VÀI NÉT VỀ NGHI LỄ TẾ MIẾU CỦA TRIỀU NGUYỄN

VAI NET VE NGHI LE TE MIEU
CUA TRIEU NGUYfeN

HUYNH THI ANH VAN'

T

rong ddi sd'ng van hda cung dinh
Nguydn, vigc thd cung to tign lfi mot
trong nhflng hoat ddng dfldc trieu dinh dfic
biet chu trong. Chi rigng viec xfiy dflng cfic
mieu thd to tign cua ddng ho va nghi ll tg'
mieu cua trieu Nguyen da t h l hien rfi't rd
didu nay vfi trd thfinh net dfic trUng cua
tridu dai khong chi so vdi truydn thd'ng thd
cung to tien trong dan gian hoae so vdi cac
tridu dai khac trong lich sfl Viet Nam, ma
cdn so vdi cac tridu dai phong kien cung
thdi d mot sd nfldc ddng vfin trong khu vflc
nhfl Trung Quoc hoae Hfin Qud'e.
Thdng thfl6ng, viec thd cung td tign
trong dan gian dflOc thflc hign tai nha thd
ho (tfl dUdng) hoae nha thd nhanh.
"NhQng ho giau sang cd tfl dUdng ridng de
thd td tign chung cua hp, mdi chi I^i cd
nha thd rigng eua ban chi; cdn nha gia
trUdng thi cd ban thd de thd phung cha me
rieng cua mdi ngfldi. Tren ban thd, ngofii
cac dd thcf, nhu dinh trdm, cay sap (dd tam
sfl hay ngu sfl), mam bdng, da chen, thi d
gifla cd bai vi cua to tien. O nha gifiu thi

cac bfii vi fi'y d l trong mot cfii kham sdn
son thg'p vang. NhGng bai vi fi'y cua td tien
' ThS. Trung tam Bao tdn Di tich cddo Hud

tfl dai trcl xud'ng, vi bai vi cua td tidn ngu
dai thi phai chdn di. (3 nhfi thd ho thi cd
thdn chu cua thuy td di thd mai mfii, goi
lfi bdch the bat dieu chi chd " (1). Vl tuc Id
nfiy, hpc gia Trdn Dang Sinh giai thich
thgm: "Cfic thdn chu ngofii Thuy to hoae
To phfin chi se ldn lUdt thay doi theo le
"Ngu dai mai thdn chu", tflc la chdn than
chu ddi thfl 5... Trong khfim thd luc nao
cung chi cd than chu 4 ddi la bdi tuc lg
nay. Tfl dcfi thfl 5 trd len, ngUcti ta chdn
than chu di, gia dinh khdng cflng gio rigng
vfi true tie'p nfla (trfl dng bfi thuy to vfi dng
bfi to phan chi) nhUng cac vi vfin dUdc phoi
hudng, tflc la vfin dflpc hudng le chung
cung Thuy td va Td phan chi" (2).
So vdi viec thig't lap cac nha thd td, nha
thd nhfinh cua cfic ddng hp trong dan gian,
cac vua Nguyin khdng ehi cd Nguygn Mig'u
- nhfi thd chinh d qug gd'c Gia Mieu, Thanh
Hda mfi cdn cd mdt hg thdng cac mig'u, dign
ngay trong Hofing Thanh Hud va d cfic lfing
tdm. Theo Nguyin Phuc Tdc The Pha, phdn
VUdng pha va D^ pha cd 17 ddi, tinh tfl ddi
thfl nhfi't la dng Nguyen Kim/Cam (than
sinh cua chua Nguyen Hofing) cho ddn ddi

so
vua Duy Tfin (3). Mdi ddi Ifip thfinh mdt
Hg, mdi H$ gdm nhidu Phdng, m6i Phdng
l?ti cd nhidu Chi. Theo dd, Nguygn Midu d
Thanh Hda, noi thd dng Nguydn
Kim/Cam, ngfldi khdi ddu cho 17 ddi tidp
theo cua Nguydn Phdc T0e cd t h l coi lfi
tflOng dfldng vdi nhfi thd hp thdng thfldng.
Mdi H$ lg ra cung ddu cd nhfi thd cua H$,
tfldng dfldng vdi nhfi thd nhfinh thdng
thfldng. Nhflng nhU trgn da ndi, ngfldi
sfing lap ra cfic H0 trong Thd phd cua
Nguydn Phdc T0e cflng lfi cfic vj sfing Ifip
ra cfic ddi cua Vfldng pha vfi Dd pha, hay
ndi cfich khfic, hp ciing lfi nhflng v) chfla
hofic vua Nguy§n dflpc thd trong Thfii T l
Midu (dfinh cho cfic chfla) hofic Thd Td
Midu (dfinh cho cfic vua). Ndu theo ph^p
"Ngu d^ii mai t h i n chu" ndu tren, vi0c thd
rigng dng Nguyen Kim vfi vp tai Tri0u To
Midu (edn gpi tfit lfi Tri§u Midu) vfi dfinh
Thai Td Midu (edn gpi tfit lfi Thai Midu)
cho vigc thd chin ehfla da lfi mdt didu khfic
biet. Hon nfla, ddn ddi cac vua Nguyen,
vua Gia Long cho xay rieng Hung To Midu
(cdn goi tfit Ifi Hung Midu) di thd cha
minh, vua Minh Mang cho xfiy thfim Thd
Td Midu (cdn gpi tfit lfi Thd Midu) d l thd

vua Gia Long vfi cac vi vua kd tidp, t h l
hign rd ngt khfic bigt cua hofing tdc Nguyin
so vdi vi$c thd tU td tign cua dan gian. D?lc
bigt, trong h$ thdng efic edng trinh thd cdng
td tien cua nhfi Nguyin cl Hud khong chi cd
cfic "Midu" k l tren, mfi cdn c6 cfic "Di^n" d
lfing tdm.
T?ii Hud, ndu ehi nh^c ddn mieu thd vua
Nguyin vdi dung ten gpi vd tgn gpi cdng
trinh (Midu) vfi doi tflpng thd eung (vua) thi
chi cd Thd To Mig'u (hay cdn gpi vfin tfit lfi
Thd Midu). Day la m^t trong bdn midu
chinh cua nhfi Nguyen trong Hofing thfinh
Hud, bao gdm; Trigu Td Midu (thd dng
Nguyen Kim (4) va vp - cha me cua chua

Rghiftn elhi Itjch sfr. stf 11.80lg
NguySn Hofing), Thfii Td Midu (thd 9 chda
NguySn vfi cfic bfi vt}), Hflng Td Midu (thd
thfin phy vua Gia Long vfi vd) vfi Thd Td
Midu (thd cfic vua NguySn vfi hofing hfiu).
Tuy nhifin, d Hud cdn nhflng cdng trinh
khfic cd cflng chflc nfing thd vua NguySn
nhflng khdng gpi Ifi "Midu", nhfl cfic di§n
thd d cfic Ifing, bao gdm; Minh Thfinh Di$n
(thd vua Gia Long vfi hofing hfiu), Sflng An
Di§n (thd vua Minh M^ng vfi hofing hfiu),
Bidu Dflc Didn (thd vua Thi$u Tri vfi hofing
hfiu), Hda Khidm Di^n (thd vua Td Dflc vfi
hofing hfiu), Long An Didn (thd vua Oi;ic

