Camelia bejan the syntax of the complex sentence

THE SYNTAX OF THE
COMPLEX SENTENCE

CAMELIA BEJAN

Editura Credis
Bucuresti, 2001

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Acest volum este numai pentru uz intern şi este destinat studenţilor
Facultăţii de Litere, învăţământ de zi, la distanţa şi cu frecvenţă
redusă, care studiază sintaxa frazei prin subordonare.

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INTRODUCTION

The workbook is designed for use in conjunction with other course
material, or on its own for intensive work specifically on the syntax
of the complex sentence. It incorporates comprehensive practice on
the main topics in the study of the syntax of the complex sentence in
a variety of types of exercises, to which notes are added whenever it
was felt necessary. Grammar is treated mostly at sentence level.
We hope that the subject index, the study lists, and the glossary will
make the book accessible to the students working on their own.

The Author

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CONTENTS
1. Clause Types…………………………………………………..3
2. The That Complement Clause……….……………………… .9
2.1. Reported Speech……………………………………21
2.2.The Sequence of Tenses ……………………............23
2.3. The subjunctive in that complement clauses……….26
3. The Infinitive Complement Clause……………………….....28
3.1. Control Predicates…………………………...……..35
3.2. Nominative / Accusative + Infinitive………………36
3.3. Nominative / Accusative + Participle………………42
4. The Participle…….……………………………………………42
5. The Gerund…..……………………………………………..…55
6. Verbs used either with an –ing clause or with a to-infinitive.....61
7. The Relative Clause………..……………………………..……77
8. The Indirect questions………………………………………….90
9. The Adverbial Clauses………………………………….……...95
10. Revision of embedded and subordinate clauses………….… 113
Key to exercises…………………………………………....……115
Glossary……………………………………………………. …..114
REFERENCES…………………………………………………..121

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CLAUSE TYPES
CLASSIFICATION:
By the number of formal predications sentences are generally
classified in:
Simple sentence
He heard an explosion.
Compound sentence He heard an explosion and phoned the police.
Complex sentence
When he heard an explosion, he phoned the
police.
Clauses in a complex sentence are defined in relationship to one
another as:
- main clauses (matrix, superordinate)
- dependent clauses (embedded / subordinate)
By the form of the verb, clauses in a complex sentence are classified
as: finite, non-finite (infinitival, (present / past) participial,
gerundial), verbless clauses.
I. Classify the bracketed clauses as finite or non-finite, and
if non-finite as infinitival, present-participial or pastparticipial. Identify the type of construction of which the
following clauses are an immediate constituent:
Model: [NP The girl [sitting in the corner]] is my friend.
The bracketed clause is non-finite, present-participial, clause
within a NP.
1.
2.
3.
4.

People [living in London] have many advantages.
[Why she did it] is a mystery.
It was unable [to walk].
He kept [ringing me up in the middle of the night].
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5. The idea [that it might be dangerous] had never occurred to
her.
6. They are very keen [for her to have a second chance].
7. You’re going to be in trouble [whatever you do].

II. Decide whether the following dependent clauses are full
clauses, reduced or verbless:
Because he was sick, the boy didn’t go to school.
Although very young, he works as hard as an adult.
Once a farmer, always a farmer.
Although hired as a bookkeeper, she also does secretarial work.
Whether true or false, the story should not have been repeated.
6. Since agreed on by the majority, this measure will be carried out.
7. If meeting with too many unexpected difficulties, he will abandon
the project.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.

III. Divide the following complex sentences into main

(matrix) clauses and dependent clauses:
Model: She was apprehensive that the injection might be painful.
She was apprehensive [ that the injection might be painful].
main clause
dependent clause
1. The committee accepted that neither of the two ministers had
acted dishonestly.
2. They think that it is regrettable that John has left.
3. It was concluded that the aircraft was flying at the maximum
permitted speed when the leading edge of the wing opened up,
ripping the wing apart.
4. At one time it was believed that an addict couldn’t quit until she
hit bottom and lost everything. That’s true for many people but, it
turns out, not for everyone.

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5. It is understood that damage estimated at more than a hundred
thousand pounds has been caused to furniture, fittings and
equipment in the Embassy building.
6. It never entered her head that their divorce would go through
without a financial settlement having been made.
III. Extraposition involves movement of the complement
clause and insertion of the expletive pronoun ‘it’.
Extrapose the bracketed clauses:
Model: [That she shan’t be here] is more than likely.
It is more than likely [that she shan’t be here].
expletive pron.
extraposed clause

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.

