ngữ pháp tiếng anh đầy đủ nhất

Mục lục

Ex:

i


Grammar Review

Mt cõu trong ting Anh bao gm cỏc thnh phn sau õy
SUBJECT - VERB AS PREDICATE - COMPLEMENT - MODIFIER
(OBJECT)
DIRECT

INDIRECT

SUBJECT cú th l mt ng t nguyờn th, mt VERB_ING, mt i t, song nhiu nht vn l mt
danh t. Chỳng bao gi cng ng u cõu, lm ch ng v quyt nh vic chia ng t. Vỡ l danh
t nờn chỳng liờn quan n nhng vn sau:
Danh t m c v khụng m c (Count noun/ Non - count noun)
Danh t m c: Dựng c vi s m, do ú nú cú hỡnh thỏi s ớt, s nhiu. Nú cú th dựng
c vi "a" v "the".
Danh t khụng m c: Khụng dựng c vi s m, do ú nú khụng cú hỡnh thỏi s ớt, s
nhiu. Nú khụng th dựng c vi "a", cũn "the" ch trong mt s trng hp c bit.
Mt s danh t m c cú hỡnh thỏi s nhiu c bit.
Mt s danh t m c cú dng s ớt/ s nhiu nh nhau ch phõn bit bng cú "a" v khụng cú
"a"
Ex: an aircraft/ aircraft; a sheep/ sheep; a fish/ fish.
1.

Mt s cỏc danh t khụng m c nh food, meat, money, sand, water ... i khi c dựng nh

cỏc danh t s nhiu ch cỏc dng, loi khỏc nhau ca danh t ú.
Ex: water -> waters (Nc -> nhng vng nc)
Danh t "time" nu dựng vi ngha l "thi gian" l khụng m c nhng khi dựng vi ngha l
"thi i" hay "s ln" l danh t m c.
Ex: Ancient times (Nhng thi c i) - Modern times (nhng thi hin i)
Bng s 1 trang 45 l cỏc nh ng dựng c vi cỏc danh t m c v khụng m c.
Vic xỏc nh danh t m c v khụng m c l ht sc quan trng v thng l bc c bn
m u cho cỏc bi nghe/ ng phỏp ca TOEFL.

1

cấm sao chép với mọi hình thức cục bản quyền thuộc về phạm văn tín trung tâm
đào tạọ ngoại ngữ việt nam


Quỏn t khụng xỏc nh "a" v "an"

Dựng "an" trc mt danh t bt u bng:
o 4 nguyờn õm A, E, I, O.
o 2 bỏn nguyờn õm U, Y.
o Nhng danh t bt u bng "h" cõm (an heir/ an hour)
o Nhng t m u bng mt ch vit tt (an S.O.S/ an M.P)
o Lu ý: ng trc mt danh t m u bng "uni..." phi dựng "a" (a university/ a
uniform)
Dựng "a" trc danh t bt u bng mt ph õm.
c dựng trc mt danh t khụng xỏc nh v mt v trớ/ tớnh cht/ c im hoc c nhc n
ln u tiờn trong cõu.
Dựng trong cỏc thnh ng ch s lng nht nh nh: a lot of/ a great deal of/ a couple/ a dozen.
Dựng trc nhng s m nht nh thng l hng ngn, hng trm nh a/ one hundred - a/one
thousand.

Dựng trc "half" (mt na) khi nú theo sau mt n v nguyờn vn: a kilo and a half, hay khi nú
i ghộp vi mt danh t khỏc ch na phn (khi vit cú du gch ni): a half - share, a half holiday (ngy l ch ngh na ngy).
Dựng vi cỏc n v phõn s nh 1/3 a/one third - 1/5 a /one fifth.
Dựng trong cỏc thnh ng ch giỏ c, tc , t l: $5 a kilo, 60 kilometers an hour, 4 times a day.
Dựng trc cỏc danh t s ớt m c. trong cỏc thỏn t what a nice day/ such a long life.
A + Mr/ Mrs/ Ms + family name = mt ụng/ b/ cụ no ú (khụng quen bit)

2

cấm sao chép với mọi hình thức cục bản quyền thuộc về phạm văn tín trung tâm
đào tạọ ngoại ngữ việt nam


Quỏn t xỏc nh "The"