Dflc vfi hofing hfiu, vd sau thd thgm vua
Thfinh Thfii vfi vua Duy Tfin), Chfip Khifim
Di^n (thd vua Kidn Phflc), Ngflng Hy Di$n
(thd vua Ddng Khfinh vfi hofing hfiu), Khai
Thfinh Di$n (thd vua Khai Dinh). Ngofii ra,
d khu vdc Hofing thfinh Hud cdn cd Phyng
Tign Di^n, cting lfi ndi thd cfic vua vfi hofing
hfiu trilu NguySn.
Sfl khfic nhau trong cfich diing tea goi
•'midu" vfi "di^n" cd thd hilu theo nhilu
each. Shaun Kingshley Malamey trong mdt
nghign cflu v l vfin hda vfi nghi iS d mdt sd
Ifing midn Bfic da dUa ra djnh nghia: "Cfic
ddn thd dfinh cho Iinh hdn cua nhflng nhfin
vfit lich sfl cd sflc manh sifiu nhign goi lfi
mieu,... mpi ngUdi dfin ddu cd t h l ddn Ifim
IS", cdn di^n I^i dfinh cho "rfi't nhidu lo^
thdn linh vfi thudng thi nghi IS do gia dinh
thdc hi^n di chda b$nh hofic d m kidm vfin
may,... chi m^t sd gia dinh vfi hfing xdm
Ifim IS d diSn" (5). Chdng ta cd t h l hilu day
lfi kdt qua nghign cvtu nhCtng cdng trinh thcl
tu vfi nghi II trong dfin gian, lign quan ddn
cfic midu thd thfinh hofing Ifing hofic di^n
thd M i u .
Vd ngfl nghia cfic tgn gpi chinh thdc
ciia cfic midu-di$n do tridu dinh NguySn |
dfit ra, theo tiK d i l n Tfl Hai, "midu" ( 0 ) Ifi
ndi thd cdng td tdng, thdn phfit ho^c

iigliii ic
nhiing vi hidn tridt cua ddi trudc nhU Tdng
midu, Thd dia midu, Khdng midu, Quan dd
midu; hofic midu dfldng, tidn dign cua
VUdng cung; hofic lfi cfieh gpi thay thd cua
cfic vi hofing dd da mfi't (6). "Di$n" (Rft)
ngofii nghia "Ifi mdt ngdi nhfi rpng Idn" cdn
cd nghia lfi "ndi d cua cfic bfic dg' vfldng
hofic lfi ndi thd eung thdn phfit, nhfl: Thfii
Hda di$n, D^i Hflng bao dien..." (7). Quy
dinh cua tridu Nguyin ciing ghi ro cfic
cdng trinh trong dfin gian khdng dflpe tfly
tign gpi lfi "di$n" (8).

di$n ridng dfit Thdn ehu cua vua (hofic
hofing hfiu) trong thdi gian d l tang sau dd
trd thfinh ndi thd vpng, dfit thfinh vj cua
vua vfi hofing h$u. Trong ljch sfl trilu
Nguyin, trinh ty nfiy dfi dU^c fip dyng cho
cfic vua tfl Gia Long, Minh Mang, Thi$u
Tri, Td Dflc, Kidn Phdc, D6ng Khfinh vfi
Khai Dinh vdi ddy du nghi thfle Dl chu (10)
vfi Thfing phy. Trinh ty nghi thflc nfiy
cung da dflpc t r i l u NguySn giai thfch;
'Thfing phu xin li§t vfio nhfi Thd Midu, dl
td bfiy chfnh thdng" (11).

Doi chidu vdi cfic midu, dign thd vua
Nguyen d Hud, cac midu thd d Hofing thfinh

Hud cung chi dflpc d^ng len lfim ndi thd khi
cfic vi da qua ddi, cdn cfic didn d Ifing cfic
vua Nguyen cd cai dflpc xay dUng khi nhfi
vua cdn sdng, thfim chf cdn cd trfldng hpp
dflpc lam ndi nghi I^i cua vua khi dng cd
dip den thfim luc edn sdng trong sudt mdt
thdi gian dfii (nhu difin Hda Khidm d Ifing
vua Tfl Dflc), ciing cd cai dfldc xfiy dUng khi
vua da qua ddi. Tuy vfiy, tai sao dign
Phung Tign trong Hofing thfinh Hud ciing
Ifi ndi thd cac vua vfi dUpc xfiy dflng khi cfic
vua da mfi't v i n gpi lfi "dign" chfl khdng
phai Ifi "midu"? Ngo^i trfl dien Hda Khigm
dfldc xay dflng khi vua Tfl Dflc dang cdn
sdng, cac dien d cac lfing vua khac ddu dflpc
xay dung khi hp da qua ddi vfi ddu la ndi
thd vua, tai sao lai khong phai Ifi "mieu"?
Mdi lien hg gifla cac "midu"-"di0n" ngu tren
nhfl the nfio?

Cfic vi vua Dye Dflc, Hi^p Hda, Hfim
Nghi, Thfinh Thfii, Duy Tfin vfi sau nfiy cd
vua Bao Dai khi mfi't khdng c6 nghi thflc
tang IS dfinh cho vua, tflc Ifi khdng c6 nghi
thflc 'Thfing phy" ndn khdng cd thdn chu
thd trong Thd To Midu. Cfic fin thd cua vua
Hfim Nghi, Thfinh Thai, Duy Tfin dfldc
dfla vfio thd tai Thd Midu nfim 1959 (12)
hien chi cd thanh vi chfl khdng cd thdn
chil. Cung chinh vi trinh tU nay mfi dien

Phyng Tign vfi cfic dign khfic d lfing (hofic
cac bigt dien ben ngofii Hofing thfinh nhU
Hieu Tu Dien, Long An Dien) ddu tr6
thfinh ndi thd vpng cfic vua sau khi dfi cd le
Thfing phu de rUdc thdn chu cac ngfii vao
thd d Thd Td Midu, thay vfio dd chi dfit
thanh vi de thd, vfi cung chi gpi lfi "dign"
chfl khdng phai 15 "midu".

Theo ghi chdp cua Quoc sH qudn trieu
Hguy&n vd trinh tfl cfic nghi thflc tang IS
dfinh cho nhfi vua, trong sudt thdi gian tii
khi vua mdi bfing hfi den khi hdt tang,
Thdn chu (9) cua vua dflpc dfit d mpt ngdi
dign rieng ddn khi hdt tang mdi rfldc vfio
thd d The Td Mieu (gpi Ifi nghi thflc Thfing
phu). Trtnh tfl cac nghi Id dfinh cho hofing
hflu Cling tfldng tfl nhfl vfiy vfi nhflng ngdi

Didu nfiy cung da dfldc Iy giai khi cac
quan bd L l tridu NguySn tham khao diln
Ii cua Trung Qude: "... tdn trpng Ifi cfich
Ifim thdn chu... Khi mdi chdt lfim ndi tdn
trpng, dl thdn cd cho nfldng tfla... Cdn nhfl
thdn vi, tflc Ifi bfii vi, ddi xfla kfnh viet
danh hi$u, thd d ddn rieng, didn rieng, dfit
ra td ll, long kfnh cha m?, tdn td tign dfiu
dfiu eung thfi'y, khdng nhU trong midu ehi
thd cd mdt chu thoi" (13). TrUdng hdp cua
Tri$u Td Midu vfi Thai Td Midu c6 t h l coi

la ngOEii Id khi chi c6 Thfinh vi chfl khdng


itghito cihl L|ch siir. sfl 11.201g
cd Thdn chu mfi v i n gpi lfi "Midu" b6i thdn
chu cua 6ng NguySn Kim vfi cfic chda
NguySn ddu dfi hfl h^i, th&'t I9C trong cdn
dfiu bl. Ngay sau khi lfim IS I6n ngdi nflm
1806, vua Gia Long dfl truy tdn cho dng
NguySn Phflc Lufln (14), dng NguySn Kim
vfi cfic chfla NguySn Ifl hoflng dd, cfic bfl vt}
cua hp Ifl hofing h&u (15), vl thd cd thd coi
vi$c dfit tgn nhflng cdng trinh nfly Ifl
"Midu" nhu m§t cfich tdn xflng td tifin cua
ddng hp vfi cflng d l phfl hpp vdi quy chd tdn
midu cua cfic tridu d^i Trung Qude mfl cfic
vua NguySn d Vi§t Nam chju nhidu finh
hudng.
Tuy nhign, vi$c fip dyng nhflng diln chd
vd nghi IS, dfic bi^t lfi nghi iS td ty dfl dflpc
cfic vua Nguyin, dfic bi$t Ifi vua Minh
M^ng cfin nhic chpn lya ky di dfit ra quy
chd rigng cho trieu d ^ minh. Thflm chf,
vi§c chdn thdn chu vdn dflpc coi Ifl t r u y i n
thdng, Ifl quy tde cung bi nhfl vua cho bfli
bo vi theo dng, "ndu nghe ldi bpn hu nho
ne cd bfin bfiy mfl dem thdn chu chdn hay
cdt di, thi khong phai Ifl tdi con cua tridu
ta nQa" (16).
Ben canh dd, moi chi tidt v l vi$c lya

