VỀ MỐI LIÊN HỆ GIỮA CHIẾN TRANH ĐÔNG DƯƠNG VÀ KẾ HOẠCH CỘNG ĐỒNG PHÒNG THỦ CHÂU ÂU

VE MOI LIEN HE CIUA CHIEN TRANH DONG Dl/dNC VA
KE HOACH "CONG OONG PHONG THU CHAU AU" (1952 1954)

DAO DLTC THUAN'

1. Dat v a n d e
Bdi canh quoc te nhflng nam 1950 chflng
kid'n nhi§"u su kien quan trgng ma nhflng
hau qua cua nd da lam nen tang cho quan
he qud'c te' nhflng nam sau do. Chid'n tranh
Lanh vd'n xuat phat tfl chau Au da din dan
dfldc ham ndng len bang nhflng xung dot
quan sU b khu vflc A chau khien eho pham
vi anh huSng cua nd lan rdng ra toan the
gidi. Cao trao cua Chie'n tranh Lanh didn
ra d A ehau dau nhflng nam 1950 dUpc
danh da'u b i n g Chie'n tranh Trieu Tien
(1950-1953) va Chie'n tranh Ddng Dudng
lln thfl nha't (1946-1954). Nhflng cupc
chie'n tranh ndng tai A chau nay cd tac
dpng ngflde trd lai vdi an ninh chau Au vd'n
da trd thanh va'n de" nhay cam sau The'
chie'n IL

ling ve mdt nude Tay Dflc vdi tiem nang va
trang bi quan su ludn vUdt troi so vdi Phap,
la qud'e gia da danh chiem thanh cdng nUdc
Phap ba l l n trong vdng 70 nam (1). Thang
10-1950, Thu tudng Phap lflc dd la Rene
Pleven da de" xua't thanh lap "Cdng dong
phdng thu chau Au" (ten tieng Anh.

European Defense Community, viet t i t la
EDC, tfl day xin dung tfl viet t i t nay) bao
gom cae nUdc tham gia ki ke't la: Phap,
Italy, Ha Lan, Bi, Luc-xera-bua va Tay
Dflc, Trong khuon khS cua Ke hoaeh nay,
Tay Dfle se dupc tai vu trang, nhung khdng
cd quan dpi qud'c gia rieng ma ca Tay Au se
cd quan ddi chung dudi sU chi huy chung
cua mot hdi dong. Ndi each khac, Tay Dflc
cd the dflde tai vu trang nhUng van bi kiem
soat b mot so'linh vflc nha't dinh (2).

Lo sd ve mdt cudc ta'n cdng eo the xay ra
tfl phia Ddng cua chau Au do Lien Xd tie'n
hanh qua lanh thd' Dflc, de dga an ninh eua
khu vflc Tay Au, tfl dd "nhuom do" Tay Au
va cd the lan sang eac khu vUc khac cua the'
gidi, Hoa Ki da thuc giuc cac nUde dong
mmh Tay Au cua minh dong y de nfldc
Cong hda lien bang Dflc (Tay Dflc) dfldc tai
vu trang. Nude Phap, vd'n la mot dong minh
"yeu the" hdn so vdi Lien Xd, Hoa Ki va
Anh trong The' chie'n ll, to ra that sU lo

Mac dfl da dUde 6 nude ki ke't vao ngay
27-5-1952 nhUng tren thUc te, Hiep Udc
chUa bao gid dUdc trien khai do Qud'c hdi
Phap da tfl chd'i phd chuan nd vao ngay 308-1954 (3). Vay tai sao nfldc Phap, tae gia
cua Ke' hoach lai chi'nh la qud'c gia tfl chd'i
nd? Ddng Dudng va Chie'n tranh Ddng

Dudng l l n thfl nha't cd tac ddng ra sao dd'i
vdi ke't qua ndu tren? Hau qua sau dd ciia
nd la gi? Trong pham vi bai vid't nay, chung
tdi cd' ging thfl phan tich mdt vai mo'i lien

• TS. Trudng DHKHXH&NV-DHQG HN


Rghien cflu iJeh sfl. sd' 9.2Q14.
he gifla cudc khang chie'n chd'ng Phap gianh
dpe lap dan tpc cua Viet Nam vdi Ke' hoach
neu tren qua viec khai thae, sfl dung mdt sd'
nguon tfl lieu cua phfldng Tay.

no ra thang 6-1950, ndi quan ngai ve sfl md
rdng cfla chu nghia Cdng san da xam chiem
toan bo nhflng bp oe cua gidi lanh dao
phUdng Tay (6).

2. Dong Dfldng va sfl t h a t bai c u a Ke
hoach "Cong d o n g p h o n g t h u c h a u Au"
(1952-1954)
Ben canh viec phan tich nguyen nhan
thanh lap thi thai do, toan tinh cua cac
nfldc ldn co lien quan de'n ke hoach nay va
sfl pha san eua nd cung can dupc de cap
de'n. cae nude ldn d day la: Hoa Ki, Phap.
Tuy nhien, nflde Tay Dflc, vdi vi tri trpng
ye'u, chie'n Ifldc cua minh b ehau Au eung
cin dUdc quan tam phan tich. NUdc Anh,

ngay tfl sau The chie'n II, da hoac la ngan
ngfl, hoac co mflc do, hoac tfl chd'i tham gia
cac lien minh cua Tay Au (4). Ddng Dfldng
ludn n i m trong ta't ca nhflng toan tinh cua
cac nude ldn xung quanh ke' hoach neu tren
va trong nhflng chflng mUc nha't dinh, ket
qua cua Chie'n tranh Ddng DUdng lan thfl
nha't la mpt trong nhflng nguyen nhan
quan trpng lam that bai ke hoach nay.

Chfnh sach ngan chan (containment
policy) ra ddi dfldi ehinh quye"n cua Tong
thd'ng Ml Harry S. Truman va dfldc thUc
hien triet de dfldi thdi lanh dao cua
Eisenhower. Tay Dflc trong hoan canh mdi
nay, vdi vi tri dia-chfnh tri quan trong cua
minh b chau Au can dUdc tai vfl trang de se
dfldc sfl dung nhfl mot "con dap" ngan eban
sU banh trudng cua ehu nghia cpng san
sang the' gidi phUdng Tay. Tren cd sci dd,
Cpng dong phdng thii chau Au vdi sU tham
gia eua Tay DUe la dieu cUc ki can thie't va
mang tinh chie'n lupc dd'i vdi an ninh cua
phUdng Tay. Chinh vi vay, Hoa Ki lien tuc
thuc ep Qud'c hdi Phap sdm phe chuan du
an nay. Can nha'n manh ring, Hoa Ki
tbudng xuyen sfl dung quan bai Ddng
Duong trong qua trinh mae ca vdi Phap;
neu Phap khdng sdm phe chuin kg' hoach
nay, Hoa Ki se ngUng vien trd tai chfnh cho

Phap de Phap tie'p tuc cuoc chie'n b Ddng
Dudng. Dd'i vdi Hoa Ki, gifla Ddng Dudng
va EDC cd md'i lien he chat che vdi nhau va
deu la ke't qua cua qua trinh qud'c te hda
cac xung dot quan sU tren hai ban dao d^u
ci chau A la Trieu Tien va Ddng Dudng. Ban
than nUdc Mi dfldi thdi lanh dao cua Td'ng
thd'ng Eisenhower cung gap phai nhflng
kho khan trong hoach dinh chien lUdc, do la
mdt mat. Mi van mud'n Paris tie'p tuc tie'n
hanh cuoc chien tranh (fly thac eua phUdng
Tay) chd'ng sU lan rdng cua chu nghia edng
san b chau A tren chie'n trUdng Ddng
Dudng, mat khac van mud'n Phap gia tang
hdn nfla vai trd quan sU b chau Au trdng
khudn kho EDC do chfnh Phap de xua't (7).

