Viable but nonculturable bacteria in

drinking water'. Applied and environmental microbiology, 57 (3), 875-8.
15.

Morens David M, Folkers Gregory K, Fauci Anthony S (2004) "The challenge of

emerging and re-emerging infectious diseases". Nature, 430 (6996), 242-249.
16.

World Health Organization (2009) "Weekly epidemiological record", No. 31,

84,309324


SS 41 ndm 2012

Y kien trao doi

CHINH SACH CUA CHINH QUYEN SAI GON
DOI VOI TO CHUC XA H Q I CUA NGU'OfI HOA
6 MIEN NAM VIET NAM (1955 - 1963)
TRjNHTHj IVIAILINH*
T 6 M TAT

Sau ndm 1954. dc gidi quyit dut khodt vdn di Hoa kieu a miin Nam Viet Nam. chinh
quyin Sdi Gdn cho ban hdnh mgt loat cdc dgo du liin quan den vdn di qude tich, kinh ti.
vdn hda - xd hoi nhdm thuc hien chinh \dch liet Nam hda Hoa kieu. Dieu kho khdn nhdt
ddi vai chinh quyin Viet Nam Cong hda Id a chd ".sire manh Trung Hoa " vdn cdn trd bu
dudng Viet Xam hda Hoa kieu Sire mgnh dy bdt ngudn tir cdc td chirc xd hgi ciia nguoi
Hoa a mien Xam I 'iei Nam
Tir khoa: ngudi Hoa, ehinh sach doi \di ngudi Hoa, Id chirc xa hpi eua ngudi Hoa.
ABSTRACT
The policy of Sai Gon government to the Chinese society living
in the South of Viet Nam (1955 - 1963)
.After J954, the Sai Gon government promulgated many decrees related to:
nationality, economy, social culture. This action was lo Vielnamize the overseas Chines

and also to avoid all of the influences from China. The only difficulty was that "Ihe
Chinese power " was still there as a hindrance to prevent this action. That power was the
Chinese social organizations in the South of I 'let .Xam
Keywords: Chinese, the policy to the Chinese, the Chinese social organizations.
1.

Dat van de
Co eau td chue xa hpi cua Hoa kieu
dac biel phat trien dudi thdi Phap thupc
va den dau nhung nam 50 ciia the ki XX
thi hoan chinh va phat trien thjnh vuong.
No khdng ehi nham muc dich bao \c.
nang dd ngudi Hoa ma edn dong \ai Ird
trung gian gitra ehinh quyen sd tai vdi
ngudi Hoa trong cac boat dong kinh tl van hda. Chinh quyin Sai Gon nhan thay
nguy CO bat on neu cir tiep tue dl cho
"Bang" ton lai dudi mpt '-chinh thi Cpng
hda dde lap ve ehinh tri va kinh tl". Vi
vay. chinh quyin da giai tan cae "Ly Su
NCS, Truong Bai hpc Su pham TPHCM

112

Hpi quan Trung Hoa va cac Bang A kieu
khac" d mien Nam Viet Nam vao nam
1960.
2.
Npi dung
2.1. Cdc to chirc xd hoi cua ngirdi Hoa
d mien Nam Viet Nam trirdc nam 1960

Nam 1680, vao gitra ddi vua Hy
Ton nha Le va chiia Hiin, ngudi Hoa bat
dau den djnh cu, lap nghiep d Dang
Trong mpi each quy md va l6 chirc. Den
nam 1814. nien hieu Gia Long thir 13,
ngudi Hoa d Viet Nam mdi dupe phep
hpp nhau lai thanh eae Bang theo phuang
ngii cua minh. Den thdi Phap Ihupe, theo
Hiep udc Hoa - Phap ngay 28-2-1946,