chpn vi trf xfiy dflng midu, quy each kidn
trdc vfl nghi Id td tfl cung ddu dfldc tridu
dinh quy dinh cy t h l . Ndi dung vd vi$c
nghi tidt te ty vfi nhQng vi$c c6 lign quan
chidm mdt dung Iflpng khfi Idn trong cfic
hd sfl do tridu Nguyin d l lai. So vdi cfic
tridu dai trfldc dd trong ljch sfl Vi$t Nam,
cd le day Ifi tridu dai dd I^ii nhidu tu Ii§u
nhfi't vd ho^t ddng nfiy.
Trong ljch sfl cac tridu dai phong kidn d
Vidt Nam, Bgi Viet svt k^ todn thit cho bidt
thdi didm xfiy dflng hinh thflc Thfii Midu
sdm nhfi^t lfi vflo thdi LJ, nfim 1029 "mfla
xuan, thfing 2 ngfly Nhflm ngp, khfinh
thfinh midu Thfii Td^' (17). Tuy nhign, vi$c
xfiy dflng, quy hoach vi trf, trang tri kidn

trdc cfing nhfl nghi IS td ty khdng dfl0c md
t& ky cflng. Cfic tridu Tiln Lg, Ly, Trin...
ddu d$t midu hidu cho vua sau khi mfi't
nhflng cUng khdng thdy md ta nhidu vl
nghi li td td- M^t thfing tin khfi chi tidt vl
nghi IS td midu cua nhfl Lg l^i dupc tim
thdy trong sfl tridu NguySn: "midu nhfl Lg
theo hlnh chQ Cdng. Gian giQa thd Thfii Td,
hai bgn thd v\ cfic vua, mSi khi gflp ngfly
huy, chi cfl lflm IS b fln chfnh, khdng rfldc
ra noi khfic" (18).
Ddi vdi cflc tridu d^i qu&n chu d Trung
Qude, m^c dfl tridu NguySn chju anh hudng

vd nhidu mfit, dfic bi$t Ifl v l tu tudng tridt
ly cua Nho gifio, coi trpng td tign vfl thfldng
ldy cflc quy chd, diln 1$ cua cfic tridu d^i
Trung Qude nhfl trilu Minh, tridu Thanh
Iflm chudn myc di x&y dyng quy chd cho
rigng minh, nhflng vi$c lya chon vi trf quy
ho^ch x&y dyng midu cua tridu NguySn
cung cd nhidu dilm khfic bi$t. d Tnmg
Qude, sfl quan trpng cua vide thd ty td tign
nhfl vua trUdc hdt dflpc t h l hi§n ngay trong
cfich dflt vi trf cdng trtnh, coi td tign nhfi
vua quan trong ngang tdm vdi cfic vi thdn
bao h$ qude gia, xfi tflc; "... ndi ddn Tdng
midu thd cflng td tign, ndi chung Ifl chi Thfii
Midu trong nguygn tfic Td td, hihi xd... Thfii
Midu Ifl midu thd thuy td cua Thidn tut, ChU
hdu, nd cflng dfin Xa Tflc dU^c bd tri d^i
xflng 2 bgn ta -hQu, phfa trUdc Cung
thfinh" (19). So vdi cfich quy ho^ch nfly, cfic
midu thd td tign cua nhfl Nguyin dfldc xfly
dyng ca hai bgn ddi xflng phfa trfldc difin
Thfii Hda, cdn dfln Xa Tflc tuy cung dU0c
x&y dyng bfin hQu cua Hoflng thflnh Hud
nhflng d phfa ngofii, cfich xa khoi khu trung
t&m. Ndu Ifl'y di$n Thfii Hda-trung tfim
tridu chfnh cua ca nUdc dudi thdi NguylnIflm dilm quy chidu thi phfa trUdc, ben trfii
cua di$n nfly cd Thai Midu vfl Trifiu Midu;
ben phai, phfa dSi di§n vdi eym Thfii MiduTri$u Midu qua tryc dung dao Ifl Hitng

Viii niit ofe light 16 tandfiu..
Midu vfi Thd Midu. T&'t ca cac cfing trtnh
nfiy ddu cd cflng hfldng vdi di$n Thfii Hda,
quay m$t v l phfa Nam.
Thfii Midu dflpc xfly dflng nfim Gia Long
thd 3 (1804) theo k i l u trflng lUdng trflng
thilm, cd quy mo chfnh doanh 13 gian, tidn
doanh 15 gian, ddng t&y hai chai, Ifl ndi thd
cac chda NguySn. Ngofli kidn trfle chfnh Ifl
Thai Midu, khu vyc nfly cdn cd nhidu cdng
trinh phfii thudc nhU: di§n Long Dflc, di§n
Chifiu Kinh, difin Myc Tu, nhfl thd Thd
Cdng, gac Tuy Thflnh, ldu chudng, Ifiu
trdng, Ta Vu, HQu Vu... Vflo thfing 2 nfim
1947, Thai Midu, HUng Midu cflng nhilu
cdng trinh khfic trong khu vyc Hofing
thfinh Hud da bi "phfl thfinh binh dja" (20).
Khoang nhQng nfim 1971-1972, H^i dong
tri sfl NguySn Phuc Tfic, diing ddu lfi bfi Tfl
Cung (me vua Bao Dai) da quyfin gdp vfi
dUng lai mpt tda nhfi 5 gian 2 chai trfin n l n
cii ngdi difin chinh d l lfim ndi thd tu cac
chda NguySn. Cdng trinh n&y hi$n vSn cdn
tdn tai.
Phia sau Thai Mieu la Trifiu Midu, ndi
thd fing NguySn Kim vfi vp, cflng mdt sd
kidn tnic phdi thuoc. Cdng trinh nfly cung
hudng ve phfa nam, Ifim theo kilu trfling
Ifldng trflng thidm vdi chfnh doanh 3 gian,
tidn doanh 5 gian.

Thd Midu tpa lac 6 phfa ddi dign vdi
Thai Midu qua true dung dao cua Hofing
thanh Hud, cung dupe xfiy dyng theo kilu
trdng lUdng trdng thidm, chfnh doanh 9
gian, tidn doanh 11 gian, hai chai. Vi$c
thiet tri thd tU k i l u "chung mot dfldng mfl
ngfin rieng tiing thdt" (21) tfldng ty nhfl
Thai Midu, chiu anh huflng nguyen tdc
"chifiu-muc" cua Trung Hoa vdi thdn chu
cua vua ddu tien (Gia Long) dflt d gian
giQa, thdn chu cua cfic vua ddi sau dUdc thd
nfii tidp Iln lUdt d cfic gian hai bfin trfii,
phai, tfnh tQ gian giQa (22).