Thdi do cua Mi: La nUdc ldn nhat trong
khd'i dong minh chd'ng phat xi't trong The
chie'n II. Sau nam 1945, Mi rat mud'n co
mdt chau Au dn dinh ve an ninh, nhUng
trong ehien lupc lau dai cua Mi, chau Au
phai CO trach nhiem chi'nh trong viec dam
bao an ninh cua minh. Tuy Hiep u6c
Brussels nam 1948 (5) da dUdc kf ket song
trong khudn kho cua Hiep udc nay, Tay
Dflc chfla dfldc tham gia nhfl mot thanh
vien eua cdng dong. Ke ca Hiep Udc
Washington ve thanh lap Lien minh Quan
sfl Ble Dai Tay dUdng - NATO mot nam

sau dd, nUdc nay cung v l n hi dflng ngoai
eupe do nhflng rang buoc ma cac nu6c dong
minh dUa ra de quan If nfldc Dflc thdi hau
chie'n. Tuy nhien, cue dien the gidi thay doi
nhanh chdng khi Chien tranh Trieu Tien

Vephia Phdp, dflng trfldc nhflng de" nghi
cua Hoa Ki, Thu tudng Phap luc dd la Rene


. ^ g j g ^ lien he giira chien h-anh Bdng Birang..
Pleven da midn cuSng de xua't thanh lap
mot cdng ddng phdng thu chimg nhu tdn da
neu. Td chflc nay dupc thanh lap dfla tren
rao binh td' ehflc va boat ddng cua Cong
dong Than va Thep chau Au da dupc thanh
lap trudc do (8). Tuy nhien, tiem thflc cua
gidi lanh dao va nhan dan Phap ludn lo
ngai mpt dieu r i n g nUde Tay Dflc ludn la
md'i lo ngai ve" an ninh cua Phap. Phap e
ngai ring, trong nhflng dieu kien va thdi
diem nhat dinh, nhfl hoan canh lich sfl the
gidi d i u nhflng nam 1950 la mpt vf du,
nfldc Tay Dflc se cd ed hdi quay trcf lai
thd'ng tri ehau Au, mot dieu ma nudc Phap
ra't khd eha'p nhan va ed' ging ngan chan.
Tuy nhien, vdi dieu kien nudc Phap trong
thdi diem tren, that khdng de dang de Phap
cd the thuc hien dupc mong mud'n cua minh
trong viec kim ham Tay Dflc.

NhQng lo ngai ve an ninh b chau Au
khdng phai la md'i ban tam duy nha't cfla
Phap ma ehinh trong thdi diem nay, sU
thd'ng tri cua Phap b Ddng DUdng (va 5 eae
thupe dia khae) dang hi lung lay nghiem
trpng. Phong trao giai phdng dan tdc cua
cac dan tdc thudc dia dang dang len manh
me. Chinh nfldc Phap eung dang phai dd'i
diu vdi nhan dan Viet Nam trong cdng cudc
da'u tranh, gianh dpc lap dupc b i t dau tfl
nam 1946, dudi su lanh dao cua Ho Chi
Minh. Sau nhflng thang lpi cua quan dpi
Viet Minh trong Chie'n dich bien gidi nam
1950 va sU no ra cua Chid'n tranh Trie"u
Tien, Phap ngay cang gap phai nhigu kho
khan hdn trong viec bd' tri lUc lUdng quan
sfl tren chien trUdng ndng b chau A va mdt
chie'n trfldng ndng khac "trong long Chie'n
tranh Lanh" cd the xay ra d chau Au.
Theo nhflng gi ma Phap de xua't trong
khuon kho eua EDC, Phap phai ddng gdp
14 sU doan trong tUdng quan vdi sU ddng
gdp eua Tay Dflc la 12 sfl doan. Nhflng sU

that thi Phap se khdng bao gid thuc hien
dUdc cam ke't nay do phan ldn luc lupng
quan dpi eua Phap dang ddng quan d chie'n
trudng Ddng Dudng hoac b Bac Phi (9).
TrUdc tinh the khd khan ca ve quan sU lan
tai chfnh eho nhflng phieu luu quan sfl b

Ddng DUdng ndi rieng va d nhflng nfldc
thupe dia ndi chung, Phap hoan toan lung
tung trong viec lua chpn Uu tien trong
ehinh saeh dd'i ngoai va quan sU cua minh
(10). Phap bupc phai xuo'ng thang va edng
khai mac ea vdi Mi ring, nhflng chi phf ve
tai chfnh va quan sfl d Dong Dfldng phai
dfldc tinh vao ddng gop cua cua Phap tren
mat tran ngan chan sfl lan rpng eua ehu
nghia cdng san b chau A. Lflc nay, Ddng
Dfldng bat dau dfldc sfl dung nhfl quan bai
de cac nfldc ldn mac ca vdi nhau trong vide
duy tri va bao dam an ninh b Au chau.
Ke hoaeh ve mpt td chflc quan sU phdng
thii chung cua Tay Au ma trong dd, Phap la
tac gia cua ke' hoach cd ve dfldc dd" xua't
hoae la khdng dung thdi diem, hoac la
nhflng tinh toan ciia gidi lanh dao Phap da
khong sie ben trong viec nhan dinh nhflng
khd khan cua minh trong viec dong thdi
thflc hien hai trong tam dd'i ngoai: duy tri
thudc dia (d Ddng Dudng va khu vflc Ble
Phi) va tham gia sau rdng hdn vao edng
dong ehau Au vdi vai trd lanh dao. Nhie"u
dai bieu trong Qud'c hoi Phap, thupe nhieu
dang phai khae nhau tham chi da cho r i n g
chi khi Phap gianh dUdc t h i n g Idi tren
chie'n trUdng Ddng Dfldng thi Phap mdi cd
the cd dflde flu the trdng viec giai quye't va'n
de EDC. Ndi each khac, chi cd mdt t h i n g Idi

ea ve quan sfl lan ngoai giao d Ddng Dfldng
mdi cd the giup Phap tfl tin vao sflc manh
cua minh trong viec lanh dao cdng dong
quan sfl nay, cu the hdn la mdi du tu tin de
kiem tda va khd'ng che dUdc mpt nudc Tay
Dflc dang tren da trdi day manh me sau
chie'n tranh. Xet trong pham vi rdng hdn la


Rghien ciJru Lieh si^. so 9.2014
tfl dd Phap mdi cd the dam dfldng nd'i tham (13). That vay, trong khoang tfl nam 1947
vpng (va trong trach) lanh dao ea chau Au. de'n nam 1954, cac chuyen gia da Udc tfnh
Lo ngai ve mdt nUdc Tay Dfle da am anh rang chi phi cua Phap cf Ddng DUdng da
Phap de'n ndi gidi lap phap cua Phap cdn gin nhfl ngang b i n g vdi tdng sd' tien ma
cho r i n g chi t h i n g lpi tuyet doi cl Ddng nUdc nay nhan dUdc tfl Ke hoaeh Marshall
Dfldng mdi xflng dang lam dd'i trpng vdi eua Hoa Ki (14).
va'n de tai vu trang nude Tay Dflc. Tai thdi
Ve thdi do cda Tdy Bdc: Tfl mpt nfldc
did'm nay, Phap bupc phai dflng trfldc cac thua tran va hi lUe lUdng dong minh phan
Ifla chpn flu tien cfla minh la tie'p tue tap chia khu vUc chiem ddng nam 1945 de'n
trung da sd' lflc Ifldng quan sfl cua minh b thdi diem thanh lap hai nha nUdc Dflc vao
khu vuc sdng Elbe hay song Hong? Nhung nam 1949 chinh la thdi diem binh thanh
eang de'n giai doan cud'i eua Chid'n tranh eua hang loat cac sfl kien, hoe thuyet dan
Ddng DUdng, Phap cang nhan ra r i n g minh de'n sfl dd'i dau chie'n lUde ve y thfle he gifla
khd CO the cflng luc bd' trf luc lUdng quan sU hai khd'i Ddng-Tay do Lien Xo va Hoa Ki
eiia minh ca d Ddng Dudng l l n b ehau Au. lanh dao keo dai nhieu nam sau dd. Neu
Chinh Bd trUdng Qud'e phong Phap luc dd nhu Ddng Dfldng la con bai dUde dUa ra de
la Rend Pleven (sau khi thdi chflc Thfl mac ca gifla Hoa Ki va Phap vd" van de EDC
tudng) cflng khdng tin la, neu Phap gianh thi Tay DUc lai cung vfla la quan bai, vfla
dupe phan t h i n g ldi cl Ddng Dudng thi eflng la diem mau chdt tao ra sU lung tung, tie'n

se thay doi dupc xu the nudc Tay Dflc tai vu thoai Ifldng nan cua Phap trong qua trinh
trang. Dieu nay mpt l l n nfla dUde khang giai quye't dong thdi va'n de Ddng Dfldng va
dinh khi Rene Pleven trao doi vdi ngUdi anh hfldng quan sfl, ehinh tri cua minh b
dong nhiem Hoa Ki la John Foster Dulles chau Au. De dupe dam bao ve an ninh va
la viec bd' tri lue lUpng quan sfl ciia Phap b phat trien kinh te, Tay Dflc khdng cdn each
Ddng Dfldng "thue sU dang gay ra nhflng nao khac ngoai viee cha'p nhan viec chia cat
can trb to ldn do'i vdi ke hoach EDC... ngay da't nfldc, nhUng san sang lien minh vdi
ca khi chung tdi gianh dflde thang ldi, dieu Hoa Ki, Canada va cae nu6c Tay Au khac
dd cung cd nghia la chung tdi bi thua (b thdng qua hang loat cac dfl an, chUdng
chau Au)" (11).
trinh va td' chfle lien minh (15). Chinh vi
Them vao dd, nhflng khd khan ve kinh the, ca nhan Thii tudng Tay Dflc Iuc d6 la
te eiia Phap dau nhflng nam 1950 da khdng Konrad Adenauer va ehinh phu cua dng
cho phep nfldc nay thflc hien dflde ta't ca dudi sU lanh dao da so' cfla Dang Dan ehu
tham vpng chie'n Ifldc eua minh. Chfnh phu thien chua giao, da khdng bo Id ba't ki mdt
Phap vao nam 1953 da phai thfla nhan cay cd hdi nao giup Tay Dfle cd cd hdi hda nhap
ding r i n g "nUdc Phap khdng the nao chiu vdi cpng dong Tay Au. Do do, EDC la mpt
dflng dfldc (nhflng chi phi) lau dai hdn eho dfl an ma Tay Dflc khong the bd qua, tuy ed
ca Ddng Dudng l l n nhflng cam ke't quan sU p h i n khdng thflc sfl hai long vi Tay Dfle
cua minh cl chau Au va nhflng chi phi ngay v l n chua thflc sU dupc ddi xfl binh dang,
cang gia tang cl Ble Phi" (12). Theo dU toan, trong trUdng hpp nay la tren linh vUc quan
so vdi ddng gdp ve tai ehinh cua Tay Dflc sfl. Trong mot eude phdng va'n vdi Cd quan
cho dfl an EDC thi Phap chi ddng gdp dfldc Thd'ng nha't Dfle (tam dieh tfl: Deutschland3,5 ti Mark trong khi do Tay Dflc cd thd' cd Union-Dienst) ve va'n de" tai vfl trang, Thu
tie"m lflc ddng gop tfl 12 de'n 13 ti Mark tudng Konrad Adenauer da xoa diu du Iuan