Tap chi KHOA HOC DHSP TPHCM

"Bang" dupe doi ten thanh "Nhom Hanh
ehinh Trung Hoa dia phuong".
Ban dau, cae Bang ton tai dde lap
theo tirng phuong ngti, dan dan phat iricn
thanh mpt he thdng dat dudi su cai quan
true tiep ciia Trung Hoa Ly Su Tong hpi.
cac Ly Su Hpi quan true thupc Trung
Hoa Ly Su Tong hpi bao g6m: Ly Su Hpi
quan Hai Nam, Ly Su Hpi quan He, Ly
Su Hpi quan Phudc Kien. Ly Su Hdi
quan Quang D6ng. L> Su Hpi quan Trieu
Chau. Ngoai Y vien Trung Chanh true
thupc Trung Hoa Ly Su T6ng hpi, m6i
Ly Sir Hpi quan co eo sd boat dpng d Sai
Gon va Cbo Ldn va deu co nhirng tai san
rieng, thu loi hang thang la cac day nha
pho eho thue, irudng hpc, chiia, benh

vien, nghia trang. Viec quan Iri cac tai
san tren deu thude tham quyen ciia tirng
Ly Su hpi quan sd hiiu, chinh quyen sd
tai khong cd quyen can thiep den boat
ddng ciing lihu lai san ciia cae Ly Su hpi
quan nay.
Ben eanh cac Ly Su Hpi quan, ve
mat xa hpi, ngudi Hoa cdn co cae Id chirc
nhu: Hdi Lions Club Chp Ldn, Hdi the
thao cac trudng Hoa kieu {Le Chi, Ninh
Giang, Kien Thanh...), Hpi tuong trp cac
Bang Hoa kieu, Hdi cac chiia (ehiia Ba
Chp Ldn), cac td chue benh vien vdi cac
Ban quan Iri biel lap, Hdi ki gia bao Hoa
ngii, Hdi ai huu euu sinh vien Hoang
Pho, eac nghia trang ciia timg Ly Su hdi
quan.
Vdi muc dich giiip dd, tuong trp
nhau tren ITnh vuc thuong mai gitra
nhiing ngudi Hoa d mien Nam Viet Nam
con CO eae to chirc nhu: Phdng thuong
mai Hoa kieu, Nghiep doan edng nhan

Trinh Thi Mai Linh

bang del, hang ve chai, tiem thudc Bac,
Ihg bac, nha hang, khach san, tiem nude,
van tai.
Diem dac biet la cac trudng hpc
Hoa kieu bao gdm cac cap: so cap, lieu

hpc, trung hpc. Theo lai lieu eiia Sii quan
Trung Hoa Dan quoc, linh den nam hpc
1955 - 1956, d mien Nam Viet Nam, cd
88 trudng hpc Hoa kieu, vdi long s6 hpe
sinh Hoa kieu la 38.953. Day la noi hun
due va bao ve "linh than Trung Hoa".
Kh6ng chi cd trudng hpc, cac Nhal bao
va Tuan bao Hoa ngtr cd den 13 td, trong
khi bao Viet ngu' chi cd 9 td (Iheo phuc
trinh hang thang ciia Nha Thong tin Nam
Viet, linh din 14-1-1955) khiln cho
chinh quyen Sai Gdn phai kinh ngac va lo
sp ve tam anh hudng cung nhu su ldn
manh eiia kenh thong tin Trung Hoa.
Nhu vay, eae td chiie xa hpi cua
ngudi Hoa d mien Nam Viet Nam thuc
su Ird thanh rao can tren budc dudng
Viet Nam boa cpng dong ngudi Hoa eiia
chinh quyen Sai Gon. Vi vay ma chinh
quyen Sal Gon bupc phai ihi hanh cac
bien phap nham pha vor eac t6 ehiie xa
hpi cua ngudi Hoa d mien Nam Viet
Nam.
2.2. Chinh sach cua chinh quyen Sai
Gon doi v&i to chiec xd hoi ciia ngir&i
Hoa ff mien Nam Viet Nam (1955 1963)
Ngay sau khi xac lap chinh quyen d
mien Nam Viet Nam vol su hau thuan
cua Hoa Ki ve mpi mat, ehinh quyen Sai
Gdn da thuc hien ngay mpt chinh saeh

Viet Nam hoa Hoa kieu tren lat ca cac
ITnh vue: quoc tich, kinh te, van hoa - xa
hpi. Viec nay dupe Chinh phii Iham khao