Ngofii kidn trdc chfnh Ifl Thd Midu, khu
vyc nfly cdn cd di^n Canh Y (da hi phfi
huy), nhfl thd Thd Cfing, gfic Hiln Lfim, Ilu
chufing, Ilu trdng. Ta Vu, HQu Vu... Cfich
quy ho^ch cua khu vdc Thd Midu gin gidng
vdi cflch quy ho^ch cua eym kidn true Thfii
Midu nhflng khfing cd cfic cfing trinh phyc
vy rifing cho II ky nhfl di$n Long Dflc, didn
Chifiu Kfnh, di$n Myc Tfl, mfl cd 9 cfii dinh
b^ng d6ng dfl(?c diic tfl nfim Minh M^ng
thfl 16 (1835) dfit gifla sfin midu di "td ra
ngdi vi da dflng, danh m^nh da ty l^i, Ifl dd
quy trpng cl nhfl tdn midu,... td y mong rilng
mudn nfim b i n vflng, doi truydn ddi sau"
(23). Mdi dinh diu ch^m ndi cfic hlnh finh
tigu bidu vl vu try, san vfit, dia danh dflt

nfldc Vidt Nam, nhu: m^t trdi, mfit trfing,
ndi, sdng, hoa co, cfic gidng d^ng thye vfit
vfi do binh khf... Vi tri cua cfic dinh nfiy
tUdng flng vdi vi trf cua cac fin thd trong
Thd Midu (tinh cho ddn thdi vua Khai
Dinh). Chfnh gifla lfi Cao dinh-flng vdi chfl
"Cao" trong midu hieu ciia vua Gia Long.
Cfic dinh cdn lai cung dflpc s&p xdp theo
nguyen tdc "ta chifiu hQu myc" nhfl trong
Thd Midu: bgn trfii thfl nhfi:t Ifi Nhfin dinh,
bgn phai thfl nhfi't Ifl Chfldng dinh, ben trai
thfl hai Ifi Anh dinh, bgn phfii thfl hai lfi
Nghi dinh, bgn phai thd ba Ifl Thuin dinh,
hgn phai thfl ba Ifi Tuygn dinh, bgn trfii thfl
tfl lfi Dy dinh vfi bgn phfii thfl tfl lfi Huydn
dinh. Ngofli ra, hai bgn ddng tfiy trfldc
san midu cdn dfit mdt dfii ky Ifin b&ng
ddng ma vflng trong thie't dinh (dinh
b^ng s i t ) . Bfit d i u tQ nflm 1833, vua
Minh Mang phong theo quy chd ciia cae
tridu Tdng, Minh, Thanh cua Trung Quoc
di cho chd tac cfic b$ kfch cd can biing gd
sdn son, mui biing s i t nhpn, gdm 12 cai,
ddng tay mdi bgn 6 cfii cfim vfio gia gd dflt
trfldc cfla Thai Midu, Thd Midu, Dai
Cung Mdn vfi Ngp Mdn, gpi lfi mdn kich


Rghian cihi Lieh atf. sfl 11.2012
di "trdng cho nghifim tiic" vfl "giao bidn

binh thu h^ ngfly dgm dfln bfly" (24). Hi§n
cfic b§ kfch nfly v&n cdn lflu gifl.
Theo hpe gifi Hofing Lan Tfldng, mdt
chuygn gia vd kidn trdc e l ch&u A, vide quy
ho^ch vfl sfip xdp vi trf cfic midu thd vua d
Trung Hoa cd p h i n khfic vdi Vi0t Nam, hay
ndi cfich khfic, cfic vua tridu NguySn 6 Vi^t
Nam da cdy thay ddi cfich quy ho^ch so vdi
Trung Hoa theo y dd cua rifing mlnh (26).
Nhu trgn da ndi, Thfii Midu cua Trung
Qude dflpc sfip xdp theo nguygn t i c Td t6,
hitu xa. Thfii Midu cua Trung Qude thdi
Minh-Thanh ciing dfldc dfit vi trf d phfa
ddng nam Tfl Cfi'm Thflnh, hfldng vd phfa
nam, Ifi mdt cum kidn true trong dd cd 3
difin chfnh thd cfie vi vua vfi hofing h$u
nhidu ddi, cdng nhidu cong trinh phy khfic.
Trong ba difin nfiy, di$n sau cdng Ifl Tri$u
Midu, thd cfic vi cao td cua tridu dai.
Tai Hfin Quo'c, dfldi thdi Joseon (13921910) (26), vua Thai Td (Taejo) Yi Songgye
(1392-1398) sau khi ddi kinh dfi tQ
Gaeseong den Hanyang (tflc Seoul hi$n
nay) vfi dinh ndi x&y dflng chfnh difin cua
trieu dai cung da cho x&y nhfl Tdng Midu
(Jongmyo) thd td tien cua hofing gia d phfa
dong vfl dan Xa Tfic (Sajikdan) thd cflc vi
t h i n dfi't vfl t h i n mfla mflng d phfa t&y eua
difin nfiy (27).
Nhfl vfiy, khac vdi each sfip xdp cua
Trung Qude vfi Hfin Qude, c&c midu thd

trong Hofing thfinh Hud khdng ehi cd m$t
eym kidn true bao gdm Trifiu Midu vfi Thfii
Midu thd cfic vi td cua tridu NguySn tpa I^c
d ddng nam Td Cfi'm Thflnh, mfl cdn cd
thfim eym kidn true Thd Midu vfl Hflng
Midu n i m ddi xflng d phfa tfly nam.
Hpc gifi Hoflng Lan Tfldng nhfln xfit:
"di§n Myc Tfl vfi di0n Chigu Kfnh ciia Hud
Iai Ifi mpt bp phfln ciia midu thd Td, khfing

gidng vdi quy c h l td thd Phy, Td, T i n g Td
vfi Cao Td cda Trung Qude" vfl Thd Midu ndi thd hoflng dd Gia Long cdng bfii vi cua
cfic hoflng dd vfi hofing hfiu trilu NguySn
sau khi 6 ngfii, hay ndi efich khfie, Ifl noi cflc
v} hofing dd cua hofing tridu Hud td thd
Phy, Td, T i n g Td vfl Cao Td cua ban thfln
hp, "chfnh vi v$y mfi midu dflpc xfly dyng
phfa trfldc bfin phfii cua di$n Thfii Hda vfl
phfa trUdc ciia Hflng Midu" (28). Ong cQng
cho r i n g efich phfit tri nfly tfldng tfl nhfl
cfich phfii trf cua khu vflc Xfl Tfic Dfln thdi
Kim Trung D6 vfl thflnh Bic Kinh thdi
Minh Thanh cua Trung Qude. NhUng h
Hud, Tri$u Midu, Thfli Midu, Thd Midu,
HUng Midu Ifl nhQng Iinh midu thd cung
td tifin dflpc bd tri tai c&c v\ trf hai bfin
trfli phfii phfa trfldc cua Tfl C i m Thflnh vfl
di$n Th&i Hda, ndi dflpc dflng d l cd hflnh
dai tridu. Cfieh phoi tri nfly d trong qui
hoach dfi thflnh cua Trung Qude hofin tofin

khong thdy. Vi vfiy cd t h l nfii, Hoflng
thflnh Hud Vifit Nam cd cflch phdi tri dflc
trflng, t h l hi^n vi$c coi trpng thd cdng td
tifin (29).
Ly giai cho vifie xfly rigng midu thd cha
minh vfl cfic thd hfi ndi tidp cua tridu
NguySn khflc vdi quy ehd cua Tmng QuSc,
vua Minh M^ng da tuygn bd; "Vifie nfly diu
khdng hpp vdi IS ddi xfla, nhflng thd ngbi
ndu theo ldi bfln ddi xUa... thl ldy ph|ai tfii
eon mfl bfln ddn vua cha, Idng cd yen
chflng? Hdn nQa, IS bdi nghia mfl dflt,
ehIng thfl chiu iSi vd qufl h^u... Thd Midu
9 gian dfl d l y thi nfin chpn ddt lflm thfim
midu mdi, bflt chflde noi theo, d i n mai ddn
khfing edng, thl c&i gi tdt b i n g , efli gi hay
b i n g " (30).
Trfin cfldng vj Ifl bfic dd vfldng, c&c vua
tridu Nguyin coi v4 thflnh cfing cua minh
Ifl nhd phdc thifing ciia trdi vfl "uy linh cua
Tfin Midu Xfl T i c " (31). tuyfin bd "chfim