Dựng trc mt danh t ó c xỏc nh c th v mt tớnh cht, c im, v trớ hoc c nhc
n ln th hai trong cõu.
The + danh t + gii t + danh t
Ex: The girl in blue, the Gulf of Mexico.
Dựng trc nhng tớnh t so sỏnh bc nht hoc only.
Ex: The only way, the best day.
Dựng cho nhng khong thi gian xỏc nh (thp niờn): In the 1990s
The + danh t + i t quan h + mnh ph
Ex: The man /to whom you have just spoken /is the chairman
Trc mt danh t ng ý ch mt vt riờng bit
Ex: She is in the (= her) garden
The + danh t s ớt tng trng cho mt nhúm thỳ vt hoc vt
Ex: The whale = whales (loi cỏ voi), the deep-freeze (thc n ụng lnh)
Lu ý: Nhng i vi man khi mang ngha "loi ngi" tuyt i khụng c dựng "the".
Ex: Since man lived on the earth (k t khi loi ngi sinh sng trờn trỏi t ny)

Dựng trc mt danh t s ớt ch mt nhúm, mt hng ngi nht nh trong xó hi.
Ex: The small shopkeeper: Gii ch tim nh/ The top offcial: Gii quan chc cao cp
The + adj: Tng trng cho mt nhúm ngi, chỳng khụng bao gi c phộp s nhiu nhng
c xem l cỏc danh t s nhiu. Do vy ng t v i t i cựng vi chỳng phi ngụi th 3 s
nhiu.
Ex: The old = The old people/ The unemployed/ The disabled are often very hard in their moving
The + tờn cỏc vựng/ khu vc ó ni ting v mt a lý hoc lch s
Ex: The Sahara (desert)/ The Siberia (tundra)/ The Normandic
The + East/ West/ South/ North + Danh t
used as adjective
Ex: Ex: The North/ South Pole
(Bc/ Nam Cc)
Ex: Ex: The East End of London
(Khu ụng Lụn ụn)
*Nhng khụng c dựng THE trc cỏc t ny nu nú i lin vi tờn chõu lc hoc quc gia:
West Germany, North America...
The + tờn gi cỏc i hp xng/ dn nhc c in/ ban nhc ph thụng
Ex: The Back Choir/ The Philharmonique Philadelphia Orchestra/ The Beatles.
The + tờn gi cỏc t bỏo (khụng tp chớ)/ tu bin/ cỏc khinh khớ cu.

3

cấm sao chép với mọi hình thức cục bản quyền thuộc về phạm văn tín trung tâm
đào tạọ ngoại ngữ việt nam


Ex: The Times/ The Titanic/ The Hindenberg
The + h mt gia ỡnh s nhiu = gia ỡnh nh
Ex: The Smiths = Mr/ Mrs Smith and children
Dựng trc tờn h ca mt ngi xỏc nh ngi ú trong s nhng ngi trựng tờn.

Khụng c dựng "the" trc cỏc danh t ch ba n trong ngy tr cỏc trng hp c bit.
Ex: We ate breakfast at 8 am this morning
Ex: The dinner that you invited me last week were delecious.
Khụng c dựng "the" trc mt s danh t nh home, bed, church, court, jail, prison,
hospital, school, class, college, university v.v... khi nú i vi cỏc ng t v gii t ch chuyn
ng ch i n ú vỡ mc ớch chớnh hoc ra khi ú cng vỡ mc ớch chớnh.
Ex: Students go to school everyday.
Ex: The patient was released from hospital.
Nhng nu n ú hoc ra khi ú khụng vỡ mc ớch chớnh bt buc phi dựng "the".
Ex: Students go to the school for a class party.
Ex: The doctor left the hospital afterwork
*Lu ý: trong American English hospital v university phi dựng vi THE:
Ex: He was in the hospital (in hospital as a patient).
Ex: She was unhappy at the university (at the university as a student).
Mt s trng hp c bit
Go to work = Go to the office.
To be at work
To be hard at work (lm vic chm ch)
To be in office (ng nhim) <> To be out of office (ó món nhim)
Go to sea = i bin (nh nhng thy th)
Go to the sea = ra bin, thng ngh
To be at the sea: gn bin
To be at sea ( trờn bin) trong mt chuyn hi hnh.
go to town: i vo trung tõm/ i ph - To be in town ( trung tõm) khi town l ca ngi núi.
Bng s dng "the" v khụng s dng "the" trong mt s trng hp in hỡnh
Cú "The"
Khụng "The"
Dựng trc tờn cỏc i dng, sụng ngũi, Trc tờn mt h
bin, vnh v cỏc h ( s nhiu)
Ex: Lake Geneva