,

Y kien trao doi

\ kiln eiia lat ca cac Bo- nganh lien quan
\a eho tien hanh theo tirng giai doan o
mien Nam Viel Nam.
Dau lien la \c van de quoe tieb. vdi
Du so 10 (7-12-1955) quy djnh vl Bd
luat quoc tjch Viet Nam, Dieu 16 quy
djnh "ire nao sinh de tai Viet Nam ma
cha me deu la ngudi Trung Hoa, neu mot
trong hai ngudi nay eung sinh de lai Viet
Nam thi tre dd la ngui^i Viel Nam \a
khdng ed quyen lit khudc Viet lich". Sau
do, Du s6 48 (21-8-1956) sua ddi Bp luat
quoc ljch Viet Nam ban hanh Dieu 16
mdi thay the cho Dieu 16 ciia Du sd 10
qu\ djnh nhu sau: "la ngudi Viet Nam tre
nao sinh lai Viet Nam, cd cha me v6n g6c
ngudi Trung Hoa". Cuoi ciing la Du sd
58 (25-10-1956), Dilu 58 diep: "Rieng
ngudi Trung Hoa eo the dupe Tdng thdng
tiiy moi trudng hop dac each mien cac
dieu kien tren de nhap quoc tjch Viet

Nam". Nhu \ay. \iee nhap Viet tjch ciia
ngudi Hoa da dupe ehinh quyen \'iet
Nam Cpng hoa cu the boa bang nhtmg
dao du. mang tinh chat bat bupc rat klial
khe. Ban dau viee nhap Viet tjch ciia
ngudi Hoa d mien Nam Viet Nam dien ra
rat cham, da s6 deu chd dpi su can thiep
eiia chinh phii Trung Hoa Dan qu6c.
Theo Nguyen Van NTing. Dae u\ Nha
Trung Hoa Su Vu, tinh din ngay 13-111956. sau khi Du s6 48 ban hanh dupe
khoang 3 thang thi: "Rat it Hoa kieu din
khai nhan Viet tjch, Du 48 chua dem lai
mpt ket qua kha quan" [7].
Vi 'Tong th6ng rat luu tam den vdn
de qu6e tich va mu6n thay van dl qude
tjch dup-c giai quyet cang sdm cang tdi"
[7] nen Du s6 53 (6-8-1956) cam ngoai

• i.

•-•^'g^

Sd 41 nam 2012

kieu hay cae Hdi xa edng li ngoai quoc
kh6ng dupe boat dong 11 nghe tren loan
miin Nam Viet Nam da ra ddi de h6 tro
cho chinh sach qude lich dupe diln ra
nhanh chdng. Cac nghi cam bao gom:
buon ban ea va thjl; budn ban chap pho

(tap hoa); budn ban than ciii; buon ban
xang, dau lira, dau nhdt (trir cac hang
nhap cang); earn d6 binh dan; buon ban
vai sd, to lua (dudi 10.000 thudc tinh
chung cae thu). chi spi; buon ban sat,
dong thau vun; nha may xay liia; buon
ban ngu coc; chd hang hda hay hanh
khach bang \c hoi, tau, thuyen; trung
gian an hue hdng. Theo thong ke ciia
Chinh phii Viet Nam Cpng hoa, ;6
thuong gia la ngudi Hoa hoat ddng trong
11 nghe ma chinh quyen cam chiem ti le
21%. Thuong gia ngudi Hoa duac chon
mdt trong ba bien phap: nhap \'iet tjch de
liep tue kinh doanh; sang mdn bai cho va
(co h6n ihii chinh thirc) hoae con (sinh tai
\'iei Nam): hiin vdn kinh doanh voi
ngudi \'iei theo li le 51% vdn eua ngucri
\'iei. 49"o vdn eiia ngudi Hoa va de
ngudi \iet dung ten kinh doanh. Neu
khong chap thuan mpt trong ba bien phap
iren thi budc phai hdi huong ve Trung
Hoa Dan quoc (Dai Loan) trudc ngay 318-1957.
Van de quan li cac Id chiic xa hpi
ciia ngudi Hoa da duge dat ra tir tnroc
kbi Ngo Dinh Diem lap nen Cong hoad
mien Nam Viet Nam. Trong mdt bao cao
eua Ly Giai Hang, Giam dinh vien dac
nhiem A Ddng vu giri Thu tudng Chinh
phii Viet Nam (Ngd Dinh Diem) ngay