Vcmoj
m ^ lien he gifla ehioi franh Bdng Btfong..
Tay Dflc va Phap vo'n dang ra't manh me
phan dd'i van de nay, khi khang dinh r i n g

"viec tai vu trang Tay Dfle trong khudn kho'
eua EDC la dieu khdng phai ban eai, dd la
mdt dau hieu quan trpng cua viec thie't lap
tinh hflu nghi gifla Tay Dflc va Phap; lUc
lupng quan ddi Tay Dfle se bao ve nude
Phap khdi ke thfl; quan dpi vu trang Tay
Dflc khdng chi bao ve quyen ldi rieng cua
nflde Tay Dflc ma cho lpi fch cua toan ehau
Au" (16).
Theo mdt so' nguon tu lieu, tfl d i u nam
1953, dfl Iuan Tay Dfle va toan t h i Chau
Au da sdm nhan ra ring, dfl an EDC khd cd
thi dfldc thdng qua tai Qud'c hdi Phap do
nhflng tranh eai cua cae dang phai khac
nhau, dac biet la nhdm nghi si cdng san
trong ed quan nay. Tfl nhflng quan sat nay,
gidi lanh dao Tay Dflc da sdm nhan dinh la,
ngay ca khi dfl an EDC that bai, nude nay
vln phai dfldc tai vu trang (17). Ben canh
dd, gidi lanh dao Tay Dflc cflng ra't quan
tam phan tieh tinh hinh chinh tri, quan sfl
va kinh te' ciia nudc Phap, dac biet la tinh
thd' khd khan cua Phap cf Ddng Dfldng vi
khu vuc nay chic chan anh huSng de'n vide
phe chuin EDC cua Qud'c hdi Phap. Walter
Hallstein (18) cho r i n g cd mot mdi lien he
sau sic gifla cac va'n de cua Ddng Dudng
vdi cae va'n di cua ea chau Au, dac biet la
ddi vdi van de" thcfi sfl EDC, tham chi la sd'
phan cua Ddng Dfldng cdn anh hflSng tdi ca

sU thd'ng nhat nUde Tay Dflc (19).
Ngay 30-8-1954, Qud'e hpi Phap da tie'n
hanh phien hpp quyd't dinh so' phan eua
EDC. Theo ke't qua bilu quyd't, dfl an nay
da hi Qud'e hdi tfl chdi thong qua vdi sd' 319
phie'u chd'ng va 264 phie'u thuan (20).
Nguyen nhan chinh d i n dd'n su that bai
nay ed the dd loi cho nhieu Iy do nhfl Phap
quan ngai ve sfl la'n at cua quan dpi Tay
Dflc; sfl v i n g mat eua Anh trong edng ddng

nay; xu the' bda hoan ciia tinh hinh an mnh
chau luc sau cai ehe't cua Stalin nam
1953... Tuy nhien, nhieu hpc gia da ddng y
quan diem la chinh sfl tha't bai ve quan sU
cua Phap tren chie'n trUdng Ddng Dudng
dupc danh dau bang sU sup dd cua tap doan
efl diem Dien Bien Phu, da lam cho gidi
lanh dao Phap bflng tiah nhan ra ring,
niem tu hao ve sflc manh quan sfl cua nude
Dai Phap da bi tdn thUdng nghiem trpng,
do dd EDC khdng the dupe phe chuin.
Niem tu hao Phap khdng the hi ton thUdng
hdn nfla mdt khi nUdc Phap chi'nh thflc
tham gia vao ke hoach phdng thu an ninh
chung cua Tay Au do ehinh minh de x u i t
chi hai nam trfldc dd ma trong khudn khd
va nguyen tac hoat dpng ciia nd, quan dpi
qud'e gia Phap khd long vUpt qua sU ndi trdi
ciia luc lupng quan sU Tay Dflc.

3. Ke't I u a n
Nhu vay la, kg' hoach vd" mdt "Cdng ddng
phdng thu chau Au" ra ddi tai chau Au
nhUng mdt trong nhflng nguygn nhan quan
trpng quye't dinh sd' phan ngan ngui ciia nd
lai n i m cl ban dao Ddng Dfldng ma ke't cue
cua Chie'n tranh Ddng DUdng lan thU nha't
la diem mau chd't. Mac du da tien lieu trudc
ve" sfl tha't bai cd the c6 cua du an nay, song
nhu Thu tudng Konrad Adenauer da phai
thfla nhan ngay 30-8-1954 la "mdt ngay
den to'i cua chau Au" (ein schwarzer Tag
fuer Europa). Trong each nhin nhan cua vi
Thu tfldng nay thi, "sfl tha't bai eua EDC la
mdt thanh edng ldn eiia Lien Xd (trong
ehinh sach an ninh) trong bd'i canh Chie'n
tranh Lanh" (21).
Dd'i vdi Phap, that bai quan sU tren
chie'n trudng Ddng Dudng b i n nhidn la chi
da'u hieu cho thay mpi nd luc cflu van hinh
anh sau The chig'n II tie'p tue nhfl la mdt
cfldng qud'c ve" thudc dia da khdng dem lai
kgt qua nhfl mong mud'n. Hau qua cua that


Rghien eflu Uch sfl. so S.2014
bai quan sfl b Ddng Dfldng thuc sU da lam
thflc tinh nfldc Phap ve sfl cha'm he't ciia
thdi ki thudc dia va mcf ra thdi ki gianh ddc
lap cua eac dan tpc hi thupe dia hda (22).

Viec Qud'e hdi Phap cbi tfl choi phe chuin
EDC sau tha't bai quan sU cua Phap cf Ddng
DUdng cd the dupc xem nhU la mdt trong
nhflng nd Iflc cud'i eflng cua Phap trong viee
bat diu tim each thoat khoi vdng anh
hudng eua Mi trfldc viee giai quyg't nhflng
vln de" tfldng lai lien quan de'n quyen ldi
qud'c gia va khu vflc.
Dd'i vdi Tay Dfle, nhu nhflng gi lieh sfl
da eho tha'y, sfl tha't bai cua EDC khdng
ngan can viec tai vu trang cua qud'e gia
nay. Bang chflng la vao thang 5-1955, Tay
Dflc da ehinh thflc trd thanh thanh vien
eua NATO theo eae die"u khoan eua Hiep
Ude Paris ki tfl ngay 23-10-1954 (Paris
Pacts). NhUng quan trpng hdn dd'i vdi Tay
Dflc luc nay la, tfl nhflng gi da xay ra vdi
nude Phap cf Dong-DUdng, d Qud'e hdi Phap
va xu the' hdi nhap cua chau lue thdi diem
dd dang b i t d i u khdi dpng, gidi lanh dao
Tay DUc dudi sfl lanh dao quye't doan va
thuc tg' cua Thu tudng Konrad Adenauer da
nhan tha'y ring, he thd'ng thupc dia cua

Chau Au da, dang va se hoan toan cha'm
dflt. Nflde Phap bude phai quay lai tim
kie'm, bao ve va phat trien lpi ich cua minh
b chfnh chau Iuc nay tren cd scf lien minh
chat che vdi Tay Dfle. Bdi canh dd se mcf ra
eho nha nfldc cdng hda lien bang nay them

nhie"u ed hpi trong viec hoach dinh ehinh
sach chie'n lUdc de phat trien da't nflde, dac
biet la ve chig'n lupc hdi nhap va thd'ng n h i t
chau Au, khdng chi gidi ban trong linh vUc
quan sU.
Nhflng phan tich trdn day vg" mdi quan
hg gifla Ddng Dudng vdi sU tha't bai eua kd'
hoach "Cpng ddng phong thii chau Au" co
the cho ta nhin lai vi tri dia-chinh tri quan
trong cua Ddng Dudng b khu vUc Dong
Nam A trong thd' ki XX. Khu vflc nay ludn
n i m trong toan tinh chie'n Ifldc cua eae
nudc Idn. Kg't qua eua Chig'n tranh Ddng
Dudng l l n thfl nha't da co tac dpng nhat
dinh ddi vdi chau Au trong nhflng nam
1950 ng'u nhin lai dudi gdc dp quan sU. Cuo'i
cung, phUdng phap tiep can lien khu vUc
trong nghign cflu lich sii quan he qud'c te'
can tid'p tuc dflde khang dinh va se cdn m6
ra nhig'u va'n de" nghien cflu thfl vi trong
thdi gian tdi.