Ex: The Red Sea, the Atlantic Ocean, the
Persian Gufl, the Great Lakes
Trc tờn cỏc dóy nỳi
Ex: The Rocky Mountains
Trc tờn nhng vt th duy nht trong
v tr hoc trờn th gii
Ex: The earth, the moon
The Great Wall
The schools, colleges, universities + of +
danh t riờng

Trc tờn mt ngn nỳi
Ex: Mount Vesuvius
Trc tờn cỏc hnh tinh hoc cỏc chũm
sao
Ex: Venus, Mars
Trc tờn cỏc trng ny nu trc nú l
mt tờn riờng

4

cấm sao chép với mọi hình thức cục bản quyền thuộc về phạm văn tín trung tâm
đào tạọ ngoại ngữ việt nam


Ex: The University of Florida

Ex: Stetson University

the + s th t + danh t

Ex: The third chapter.

Trc cỏc danh t i cựng vi mt s
m
Ex: Chapter three

Trc tờn cỏc cuc chin tranh khu vc
vi iu kin tờn khu vc ú phi c
tớnh t hoỏ
Ex: The Korean War (=> The Vietnamese
economy)
Trc tờn cỏc nc cú hai t tr lờn Trc tờn cỏc nc m u bng New,
(ngoi tr Great Britain)
mt tớnh t ch hng hoc ch cú mt t
Ex: The United States
Ex: New Zealand, North Korean, France
Trc tờn cỏc lc a, tnh, tiu bang,
Trc tờn cỏc nc c coi l mt qun
thnh ph, qun, huyn
o hoc mt qun o
Ex: Europe, Florida
Ex: The Philipines
Trc tờn cỏc ti liu hoc s kin lch s
Ex: The Constitution, The Magna Carta
Trc tờn cỏc nhúm dõn tc thiu s
Ex: the Indians
Trc tờn bt kỡ mụn th thao no
Ex: baseball, basketball
Trc cỏc danh t tru tng (tr mt s
trng hp c bit)

Ex: freedom, happiness
Trc tờn cỏc mụn hc c th
Ex: The Solid matter Physics

Trc tờn cỏc mụn hc núi chung
Ex: mathematics
Trc tờn cỏc ngy l, tt
Ex: Christmas, Thanksgiving

5

cấm sao chép với mọi hình thức cục bản quyền thuộc về phạm văn tín trung tâm
đào tạọ ngoại ngữ việt nam


Cỏch s dng another v other.

Hai t ny tuy ging nhau v mt ngha nhng khỏc nhau v mt ng phỏp.
Dựng vi danh t m c
Dựng vi danh t khụng m c
another + danh t m c s ớt = mt
cỏi na, mt cỏi khỏc, mt ngi na,
mt ngi khỏc.
the other + danh t m c s ớt =
cỏi cũn li (ca mt b), ngi cũn li
(ca mt nhúm).
Other + danh t m c s nhiu = Other + danh t khụng m c =
my cỏi na, my cỏi khỏc, my ngi
mt chỳt na.
na, my ngi khỏc.

The other + danh t m c s nhiu The other + danh t khụng m c =
= nhng cỏi cũn li (ca mt b), nhng
ch cũn sút li.
ngi cũn li (ca mt nhúm).
Ex: I don't want this book. Please give me another.
(another = any other book - not specific)
I don't want this book. Please give me the other.
(the other = the other book, specific)
Another v other l khụng xỏc nh trong khi The other l xỏc nh, nu ch ng hoc danh t ó
c nhc n trờn thỡ di ch cn dựng Another hoc other nh mt i t l .
Nu danh t c thay th l s nhiu: Other -> Others. Khụng bao gi c dựng Others + danh
t s nhiu. Ch c dựng mt trong hai.
Trong mt s trng hp ngi ta dựng i t thay th one hoc ones ng sau another hoc other.
Lu ý: This hoc That cú th dựng vi one nhng These v Those khụng c dựng vi ones.

6

cấm sao chép với mọi hình thức cục bản quyền thuộc về phạm văn tín trung tâm
đào tạọ ngoại ngữ việt nam


Cỏch s dng little, a little, few, a few
Little + danh t khụng m c = rt ớt, khụng (cú khuynh hng ph nh)
Ex: I have little money, not enough to buy groceries.
A little + danh t khụng m c = cú mt chỳt,
Ex: I have a little money, enough to buy groceries
Few + danh t m c s nhiu = cú rt ớt, khụng (cú khuynh hng ph nh)
Ex: I have few books, not enough for reference reading
A few + danh t m c s nhiu: cú mt chỳt,
Ex: I have a few records, enough for listening.