vai net ve ngm le le mieu..
nudi nhan dfin, mudn tri dfin b i n g d^o
hidu" (32) vfl "bfic ddvUdng Ily dao hidu tri
thien ha, suy tdn ngudn gdc" (33) nen vi$c
t h l hien dao hidu cua ngudi Iflm "thifin tfl"
sg Ifl "khudn mSu" d l t h i n dfin eua minh
noi theo (34), vigc hidu tang eua vua dflpc

coi Ifi "vi^c hidu cua nUdc" (35). Vi vfiy, IS td
Midu dupe xdp vflo hfing "Dai tU" vdi nhidu
diln chd mfl ca tridu dfinh phfii tu&n theo.
Vigc td tfl tai cac midu thd td tien nhfl
NguySn Ifl "te ldn ciia nhd. niidc" (36) ngn
boat dong td Midu Ifl m^t sy kifin quan
trpng, ddng thfl hai trong hfing Dai ty sau
le td Giao, tren ca viec td dfin Xa Tie (tflc ll
td t h i n Ida vfl t h i n dfi't), cflc cudc td t h i n
linh vfl dfi'vfldng cac ddi (37).
Ngfldi ta tin r i n g vific thd cung to tien
cung gdp p h i n cung co' tinh dofin kdt trong
dong hp va mang lai sflc manh tinh t h i n
cua tridu dai (38). Hdn nQa, "viec thd cung
td tien theo nghi IS cua b^c vua chua cdn
mang lai uy thd cua ddng ho nhfl vua, dd
cao uy quydn cua vfldng trieu" (39). 'Vi thg',
nghi IS thd cung td tign cua hoflng gia trd
nen rfl't phflc tap vfi dfldc diln chd hda den
mflc cao nhfi't so vdi cac tridu dai trUdc dd.
Chinh nhiing diln ehd ve nghi II nfiy da tao
ngn mdt sic thai rigng cho nghi IS eung
dinh Hud, tfl dd lan tda ra ngofii dfin gian
vdi nhQng "anh hudng nghi l l cung dinh
that rd ngt trgn nghi l l dan gian 6 Hud. Sfl
td chdc cflng bai, cung each t h l hien nghi
thflc mfit cfich trang trpng, dung phfip cho
ta thfi'y nghi l l dan gian vung Hud khdng
chi do truydn thong mfi cdn chiu sfl chi d^o,
hfldng dfin vfl tac dpng eua nghi thflc x u i t

ph&t tQ cung dinh" (40). Cfic dien chd fl'y
dflpc ghi chfip thfinh vfin bfin, dfla vfio dieu
lufit de triing phat khi ed ngfldi vi pham.
Trong 10 tdi dai ac mfi tridu Nguyin da
quy dinh cd toi Btii bdt kinh: ngfldi ph^m
tdi dai bdt kinh lfi ke fin trfim nhQng dt
dung cua c&c ndi dai tfl, phfii hi xfl chfim.

ngay ca khi cd gflp dip &n xfi cung khfing
dfl^c tha (41). Chl rieng nhflng quy dinh
dfinh eho vifie nghi II, td tfl da chidm 68
quyln trong tdng sd 263 quyln cua b0
Kh&m dinh Dai Nam hgi diin sit IS. So vdi
hfi thdng tfn ngfldng vfi nghi ll thd cung td
tifin truydn thdng cua ngfldi Vi$t, sy thflc
hfinh nghi iS nfly cua vfldng trieu Nguyin
da trd nfin khac bifit v l nhidu mfit, cfi vd
each ph&n loai td tfl, sy hinh thflnh hfi
thdng cfic midu thd, vi trf dfit midu thd, y
nghia bilu tupng trong each lya chpn dd
dfing cdng vfl quy trinh mot cufic le.
Quy dinh cua tridu Nguyin quy dinh
vigc td ty phan ra ba b^c: Dai tU g6m td
dfln Nam Giao, td cfic tdn midu, td dfin Xa
Tie; Trung ty gom td dd vfldng cfic ddi, td
tien sfl Khdng tfl, td Tien Nong; Qudn ty
gdm td cac t h i n gid, mfla, Nam hai. Long
vfldng, t h i n lfla, than sung dng, t h i n song,
t h i n nui, t h i n hd, t h i n cac dao, t h i n coi
vide thd thuye'n, Khai thanh, to nghd thud'e,

vua nfldc Chifim thfinh, vua nfldc Chan
Lap, cac cdng t h i n cua tridu dinh vfi cac vi
t h i n thanh khac... (42). Theo each phan
dinh cac loai td tu ngu tren, cac nghi ll thd
cung td tien cua cac vua nha Nguyen tgi
cac mieu thd trong Hofing thflnh Hue dflng
vfio hfing Dai ty, cd vi tri quan trpng thd
hai ehi ddng sau le te' cl dan Nam Giao, ndi
nhfl vua thflc hfinh nghi le vdi vai trd
'Thifin tfl", dai difin cho cfic t h i n dfin cua
minh edng te trdi dfi't va efic vi t h i n Iinh.
TQ nflm Minh Mang thd 12, vific lfla
chpn nhflng dd thd ddng cho 5 le hfldng
tai cflc midu da dflpc quy dinh dfla theo
mua, "mua xufln thi dflng hy ton (cfii
nflm lflm hinh con trfiu), mfla ha ddng
tflpng ton (cai nfim lfim hinh eon voi),
mda thu dung trfldc tdn (cai nflm lflm
khdng cd chfin, de xudng dfi't), mfla ddng
ddng hd tdn (Ifl'y cai hd lam nfim), le cfip


26
td ddng sdn tdn (nfim nhfl hinh efli ndi)"
(43). NhQng logi n^m k l trfin ddu duqc
lflm b i n g ddng mg vflng vfl chi dfldc dflng
ddn trong 5 II hfldng. NhQng l l ky vfl cflc
tidt chfnh dfln, doan dfldng hay c&c IS
khflc ddu dflng cfic thd nfim, chfin, khay
b i n g vflng b i n g bgc nhfl blnh thfldng

(44).
P h i n quan trpng nhfl't trong cfic iS v^t td
Ifi ngpc lya vfi tam sinh. Trong IS hfldng d
cfic midu, ngudi ta phfii dfing mfit tfi'm lya
trflng (chd bgeh phyng tifin) hgng n h i t
dflpc ddt tfl td do t i m trong cung nufii d l
"to ldng thdnh kinh". Chi cd 6 fin d dfln trdn
cua dfln Nam Giao, fin chfnh cua Th&i
Midu, fin ehfnh vfl fln tfi cua Thd Midu
(trong dip IS hfldng) mdi dflpc ddng logi td
nfly. C&c &n khfic d Trifiu Midu, Thfli Midu,
Hflng Midu ddu dflng lya Iflm tQ td t i m do
phu Thfla Thifin nufii, gpi Ifi "ta trong
kinh". Td do c&c dia phfldng dfit dflng cho td
dfin Xa Tie, midu Lich dai dd vfldng, Vfin
Midu, Vd Midu vfl c&c &n phu d dfln Nam
Giao (45).
Ngofli lua, mdi fin trong midu edn cd 3
con sinh gdm tr&u, heo vfl de. Rifing d
chfnh &n cua Thfii Midu, Thd Midu vfi fln
bgn tr&i, an bfin phai cua chfnh an dfit
thgm mdt con trfiu non. Ngofii ra, cdn cd
khoang 161 mdn dflpc d&ng eung trong
cflc IS td midu (khdng k l cfic loai trfii cfly,
dgn ndn hoflc cflc loai dd mfl) (46). LS v|Lt
sau khi td duyc xem Ifl nhQng l l vfit
thieng, dfl dupe td tifin ban phUde. Vi thd,
ehia p h i n rUpu thit sau eu^e II Ifl dd
nhfln fin hu$ eiia td tign ban xudng. Rflpu
fi'y dUdc gpi lfi "phuc tflu", thjt dy dUde gpi