CHU THICH
(1). Lan thtt nhat la trong Chien tranh PhapPho nam 1870-1871, co the xem them:
Wawro, The Franco-Prussian
Conquest

of France

in

Geoffrey

War: The

1870-1871.

German

Cambridge

(4). Xem. Claus Larres, Churchill's
The

Politics

of

Personal

Cold War:

Diplomacy.

Yale

University Press, 2002, p. 143.
(5). Hiep Udc Brussels duroc ki ket thang 3-

University Press, 2003. lan thiji hai la trong The

1948 giiia 5 nudc: Phap, Bi, Ha Lan, Liic-xem-bua

chien I (1914-1918) va lan t h ^ ba la trong The

va Anh v6i noi dung chu yeu la cam ket ve phong

chien II (1939-1945).

thu an ninh chung gifla cac niidc nay. Tren cd scf

(2). Tay Dttc bi gidi han so' lifdng quan tham

do, thang 9-1948, mot td chile c6 ten goi la To chflc

gia, khong dUdc phep san xua't cac nguyen lieu

phong

quan trong phuc vu chien tranh...

Organization)

ra deli. Co the xem them: Sean

(3). Xem them. Kevin Ruane, The Rise and Fall

Maloney,

Secure

the

Anglo-

University of New Brunswick, 1991, pp.95-97. To

European

chflc nay mot nam sau do da duoc sap nhap vao

of

American

European
Relations

Defence

Community:

and the Crisis of

Defense, 1950-55. Palgrave, 2000.

NATO.

thu

Tay
To

Au

[Western
Command

Union
of

Defence
the

Sea.


Rghien cflu Lich sir, so 9.2Q14
to). Phudng Tay e ngai rang, mot hanh dong
tan cong quan su cung c6 the xay ra cf chau Au khi
Hong quan Lien Xo sfl dung nU6c Dflc nhU mot
ban dap quan trong.
(7) Xem them' Evelyn Colbert, Southeast Asia
in International
Politics
1941-1956.
Cornell
University Press, Ithaca and London, 1977, p 206.
(S) Cong dong Than va Thep chau Au (European
Coal and Steel Community) dUdc thanh lap nam

1952 dua tren cd so cua Hi|p \ldc Paris 1951 vdi cac
midc thanh vien la: Phap, Italia, Luc-xem-bua, Ha
Lan, Bi va Tay Dflc. Cong dong nay dUdc thanh lap
ciing chinh la y tUcIng cua Jean Monnet, kinh te gia,
chi'nh tri gia noi tieng cua Phap va duoc cong bo'boi
Ngoai tru6ng Phap luc do la Robert Schuman tfl
nam 1950. Sd di Phap de xuat thanh lap to chflc nay
cung boi vi muo'n kiem soat viec khai thac, san xuat
va buon ban cac mat hang than va thep, von la
nhflng nguyen lieu dau vao thi§'t yg'u cua nen kinh
te cong nghiep phuc vu chife'n tranh.
(9). Sueddeutsche
Zeitung, 15-02-1954. Xem
them. Christopher E. Goscha, The Indochina War.
A Connected History, m trong: Dictionary of the
Indochina
War:
International
and
Multidisciplinary

Perspectives

Honolulu,

University of Hav/aii Press, p 19.
(10). Lawrence S. Kaplan, Denise Artaud,
Mark R. Rubin, Dien Bien Phu and the Crisis of
Franco-American Relations, 1954-1955, Sr Books,
1990, p. 235.

(11). Ibid., p. 236, Noi den thua tai chau Au d
day. Bo truSng Quoc phong Phap Rene Pleven ngu
y noi de'n viec nUdc Phap phai chap nhan mot nifcic
Tay Dflc tai vu trang vdi kha nang dong gop lflc
lfldng va tai chi'nh hdn Phap, mot dieu kho co the
dUdc chap nhan trong suy nghi cfla gi6i lanh dao
Phap. Ve tinh the tie'n thoai ludng nan cua Phap,
CO the xem them: Evelyn Colbert, op. cit, p. 214.
(12), Christopher E. Goscha, op. cit., p 19.
(13). Lawrence S. Kaplan, Denise Artaud,
Mark R. Rubin, op. cit, p 253.
(14). Irwin Wall, France in the Cold War, m
Journal of European Studies, 2008, pp 125-126 (co
the
^61"
them:
/>
va:

Lawrence S Kaplan, Denise Artaud, Mark R.
Rubin, op. cit., p, 235), Bat on v^ kinh te', quan sfl
va chinh tri Phap trong nhflng nam dau 1950, xem
them cac phan tich tfl bao chi Dflc, Die Zeit, 20.
November 1952, Sueddeutsche
Zeitung,
16.
Oktober 1950, Sueddeutsche Zeitung, 15 Februar
1954 .
(15) Timothy D. Showers, France, Germany
and the Development of a European Security and

Defense Identity. MA thesis. Naval Postgraduate
School, Monterey, California, 2009, p, 8,
(See

also'

http7/edocs.nps edu/npspubs/scholar!y/theses/2000
/Jun/OOJun_Showers.pdf),
(16). Sueddeutsche
1950

Zeitung,

16.

November

(17). Frankfurter
Allgemeine
Zeitung,
08
J a n u a r va 23 Oktober 1953 Ve da luan Phap lo
ngai ve nu6c Dflc tai vu trang, xem them:
Sueddeutsche Zeitung, 05, M#rz 1954.
(18). Walter Hallstein (1901-1982) la chinh tri
gia chuyen ve chien lUdc do'i ngoai hang dau cfla
chinh quyen Adenauer, tac gia cfla hoc thuyet noi
tieng mang ten minh (Hallstein Doctrine) dUdc thi
hanh trong suot thap nien 1960
(19). Der Auswaertige Ausschuss des Deutschen

Bundestages
1953-1957.
Droster
Verlag,
Duesseldorf, 2002, S. 204,
(20). Frankfurter
August 1954.

Allgemeine

Zeitung,

31,

(21). Freiheit,
Wohlfahrt,
Sicherheit
fuer
Deutschland und Europa, Regierungserk lae rung
von Bundeskanzler Dr. Adenauer zur Deutschen
Au#enpolitik vor dem Deutschen Bundestag am
15, Dezember 1954, Ve thai do cua Lien Xo trfl6c
van
de
EDC,
xem
them
trong:
Die
Kabinetteprotokolle der Bundesregierung, Band 5,

Harald Boldt Verlag, Boppard am Rhem 1989, S.
296.
(22). Tiec rfing, gidi lanh dao quan s,fl Phap lai
tie'p tuc dan than vao cupc phieu luu quan sU mdi
eho'ng lai sU noi day gianh dpc lap cua nhan dan
Algeria nd ra vao thang 11-1954 va them lan nfla
chap n h a n that bai va phai thfla nhan nen doc lap
cfla quoc gia nay vao nam 1962.


