clear alphabet spelling and sounds vowel clusters

Talk a Lot
Learn the Clear Alphabet
Spelling and Sounds – Vowel Clusters

A vowel cluster is a group of two or more vowel letters together in a word that represent a
single vowel sound. For example, in the word “road”, “oa” is a vowel cluster that represents
the sound eu , whilst in the word “shoe”, “oe” is a vowel cluster that represents the sound
oo . In the same way, “ar” in the word “car”, is a vowel cluster that uses a silent “r” to help
make the vowel sound ar . The reason we have vowel clusters is simple: there are 23
different single vowel sounds (vowel phonemes) in spoken English, but only 5 single vowel
letters in written English. We need vowel clusters to represent in spelling all of the different
vowel sounds. For example, the letter “a” on its own can make the sound a when
sandwiched between two consonant sounds, for example in the word “cat” – Kat – but there
is no single letter which can make the very common vowel sound =oo , as in “true” Troo . We
have to use a vowel cluster – in this case “ue” – to represent this sound on paper.
Vowel clusters can occur anywhere in a word – at the beginning (initial), as in “out”; in the
middle (medial), as in “please”; and at the end (final), as in “true”. Focusing on vowel clusters
and consonant clusters (see p.217) is useful if you want to look at some of the differences
between spelling and sounds in English words. (See also Rhyming Words, from p.30.)
Vowel clusters can be divided into eight categories:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.

Vowel Digraphs
Vowel Trigraphs and Quadgraphs

Vowel Clusters that End with “-r”
Other Vowel Clusters with “r”
Vowel Clusters with “w”
Vowel Clusters with “y”
Vowel Clusters with “gh”
Vowel Clusters with Other Consonant Letters

What follows is a comprehensive list of vowel clusters, with the sounds that they represent,
grouped by letter in alphabetical order. (Note: you may wish to add your own examples in the
space provided.)

1. Vowel Digraphs
Vowel digraphs are two vowel letters together in the spelling of a word that represent a single
sound (one vowel phoneme). For example, in the word “meat”, “ea” is a vowel digraph that
represents the sound ee , whilst in the word “meet”, “ee” is a vowel digraph that also stands
for the same vowel sound: ee . This kind of thing can lead to a lot of confusion between
spelling and sounds in English!
digraph:

sounds like:

for example:

my example(s):

ai
ai

ei=
e=

=
=

paid, wait, fail, paint, gain
said, again

______________________
______________________

au

or=

=

fraud, pause, autumn, August ______________________

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Learn the Clear Alphabet

Spelling and Sounds – Vowel Clusters

au

ar=

=

laugh, laughter

ea
ea
ea

ei=
ee=
e=

=
=
=

break, steak, great
______________________
read, appeal, lead, clean, leaf, steal __________________
read, bread, dreampt, dead, dread ___________________

ee

ee=

=

wheel, peel, kneel, heel

______________________

ei
ei

ee=
ei=

=
=

receive, deceive, receipt
rein, vein

______________________
______________________

eo

e=

=

leopard, Leonard

______________________

eu

oy=

=

Freud

______________________

ia

aiy=

=

vial

______________________

ie
ie
ie
ie

ai=
iy=
ee=

aiy=

=
=
=
=

tie, die, lie, pie
field, yield, wield
activities, believe, achieve
variety

______________________
______________________
______________________
______________________

io

uh=

=

station, completion, ration

______________________

iu

iy=

=

valium, tedium, radium

______________________

oa
oa

eu=
or=

=
=

oak, foam, loaf, encroach, road ______________________
broad, abroad
______________________

oe
oe
oe

oo=
eu=
u=

=
=

=

shoe
toe,=hoe, woe, foe, goes
does, doesn’t

______________________
______________________
______________________

oi

oy=

=

avoid, void, coin, toilet

______________________

oo
oo
oo
oo

oo=
uu=
u=
eu=

=
=
=
=

school, tool, fool, choose
good, book, took, rook, hood
blood, flood
brooch

______________________
______________________
______________________
______________________

ou
ou

au=
oo=

=
=

sound, loud, proud, round, house ____________________
route, you, soup, group
______________________