lfi "phflc td". Cudi budi l l , vific chia p h i n
rUpu, thit td dupe d i l n ra nhu m$t nghi
thfle mfl trong dd, vua sS dUde chia p h i n
trfldc, vfl sau dd mpi thflnh vifin tham gia
cudc IS eung d\i
Rghl&n curu iqeh sir, so li.zuix
Hogt ddng Td midu dfldi thdi NguySn lfi
mdt 81^ ki$n quan trpng mfl trong dd dfch
thfln cflc vj vua ph&i thdc thi nghia vy eua
mlnh vdi tfl cflch Ifl ngfldi nfii ddi cua ddng
tdc vfl tridu dgi. Theo quy dinh cua trilu
NguySn thl mSi n&m d cfle midu ddu tdchdc
c&c cudc IS thfldng nifin vfl b i t thudng nifin.
L l thudng nign cd 4 IS hfldng vflo bdn mda.
LS hudng mda xuftn n h i m ngfly 8 thflng
Gifing, L l hfldng cua c&c mda hg, thu, dfing
n h i m ngfly mdng mdt th&ng d i u mda (theo
flm lich) vfl 1 16 d p hfldng vflo dip cufS
nflm, 22 th&ng Chgp. Cflc iS hfldng dflpc coi
Ifl nhflng IS quan trpng hdn ca trong cflc
c u ^ iS tgi midu. NhQng nflm Ty, Din,
Thin, Ngp, Thfln, Tutft, nhfl vua th&n hflnh
ddn Thd Midu Iflm IS. NhQng nflm cdn Igi
trong 12 con gi&p; Sdu, Mflo, Ty, Mdi, Hpi
thi nhfl vua ddn lflm IS tai Thai midu. Tit
cfi c&c IS hudng ddu cd ttfu nhac vfl mua vfln
mda vd. Ngofli cflc IS hudng cdn cd nhidu
cu$c ll khfic nhu IS ky, IS dan, Il vflo tilt
chfnh dfin/nguyfin dfln, tidt ddng chf, tilt

thUflng nguyfin (15/1), trung nguyen (15/7),
hg nguyfin (15/10), IS vflo ngfly sdc ngfiy
vpng hflng thflng, l l vflo cac tidt ddng chf,
thanh minh, IS dyng c&y ngu, IS tidt Doan
dUdng (ngfly 5/6 flm lich, cdn goi Ifl tidt
Doan Ngp, Doan NgQ hay Triing Ngu),
Triing dfldng (ngfly 9/9 flm lich, cdn gpi lfi
tidt Trdng cdu), tidt Thtft tjch (ngfly 7/7 fim
lich), Trung thu, l l trong dip nhfl vua t l
ehfle Vgn thp (sinh nhfit). LS btft thudng
nifin cd c&c IS vflo dip vua mdi dfing quang,
IS dflng tfin hi$u, thyy hi$u vfi midu hifiu
ciia vi vua mdi bfing hfl, IS sflch Ifip hoflng
th&i tfl, hoflng hfiu, I l thfing phu, IS ninh
Iflng, vfl cfic IS cflo trUdc khi vua td dfln
Nam Giao, XS Tic... Thdng kfi sd bfi cho
thtfy hflng nfim, tridu NguySn td chflc tren
dudi 30 c u ^ IS Idn nhd thfldng mfin tgi c&c
midu (47).


vai ner ve ngm le le mieu...
Theo nhGng dilu dUdc ghi chfip trong sfl
tridu Nguyin, quy trinh mfit cufic td tai
mieu cua hofing gia trifi'u NguySn cd t h l
theo 12 bfldc, chu ydu vdi nhQng n^i dung
sau;
1.

Chudn hi

2.

LS dang hfldng

3.

LS dfing lya

4.

LS sd hidn (dfing rflpu Iln thd

nhtft)
5.

Dpc ehfle vfln

6.

L S & hidn (d&ng rflpu Iln thfl hai)

7.
cudi)

L S chung hidn (dfing rflpu Iln

8.

L S d&ng trfl

9.

Vua udng rflpu phUde

10.

Trifit CO bfin

11.

Tathin

12.

Ddt vfin td vfl lua. Le thfinh.

Trong sudt qufi trinh dien ra eae nghi
thflc trgn, ngofii 9 Iln ttfu nhgc theo eac
nhae ehfldng da quy dinh cdn ed 4 Iln tfi'u
nhac theo cac ddng tfic nghi thfle cua nhfi
vua khi lflm Id.
Ban th&n cae vua Nguyen quan nifim
"Itfy nghia de xd vific le" (48) ddng thdi "le
do nghia mfl dfit ra" (49) nen mflc dd c6 sfl
tham chidu cac diln lfi vd vigc td tfl d Trung
Qude, trong nhidu trfldng hpp hp chi dya
vfio dd de dieu chinh vfl d|it ra cfic quy chd
rifing eua trieu dai minh cho phd hdp.
Thfim chi, vua Minh Mang cdn phg phan

vigc td ty eua cac t r i l u dai d Trung Qude:
'The tdng nhfi Minh khfing ty minh te Nam
Giao Ifl trai eai nghia thd Trdi, nhfl Thanh
thi moi nfim te Trdi hai Iln, eung Ifl nhflm
vige td ty, deu la khdng dang b i t chflde.
Duy Hoflng khao Thd td Cao hoflng dd ta
dinh mdi nflm mdt I l n td, rfl't hpp vdi didn

IS, truydn dtfn mufin ddi, dfing nfin noi
theo" (50).
Khi xem xfit phfip lflm midu cua nhfl Lfi,
vua Minh Mgng cQng cho r i n g "chUa hpp
IS" vi d midu nhfl Lfi gian giQa thd Thfli Tl,
hai bfin thd cflc vi vua, mli khi gflp ngfly
hdy chi lflm iS d fln chfnh mfl khfing rUdc ra
ndi khflc (61).
Theo quan dilm rifing cua mlnh khi
cfin nhflc vific chpn ngfly td d Midu, vua
Minh Mgng dfl dUa ra quydt dinh; "Cufii
nflm hpp td Ifl vific dgi td cua Nhfi nUdc,
xfit trong sfl sflch theo nghia hpp lgi mfl
td, trUde khdng chfip rd Ifi ngn ddng ngfly
nfio, tridu ta theo ddng phfip cu, Ifi'y ngfiy
15 thang 12 lflm 1§, ddi Minh, Thanh Bic
tridu, Ifl'y trUde ngfly trfl tjch 1 ngfiy ddn
td, xfit ra khdng y nghia gi, va lal qude
tyc bfin tridu, ngfly tud trQ dUng cfly neu,
cung cd cflo td, nay ddi Ifi'y ngfiy tud trQ
lflm ngfly td hpp hudng, t r i m thfin ddn
midu sd Iflm IS, d l td iS y" (52).

Vdi quan diem nfly cua vua Minh Mgng,
nhfin xfit cua Milton Osborne r i n g "cfie nhfl
elm quydn cua Viet Nam, hofic cua efie
vdng d Vifit Nam khi dfi't nUdc nfly hi chia
c i t vd m|it chfnh tri, da sao chfip nhidu
nhUng khdng phai Ifl ttft ea tQ Trung Hoa"
vfl "bfing nhidu cfich khac nhau, Vifit Nam
da khac vdi cfic nhfl nUdc khfic d Ddng Nam
A luc dia" (53) them bfing chiing d l khing
dinh.
Bgn cgnh dd, vific lya chpn vi trf quy
hoach lflng tdm cfle vua NguySn, trong dd
cd cac difin thd, eung t h l hi^n y nghia dflc
bi$t trong sfl lifin kdt vdi nhdng ydu td ty
nhifin mang y nghia phong thuy nhfl sdng,
nui, hd, dfio... mfi theo dd, hp tin r i n g eac
ydu to trong ty nhien cd sflc manh chi phoi
ddn sfl thinh suy eua cfi tridu dai.