[That he had been lying] was obvious to everyone.
[(For you) to change your mind now] would be a mistake.
He found [to talk things over with her] a great help.
[Why he did it] remains unclear.
[To see them behave like that] makes me mad.
[That things will be better next year] is hoped.
[For you to mention it to her] would be a big mistake.

THAT COMPLEMENT CLAUSES
I. Use brackets to Identify the complement clauses and
indicate the syntactic function they fulfill within the complex
sentence:
Model: It is unfortunate [ that you were not insured].
main clause
embedded that-complement clause
The complement clause functions as a subject for the predicate in the
main clause.
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A.
1.

2.
3.
4.

It is regrettable that John has left.
The point is that we are leaving now.
It occurred to me that she might be lying.
The rumour that prices were going to rise led to a rush on the
shops.
5. I am quite hopeful that I’ll get the job.
6. We were all amazed that the city could charge so much for a
parking ticket.
7. I must say, it doesn’t really surprise me that the company went
bankrupt.
8. It was astonishing that Sally could manage to do two jobs and
still have time for a social life.
9. There is startling new evidence that the hole in the ozone layer
may be much worse than was at first thought.
10. Many women are conscious that they are being exploited.
11. I appreciate that you’ve had more than your fair share of bad luck
recently.
12. Doesn’t it worry you that Stephen spends so much time away
from home ?
13. You can rest assured that there are no additives in his food.
14. I helped you to get this job so it’s important to me that you make
a success of it.
15. Remind your father that we have visitors tonight.
16. It is a scandal that the racket was allowed to go undetected so
long.
17. It turned out that nobody remembered the address.

18. Police chiefs are confident that the case will be solved soon.
B.
1. But if you arm the police isn’t the likelihood that more criminals
will go armed?
2. It’s a common belief that one of the ways in which men and
women differ emotionally is that women experience a strong
drive to become mothers.
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3. Two of the fundamental bases of British justice are that no one
should be forced to incriminate himself and that neither should he
face trial twice.
4. Many passengers complained that once they emerged from the
train, there were no emergency personnel to greet them.
5. He was to be priest, so, she thought, it could not be that he was
interested in her.
6. The kids have loved him for years while their cynical elders
sneered that he was just a pretty face.
7. Mr. Lightman wrote that there had been a number of
misapplications of funds and breaches of duty.
8. Like Clinton, he is gambling that a recovering economy will
swell the government’s coffers.
9. The fact remains that you can produce steel much more cheaply
here than you can in Germany or the rest of the European
Community.
10. I decided to give up because I can no longer ignore the fact that it
is bad for my health.
11. David admitted to the clerk that he had been at the scene and had
lent the other youth a knife to get into cars.

12. The story goes that the dish was invented by Kaiser Franz
Joseph’s cook, who had promised to make his master something
delicious to tempt his jaded appetite.
13. It never clicked that I was homeless until I had been on the streets
a couple of months.
14. It comes as no surprise to learn that magistrates in England and
Wales dislike the new Criminal Justice Act and are now seeking
to modify it.
15. Does it surprise you that polls are showing currently that this
initiative will be approved by the voters?
16. I noticed that he was soaking wet, and for the first time it dawned
on me that he had come down across the fields from the hill.
17. It says a lot for her culinary art that so many of her recipes have
stood the test of time.
18. The president boasted that it would be by far the biggest service
program in American history.
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19. At first it was feared that a bomb had caused the blast but now it
appears that the explosion may have been triggered accidentally.
20. However, the article points out that trade with Britain’s European
partners has risen considerably since 1973.
II. Build up the basic sentences out of the following
pseudo-cleft sentences:
Model: [What John resents] is [that you refuse to discuss the matter].
This pseudo-cleft sentence has been derived from:
John resents [CP that you refuse to discuss the matter].
1. What worried me was that the dog kept growling.
2. What is even more worrying is that many countries are

developing their own nuclear weapons.
3. What we are sure of is that it’s a boy.
4. What is most likely is that Susan said she would be late.
5. What he informed me of was that they were willing to work
overtime.
6. What they should be reminded of is that the paper is due on
Friday.
7. What the critics failed to understand is that his art was not
sacrificed to popularity.
Note: A pseudo-cleft sentence has the following structure:
relative clause + BE + that-complement clause
[What …..] is [that ……].
[What he knows] is [that she has found out the truth].
It appears as a result of the reordering of the constituents of a
complex sentence of the type:
main clause + that complement clause functioning as DO.
He knows [that she has found out the truth].