CHlfC tlVAN BAT LO HOA XMCH TROI\0 BA]\G GIAO
GrtfA TRIEU TRA]\ VA TRIEU I\GUYE1\ ( 1 2 6 2 - 1 2 « I )

NGUYfiN THU HI^N'

L

ich sii VUdng trieu Tran (1226-1400)
tQng dd'i dien vdi nhilu thii thach.
Mdt trong nhQng thfl thach de dpa sfl tdn
vong ciia vUdng trieu Tran la quan he vdi
trilu Nguyen. Bang giao giQa hai vfldng
trilu tQ nam 1260 de'n nam 1368 ludn dn
chQa nhQng bien ddng ddy kich tinh. Ngay
tQ khi mdi len ngdi, vua Nguyen The To da
sfl dung nhieu bien phap khac nhau de the
hien uy quyin ddi vdi cac vi vua trilu Tran.
Nam 1261, vua Nguyen The To dat chfle
quan Dat Id hoa xich tren lanh thd Dai
Viet. Tfl day, trong boat ddng bang giao

gifla hai vUdng trieu xua't hien qua trinh
da'u tranh phflc tap xoay quanh chfle quan
Dat Id hoa xich.
1. Ten goi v a s\i r a d6i c u a chiic
q u a n Dat 16 hoa xich t r o n g lich s ^
viiofng t r i e u N g u y e n
Dat 16 hoa xich la phien am Han Vidt
ciia 3 § ^ ^ - Dot 16 hoa xich la tieng
Mdng Cd phien am ra chG Han, nguyen
nghia m § ^ # la ke tra'n ap. Trong mdt
so' tai lieu Trung Qud'c, Dat 16 hoa xich edn
dupc ggi la Gidm ldm quan ({^ l[p 'g') (1)
hay Tuyen sai ( S M) (2). Theo cac stf gia
trieu Nguyin trong Khdm dinh Viet s&
thdng gidm cUdng muc thi Dat Id hoa xich

dich ra nghia la "quan trUdng a'n, chflc
quan nay giam sat viec cai tri quan huyen"
(3). Trong 3C ^ llJJ 5& Nguyen trieu bi su!
trang 263 chep 0 ^ tE ^ (Dat 16 hoa xich)
thanh ^ ^/i "n E (Ddp l6 hdp thdn) tam
dich la quan Trd'n thu. Trung Qud'c vdn la
ndi chung sd'ng eiia nhilu toe ngUdi khac
nhau tren vung lanh thd rdng ldn. Mdi tgc
ngUdi ludn cd xu hUdng md rdng dia ban cfl
tru va kiem soat nhflng khu vUc da ehinh
phuc. Vi vay, chQc quan vdi chflc nang giam
sat hoat dgng tai cac vung da't phu thupc da
xuat hien tfl ra't sdm trong lieh sut Trung
Qud'c cd dai. Theo nha nghidn cQu ngfldi

Trung Qudc la Ddng Tap Minh thi vao thdi
Ddng Han (23-230), vua nfldc Vu Dien (4)
da tQng giet quan giam thi ciia ngUdi Hung
Nd (5). Thdi ky Tay Tan (265-420), khi
ngudi Hung Nd tap trung d miln Nam Sdn
Tay, chinh quyen Tay Tan da eho quan lai
ngudi Han den giam sat.
Xet trong lich sfl phong kie'n Trung Qud'c
trUde khi trieu Nguyen thie't lap da tflng
tdn tai nhilu chflc quan dai dien cho chinh
quyen trung fldng tai cac thugc qud'c. Dien
hinh nhu trong quan he gifla Vidt Nam va
Trung Qud'c giai doan 179TCN- 905, ngfldi
dflng dau bd may cai tri cua Trung Qud'c tai

'TS. Khoa Lich sfl - Trfldng Dai hgc Su pham Ha Ndi


ChiJrc quan Bat L6 Ijoa xich h-ong bang giao...
Viet Nam thudng la cac chfle quan nhfl ThU
si, Thdi thd, Tiet do sii. Cac chQc quan nay
nam trong td chQc bo may cai tri theo
phUdng each true tri cua cac trieu dai
phong kien Trung Qudc. Vi vay ThU sit,
Thdi thu hay T^ei do sii ndm giQ rat nhieu
quyen hanh tai Viet Nam tham chi cd luc
khdng ehiu sU kiem soat ciia chinh quyin
trung Udng khi trilu dinh suy ye'u.
vao ddu the ky XIII khi Mdng Cd mdi
thanh lap nha nUde, td chfle bp may nha

nfldc cdn ddn gian. ChQc quan Dat 16 hoa
xich xua't hien trong qua trinh Mong Co md
rpng lanh thd. Dat 16 hoa xich ra ddi xuat
phat tfl nhu cau kiem soat va thflc thi
quyen lUc cua Mdng Cd tai cac vung da't
phu thudc. Ngay trong thdi gian dau lap
qud'c, Mdng Co da cho ngfldi That Dat gifl
chQc Dat 16 hoa xich cai tr" nhQng vQng da't
mdi chiem. Cu the nhu v.'.o nam 1209, khi
mdt thii linh ngudi Hdi Hut dang tang phan
ldn lanh thd Tan CUdng thi Thanh Cat Tfl
Han da cfl mpt sd' ngUdi That Dat lam Dat
16 hoa xich tdi chia nhau cai tri vung dat
nay. Hoac sau khi Thanh Cat Tfl Han
chinh phuc vung dat thugc khu vUc Trung
A (dUdc phien am sang chQ Han la Hoa Lat
Tfl Md - l£ fij ^ ^ ) da dat Dat lo hoa xich
quan ly va giam sat mpi hoat dgng tai day.
Vua Nguyen Thai Tdng dat Bat 16 hoa xich
tai Bien Kinh (nay la Khai Phong) va
Trung Dd (nay la Bac Kinh). Dudi trilu vua
Nguyen Hien Tong, vien quan giQ chflc Dat
16 hoa xich dfldc phai den khu vflc tUdng
flng vdi lanh thd nude Nga hien nay. Ca
biet dd'i vdi trUdng hdp Trieu Tien sau khi
ddu hang Mdng Cd (6), trd thanh mgt phan
lanh thd cua de qud'c Mdng Co, cd tdi 70
ngUdi lam Dat 16 hoa xich tren vung dat
nay.
Cung vdi sU md rgng lanh tho eiia Mdng

Co chflc quan Dat 16 hoa xich trd nen phd
bien. Mdng Co da chinh phuc dfldc ra't

nhilu dan tdc, qud'c gia d Trung nguyen,
Trung A, Tay Nam A, Ddng Au. Ndi nao
Mdng CO eiing d^t Dat 16 hoa xich de giam
tri va ndm thuc quyen. Tai cac vung da't
mdi chiem linh, vi the eiia Dat Id hoa xich
cao hdn ca trUdng quan ban dia va hudng
quyin ldi nhieu nhat, ed quyen quye't dinh
mpi viec trong dan. Dudi thdi Thanh Cat
Tu Han. Bat 16 hoa xich phan bd' tQ khu
vUc sdng Hoang Ha len vung Bdc Thiet
Mon quan; phia Nam den khu vflc Sdn Tay.
Dat 16 hoa xich ehu yeu do ngUdi Mong Co
hoac ngudi Sde Mue - nhQng ngQdi ngoai
tgc Mdng Co nhu Kham Sat, Hdi, Dudng,
Oat La... dUdc Dai ban Mdng Co tin nhiem
giao phd giam sat hoat dgng eua quan lai
dia phUdng.
Khi trilu Nguyen thay the hoan toan
trilu Nam Tdng cai tri Trung Qud'c thi Dat
16 hoa xich trd thanh chflc quan dflng dau
mdt ddn vi hanh ehinh dia phfldng trong td
chQc hanh chinh dudi trieu Nguyen. Mdi
ca'p dia phUdng diu cd mdt Dat 16 hoa xich
va mdt so' thudc vien de lam cdng viec hanh
chinh. Bat Id hoa xich chia lam nhieu ca'p,
ngach, bac vdi lUdng bdng cao tha'p khac
nhau. Dat Id hoa xich dUde bd' tri tai cae

ddn Vi hanh chinh nhU tinh, lg, phu, chau,
huyen, eac quan De efl, cac phu Tong quan,
phu Tdng quan, phu Van hd, sd Thien hd,
phu Nguyen soai va trong cd quan tuyen
chinh. Chflc nang chinh ciia Dat 16 hoa xich
la giam sat va ddn dde boat dpng cua chinh
quyen dia phUdng.
Nhu vay, dudi trieu Nguyen, quan Dat
16 hoa xich la dai dien cho quyen lUc eua
vUdng trilu Nguyen tai cac cap dia phUdng
cung nhu cac vung da't phu thugc.
2. Muc dich c u a trieu Nguyen khi
dat quan Bq.t 16 hoa xich tai Dai Viet
Tren cd sd khao sat mdt so tac pham sii
hgc phong kie'n cua Viet Nam va Trung


Rghien eiiru Lich si. so 3-2glj^
Qud'c (7), chung tdi tien hanh lap bang
thd'ng ke ve thdi gian va ten vien quan linh
chflc Bat 16 hoa xich tai Dai Viet nhfl bang
1:

hanh den chau, cho eon em d tai Trung
Qud'c lam tin, bien nap dan so, cung flng
quan dich, nap thue khda, cdn dat quan
Dat Id hoa xich cai tri. Cac khoan ndi trdn
deu de td rd Idng trung
B a n g 1: Cac v i e n q u a n l i n h chifc D a t lo h o a x i c h t a i Dai Viet
,

, ,,
i
• •
•
thanh Iam nfldc chfl
hau." (9). Nguyen T h i
T e n v i e n q u a n l i n h chiic Dat Id hoa xich
Thcfi g i a n
Stt
Nap Lat Dinh (8) • « »l T
1
1262-1268
Td cdn tiep tuc khang
2
Hot Lung Hai Nha - iS. fi. M 3F
1268-1269
dinh "y nghia to ldn"
3
1269
TrUdng Dinh Tran - 'jK B ^
eua quan Dat 16 hoa
4
1270-1273
Da Thuc Nap (Diep Thiic Niet) -til-ii.:^l*)( P t i C S
xich la nham hd trd
1273-1275
Ly Nguyen - $7C
5
trieu Trdn trong viec
6