Rghito cTdm lgi, m^c dd vide Ida chpn vi trf vfl
quy hogeh c&c edng trinh lifin quan ddn
midu thd vua Nguyin cflng nhfl vi^c thidt
Ifip vfl thye hflnh nhQng diln chd vd nghi
le thd cung t l tifin cua nhfi Nguyin cd
nhflng dfie dilm bi chi phdi bdi hofln cfinh
kinh td, chfnh trj, xa hdi dfldng thdi,
nhflng ddu thl hifin sd quan tflm d^c bi$t
cua bfin thfln cfie vua NguySn vfl tridu

dinh, thfing qua dd cho thfl'y ddi sdng tinh
thin eua m$t trilu dgi dUdc x&y ddng
trgn ndn tfing dgo ly cua d&n t$c vfi sy cd
gfing ty khing djnh minh cua nhidu vj
vua NguySn trong qufl trlnh tidp nh$n
finh hfldng tfl vfin hfia Nho gi&o Trung
Qude nhflng vin khfing ngflng nd lyc tim
kidm nhQng hfldng di rigng cua tridu dai
minh.

CHU THtCH
vdn hda ait

(9). ' T h i n chu" (W<±) tflc 1ft " M ^ chu, l$p b

citang, Nxb. Tp. H 8 Chf Minh - Khoa Sd, TrUcfng

tfing milSxi d l t h i n (hdn) nUdng tya.". (Tfl diln TU

D^i hoc Sir ph^m Thftnh phfi* Hd Chf Minh,

Hdi. T^p Ng9, Nxb. Dfti Bic Th( trUdng, Dfti Loan,

1992, tr. 229.

1962, tr. 210).

(1). Dfto Duy Anh, Vi^t Nam

(2). Trfin Dftng Sinh, Nhitng khia cgnh triit hgc

(10). L l d l ten ngucri mtft vfto T h i n chu d l thd.

trong tin ngttdng thd cting tS tiin cua ngitdi Vi^t d

Theo nhft nghidn cflu Vinh Cao, vtfn Thdn chii

dong bdng Bdc 6
mf'^) ch! A\afc Iftm khi ngUcli vita mtft mfii an tftng

gia, Hft N6i, 2002, tr. 155.

xong, Khi Iftm l l D l chu, thSng thUcing tntdc dfi

(3). Vua Bao D^i 1ft vi vua cu6i ciing cua trilu

ngUcti ta vitft s i n cfic chQ d Hdm trung 0SJ34') cung

Nguyen nhiing vfin thu^c deli thii 17, ngang hftng

nhu Ph£n di^n COE), nhung chQ "chil" ( i ) vi^t

v6i vua Duy Tftn (Xem thfim Hoi dSng Tri sy

thitfu mfit chtfm cr trSn thftnh ra £

Nguyin Phdc T6c, Nguyin Phtic Tdc Thi Phd, Nxb.

ll, ngUdi dd chu ch! diing son chtfm trdn d i u ch3
£

Thuftn Hfia, HuS', 1995, tr. 10, 399-405).
(4). Theo phat ftm cua Khang Hy tvt diln phai
doc 1ft Cam (theo Hpi ddng Tri ay Nguyin Phiic
Toe, Nguyin Phtic T^c Thi Phd, Nxb. Thuftn Hfia,

d l dtfn Itic Iftm

1ft xong {Hdm trung vft Phdn di^n chi hai phdn

cija Th&n chu ngUdi dft mtft. Thdn chii Iftm bing
gS, kfch thudc a'n dinh theo ngfty, thftng, gid, iJliy
ddng tidn nhft Chu Iftm 1 ttfc. M$t trUdc Ift tibi g6
dfiy 4 ph&n dpc ph&h t r i n g dd vitft ty hifu cflng

H u f 1995, tr. 97.

p h l m tudc ngUcti mtft, gpi 1ft Phiin di^n. Ph&n sau
(5).

Maliirney,

Ritual and Revolution

Shaun

Cultural,

k h i c ldm xutfng rfing 10 phfin, d&i 60 ph&n, a&u 4

in Vietnam, Curzon Press,

Kingaley,

phftn gpi 1ft H d m trung. Phdn nfty vilt tdn huy,

Great Britain, 2002, tr. 42.

qu&n cija ngudi dfl mtft). Qu6c sfl qu&n tridu

(6). Tfl diln Tit Hdi (1989), Nxb. ThUflng Hai
Tit Thu, tr. 960.

H&n, Vifn aijt hpc-Trung tfim Bao tdn Di tfeh Ctf dS

(7). Tii diln Tii Hai, add, tr. 1730.
(8). QuSc ad qufin tridu Nguyin. Dgi

Nam

thttc luc, Tflp I, Vi^n Sfl hpc djch vft in l^i tii
nguySn ban chQ Hfin, Nxb. Gifio dye, Hft N^i,
2004, tr. 685.

Nguyin, Khdm dinh Dgi Nam h^i diin s\f li ttfc
biin, t$p V, Vi$n Sd hpc dich ti^ nguyfin ban chQ
H u i , Nxb. Khoa hpc Xft h^i, Hft N§i, 2007, tr. 129,
phdn chil thfch).

(11). Qude sfl qu&n tridu Nguyin, Dgi Nam
thtfi: l{tc, Tflp DC, Vifin Sit hpc djch vft in l^i td


29

vai nttvh nghl iS td midu..
nguyfin ban chQ Hftn, Nxb. Gifto dye, Hft N^i,

2004, tr. 696-697; Qufic ad qu&n t r i l u Nguyin. Dgi

2006, tr. 103.

Nam nhdt thdng chi, tflp IGnh sU, Tu Trai Nguyin

(12). Hufi Anh, "Thii bftn vd vifc thd cftc vi vua

T^o dieh tQ nguyfin b i n chQ H&n, Nha Vftn hfia,

trong Thtf Mitfu", Hui Xtta & Nay, stf 13/1998,

Bf Qufic gia Gi&o dye xufl't ban, Sfti Gdn, 1960, tr

Hui, 1998, tr. 92.

27.

(13). Qude sfl qu&n t r i l u Nguyin, Dgi

(23). Qutfc sd qu&n trilu Nguyin, Dgi

Nam

Nam

thitc luc, T$p IX, Vifin Sd hpc dich vft in l^i tQ

th{tc Itfc, tftp IV, Vifn SQ hpc dich vft in l^i tQ

nguyfin ban chQ H&n, Nxb. Gi&o dye, Hft N$i,

nguyfin ban chQ H&n, Nxb. Giao dye, Hft Nfi,

2006. tr. 428.

2004, tr. 792-793.
(24). Qutfc sd qu&n trilu Nguyin, Dgi

(14). Cdn fpi 1ft Cfin, thfin phy vua Gia Long.
(15). Qufic sii qu&n tridu Nguyin, Dgi

Nam

thttc luc, T$p I, Vifn Set hpc dich vft in l^i tU
nguyfin ban chQ Hftn, Nxb Gifio dye, Hft Nfii, 2004,

Nam

th^tc luc, t&p III, Vifn SQ hpc djch vft in l^i tQ
nguygn ban chQ Hftn, Nxb. Gi&o dye, Hft Nfi,

2004, tr. 478.
(25). Hoftng Lan Tudng, "Lupc khao quy hoach

tr. 669-676.
(16). Qufic sd qu&n t r i l u Nguyin, Dgi

Nam

thiic llic, tUp II, Vifn Sii hpc djch vft in lai tQ

thftnh thi H u i , qutfc dfi Vift Nam the ky XIX", T^p
chifli sdn Vdn hoa, stf 2, 2003, tr. 53.
(26). Mfit BO tfti Iifu la'y mS'c 1897 1ft thdi diem

nguyen ban chQ Hftn, Nxb. Gi&o dye, Hft N&i,

trieu Joseon chinh thfle doi ten nUdc 1ft D^i Hftn.