______________________

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Talk a Lot
Learn the Clear Alphabet
Spelling and Sounds – Vowel Clusters

ou
ou
ou

uh=
o=
u=

=
=
=

famous, jealous, onerous
cough, trough
rough, enough, tough

______________________
______________________
______________________

ue
ue
ue

oo=
e=
uuw=

=
=
=

blue, true, sue
guess, guest
fuel, puerile, duel

______________________
______________________
______________________

ui
ui
ui

ai=
oo=

i=

=
=
=

guide, guidance
juice, bruise
build, building, guilt

______________________
______________________
______________________

Most of the vowel sounds of English (18 out of 23) are represented by these 18 different
vowel digraphs. The sounds not represented are: a, i, er, eir, auw . The last three of these
sounds are represented by vowel clusters that use “r” (see below).

2. Vowel Trigraphs and Quadgraphs
It is possible, though fairly uncommon, to find more than two vowel letters together in an
English word. A group of three letters that make a single sound is called a trigraph. For
example:
trigraph:

sounds like:

for example:

my example(s):

eau

eu=

=

beau, eau de toilette 1

______________________

eou

uh=

=

outrageous, contageous

______________________

iou

iy=

=

industrious, harmonious, tedious ____________________

A group of four letters that makes a single sound is called a quadgraph. For example:
quadgraph:

sounds like:

for example:

my example(s):

ueue

oo=

queue

______________________

=

3. Vowel Clusters that End with “-r”
The “r” in the spelling helps to make the single vowel sound. Note: the consonant sound r
is not pronounced.

1

in loan words from French

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Talk a Lot
Learn the Clear Alphabet
Spelling and Sounds – Vowel Clusters

v/cluster:

sounds like:

for example:

my example(s):

air

eir=

=

air,=fair, hair, chair, stair, pair

______________________

ar
ar
ar

ar=
or=
uh=

=
=
=

car, guitar, star, bar, shark
war, wart, warm
popular, singular, regular

______________________
______________________
______________________

ear
ear
ear
ear

ar=
iy=
er=
eir=

=
=
=

=

heart
______________________
ear, beard, dear, appear, fear ______________________
learn, earn, search, pearl, heard _____________________
bear, tear, wear, pear
______________________

eer

iy=

=

leer, peer, beer, engineer, steer _____________________

er
er

er=
uh=

=
=

verb, herd, herb, her
______________________
teacher, cleaner, hotter, mother ______________________

iar

aiy=

=

liar

______________________

ier
ier

iy=
aiy=

=
=

tier, pier
pliers

______________________
______________________

ir

er=

=

fir, bird, girl, whirl, twirl

______________________

irr

er=

=

whirr

______________________

oar

or=

=

oar, boar, hoar, hoard, board

______________________

oor

or=

=

door, floor, poor, moor

______________________

or
or
or

or=
er=
uh=

=
=
=

form, nor, for, conform, port, sword __________________
word, worm
______________________
doctor, tractor, administrator
______________________

our
our
our

or=
auw=
uh=

=
=
=

pour
our, flour, hour, dour, sour
harbour, colour , splendour

______________________
______________________
______________________

ur

er=

=

hurl, churl, unfurl, curl

______________________

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Talk a Lot
Learn the Clear Alphabet
Spelling and Sounds – Vowel Clusters