1275
Hop T n e t Nhi Hai Nha (Hap Tan Nhi Hai Nha)
quan ly da't nude nhfl
- ftt»JL»S=
7
1281
Bot Nhan Thiet Moc Nhi (Bat Nhan Thiep Moc
td chieu gfli vua Trdn
Nhi) - » l » f t * J L
Thanh Tdng nam 1267
"Trudc day Trdm sai
Nam 1261, vua Tran Thai Tdng efl sfl quan Dat Id hoa xich la Nau ThQ Dinh
gia la Lg Phu Trdn va Chu Bac Lam sang (Nap Lat Dinh) qua, khanh va eac tdi nen
Nguyen xin thdng hieu. Vua Nguyen The' yen chi lo viee nudc" (10). De'n nam 1267
Td HIn eho sfl gia sang Dai Viet ydu eau ll (11) thi viec dat quan Dat 16 hoa xich trd
vat hang nam va trieu Tran thuan tinh thanh mgt trong sau dilu ("Iuc sU") (12) bdt
trilu cdng theo dmh ky 3 nam 1 lan. Vdi
bude ma cac vua Trdn phai thuc hien ddi
hanh dgng vua Tran Thanh Tdng thdng
vdi trieu Nguyen.
hieu va dat quan he trilu ed'ng, Nguyen
Nau Lat Dinh edn dUdc Nguyen The To
The To coi Dai Viet nhu la mdt vung da't
ban hd phu gid'ng nhu vua Tran vdi ham
phu thudc tUdng dUdng vdi cdp chinh quyen
nghia vien quan nay cd quyen hanh ngang
dia phuong tai Trung Qud'c. \ ^ vay, viec
vdi vua Trdn. Cac sfl gia trieu Nguyin de
chfle quan Dat 16 hoa xich dUdc dat tai Dai
cap de'n kha ro ve chflc nang cua Dat 16 hoa

Viet cung la chi la viec tat nhien ma thdi.
xich Nap Lat Dinh la "di lai giam sat viec
Thdi gian trilu Nguyen chinh thflc dat
quan Dat 16 hoa xich ed sfl khac nhau gifla cai tri" (13) va trong Nguyen su; cung khang
cac tu lieu. Theo Dai Viet sii ky todn thii dinh Bat 16 hoa xich thudng di lai gifla hai
nam 1261, trieu Nguyen bdt dau dat chQc nudc. Nhu vay, diem khac biet dau tien vl
Bat lo hoa xich tai Dai Viet; theo An Nam muc dich trong qua trinh dat quan Dat Id
chi luac, Khdm dinh Viet su" thong gidm hoa xich dd la quan Bat 16 hoa xich khdng
cUOng muc va Nguyen si thi nam 1262 thudng xuyen d tai Dai Vidt nhu quan Bat
trieu Nguyen mdi cfl quan Dat 16 hoa xich 16 hoa xich tai cac cap dia phudng khac cua
trieu Nguyen. Mat khac, Nguyen The To
tdi Dai Viet.
thudng Ilia chgn nhflng ngudi am hieu tinh
Trong ldi chieu gfli vua Trdn Thanh hinh Dai Viet hoac da tflng sang Dai Vilt
Tdng nam 1267 cua Nguyen The To da ly de gifl chflc Dai 16 hoa xich. D i n chQng nhfl
giai rd rang: "Trong bai Thanh che cua vua trfldng hdp vien quan Dat 16 hoa xich dau
Thai Td Hoang De; pham nhflng nfldc da tien tai Dai Viet la Nap Lat Dinh (14) da
quy phu vdi Trung Qud'c, thi vua phai than tflng sang Dai Viet hai lan vdi tu each la sQ


Chu-c quan Bat Ld Ijoa xich trong bang giao...
thdn mang chieu thu cua Nguyen The To
(15) vao thang 2 nam 1258 va thang 7 nam
1261 (16).
Nam 1275, trong td chieu gfli vua Trdn
Thanh Tdng, Nguyen The To lai tiep tuc
nhah manh den vai trd cua quan Dat 16 hoa
xich: "Theo che dp cua td tdng da quy dinh,
pham cac nfldc ndi phu thi vua phai than
vao chdu, gfli con em lam tin, bien nap dan

so', nap thue' Id, nop dan trd binh va vdn dat
quan Dat 16 hoa xich de thdng tri" (17).
Xet ve thdi gian, quan Dat Id hoa xich
dat tai Dai Viet tfl nam 1262 den nam
1281. Day la giai doan bang giao hda hao
gifla trilu Tran va trieu Nguyen (giai doan
sau cudc xung dot lan thQ nha't (1258) va
trfldc cupc xung dot lan thfl hai (1285) gifla
hai nfldc). Day cung la thdi ky vua Nguyen
The To tQng budc hien thflc hda gia'c md 'Tsa
ehu the gidi". Khao khat cua Nguyen The
To ngay cang chay bong sau khi xUng
vUdng vao nam 1260. Quan Dat 16 hoa xich
khdng chi ddn gian la mpt vien quan dai
dien cho chinh quyen cua trieu Nguyen tai
Dai Viet ma cdn lien quan mat thie't den
chinh sach khuyech trUdng md rpng lanh
thd eua vua Nguyen The' To. Nguyen The
To tam chap nhan rut quan khdi Dai Viet
vao nam 1258 de tap trung muc tieu tan
cdng tieu diet t r i l u Nam Td'ng nhung
khdng tfl bd y dinh thdn tinh Dai Viet. Dai
Viet chinh la dia diem xung yeu dau tien
cdn phai khua't phuc trong ke hoach chinh
phuc khu vflc Ddng Nam A. Trieu Nguyen
dung uy the cua nfldc ldn, dat quan Dat 16
hoa xich nham tao sflc ep dd'i vdi Dai Viet.
Khi vua Nguyen The Td san sang ehuan hi
mgi Iflc lUdng cho ke hoach xam Ifldc Dai
Viet thi tfl sau nam 1281, quan Bat 16 hoa

xich khdng cdn dUdc nhdc tdi trong bang
giao hai nUdc.

Theo Trdn Trpng Kim trong "Viet Nam
sic luac", muc dich cua trieu Nguyen do la:
"mud'n biet nhan vat tai san nUdc Nam ta
cd nhiing gi va hpc va'n ky xao ra lam sao,
de heu dUdng ma danh lay cho tien. Va tuy
rang viec chinh tri van de cho vua nfldc
Nam nhUng dat quan giam tri de ddn ddn
lap thanh Bao hp" (18).
Nhu vay, viec dat chflc quan Dat 16 hoa
xich thuc cha't la mpt bUdc chuan hi day
tinh toan trong ke hoach thdn tinh Dai Viet
eua Nguyen The Td.
3. T r i e u Tran "vo hieu h o a " quan
Dat 16 hoa xich
Dd'i phd vdi am mUu va thfl doan tham
hiem cua Nguyen The To, cac vua Tran da
tiing budc "vd hieu hda" hoat ddng cua
quan Bat 16 hoa xich.
Giai doan dau Bat 16 hoa xich mdi dUpc
dat tai Dai Viet, vua Tran Thanh Tdng da
to y tie'p nhan. Ngay sau khi Nau Lat Dinh
giQ chflc Dat 16 hoa xich nam 1262, vua
Tran Thanh Tdng da cfl sQ gia la Dfldng An
Dfldng sang trieu Nguyen dang bieu ta dn
(19). Nam 1266, vua Tran Thanh Tdng tiep
tuc cfl Dudng An Dfldng sang trieu Nguyen
xin dinh lai mot so' vat pham trieu cdng va

xin cho Nap Lat Dinh "lam Dat 16 hoa xich
dai ban" (20).
Tuy nhien chi vai nam sau dd, nam
1267, vua Nguyen The To da td y khdng hai
long ve viec quan Dot 16 hoa xich Nau Lat
Dinh bi trieu Tran kiem soat chat ehe. Vua
Nguyen The To gii chieu thu tdi vua Tran
Thanh Tdng bay td rang: "Nay nghe Nau
ThQ Dinh d ben ay, cd nhieu sU thudng bi
chd'ng bang ca'm doan, khdng cho dfldc hpi
dam" (21). Hieu rd mUu do dd xet tinh hinh
Dai Viet cua quan Bat 16 hoa xich nen trilu
Trdn ban che' sfl tie'p xuc cua vien quan nay
ddi vdi cac thanh phan dan eU. Ben canh


20
dd, trieu Tran khdng coi Dat 16 hoa xich vdi
tu each la vien quan hd trd cdng viec cai tri
da't nude do trieu Nguyen cfl den nen ta't
yeu tfl chd'i cac buoi gap gd tie'p xuc va trao
ddi dam luan. Trilu Tran mdt mat vdn tiep
nhan Bat 16 hoa xich lam "hai long" trilu
Nguyen nham duy tri bang giao hda hao
nhUng thUc chat thi "phong tda" hoat ddng
ciia Bat 16 hoa xich tai Dai Viet. Rd rang
vdi dpng thai cua trilu Trdn thi quan Bat
Id hoa xich se khdng the gay ton hai cho ldi
ieh qud'c gia Dai Viet.
Nha nghien cQu Ha Van Ta'n va Pham

