17616 indirect speech

Direct Speech

QUOTATION

QUOTED

Indirect Speech

SAY

Reported Speech

We need to

TELL

Use “to”.
We use say when we name

When we name
the speaker and
the listener.

He told me that…..

Only the speaker.
He said that…..
(to me)

For greetings and farewells: He said hello,

For facts and pieces

He said hello to us. .

Of Information :

He our teacher every day. For giving

He told us his age.

Yes – No answer and stating polite phrases :
She said yes. They always say no. We say been you after
someone sneezes.
Pronouns (+ Who/ whom)
CHANGES
“REFERENCE
WORDS”
PossessiveTOAdjectives
(Whose)

Time and Place
As the listener you must change thus so that the statement is logical
“I need to learn my lesson,” Paul said.
Paul said that he needs to learn his lesson.
“I have
anPLACE
English test tonight,” Tina said. (Monday)
TIME
AND

You told them a story.


TUESDAY

Tina said that she had an English test last night.

SUNDAY

Tina said that she had…. That night.

“My test is here at the CBA,” Tina said
She said that her test was there at the CBA.

TIME
“TODAY”

that day / yesterday.

“TOMORROW”

the next day / the following day.

“YESTERDAY”

the day before.

“NOW”

then / at that moment / at that time.

PLACE
“HERE”

there

“THIS”

that

“THESE”

those

VICEVERSA

If we are reporting facts or

VERB CHANGES

general truths.

If there´s immediate reporting. If the reporting verb is in
the simple present. Informal conversation.

SHIFT
PRESENT FUTURE
PAST

NO CHANGES

PAST

PAST PERFECT

PAST PERFECT = PAST PERFECT( NOWHERE TO SHIFT)


DIRECT SPEECH

REPORTED SPEECH

Simple Present
Present Continuous

Simple Past
Past Continuous

Past Simple

Past

Present Perfect Simple

Perfect

Past Perfect Simple

Simple

Past Continuous

Past

Present Perfect Continuous

Perfect

Past Perfect Continuous

Continuous

Future (Going to)/ Future (will)

(Was/Were going to) (Would)

Conditional

EXAMPLES
“I will study hard” she said she would study hard.
“I´m going to study hard” she said she was going to study hard.

“I study hard” She said she studied hard.
“I am studying hard” she said she was studying hard.
“I have studied hard” she said she had studied hard.

“I studied hard” she said she had studied hard.
“I was studying hard” she said she had been studying hard.

“I had studied hard” she said she had studied hard.

“I had been studying hard” she said she had been studying hard.