4. Other Vowel Clusters with “r”
The “r” in the spelling helps to make the single vowel sound. Note: the consonant sound r is
not pronounced.
v/cluster:

sounds like:

for example:

my example(s):

aire

eir=

=

millionaire, Claire

______________________

are
are

ar=
eir=

=
=

are
hare, rare, ware, care

______________________
______________________

ere
ere
ere

iy=
er=
eir=

=
=
=

here, mere
were
there, where

______________________

______________________
______________________

ire

aiy=

=

wire, fire, mire, tire

______________________

oare

or=

=

hoare

______________________

ore

or=

=

more, before, core, store, lore ______________________

re

uh=

=

centre, metre, litre, acre

______________________

ure
ure

uuw=
uh=

=
=

sure
brochure

______________________
______________________

yre

aiy=

=

tyre, lyre, pyre

______________________

5. Vowel Clusters with “w”
The “w” in the spelling helps to make the single vowel sound. Note: the consonant sounds w
and r are not pronounced.
v/cluster:

sounds like:

for example:

my example(s):

aw

or=

=

paw, flaw, lawn, prawn, sawn

______________________

ew

oo=

=

grew, brew

______________________

ow
ow

eu=
au=

=
=

know, grow, snow, show, tow, bow, own ______________
bow, cow, now, how, brown
______________________

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Talk a Lot
Learn the Clear Alphabet
Spelling and Sounds – Vowel Clusters

owe

eu=

=

owe

ower

auw=

=

flower, power, shower, tower ______________________

______________________

6. Vowel Clusters with “y”
The “y” in the spelling helps to make the single vowel sound. Note: the consonant sounds y
and r are not pronounced.
v/cluster:

sounds like:

for example:

my example(s):

ay

ei=

=

pay, say, day, lay, May, play

______________________

ayer

eir=

=

prayer

______________________

ey
ey

ei=
ee=

=

=

they, hey, prey
key, monkey, alley

______________________
______________________

eye

ai=

=

eye

______________________

oy

oy=

=

toy, joy, annoy, employ, boy

______________________

uay

ee=

=

quay

______________________

ye

ai=

=

bye, rye, dye, tye

______________________

7. Vowel Clusters with “gh”
The “gh” in the spelling helps to make the single vowel sound. Note: the consonant sounds g
and h are not pronounced.
v/cluster:

sounds like:

for example:

my example(s):

augh

or=

=

caught, taught

______________________

eigh
eigh

ei=
ai=

=
=

weight, eight, weigh, neigh
height

______________________
______________________

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Talk a Lot
Learn the Clear Alphabet
Spelling and Sounds – Vowel Clusters

igh

ai=

=

high, sigh, night, right, flight, might, bright ____________

ough
ough
ough
ough

au=
oo=
or=
eu=

=
=
=
=

bough, plough, Slough
______________________
through, throughout
______________________
bought, thought, ought, sought, nought ______________
though, although
______________________

8. Vowel Clusters with Other Consonant Letters
Sometimes you may find a vowel cluster representing a vowel sound that employs a
consonant letter other than “r”, “w”, “y”, or “gh”. Below are a few examples. In each case the
consonant in the spelling is not pronounced (it is a silent letter).
a) Vowel clusters with “b”:
v/cluster:

sounds like:

for example:

my example(s):

oub

au=

doubt

______________________

=

b) Vowel clusters with “g”:
v/cluster:

sounds like:

for example:

my example(s):

eig

ei=

reign

______________________

=

c) Vowel clusters with “l”:
v/cluster:

sounds like:

for example:

my example(s):

al
al

or=
ar=

=
=

talk, walk, chalk, stalk
half, calf, palm, calm, balm

______________________
______________________

ol

eu=

=

yolk

______________________

oul

uu=

=

could, would, should

______________________

d) Vowel clusters with “t”:
v/cluster:

sounds like:

for example:

my example(s):

out

oo=

ragout

______________________

=

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Talk a Lot
Learn the Clear Alphabet
Spelling and Sounds – Common Vowel Clusters

A vowel cluster is a group of two or more vowel letters together in a word that represent a single vowel sound. They
can be initial (at the beginning of a word), medial (in the middle of a word), and final (at the end of a word).
Focusing on vowel clusters and consonant clusters (see p.217) is useful if you want to look at some of the differences
between spelling and sounds in English words. Vowel clusters can be divided into eight categories:

1. Vowel Digraphs (two vowel letters together make a single sound)
digraph:

sounds like:

for example:

ai
ea
ea
ee
ei
ie
oa
oa
oe
oe

oo
oo
ou
ui
ue

ei=
ee=
e=
ee=
ee=
ai=
eu=
or=
eu=
oo=
oo=
uu=
au=
ai=
oo=

paid, wait, fail, paint, gain
______________________
read, appeal, lead, clean, leaf, steal __________________
read, bread, dreampt, dead, dread ___________________
wheel, peel, kneel, heel
______________________
receive, deceive, receipt
______________________

tie, die, lie, pie
______________________
oak, foam, loaf, encroach, road ______________________
broad, abroad
______________________
toe,=hoe, woe, foe, goes
______________________
shoe
______________________
school, tool, fool, choose
______________________
good, book, took, rook, hood ______________________
sound, loud, proud, round, house ___________________
guide, guidance
______________________
blue, true, sue
______________________

=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=

=
=
=

my example(s):

2. Vowel Trigraphs and Quadgraphs
v/cluster:

sounds like:

for example:

eau
iou
ueue

eu=
iy=
oo=

beau, eau de toilette1
______________________
industrious, harmonious, tedious ____________________
queue
______________________

=
=
=

my example(s):

3. Vowel Clusters that End with “-r” (the consonant sound r is not pronounced)
v/cluster:

sounds like:

for example:

air
ar
ear
ear
ear
eer
er

eir=
ar=
iy=
er=
eir=
iy=
er=

air,=fair, hair, chair, stair, pair ______________________
car, guitar, star, bar, shark
______________________
ear, beard, dear, appear, fear ______________________

learn, earn, search, pearl, heard ____________________
bear, tear, wear, pear
______________________
leer, peer, beer, engineer, steer ______________________
verb, herd, herb, her
______________________

1

=
=
=
=
=
=
=

my example(s):

in loan words from French

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Talk a Lot
Learn the Clear Alphabet
Spelling and Sounds – Common Vowel Clusters

er
ier
ir
oar
oor
or
our
ur

uh=
iy=
er=
or=
or=
or=
auw=
er=

=
=
=
=
=
=
=

=

teacher, cleaner, hotter, mother ______________________
tier, pier
______________________
fir, bird, girl, whirl, twirl
______________________
oar, boar, hoar, hoard, board ______________________
door, floor, poor, moor
______________________
form, nor, for, conform, port, sword __________________
our, flour, hour, dour, sour
______________________
hurl, churl, unfurl, curl
______________________

4. Other Vowel Clusters with “r” (the consonant sound r is not pronounced)
v/cluster:

sounds like:

for example:

my example(s):

are
ere
ere
ere
ore

re
ure

ar=
iy=
eir=
er=
or=
uh=
uh=

are
here, mere
there, where
were
more, before, core, store, lore
centre, metre, litre, acre
brochure

______________________
______________________
______________________
______________________
______________________
______________________
______________________

=
=
=

=
=
=
=

5. Vowel Clusters with “w” (the consonant sound w is not pronounced)
v/cluster:

sounds like:

for example:

aw
ew
ow
ow

or=
oo=
eu=
au=

paw, flaw, lawn, prawn, sawn ______________________
grew, brew
______________________
know, grow, snow, show, tow, bow, own ______________
bow, cow, now, how, brown
______________________

=

=
=
=

my example(s):

6. Vowel Clusters with “y” (the consonant sound y is not pronounced)
v/cluster:

sounds like:

for example:

my example(s):

ay
ey
ey
oy

ei=
ei=
ee=
oy=

pay, say, day, lay, May, play
they, hey, prey
key, monkey, alley
toy, joy, annoy, employ, boy

______________________
______________________
______________________
______________________

=
=
=
=

7. Vowel Clusters with “gh” (the consonant sounds g and h are not pronounced)
v/cluster:

sounds like:

for example:

my example(s):

augh
eigh

or=
ei=

caught, taught
weight, eight, weigh, neigh

______________________
______________________

=
=

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Talk a Lot
Learn the Clear Alphabet
Spelling and Sounds – Common Vowel Clusters

igh
ough
ough

ai=
or=
oo=

=
=
=

high, sigh, night, right, flight, might, bright ____________
bought, thought, ought, sought, nought ______________
through, throughout
______________________