Thi Tam eho rdng trilu Tran da khdng che'
Nau Lat Dinh bang nhieu bien phap de
ngan can viec do tham tinh hinh. Vi vay
vua Trdn cdn ra lenh ca'm nhan dan khdng
dUde ndi chuydn vdi ngUdi Hdi Hot (hay edn
ggi la ngudi Duy Ngd Nhi thudng sinh sd'ng
d vung Tan Cudng, Trung Qud'c) dang d
tren da't Dai Viet vi lo ngai rang hg cd the
la nhflng gian diep cua trilu Nguyen hoac
vi hg dl tiet Id tinh hinh Dai Vidt vdi Dgt 16
hoa xich (22).
Cung trong nam 1267, Nguyen The To
chi trich gay gdt hanh dgng nay ciia vua
Tran la se chi gay thdm hilm khich trong
hoat ddng bang giao gifla hai nude ma thdi:
"qua nhu the thi cd phai ll nghia than mat
trong mdt nha dau! Nghia vua tdi cung nhu
tinh phu tfl, cd le gi tdi ma phan vua, eon
ma phan lai cha sao? Neu TrSm khdng ndi
ra, thi dai khanh khdng cd sU thanh that,
khanh nen nghi lai cho chin chdn de trdn
sfl giao hao trudc sau nhU mdt" (23). Vi vay
nam 1268, Nguyen The To cfl Hot Lung
Hai Nha sang thay Nap Lat Dinh lam Dat
16 hoa xich.
Den nam 1275, vua Tran Thanh Tdng da
to ra quyet liet hdn khi dang chieu thU xin
bai miln chfle quan Dgt 16 hoa xich tai Dai
Viet. Td bieu cua vua Trdn Thanh Tdng

Rghien euu lijch sir, sd 9.2014
dfldc ghi lai cu the trong Nguyen sii: "Den
khi thien trilu sai dat Dgt 16 hoa xich, den
ehd'n bien canh than, sao ed the v l khdng,
hud'ng hd hanh nhan cua hg hanh ddng dfla
dam, ha hiep tidu qud'c. Tuy anh sang cua
thien tfl cd hdn vang nhat nguyet, sao cd
the chieu den chon phuc bdn. Va lai, Dat Id
hoa xich cd the thi hanh de'n ehd'n bidn man
ngu muoi, da ed than dupe vUdng phong la
Phien binh (24) mdt phfldng, ma lai lap
thdm Dat 16 hoa xich dd trdng coi giam sat,
ha khdng bi cae nudc chu hau che cfldi sao?
Den de ddn ddc tu co'ng, ai trong Idng vui
phuc ma den cdng nap! ... Pham quan do
thien trieu sai khien, xin chuyen lam sfl
ddn tien vao, miln eho sfl che chd cua Bgt
16 hoa xich, khdng nhflng la dieu may mdn
cua vi than, ma thflc la dilu hanh phuc eua
mudn dan mot nfldc vay" (25).
Trong Khdm dinh Viit sii thong gidm
cUang muc, ndi dung ldi tau bidu cua vua
Tran Thanh Tdng dUdc tdm tdt ngdn gpn
nhu sau: "Chflc quan Dgt Id hoa xich chi cd
the dat d cac nfldc man di ngoai bien gidi,
cdn nudc tdi nhfl cai phen cai giau che chd
eho mdt phfldng, ma lai dat chflc quan ay
de kiem soat cdng viec, thi cha bi nfldc khac
che cudi hay sao? Xm ddi quan chQc a'y lam
Ddn ta'n sit" (26).

Nhu vay, vua Tran Thanh Tdng da chi
ra hai nguyen nhan quan trpng de bai miln
quan Dgt 16 hoa xich. Nguyen nhdn thii
nhdt xua't phat tfl vi the'cua Dai Viet vdi tU
each la nudc da dUdc phong vUdng tfle la d
vi the ciia chu hau thi khdng cdn dat quan
giam sat nhu cac nUde nhd be d vung bien
viin chua dUdc vua Nguyen thfla nhan va
phong Vfldng. Nguyen nhdn thii hai la sfl
long quyen cua Dgt Id hoa xich hay eay the
chen ep. Vua Trdn Thanh Tdng de nghi
thay the Dgt 16 hoa xich bdng quan Ddn
tie'n sii, tfle la vien quan vdi tu each la
ngudi truyin du cac chidu chi cua trilu


Chfle quan BatLd Ijoa xich trong bang giao...
Nguyen tdi Dai Viet ma thoi.
ThUe te la boat ddng cua Dgt Id hoa
xich trudc va sau nam 1275 cung khong cd
nhieu thay ddi khi thudng xuyen dam nhan
cdng viec cua mgt sfl gia mang chieu thu
cua vua Nguyen tdi Dai Viet. Nam 1262,
Nap Lat Dinh dUdc gifl chQc Dgt 16 hoa xich
nhung thang 2 nam 1266, Nap Lat Dinh lai
mang chieu thu ciia Nguyen Thai Td sang
Dai Viet giai thich ve viec dung binh cua
quan Nguyen nam 1258 (27). Cac tai lieu
sfl sach cua Viet Nam va Trung Qud'c cung
khdng de cap defi khoang thdi gian nao cu

the Nau Lat Dinh luu tru tai Dai Viet tfl
sau nam 1262.
Tudng tu, cac quan Dgt Id hoa xich tiep
sau chi dUdc nhdc den vdi tu each la ngUdi
dan dau doan sfl bd vdi nhiem vu la mang
chieu thfl cua vua Nguyen ma thdi. Thang
10 nam 1272, Nguyen The Td lay Diep
Thflc Niet lam Dgt Id hoa xich va Ly
Nguyen lam Phd sfl sang Dai Viet hdi ve
viec bien gidi. Nam 1273, Diep Thflc Niet
chet, Ly Nguyen dfldc gifl chflc Dgt 16 hoa
xich va Hdp Triet Nhi Hai Nha lam phd sfl
sang trach cfl viee vua Tran Thanh Tdng
nhan ehieu thu khdng ehiu lay va ngdi d vi
tri cao hdn sfl gia cua trieu Nguyen trong
yen tiec. Nam 1275 (28), sau khi binh dUdc
vflng Giang Nam, Nguyen The To cii Hdp
Triet Nhi Hai Nha lam Dgt 16 hoa xich vk
Ly Khdc Tu lam phd sfl de tuyen du nhdc
nhd ve 6 viec ma cac vua Tran phai thUc
hien dac biet la phai giup dan va binh
luong. Sfl kien cuo'i eflng la nam 1281, Bdt
Nhan Thiet Mgc Nhi (Ba't Nhan Thiep Mgc
Nhi) dUdc cut lam Dgt 16 hoa xich cimg vdi
sai Xuan va LI Cha'n linh binh dUa Trdn Di
Ai v l Dai Viet mUu dd dUng nen trilu dinh
bu nhin thay the su cai tri cua vua Trdn
Nhan Tdng (29). Tfl sau nam 1281, quan
Dgt lo hoa xich hoan toan bien mat trong
hoat dpng bang giao giQa trieu Tran vdi

trilu Nguyen.
Nhu vay, nhQng sU kien tren da chflng
td trieu Nguyen hoan toan khdng thuc hien
dQde muc dich dat ra tfl dau dm vdi viec dat
quan Dgt 16 hoa xich tai Dai Viet. Quan
Dgt 16 hoa xich thuc ehdt chi la ngudi dflng
dau phai doan sfl bg eua trieu Nguyen khi
tdi Dai Viet ma thoi. Du ddi hdi phai dfldc
giam sat cung nhfl tham gia boat dgng
cung vdi trieu dinh trung Udng nhUng Dgt
Id hoa xich khdng lam gi hdn ngoai nhi6m
vu truyen chieu thu cua Nguyen Thd To.
Dat Id hoa xich chi lam trdn vai trd cua
ngfldi di sQ ma thdi. Trong Idi chieu du nam
1286, Nguyen The To da phai thfla nhan sfl
that bai cua viec dat quan Dgt 16 hoa xich
tai Dai Viet va quy ke't rang dd chinh la
mdt trong nhilu nguyen nhan dan tdi cugc
ta'n edng nam 1285 nhfl sau: "TrUdc day,
nfldc khanh la Tran (chi vua Nhan Tdng
nha Tran) da chiu than phue, theo nien Ie
cdng hien, ma khdng chiu than hanh vao
chau. Nhan Tran Di Ai thuc phu cua dng dy
sang day, ta giao viec nfldc .An Nam eho y,
sai sfl thdn dUa y ve nUdc thi bi hai. Cdn
Dgt 16 hoa xich la Ba't Nhan Thiep Mgc Nhi
eua ta sai den, lai bi khUdc di, khdng tiep
nhan. De'n viec dem quan qua danh Chidm
Thanh, Ie nen tiep te ma lai bo khdng eung

edp ^ ea, vi vay, Tra'n Nam VUdng Thoat
Hoan va Hanh tinh A Ly Hai Nha tien
binh" (30).
4. N h a n xet
TrUdc khi chinh thflc ta'n cdng Dai Viet
nam 1285, trieu Nguyen da chuan bi ra't ky
ludng. Nham hdp thflc hda boat ddng tham
dd tinh hinh Dai Viet, chi hai nam sau khi
Ien ngoi Dai han, Nguyen The Td da dat
chflc quan Dgt 16 hoa xich. Chflc quan nay
tdn tai trong vdng 20 nam thflc hien bang
giao hda hao gifla hai vUdng trilu (tfl nam
1262 de'n nam 1281),