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III. There are instances when the complementiser can be
omitted and other cases when it must be preserved.
Comment on the use of the complementiser that keeping
in mind the following clues:
Omit ‘that’ in informal English after:
a. basic (informal) verbs: say, think, notice, etc.
b. quote clause with the main clause within or at the end
c. after the phrasal modals: would just as soon, would sooner,
(would rather)

Preserve ‘that’ in formal English:
a. after formal or less frequent verbs: demand, estimate, brag
b. when the that-clause is separated from the main clause by a PP,
AdvP or subordinate clause.
Model: This, I admit, is still an open question.
This example is an instance of quote clause with the main
clause within the that-complement clause.
1. With all the revision you’ve done, I’m sure you’ll pass your
exams.
2. Most students know good jobs are hard to find.
3. Everyone knows she’s been having an affair with Tom.
4. I’ll come back for that, I promise.
5. They reckon the French team’s better than ours.
6. As Mc. Cabe says, now it’s up to the industry to prove him
wrong.
7. He had, as he predicted, immediately assumed a non-executive
chairmanship.
8. He figured he’d better get out of the building before the cops
arrived.
9. When I saw what a lousy driver he was, I figured he was
probably not the best person to learn from.
10. I really feel you would be happier in a different job.
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11. Naomi feels that she has not made much progress in her studies,
but actually she’s doing very well.
12. It is estimated that up to a million people around the country
suffer from various forms of asthma.
13. I think you all know the song I’m going to sing.

14. Most people think that war is a terrible thing.
15. Both sides firmly believe that a peace settlement is now possible.
16. Raising taxes may be unpopular, but we believe it’s the right
thing to do.
17. The map says there’s six of them.
18. My aunt, it grieves me to say, gets things confused.
19. Most of what he’s marked on the print-out has behind it the
opinion: I would rather that the broadcasters had not said that.
20. Who knows if I’ll still be running in 1998. I am not saying I will
but I won’t rule it out either.
21. I think he made a tactical blunder by announcing it so far ahead
of time.
22. A Foreign Ministry spokesman said at a press briefing that
relations with the Community were strained.
23. The 14-year-old brags that he has escaped from custody 31 times.
24. Things didn’t, he admitted, look good in Russia.
25. Italian striker Gianluca Vialli will play for Juventus next season,
Sampdoria president Paolo Mantovani confirmed today.
26. The police would rather you played safe than ended up being
sorry.
27. I’d just as soon you put that thing away.
28. It says here they have live music.
29. I would rather that the theory was stated.
IV. Passivise the verb in the main clause and comment on
the resulting complex sentence:
Model: People assume [that they’ll get married some day].
[That they’ll get married] is assumed by people.

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When we passivise the main verb, the complement clause has
to move from DO position into subject position. However
such a construction is infrequent because a long phrase in
initial position renders the text more difficult. That is why the
complement clause is extraposed from subject position and
moved towards the end of the sentence.
It is assumed [ that they’ll get married some day].
1. They say that he knows some influential people.
2. People felt that the social workers were doing valuable work.
3. All medical staff in this hospital consider that this surgeon is a
brilliant practitioner.
4. The board of directors thought that some redundancies in the
company were inevitable.
5. Sir Humphrey explained to the Minister that delays might be
fatal.
6. The pilot called it a miracle that no one was killed.
7. He considered it a good thing that the parliament would be
involved.
8. Ann felt it an injustice that she had been automatically blamed.
9. Tom thought it a tragedy that she had settled for marrying Joe.
10. There were a number of new faces there and so we thought it a
good idea that we all just say who we are beforehand.
11. If you are getting a mortgage, the lender will make it a condition
of the loan that the property is insured, and will usually arrange
cover.
12. The institutions simply took it for granted that the debtor counties
should honour their debts in full.
V. Comment on the type of Heavy NP shift:
Model:

Did you infer [PP from her sudden departure] [CP that she was
annoyed]?
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The complement clause functions as a DO for the verb in the
main clause. The typical position of the DO is immediately
after the verb, but the resulting complex sentence sounds
unnatural and rather difficult to understand:
? Did you infer [PP that she was annoyed] [PP from her sudden
departure].
The reason for which speakers do not accept such an order of
phrases is that the complement clause is too long. As a
consequence they prefer to move the complement clause
towards the end of the complex sentence; in other words the
CP has to move towards the end by jumping over the PP.
1. We are certain from what we know of late 16 th century
architecture that the chapel was built at that time.
2. The police officer told a surprised group of drivers that the
freeway was closed until further notice.
3. Although I didn’t look at him, I could tell from his voice that he
was smiling.
4. Her face betrayed to an observer that she was seriously ill.
5. You will have to demonstrate to the court that the repairs are
reasonably necessary to preserve your property.
6. He’s always drumming into us that we must be consistent.
7. But the C.O. continues to impress on me that I am too old for the
job. I think he wants to force me to relinquish my commission.
8. David admitted to the clerk that he had been at the scene and had
lent the other youth a knife to get into cars.

9. Can you prove to the commission that the effects are not harmful?
10. He hinted strongly that he might be prepared to send troops in.
11. They advised me clearly that I should take out a medical
insurance for my skiing trip.
12. At the inquiry the judge suggested the lawyers that the safety
procedures be thoroughly updated.

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VI. Extrapose the complement clauses:
Model: [ That she managed to come] is a wonder.
It is a wonder [that she managed to come].
The complement clause has been extraposed, i.e. extracted
out of its initial (subject) position and moved to the end of the
complex sentence. The position which has been left empty
after movement of the clause must be filled by the expletive
pronoun ‘it’.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.

She doesn’t regret that she missed the concert.
That Pam is seeking a divorce surprised us.

We are sure that it’s a mistake.
That it might be better to postpone our departure was suggested to
us.
We had a scary feeling that we had been trapped.
You might at least have announced that you were moving in on
us.
We insist that he is told the truth.
They agreed that there should be changes.
That recognising syntactic categories at first sight is not easy is
obvious.

VII. Identify the type of verb that requires a thatcomplement clause choosing from: reciprocal verbs,
equative, quoting verbs with inanimate subject, phrasal
verbs, phrasal modals:
1. Scientists agreed that these lumps of matter must originate in the
asteroid belt.
2. If it does turn out that the inspectors have found highly enriched
uranium, this raises s number of questions.
3. The large size implies that the gaps were created by a star rather
than a planet.
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4. An argument with a friend or relative doesn’t mean that you don’t
get on with anyone.
5. I’d sooner he grinned and bore it. He can have a two month rest
in summer.
6. The map says there’s six of them.
7. Experts agree that one cause of poverty among the young is the
dramatic rise in the number of single-parent families.

8. What’ll happen is, it’ll come out that he didn’t shoot himself,
Jack shot him.
9. After the war, it came to pass that he did not resume his medical
studies.
10. It’s hard to say at first why Ed is so remarkable but then it creeps
up on you that this is top-quality son-writing.

VIII. Turn the verb in the main clause into the active voice
and find a suitable noun to function as its subject:
Model: It is claimed that running helps to unleash hidden energies,
both psychic and physical.
They claimed that running helps to unleash hidden energies,
both psychic and physical.
Doctors claimed that running helps to unleash hidden
energies, both psychic and physical.
1. In 1990, it was disclosed that he had contracted the AIDS virus.
2. A short time ago, it was reported that demonstrators had broken
through the police lines and more vehicles were set alight.
3. Until it is shown that the tape is genuine, we have to remain
skeptical.
4. When it was pointed out that she would need considerable
journalistic experience she agreed she didn’t have it.
5. It is expected that by the weekend, air traffic, garbage collection
and mail delivery will be back in full operation.
6. It is planned that these hostages will be released in phases over
three months up to late March.
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IX. Identify the type of the extraposition pattern:

Model: I really appreciate it [ that you raised me in such a warm and
happy family].
This example illustrates extraposition from the DO position in
the main clause.
1. The League have arranged it so that all games are played before
the Cup final.
2. You have a reputation for extreme discretion. Can I take it that
what I am going to reveal will remain strictly between the two of
us.
3. It transpired that the gunman had been released from jail
4. Then she undermined him, destroyed his confidence in his own
talent, put it about that he was unreliable, a troublemaker.
5. I hate it that you can paint contentedly while I’m feeling restless
and bored.
6. It came as little surprise that the twelve ministers found much to
criticise in the reform proposals.
7. They’d already broken it to the troops that there was to be no
brief period in reserve as promised.
8. It looks increasingly likely that the three national parties may
form a government of national unity.
9. Having been fortunate enough to see his immaculate garden, I
think it highly unlikely that he shares my relaxed approach to
weeds.
10. When I interviewed him again I put it to him that he’d lied to you
and to me about not seeing his wife that afternoon. And he just
caved in.