8. Vowel Clusters with Other Consonant Letters (the consonant sounds are not pronounced)
v/cluster:

sounds like:

for example:

my example(s):

oub
eig
al
al
ol
oul
out

au=
ei=
or=
ar=
eu=
uu=
oo=

doubt
reign
talk, walk, chalk, stalk
half, calf, palm, calm, balm
yolk
could, would, should
ragout

______________________
______________________
______________________
______________________
______________________
______________________
______________________

=
=
=
=
=
=
=

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Learn the Clear Alphabet
List of Vowel Clusters – In Alphabetical Order

a

v/cluster:

sounds like:

for example:

my example(s):

ai
ai
air
aire
al
al
ar
ar
ar
are
are
au

au
augh
aw
ay
ayer

ei=
e=
eir=
eir=
or=
ar=
ar=
or=
uh=
ar=
eir=
or=
ar=
or=
or=
ei=
eir=

paid, wait, fail, paint, gain
said, again
air,=fair, hair, chair, stair, pair
millionaire,=Claire
talk, walk, chalk, stalk
half, calf, palm, calm, balm

car, guitar, star, bar, shark
war, wart, warm
popular, singular, regular
are
hare, rare, ware, care
fraud, pause, autumn, August
laugh, laughter
caught, taught
paw, flaw, lawn, prawn, sawn
pay, say, day, lay, May, play
prayer

______________________
______________________
______________________
______________________
______________________
______________________
______________________
______________________
______________________
______________________
______________________
______________________
______________________
______________________
______________________
______________________
______________________

=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=

Phonemes represented by vowel clusters beginning with the letter “a”:
=
ei=
e=
eir=
ar=
or=
uh=

e

v/cluster:

sounds like:

for example:

ea
ea
ea
ear
ear
ear
ear
eau
ee
eer
ei
ei
eig
eigh
eigh

ei=
ee=
e=
ar=
iy=
er=
eir=
eu=
ee=

iy=
ee=
ei=
ei=
ei=
ai=

break, steak, great
______________________
read, appeal, lead, clean, leaf, steal __________________
read, bread, dreampt, dead, dread ___________________
heart
______________________
ear, beard, dear, appear, fear ______________________
learn, earn, search, pearl, heard _____________________
bear, tear, wear, pear
______________________
beau, eau de toilette 1
______________________
wheel, peel, kneel, heel
______________________
leer, peer, beer, engineer, steer _____________________
receive, deceive, receipt
______________________
rein, vein
______________________
reign
______________________
weight, eight, weigh, neigh
______________________

height
______________________

1

=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=

my example(s):

in loan words from French

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Learn the Clear Alphabet
List of Vowel Clusters – In Alphabetical Order

eo
eou
er
er
ere
ere
ere
eu
ew
ey
ey
eye

e=
uh=
er=
uh=
iy=
er=
eir=
oy=

oo=
ei=
ee=
ai=

=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=

leopard, Leonard
______________________
outrageous
______________________
verb, herd, herb, her
______________________
teacher, cleaner, hotter, mother _____________________
here, mere
______________________
were
______________________
there, where

______________________
Freud
______________________
grew, brew
______________________
they, hey, prey
______________________
key, monkey, alley
______________________
eye
______________________

Phonemes represented by vowel clusters beginning with the letter “e”:
=
ei=
ee=
e=
iy=
ar=
er=
eir=
ai=
oy=

i

oo=

eu

uh

v/cluster:

sounds like:

for example:

ia
iar
ie
ie
ie
ie
ier
ier
igh
io
iou
ir
ire
irr
iu

aiy=
aiy=
ai=
iy=
ee=
aiy=

iy=
aiy=
ai=
uh=
iy=
er
aiy=
er=
iy=

bias
______________________
liar
______________________
tie, die, lie, pie
______________________
field, yield, wield
______________________
activities, believe, achieve
______________________
variety
______________________
tier, pier
______________________
pliers
______________________
high, sigh, night, right, flight, might, bright ____________
station, completion, ration
______________________
industrious, harmonious, tedious, contagious ___________

fir, bird, girl, whirl, twirl
______________________
wire, fire, mire, tire
______________________
whirr
______________________
valium, tedium, radium
______________________