23-2-1955 cd dl cap din van dl phirc tap
eua eac Id chiic Hoa kieu va de nghl^


rap chi KHOA HOC DHSP TPHCM

•Nhtrng Hiep hdi Hoa kilu da tu dpng
hanh lap phai giai tan ngay; nhung Hiep
Ipi dang xin phep ma chua dupe Chinh
jhii chap thuan Ihi khdng duoc hoat
long; Nha Chinh tri Bp Npi vu phai Irinh
en Thii ludng ban ke cac Hiep hdi Hoa
cieu da dupe chinh phii cho phep \a danh
iach nhan vien trong Ban Quan Irj de xet
ai; nhiing Hiep hdi Hoa kieu phai dupe
:ung CO hoae td ehire lai" [5].
Ket qua de nhan thay nhat ciia
:hinh sach quoc ljch va kinh te doi vdi
igudi Hoa d mien Nam Viet Nam ciia
:hinh quyen Sai Gdn la so Hoa kieu nhap
/iet tjch tang len nhanh ehdng. Den ngay
n.10.1960, theo tb6ng ke eua Nha Trung
^oa Sir vu trong tdng so 235.000 ngudi
•4oa tren 18 tuoi eu tru tai mien Nam
/iet Nam thi cd 231.160 ngudi Hoa da
ihap Viet ljch. So Hoa kieu xin cu tru tai
/iet Nam vdi tu each ngoai kieu chi con
!.550 ngudi. Rieng ve cac dai dien ciia
igudi Hoa d mien Nam Viet Nam co
.58/227 Chanh, Phd Ly Su trudng da

ihap Viet tjch. Day la thdi diem thich
:pp de chinh quyen Sai Gon dua ra van
e "ton tai hay khdng ton tai to chiic xa
:6i cua ngudi Hoa d mien Nam Viet
Jam?"
De giai quyet dut khoat van de tren,
;hinh quyen Sai Gdn da cham diit che dp
y Su Hpi quan Trung Hoa vdi Sac lenh
3 133 - NV (10-6-1960) vl viee giai tan
ae Ly Su Hdi quan Trung Hoa va eac
,;ang A kieu khae d mien Nam Viet
Jam.
Dilu thir nhat eiia Sac lenh 133 .'V: "Nay bai bo Iren loan lanh thd Viet
jam eac Ly Su Hdi quan Trung Hoa, cae

Trinh Thi Mai Linh

Bang A kieu khae va cham diil ciing mdi
liic chirc vu Chanh, Phd Ly Su trudng va
cac Chanh, Phd Bang trudng A kieu" [9].
Dieu na> nham pha vd sir l6n lai dpc lap
cung nhu xoa bd vai trd Irung gian giiia
cae 16 chirc xa hpi nay \di chinh quyen
sd tai va ngudi Hoa. Tu nay, cpng dong
ngudi Hoa d mien Nam Viet Nam dat
dudi su kiem soat true tiep ciia chinh
quyen Viet Nam Cong hoa.
Vdi bat ki ehinh sach nao ciia chinh
quyen Sai Gon ap dung tren cpng dong
ngudi Hoa d mien Nam Viet Nam deu

gap phai phan ung gay gat tir phia Trung
Hoa Dan quoc. Tuy nhien, khac vdi
nhtrng lan phan ling trudc ve van de qude
lich va kinh te, lan nay phia Dai Loan chi
quan tam den viee lieu chinh quyen Sai
Gon se giai quyet nhu the nao doi vdi so
tai san kh6ng !6 ciia cac Trung Hoa Ly su
long hpi ma ngudi Hoa da gay dung tir
bao ddi nay d Viet Nam. S6 tai san ude
lupng khoang 500 trieu dong Viet Nam
liic bay gid bao gdm cac can ph6 cho
thue. trudng hpc, chiia, benh vien, nghia
trang, chu yeu la bat ddng san. Tieu bieu
nhu tai san eiia Ly su Hpi quan Trieu
Chau d Chp Ldn ten den 100 trieu ddng
Viet Nam (tuong duong 300.000 USD
luc do).
Chinh quyen Sal Gdn da du lieu
van de kho khan va phuc tap Iren d dieu
thii hai cua Sac lenh 133 - NV: "Tai san
eiia cae Ly Su Hdi quan \'a cac Bang A
kieu se do cac Uy ban quan trj dam nhan
dudi quyen chii tpa ciia eo quan hanh
chanh dja phuong. cho den khi cac tai san
nay dugc thanh toan xong" [9]. Ve thanh
phan eua Uy ban quan Irj, dieu thir ba ciia
115