X. Reformulate in such a way as to have extraposition
from object position:
Model: It might be regarded strange [that he refuses to come].

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They regard it strange [that he refuses to come].
1. It was made clear that there was no place for superstition in the
new society.
2. It is considered unlikely that any of the Cabinet changes will
represent any major changes in policy.
3. It was regarded as an affront to civil liberty that any person going
about his lawful business should be stopped randomly by any
authority.
4. It is planned that these documents will be released over the next
two weeks.
5. It is considered unlikely that the money will be refunded.
6. Although people have believed that planets exist orbiting around
suns similar to our own, it has been thought unlikely that neutron
stars would have their own planets.
XI. Identify the ungrammatical examples and comment on
the errors:
1. He held her completely responsible for that she took food without
paying for it.
2. She made that she was not interested clear.
3. The judge paid no attention to that she had just lost her husband.
4. That she was foreign made it difficult for her to get the job.
5. That Simon had not been home for three days didn’t seem to
worry anybody.
6. The fact that Simon had not been home for three days didn’t seem
to worry anybody.

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REPORTED SPEECH
I. A friend of yours at work sees you during the day and
complains about her work. Report this to another friend a
few days later. Begin your report as suggested at the end
of the text:
‘I’m fed up. We’re stock-taking in our department and it’s
terrible. I’ve been working for six hours non-stop, and I can’t
do any more. It wouldn’t seem so bad if it was raining – I hate
having to work so hard when it’s fine outside. It was just the
same yesterday. I started at nine in the morning, and by five in
the afternoon I was dropping on my feet. I asked my boss if I
could leave at half past five as I had worked late the day before,
but he said I had to get the work finished. I shall be thankful
when it’s all over.’
Mary stopped me at work the other day. She was really fed
up…
(Graver 1995: 175)

II. Rewrite the sentences in direct speech. Note that there
is an implied dialogue, and that the reported version is, in
some cases, very much a paraphrase of the original.
1. When questioned by the master about the disappearance of a
bicycle from the school cycle shed two days before, the boy flatly
denied having had anything to do with it.
2. Tony accepted without reservation my suggestion that we should
try to get local support for the new theatre company.
3. Michael rang up Jean at the last moment, apologizing profusely
for being unable to go to dinner with her that evening. Despite his

apology, Jean was very put out, and said that he might have let
her know earlier.
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4. After the accident, the bus driver accused the motorist of not
looking where he was going, to which the latter retorted that if the
other hadn’t been driving so fast, he himself would have had a
chance of stopping in time.
(Graver 1995: 179)
III. Replace the verb says by one of the less frequently
used reporting verbs: agree, whisper, mutter, boast, object,
admit, protest.
‘I can speak six languages fluently,’ he said.
‘That car you are driving is my property’, he said.
‘Yes, I broke the windows with my catapult,’ the boy said.
‘You can’t take me to prison. I know my right,’ the man said.
‘We don’t have enough money to carry out the plan,’ said the
treasurer.
6. ‘This teacher doesn’t know what he’s taking about,’ said the
student.
7. ‘Well, yes; if the weather is bad, we can’t go,’ he said.
(adapted from Graver 1995: 176)
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.

IV. Write a statement consistent with the reporting verbs:

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.

……he sneered.
……he stammered.
……he snapped.
……he announced.
.
……he retorted.
.……he groaned.
.……he conceded.
.……he gasped.
.……he complained.
…… he observed sarcastically.
.……he commented derisively.
…… he answered sharply.
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13. .……he whispered shyly.

14. .……he said callously.

THE SEQUENCE OF TENSES
IN THAT COMPLEMENT CLAUSES
I. Explain the following exceptions to the rules of the SQT
in terms of shift of domain or shift of temporal
perspective:
1. The Secretary of labour stated the other day that in the past
couple of months there have only been 200 lost man days.
2. Bill told me yesterday that the situation has not improved yet.
3. I have never said you were stupid.
4. (He has met her several times but) he has never told his wife that
he had met her.
5. (He has met her many times and ) he has promised her that he
would not say anything to his wife.
6. The tourist discovered that all the buses stop at the central
market.
7. I told you that the road is closed and will soon be repaired.
8. The old man said he never locks the back door.
9. Tom said Ann arrived last week.
10. Henry asked if I received the telegram this morning.
11. The clerk said that the best coffee comes from South America.
12. We were told that the new radio service is to start operating next
month.
13. I told you that you are not to use this telephone for your private
calls.
14. Who said he’s coming later?
II. Account for the ungrammaticality of the following:
1. *The Greek thought that the sun goes round the earth.
2. *The teacher told us that water boiled at 100o centigrade.