2004, tr. 697.
(17). Vifn Khoa hpc Xa hfi Vift Nam. Bat Viet
si ky todn thU, djch theo ban k h i c nftm Chfnh Hoa

Tren thUc ttf, t r i l u d^i nfty k^o dfti thdi gian tri vi
dtfn nftm 1910.
(27).

thQ 18 (1697), Nxb. Khoa hpc Xa hfii, Hft Noi,

The

Preservation

Society

of

Jongmyo Royal Ancestral Rite, Jongmyo

1993, tr. 253.

Ancestral
(18). Qutfc aii quan t r i l u Nguyin, flat Nam

Royal Ancestral

Rite,

Seoul, Korea. 2005, tr. 9.

thitc luc, Tftp V, Vifn Sd hpe dich vft in lai tQ
nguyen ban chQ Han, Nxb. Giao dye, Hft Nfii,

Shrine-Jongmyo

the
Royal

(28), (29). Hoftng Lan Tiidng, bfti da dSn, tr. 5354.

2004, tr. 468.

(30). Qufic sd quan t r i l u Nguyin, flat Nam
(19). Hoftng Lan TiJdng, "LUpc khao quy hoach
thftnh thi Hutf, qutfc dfi Vifit Nam the ky XIX", Tap
chi fll xdn Vdn hoa. BO 2, 2003, tr. 52.
(20). Nguyin Ba Chf, "Tudng trinh v l

nguyen ban chQ Han, Nxb, Giao dye, Hft Nfii,
2004. tr. 697.

tinh

trang hoftng cung d Hutf dtfn ngfty 14 th&ng 9 nftm
194T', Tap chf Ddn Viet Nam,

thttc luc, tftp II, Vifn Sd hpc dich vft in lai tQ

stf 1/5/1948, Vifn

(31), (32). Quo'c sQ quan trieu Nguyen, sdd, tfp
I, tr. 665, 679.
(33), Npi cac trieu Nguyen, Khdm dinh Dgi

Dflng phUdng Bac C6 xuft't ban, Hft Npi, 1948, tr.-

Nam hoi dii'n sU le, tftp IV, Vien Sd hpc dich vft in

79.

lai tQ nguyfin ban ehQ Han, Nxb. Thuftn Hfia, Hue,
(21). TQc 1ft trong ciing mfit tfla nhft mft chia ra

nhilu gian, mdi gian dftt an thd 1 vi vua.

2005, tr. 372.
(34). Qutfc sQ qu&n t r i l u Nguyen, Dgi

Nam

Nam

thttc llic, tftp I, Vifn SQ hpc djch vft in lai tQ

thtfi: Itfi:, tflp II, Vifn Sfl hpc djch vft in lai tQ

nguyen ban chQ Han, Nxb. Gi&o due, Hft Noi,

nguyen ban chQ Han, Nxb. Gi&o dye, Hft Npi,

2004, tr. 551, 665.

(22). Quoc sii quan tridu NguySn, Dgi


Rghian cihi Ljch sJr. stf 11.20tt
(35). Qude afl qu&n trilu Nguyin, add, tflp I, t r
823.
(36). Nfi c&c tridu Nguyin, Kh&m dinh Dgi
Nam h$i diin 8i/l$, tfp IV, sdd, tr, 252.

dinh

Hui,

T f p V, Hutf, 2007, ir.

220-221.
(46). Nfi e&c tridu Nguyin, Khdm dinh Dgi
Nam h$i diin 5(^ l(. t f p 14, Vifn SuI hpc dich vft in

(37). Nfi c&c tridu Nguyin, add, tr. 222-223.
(38). Nfi c&c tridu Nguyin, Khdm dfnh

t&m B&o tdn Di tfeh Ctf dfl Hutf, Bdo ting MS
thu
Dgi

Nam h^i dii'n ot/l If, tflp 14, Vifn Sii hpc dich vfl in
Igii tQ nguyfin b i n tilng H&n, Nxb. Thufn Hfia,
Hutf, 1993, tr. 268; SarDeeai 1997: 42.

l«ii td nguyfin b&n titfng H&n, Nxb. Thufn Hfla,
Hutf 1993, tr, 327-330.
(46). Huynh Thj Anh VAn, "Nghi l l thd ciing
t l tifin vfl lfi ttf mitfu thdi Nguyin", trong Trung

(39). Lodng Kim Thoa, "C&c vua tridu Nguyin

tflm B&o tdn Di tfeh Ctf dd Hutf, Bdo t&ng My

dtfl vdi tfn ngudng truydn thtfng d Vift Nam nda

thu^t Cung dinh Hui, Tflp V, Hutf, 2007, tr. 221-

ddu thtf ky XIX". trong Nghiin ctiu vi gidng dgy

222.

lich aic th&i Nguyin d Dgi hgc, Cao dAng aU phgm

(47). Huynh Th) Anh Vfin, "Nghi IS thd ciing

ud phd thdng (Ky ytfu hfi th&o khoa hpc qude gia).

t l tidn v& l l ttf mitfu thdi NguySn", trong Trung

Bf Gi&o dye vft Dfto t^o-Tntdng D^i hpc SQ ph^m,

tfim B&o tdn Di tfeh Ctf dd H u i , Bdo t&ng My

Hft nfi, 2002, tr. 116.

thu^t Cung dinh Hui. T f p V, Hutf, 2007, tr. 219-

(40). Tfln Thtft Binh, "Mft stf dfc dilm cua l l

220.

hfii dfin gian hifn nay d Thfla Thifin-Hutf*, T?ip chl

(48). Qufic sd qu&n t r i l u Nguyin, Dgi Nam

Vdn hoa Ngh^ thu&t stf 3 (117), Hft Nfii, 1994, tr.

thtfi: lgc, tfp I, Vifn Sii hpc djch vft in I^i til

65.

nguyfin ban chO H&n, Nxb. Gi&o dye, Hft Nfi,
(41). Nfii cftc t r i l u Nguyin, Khdm dinh Dgi

Nam h^i diin sit t$, tftp 11, Vifin Sii hpc dich vft in
Iai tQ nguyfin ban titfng Hfin, Nxb. Thufn Hfia,
Hutf, 1993, tr. 20, 36; tfp 12, tr. 26.
(42). Nfi c&c t r i l u NguySn, Kh6m dinh Dgi
Nam h$i diin «{/ If, tflp 6, Vifn SQ hpc dich vft in
l^i tQ nguygn ban titfng H&n, Nxb. Thufn Hfla,
Hutf, 1993, tr. 338-339.
(43). Nfii cfic t r i l u NguySn, sdd, tfp 6, tr. 343.
(44). Huynh Thj Anh Vfin, "Nghi l l thd eiing
t l tifin vft l l ttf mitfu thdi Nguyin", trong T r u n g

2004, tr. 551.
(49). Qufic sd qu&n tridu NguySn, sdd, tfp II,
tr. 121.
(60). Qufic ad qu&n tridu Nguyin, sdd, tfp III,
tr. 145.
(51). Qude ad qu&n tridu NguySn, sdd, tfp V, tr.
468.
(52). Qude ad qu&n t r i l u NguySn, add, tr. 235.

(63). Milton
introduction

Osborne, Southeast

Asia: an

history. Silkworm Booka, Chiang Mai,

ThaUand, 1997, tr. 38, 39.