Y kien trao do!

sac lenh 133 - NV quy dinh: "Thanh
phan ciia U\' ban quan tri Dd ihanh Sai
Gon g6m co: Chii ljch la Do trudng; Hdi
vien: mot dai dien Bp Ndi vy, mpt dai
dien Bo Tu phap, mpt dai dien Bp Ngoai
giao. mpi dai dien Bp Guio due, mpt dai
dien Bd Tai chanh. mpi dai dien Bp Y tc,
long Giam d6c xa hpi, eac Ly Su trudng
hoae Bang irudng lien he. hai nhan sT
\'icl Nam goc Irung Hoa neu xet vc Ly
Su hpi quan Trung Hoa. mpt nhan sT Hoa
kieu hoae A kieu khac lu\' trudng hgp xet
ve Ly su Hpi quan Trung Hoa hay cac
Bang A kieu; Co van: Dac iiy Nha Trung
Hoa Su Vu" [9]. Ban Quan trj cae tinh
hoae thj xa do 6ng Tinh Irudng hoae Thi
Irudng lam chii tjch, thanh phan cac Hpi
vien cung tuong tu nhu d Do ihanh Sai
Gon. Tiep sau do, Bd Ndi vu dugc lenh
eho giai tan cac Hdi Hoa kieu ddng
huong hay ddng nghiep \i li do hp da
nhap Viet tjch.
2.3. Nhung phdn ung tii- phia Trung
Hoa Dan quoc ve cdc bien phdp ciia
chinh quyen Sai Gon doi vol to chirc xd
hoi cua ngudi Hoa & mien Nam \ 'let Nam
Viee chinh quyen Sai Gon giai tan
cac Ly Su Hpi quan Trung Hoa \a cac
Hpi Hoa kieu dong huong khien eho

chinh gidi \a bao chi Dai Loan phan ling
rat manh. Dai sii \'ien Tir Kien lap lire
duge trieu tap ve Dai Loan de dilu trin
\e van de tren vdi Hanh chanh \ien va
Lap phap vien cua Trung Hoa Dan qude .
Theo hp, chinh quyin Viet Nam Cpng
boa khong nen giai tan cac Ly Su hpi vi
dd chi la nhirng hpi cua nhiing ngudi
ddng huong hpp nhau dl thd eiing than
thanh va tuong trg lan nhau mac dii phin

116

So 41 nam 2012

ldn Hoa kilu da gia nhap Viet tich. Hi
eho rang, chinh quyen Sai Gon da chi
day viec tich thu tai san ciia cac Banj
dudi hinh thirc mdt Ban quan tri tai sar
va viec lam nay da vi pham den quoc t^
edng phap va lu phap, ddng thdi trai vol
ca Hiin phap ciia Viet Nam Cpng hoa.
Theo Trinh Nhan Phan, Cuu Chu tjch
Kieu iiy hpi va duong kim Bp trudng Bo
Tu phap ciia Trung Hoa Dan quoc cho
rang: "Tai san ciia cac Bang la tai san bao
ddi Hoa kieu da danh dum va yeu cau
chinh quyen Viet Nam Cong boa phai ton
trpng quyen tu biiu dd". Cung vdi luan
diem tren. cac nghi sT ciia Trung Hoa

qude gia binh luan: "Chinh quyen Viel
Nam Cpng hda tjch thu tai san ciia Hoa
kieu ehang khae nao Cuba tich thu tai san
ciia Hoa Ki". Theo hp, hanh dpng na}
ciia \'iei Nam Cong hda la mpt hanh
dpng khdng hgp linb, khdng hop li,
khdng hgp phap \ a de nghi Chinh phii
Trung Hoa Dan qude phai ed nhtmg hanii
dpng ciing ran ddi \di Viel Nam Cong
hoa.
Trudc thai dp ciia ehinh giai Dai
Loan thi ehinh phii 1 rung Hoa Dan quoc
lai td ra do du \i muon giii m6i giao hao
vdi Viel Nam Cong hda. Vi thi, lap
trudng eiia Trung Hoa Dan quoc la
nhugng bp doi vdi viec giai tan cac Li
Su hpi, nhung se kien quyet tranh daude
bao t6n tai san eho Hoa kieu vdi quan
diem: chinh phu Viet Nam Cong hoa chi
cd the kiem soat chir khong dupe tiep thu
va lu quan cac tai san ay. De xoa dju du
luan ciing nhu chinh gidi, ngay 6-121960, Bd Ngoai giao Trung Hoa Dan
qude da dieu Iran vdi cac Nghi si Vien