23


III. Choose a suitable tense, whether for reported speech
(dependent upon the verbs in italics) or for direct speech
(within quotation marks):
A spokesman for the environmental group Greenpeace said that
fishing with drift-nets (1 kill) not only fish but also seals, dolphins
and sea birds, which (2 not/ can) see the plastic-fiber filaments and so
(3 swim) into them, (4 become) entangled, and (5 drown). He pointed
out that this type of net (6 can) be up to 55 km. long and 15 in. deep,
and added that a global ban on its use (7 be) proposed and discussed
at the United Nations the following week. A fishermen’s
representative replied that his Organisation (8 oppose) any attempt to
prohibit drift-net fishing until scientific research (9 produce) evidence
to show that it (10 be) definitely harmful. ‘I suppose,’ commented the
Greenpeace spokesman, ‘that when the research (11 be) finished all
the marine mammals and sea birds (12 vanish).’
The Mercian insurgents have announced that they (13 capture)
Revod, the country’s main port, from the government forces. Their
leader General Mot told journalists that they (14 launch) a new
offensive last Friday and (15 take) the town early on Sunday
morning. The government, he said, (16 boast) that they (17 never I
give up) Revod. ‘But,’ he continued in his excellent English, ‘they
(18 have). So you (19 can) see now, if you (20 fail) to do so in the
past, that they (21 make) only idle boasts and that their final defeat
(22 be) certain.’ General Mot declared a month ago that the capture
of Revod (23 be) a great propaganda coup for the insurgents, and he
was right.
At a recent symposium on renewable energy sources, Professor

Warner was asked if wind power (24 can) compete commercially
with conventional sources such as coal and oil. His reply was that if it
(25 receive) comparative financial investment it (26 now I be) just as
competitive. But, he said, the Government (27 so far/ invest) in wind
power sums which (28 be) quite ludicrous in comparison with its
24


investments in coal and oil and, above all, in nuclear power, which
(29 be) shown to be the most expensive energy source of all. He said,
too, that research into wave power (30 not only/ be) grossly
underfunded in the past but actually suppressed. ‘Did* you know,’ he
asked, ‘that this country (31 be) at one time at the forefront of
research in this field, but that the fruits of this work (32 since/ be)
reaped by other countries? And that this (33 happen) because nuclear
power (34 be) the altar upon which the Department of Energy (35
sacrifice) our future welfare?’
Lord Justice Cleaver, in pronouncing judgement at the Court of
Appeal, said that Mrs. Rudge, who (36 be) wrongfully accused of
shop-lifting five years before, (37 since/ live) with the terrible burden
of having to clear her name. But, he now reminded the Court,
Superstore’s legal counsel (38 say) that the company (39 no longer /
insist) that there (40 be) some truth in its allegations against Mrs.
Rudge. ‘Counsel makes it quite clear,’ he went on, ‘that Superstore
(41 admit) that a very serious error (42 be) made.’ The Judge stressed
that, the increase in the libel award to ₤ 15,000 (43 be) not to be
taken as setting a standard for such awards, which (44 normally/ be)
left to the decision of juries. ‘ But in this case Mrs. Rudge (45 be)
entitled to greater damages than those the jury (46 award) her last
year in the High Court.”

After the Appeal Court hearing, Mrs. Rudge said she (47 believe) in
British justice again. ‘It (48 not / be) the money that (49 really /
matter), but he fact that I (50 have) a public apology from
Superstore.’ She recalled how she (51 be) arrested by a store
detective, searched, and locked in a cell for several hours. When the
case (52 come) to trial in 1987 no evidence (53 be) offered and she
(54 be) acquitted. ‘But I (55 live) under a cloud of suspicion until this
very day.’
* The use of the past tense here is idiomatic; in meaning and in its
influence as a reporting verb upon the following tenses it is the
equivalent of 'Do you know ... ?’
25