Rghien cflu Lich sir, so 9.2Q14
Cung vdi qua trinh md rdng xam ehie'm
them nhilu lanh thd tren the gidi, Bgt 16
hoa xich tQ mgt quan lai cap dia phUdng
nhanh chdng trd thanh vien quan dai dien
cho quyen luc giam sat cua vUdng trieu
Nguyen tren nhflng vung dat mdi. Nguyen
The Td dat quan Dat 16 hoa xich khdng chi
mud'n phd trUdng thanh the ma cdn the
hien tham vpng dung Iflc lUdng nay nhU
mpt chieu bai hQu dung tren bfldc dudng
hidn thflc hda am mUu thdn tinh ddi vdi
Dai Viet.

thd Dai Viet ma chi den khi mang theo

ehieu thu, truyen chi du ciia Nguyen The
Td tdi cac vua Tran ma thdi. Trilu Nguyen
da hoan toan tha't bai trong ke hoach dat
-iuan Dgt Id hoa xich giam sat tinh hinh
Dai Viet,

Day cung ehinh la mdt thanh cdng cua
vUdng trieu Tran trong qua trinh thuc hien
bang giao ddy cam go vdi trilu Nguyen.
Thanh cdng nay khdng chi chflng td dUdc
ban linh cua cae vua Tran ma edn the hien
tinh than ddc lap tfl chii quyet khdng de ldi
Tuy nhien, trilu Tran da kheo leo tflng ich qud'c gia bi xam pham ciia vfldng trieu
budc "vd hieu hda" boat ddng cua quan Bgt Tran. Ban linh a'y, tinh than ay ra't can
16 hoa xich. Nhflng vien quan Dgt 16 hoa dUdc tiep tuc duy tri trong ehinh sach dd'i
xich dUde cfl tdi Dai Viet vdi nhiem vu va ngoai cua Viet Nam trUdc nhflng bien
quyen han khdng hdn gi mpt vien sfl than. chuyen khon Ifldng cua quan hg qudc te
Dgt 16 hoa xich khdng luu tru lai tren lanh hien nay.
CHU THICH
(1). Quan giam tri hoac tran thu.

(8), Trong Dai Vict sii ky todn thii va An Nam

(2). Vua thifdng cii trong than lam ngUdi dai
dien cho hoang that gifl chflc nay.
(3). Quoc stt quan trieu Nguyin: Kham

chi lUOc ghi la Nau Lat Dinh, Lich tniu

hien.

chitang loai chi ghi la Nap Lat Dinh, Nguyen su"
dinh

Vi4t su: thong gidm ciCdng muc, Nxb. Giao due, Ha

vife't la Not Lap Dmh,
(9), (10), (19). Le Tdc: An Nam chi luac. Nxb
Thuan Hoa - Trung tam van hoa ngon ngfl Dong

N6i, 1999, tr 489.
(4). La mot vUdng quo'c Phat giao, pham vi lanh

Tay, Ha Noi, 2002, tr. 73.
(11) Theo Nguyen s& la nam 1267, theo Khdm

thd nay thuoc Tan Cflcing, Trung Quoc.
(5). Toe nguili song du cit b khu vUc bien gi6i

dinh Viet sit thong gidm cUctng muc la nSm 1266.

phia Bdc cua Trung A Tfl t h e k y III, ngfldi Hung

(12) Sau viec do !a vua than sang chau, cho con

No da kiS'm soat khu vflc thao nguyen rong 16n vl

em sang lam con tin, ke nop so' dan trong nfldc,

phia tay keo dai den tan khu vflc Kavkaz.

nop mot so' quan, nop to thue va vdn dat chflc quan

(6). Tfl nam 1219, T n e u Tien da xflng than nop
cong, tfl nhiin lam thuoc quoc ciia Mong Co.
Nhflng den nam 1224, sfl gia Mong Co tren dfldng

Dat 16 hoa xich d€ giam tri.
(13). Quoc sfl quan trieu Nguyin: Kham

dinh

Viet sU thdng gidm cU
tfl Trieu Tien trcf ve bi giet hai nen quan he hai

(14). Nap Lat Dinh la ngUcJi Hdi giao. Ngflcli

nfldc trcf nen cang thdng, Sau do Oa Khoat Dai

Hgi giao 6 vung Trung A, Tay A Tai nhflng nflflc

dem quan tan cong Trieu Tien, Trieu Tien that

Mong Co chiem dong da sQ dung chinh sach la'y

bai.

ngudi dan toe nay eai tri dan toe khac. NgUdi Hoi

(7). Gom An Nam chi lUdc, Bai Viet sU ky toan
thii, Kham dinh Viit sit thdng gidm cMng
Nguyen

si.

muc,

giao (Musulman) va ngUdi Hoi Hot (Uigur) bi quan
Mong Cd chmh phue s6m nha't va cflng theo M6ng
Co s6m nhat nen dUOe Mong Co tm dung thfldng


Churc quan Eat L6 l^oa xich trong bang giao...
dfla di eai tri cac dan tpc khac, ThcJi gian nay,
Mong Co dUa nhieu ngUcli Hoi giao tdi lam quan

22
(19), (20). Quoc sfl quan trieu Nguyen: Kham dinh
Viet si thong gidm citdng muc, s&A, tr. 489, 494,

cai tri hoac cSm gifl binh quyin d cac dia phUdng

(22) Ha Van Tan, Pham Thi Tam: Cuoc khdng

vung Van Nam. Thang 2 nam 1258 va thang 1

chien chong xam litac Nguyen Mong the ky XIII,

nam 1261, Nap Lat Dinh da gifl vai tro sfl gia

Nxb, Khoa hoc xa hpi. Ha Noi, 1972, tr, 94.

mang chieu thfl cua Nguyen The To sang Dai Viet.
(15). Vao thcfi diem nSm 1258, Nguyen The To
v l n chua chinh thflc xUng Dai han.
(16). Theo Khdm

dinh

(24). Chflc quan trpng thdn dam nhan trpng
trach tran gifl vflng bien ai.
(25), (29). Nguyin si. Trung Hoa thfl cue xuat

ViSt su: thong

gidm

ctictng muc thi Ian thfl hai la vao thang 6 nam
1261.

ban, Bae Kinh, 1976, quyen 209 "An Nam truyen".
(26), (27). Quoc sii quan trilu Nguyin: Khdm
dinh Viet su: thong gidm ciicfng miic, sdd, tr 502-

(17), (21), (23), (30). Lg Tic: An Nam chi luac,
sdd, tr. 74, 73, 73, 76.

503, 497.
(28). Nguyen

(18). Tran Trong Kim: Viet Nam sA Imc, Nxb
Tdng hop Thanh pho H6 Chi Minh, 2005, tr. 122.

sii ghi sfl kien nay nam 1275

nhUng Bai Viet sU ky todn thU lai de cAp tfii sfl
kien nay vao nam 1276.

CIIAMl'A V 6 l TIIE GI«iI BIEN DOIVG VA AN DO c 6 XlJA
(Tiep theo trang 15)
CHU THICH
(1). J.Y. Clayes - Fouilles a Tra Kiiu BEFEO
XXVIIl

Cung xem Romila Thapar • A History of India

(2). Ludng Ninh - Hda Diem, Xom Con Sa
Huynh. Tap chiKhdo cohoc, so 2-2001.
Ocean,A

of People and the Sea, Delhi-NewYork,

1993.
(4). Rama

- Penguin 1984.
(6). Hsiao Chun Hung et al. Ancient jades

(3). Kenneth Mc Pherson-TAe Indian

History

Formation In Ancient India, MacMillan 1982.

of Prehistoric

Exchange

map

in SEA, PNAS, Dec.ll,

2007.
(7). Benedict P.K.- A ChamColony on the Island

Shankar

Tripathi

History

Ancient India T.l, 2, 3, Delhi 1942.
(5). R S Sharma - Material Culture

of

of Hainan. Havard JAS 1941.
(8). Peter Bellwood, James J.Fox et al - The

&Social

Austronesians

- ANU Press, 2006.