Tap chi KHOA HOC DHSP TPHCM

Lap phap rang: "Cupe thuong thuylt vdi
Viet Nam vl vin dl hang Bang vin duge
tiep tuc tien hanh".

Vdi viee giai tan cac Ly Su hpi
quan Trung Hoa va giao tai san ciia cac
to chiic nay cho nhiing Uy ban quan trj
ma chu tjch eiia nhung iiy ban nay deu la
"ngudi ciia chinh quyen Sai Gon" tbi vin
de quan 11 cac td chue xa hpi cua ngudi
Hoa d mien Nam Viet Nam thupc vl
ehinh quyen Sai Gon. Khong nhu trudc
day, cac to ehiie xa hpi nay chi chju su
quan li ciia Dai Su quan Trung Hoa tai
mien Nam Viet Nam. Theo Sac lenh 133
- NV, thdi gian ton tai eiia cac Uy ban
quan trj nay se cham dut khi tai san cua
cae Ly Su hpi quan dupe Ihanh toan
xong. Dieu nay khien ngudi la ngd vuc
nhiing gia Iri ma Sde lenh 133 -NVdem
lai vi trong mpt thdi gian ngan, tren li
thuyet ciing nhu trong thuc le co nhiing
tai san cua cac Ly Su hdi khong the thanh
toan dupe nhu: benh vien, trudng hoc,
nghia trang.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.

Trinh Thi Mai Linh

3.

Ket luan
Vdi van de Hoa kieu d mien Nam
Viet Nam, chinh quyen Viet Nam Cpng
hda khdng ehi muon gianh dpe lap vl
kinh te tir tay Hoa kieu ma con mudn
kiem soat bp chat che, thoat li Trung Hoa
va rang bupc ho vdi "chinh thi Viet Nam
Cpng hoa".
Viee giai tan cac Ly Su Hpi quan
va eae Bang A kieu d mien Nam Viet
Nam thuc chat nham Ihuc hien mpt chinh
saeh Viet Nam boa Hoa kilu tren tat ca
cac phuong dien. Trudc do, chinh quyen
Viet Nam Cpng boa da co nhung chinh
sach ve quoc tich va kinh te doi vdi Hoa
kieu d mien Nam Viet Nam. Phai thira
nhan rang, chinh quyen Viet Nam Cpng
hda da rat quyel liet vdi Hoa kieu d mien
Nam Viet Nam.
He luy tat yeu eiia ehinh saeh "dong
hoa cudng hire" la su mat long tin, mat
su iing bp cda cpng dong ngudi Hoa a
mien Nam Viet Nam d6i vdi chinh quyen
Viet Nam Cpng boa.

TAI LIEU THAM KHAO
Phan An (2005), Nguai Hoa d Nam Bo, Vien Khoa hpc xa hpi vung Nam Bp, Nxb

Khoa hpc xa hpi.
Nguyen True Binh (1973), "Cac nhom Hoa va van de thong nhat ten gpi", Thdng bdo
Ddn tdc hgc, (3), tr.95 - 98.
Nghi Doan (1999), Ngudi Hoa d Viet Nam - Thdnh phd Hd Chi Minh, Nxb TPHCM.
Chau Hai (1992), Nhom cdc cong dong ngirdi Hoa a Viet Nam, Nxb Khoa hpc xa
hoi.
Ho so phong Thu ludng Viet Nam Cong hoa, Trung tam Luu trir quoc gia II TPHCM.
Ho so phong Phu Tong thong De nhat Cpng hoa, Trung tam Luu trir quoc gia II TPHCM.
Tran Khanh (2002), Nguai Hoa trong xa hoi Viet Nam: thai Phdp thuoc vd duai chi
do Sdi Gdn, Nxb Khoa hpc xa hpi. Ha Npi.
(Xem tiep trang 131}