=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=

my example(s):

Phonemes represented by vowel clusters beginning with the letter “i”:
=
iy=

ai=
ee=
aiy=
uh=
er

o

v/cluster:

sounds like:

for example:

oa
oa

eu=
or=

oak, foam, loaf, encroach, road ______________________
broad, abroad
______________________

=
=

my example(s):

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Talk a Lot
Learn the Clear Alphabet
List of Vowel Clusters – In Alphabetical Order

or=
or=
oo=
eu=
u=
oy=
eu=
oo=
uu=
u=
eu=
or=
or=
er=
uh=
or=
au=

oo=
o=
u=
uh=
au=
au=
oo=
or=
eu=
uu=
or=
auw=
uh=
oo=
eu=
au=
eu=
auw=
oy=

oar
oare
oe
oe
oe
oi
ol
oo
oo
oo

oo
oor
or
or
or
ore
ou
ou
ou
ou
ou
oub
ough
ough
ough
ough
oul
our
our
our
out
ow
ow
owe
ower
oy

=
=
=

=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=

=
=
=

oar, boar, hoar, hoard, board ______________________
hoare
______________________
shoe
______________________
toe,=hoe, woe, foe, goes
______________________
does, doesn’t
______________________
avoid, void, coin, toilet
______________________
yolk
______________________
school, tool, fool, choose
______________________
good, book, took, rook, hood ______________________
blood, flood
______________________
brooch
______________________
door, floor, poor, moor
______________________
form, nor, for, conform, port, sword __________________
word, worm
______________________
doctor, tractor, administrator

______________________
more, before, core, store, lore ______________________
sound, loud, proud, round, house ___________________
route, you, soup, group
______________________
cough, trough
______________________
rough, enough, tough
______________________
famous, jealous, onerous
______________________
doubt
______________________
bough, plough, Slough
______________________
through, throughout
______________________
bought, thought, ought, sought, nought ______________
though, although
______________________
could, would, should
______________________
pour
______________________
our, flour, hour, dour, sour
______________________
harbour, colour , splendour
______________________
ragout
______________________

know, grow, snow, show, tow, bow, own _____________
bow, cow, now how, brown
______________________
owe
______________________
flower, power, shower, tower ______________________
toy, joy, annoy, employ, boy ______________________

Phonemes represented by vowel clusters beginning with the letter “o”:
=
eu

r

or

oo

u

oy

uu

uh

au

o

auw

er

v/cluster:

sounds like:

for example:

my example(s):

re

uh=

centre, metre, litre, acre

______________________

=

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Talk a Lot
Learn the Clear Alphabet
List of Vowel Clusters – In Alphabetical Order

u

v/cluster:

sounds like:

for example:

my example(s):

uay
ue
ue
ue
ueue
ui
ui
ui
ur
ure
ure

ee=
oo=

e=
uuw=
oo=
ai=
oo=
i=
er=
uuw=
uh=

quay
blue, true, sue
guess, guest
fuel, puerile, duel
queue
guide, guidance
juice, bruise
build, building, guilt
hurl, churl, unfurl, curl
sure
brochure

______________________
______________________
______________________
______________________
______________________
______________________
______________________
______________________

______________________
______________________
______________________

=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=

Phonemes represented by vowel clusters beginning with the letter “u”:
=
ai

y

oo

i

e

uuw

uh

er

ee

oo

v/cluster:

sounds like:

for example:

my example(s):

ye
yre

ai=
aiy=

bye, rye, dye, tye
tyre, lyre, pyre

______________________
______________________

=
=

Phonemes represented by vowel clusters beginning with the letter “y”:
=
ai

aiy

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