117












TRAC =,,-

T? p Chl GTVT 4/2012 I

NGHIEM TIT VIEC THlTC HIEN HE THONG

THU PHI KIN flirdNG CAO TOG SAl GON-TRUNG LlATNG

NHJFNG K I N H

KS. NGUYEN AN
§ thdng thu phf kfn dudng eao tde Sii gdnTrung lUdng (DCTSG - TL) da chfnh thQc
hogt dfing thu phi tQ 8 gid ngiy 25/2/2012.
Sau mdt sd trgc tr^c ban diu, tdi nay, hfi thdng d i dl
vio hogt dfing dn djnh, dap Qng yfiu edu thu phf va
quin ly, kidm soit doanh thu cung nhu vific theo doi,
kidm soit sd phf thu ndp cho ngin sach nhi nudc.
L i mdt trong nhQng ngUdi da tham gia thpc hifin
dp i n (DA) tQ dlu, tic g i i dUa ra mfit sd dilu ed thd
coi l i b i i hge kinh nghifim trong vific thpc hifin DA
thu phf kfn Idn ddu tifin thpc hifin d VN, di ngudi dgc
cd thfim thdng tin, dfic bifit vdi nhQng ngudi cung
nghi v i lanh dgo cic ddn vj thu phf, cd thd tham khio
eho vific thpc hi^n nhQng DA thu phf kfn ddi vdi cic
doan dudng cao tde se hoin thinh hoac dang tridn
khai thpc hifin trong thdi gian tdi.
1.Thu phf kfn khic hin thu phf hd
1.1.Thu phf hfi l i cich thu phf tfnh tiln phf ngay
khi xe vQa qua trgm, vdi g i i cd djnh cho tQng logi xe
(dupc qui djnh trong Thfing tu 90 cQa Bfi Tii chfnh,
ban hinh tQ nim 2004), tdt e i mgi phit sinh, xQ 19,
giim sit hiu kilm, thfing tin lifin Igc.. trong qui trinh
thu phf v i kidm soit thu phf ddu xiy ra v i dupe xQ ly
ngay trong cQng mfit dja dilm.
Thu phf kfn l i thu phi theo qui trtnh: Xe dQng d lin
vio, Idy thd (chQng vit), ril vio DCT, xe dQng fi cQa

ra, IQc dd mdi tfnh ptif. Phf dUpe tfnh trfin ed sd km
lin binh thpc td ciia xe, nhin vdi phf cd bin (d/km)
dupe qui djnh eho tQng logi xe. Trfin mfit dogn DCT,
se ed 2 dja dilm chfnh (ddu v i cudi dogn dudng) v i
mfit sd nut giao (interchange) d l xe cd t h l thoit ra
hay gia nhfip vio DCT tQy lfi trinh cCta lii xe).
1.2. VI sp khic nhau cd bin dd, nfin vdi hfi thdng
thu phf kfn, cic qui trinh kilm soit xe vio DCT, thu
phf, kidm soit doanh thu_. se didn ra tgi nhtlu dja didm
khic nhau eua dogn DCT. Vific xQ IJ dQ Ii0u trong toin
hd thdng phQc tgp hdn rdt nhidu so vdi thu phf hd.
Phii cd dudng truyin dd truydn cic dQ lidu giQa cic
trgm thu phf, m i chQ ydu, l i truydn dO lifiu xe 6 cQa
vio cQa mdt trgm vdi cie cQa ra eiia cic trgm cdn Igi
dd lim can cQ cho vific tfnh phf khi xe xudt hifin d cQa
ra cQa cic trgm trong id trinh cQa lii xe.
2.Thi cdng Idp d$t hd thdng thu phf kfn
2.1. Ddi vdi tQng trgm thu phf, vide till cfing Idp d§t
cd bin gidng nhu thi cfing lip dfit trgm thu phf hd
(thldt bj ldp dat trfin dio thu phi, trong nhi dilu hinh,
cic cfing trinh hg tdng ngdm phyc vy kdo cip dfing
lpc v i cip tin hifiu_). Rifing trgm trung tim, ddi vdi hfi
thdng thu phf kin, thl cdn phii lip dit thfim thidt bj
cDa tmng tim didu hinh, xQ IJ, kidm soit hd thing v i
thidt bj kdt ndi dudng tmydn.
2.2. Vific ldp dfit dudng truydn dQ lifiu giQa cie
trgm: Thfing thudng thi ngUdi ta dung dUdng c i p

H

quang cOa DCT, nhUng d DCT SG-TL, vi chUa ed
dudng eip quang, nen phii xQ ly tinh thd bing giii
phip dudng truyen Leasedline dUpc thufi bao vdi
bang thfing ed djnh (do cic cfing ty viln thfing lifin
tinh VTN va cfing ty vidn thfing quin dfii Viette! cung
cdp), thfim chi nhu tgi trgm trung tim fi chp D0m,
phii xQ ly kdt hgp c i viba + leasedline. Hai dudng
tmydn niy dupc kdt ndi thfing qua thidt bj Router theo
nguyfin tie phin t i i tp dfing (load-balancing) dim
bio 2 dudng truyin eCing song hinh lim vific, v i
dudng truyen khfing bj gian dogn khi eo 1 trong 2
dudng truyin gip sp cd.
3.ThQ nghidm hd thdng
3.1 .ThQ nghifim tTnh v i dfing tgi mfit trgm: Tidn
hanh tUdng tp nhu vdi trgm thu phf hfi.
3.2.ThQ nghifim kdt ndi glQa c i c trgm: Diy l i
cong vific budc phii tidn hinh khic hdn vdl thu phf
hd. Myc dfch cQa thQ nghifim nay l i minh chQng hd
thdng v i dudng truydn hoat dfing I n djnh phgc vg
dung qui trinh thu phf kfn, dim bio truyin ddy dQ v i
chfnh xic cac dQ lifiu giao djch phit sinh fi cQa vio
(theo doi xe vio) v i d cQa ra (tfnh tlln phf) giQa c i c
trgm trong hfi thdng.
DCT SG-TL mdi ehl d i i 40 km, ed 4 trgm theo
khoing cich: 40 km (2 trgm dlu cudi: Chp Dfim v i
Thin cQu NghTa), 10 km (chp Dfim - Bdn LQc),i5 km
(Bdn LQc - Tin An v i Tin A - Thin cQu NghTa), 25 km
(chp Dfim - Tin An). Vific thQ nghifim kdt ndi d i khi
phQc tgp, tdn nhilu cfing sQc. Diy se l i dieu cdn die
bifit luu y ddi vdi nhQng dogn DCT khic cd dfi dai

hdn, va cd nhidu nut giao hdn (thl dg: DCT Cdu Gie
- Ninh Binh dupc tinh tQ Phap Vfin, cd tdi hdn 60 lin
thu phf tgi 7 trgm, v i chilu dai tdi gdn 80 Km).
Cdn phil luu 'if, tuy da thpc hifin thQ nghifim kit
no'i, nhung sd IUpng va tin sfi xudt hign cic giao djch
la qua ft so vdl sd IUdng v i tin sd giao djch se xiy ra
trong thpc td thu phf, vl the, budc phii tidn hanh budc
thpc nghifim tdng diln tfip tilp theo.
3.3. ThQ nghifim dudi hinh thUe tdng difin tip thu
phf trfin toin hfi thdng.
- Diy thpc sp l i mfit yeu edu hdt sQc cdn thidt
bufic phii tidn hanh (ndu mudn khi di vio thu phf
chfnh thQc, hfi thdng hogt dgng dn djnh, dim bio thu
phf v i kidm soit doanh thu thu phf). Mgi hogt dfing
difin ra dung nhu khi thu phi, chi duy nhdt l i lai xe
khfing phii t r i tiln khi dQng fi cQa ra, trudc khi thoit
ra khdi trgm thu phf dd tidp tge lfi trinh cua minh.
- Thdi gian thpc hi$n: Theo chQng tdi khfing nfin
dudi 10 ngiy dfim, tfnh ngupc Igi tQ thdi didm cdp trfin
quydt djnh thu phf chfnh thQc (gid G thu phQ.
- ThQ nghifim niy nhim dgt dupc cic mgc dfch
chfnh sau; Lii xe cd thdi gian lim quen vdi qui trinh
thu phf kfn, didu m i hp chUa thdy, chUa quen nhu khi