Trong mt s trng hp khi danh t trờn ó c nhc n thỡ phớa di ch cn dựng little
hoc few nh mt i t l .
Ex: Are you ready in money. Yes, a little.
Quite a few (m c) = Quite a bit (khụng m c) = Quite a lot (c hai) = rt nhiu.

7

cấm sao chép với mọi hình thức cục bản quyền thuộc về phạm văn tín trung tâm
đào tạọ ngoại ngữ việt nam


S hu cỏch

The noun's + noun: Ch c dựng cho nhng danh t ch ngi hoc ng vt, khụng dựng cho
cỏc vt.
Ex: The student's book
The cat's legs.
i vi danh t s nhiu ó cú sn "s" uụi ch cn dựng du phy
Ex: The students' book.
Nhng i vi nhng danh t i s nhiu c bit khụng "s" uụi vn phi dựng y du s
hu cỏch.
Ex: The children's toys.
The people's willing
Nu cú hai danh t cựng ng s hu cỏch thỡ danh t no ng gn danh t b s hu nht s
mang du s hu.
Ex: Paul and Peter's room.
i vi nhng tờn riờng hoc danh t ó cú sn "s" uụi cú th ch cn dựng du phy v nhn
mnh uụi khi c hoc dựng s hu cỏch v phi thay i cỏch c. Tờn riờng khụng dựng "the"
ng trc.
Ex: The boss' car = The boss's car [bosiz]

Agnes' house = Agnes's [siz] house.
Nú c dựng cho thi gian (nm, thỏng, thp niờn, th k)
Ex: The 1990s' events: nhng s kin ca thp niờn 90
The 21st century's prospects.
Cú th dựng cho cỏc mựa trong nm tr mựa xuõn v mựa thu. Nu dựng s hu cỏch cho hai mựa
ny thỡ ngi vit ó nhõn cỏch hoỏ chỳng. Ngy nay ngi ta dựng cỏc mựa trong nm nh mt tớnh
t cho cỏc danh t ng sau, ớt dựng s hu cỏch.
Ex: The Autumn's leaf: chic lỏ ca nng thu.
Dựng cho tờn cỏc cụng ty ln, cỏc quc gia
Ex: The Rockerfeller's oil products.

China's food.

i vi cỏc ca hiu cú ngh nghip c trng ch cn dựng danh t vi du s hu.
Ex: In a florist's
At a hairdresser's
c bit l cỏc tim n: Antonio's
Dựng trc mt s danh t bt ng vt ch trong mt s thnh ng
Ex: a stone's throw from ...(Cỏch ni õu mt tm ỏ nộm).

8

cấm sao chép với mọi hình thức cục bản quyền thuộc về phạm văn tín trung tâm
đào tạọ ngoại ngữ việt nam


Verb

ng t trong ting Anh Chia lm 3 thi chớnh:
Quỏ kh (Past)

Hin ti (Present)
Tng lai (Future)
Mi thi chớnh li chia thnh nhiu thi nh din t tớnh chớnh xỏc ca hnh ng.
1) Present
1) Simple Present
Khi chia ng t thi ny ngụi th 3 s ớt, phi cú "s" tn cựng v õm dú phi c c lờn
Ex: He walks.
Ex: She watches TV
Nú dựng din t mt hnh ng thng xuyờn xy ra hin ti, khụng xỏc nh c th v thi
gian, hnh ng lp i lp li cú tớnh qui lut.
Thng dựng vi mt s cỏc phú t ch thi gian nh today, present day, nowadays.
c bit nú dựng vi mt s phú t ch tn sut nh: always, sometimes, often, every + thi gian...
2) Present Progressive (be + V-ing)
Dựng din t mt hnh ng xy ra vo mt thi im nht nh ca hin ti. Thi im ny
c xỏc nh c th bng mt s phú t nh : now, rightnow, at this moment.
Dựng thay th cho thi tng lai gn, c bit l trong vn núi.
c bit lu ý nhng ng t bng sau khụng c chia th tip din dự bt c thi no khi
chỳng l nhng ng t tnh din t trng thỏi cm giỏc ca hot ng tinh thn hoc tớnh cht ca
s vt , s vic. Nhng khi chỳng quay sang hng dng t hnh ng thỡ chỳng li c phộp
dựng th tip din.
know
understand
have

believe
hate
need

hear
love

appear

see
like
seem

smell
want
taste

wish
sound
own

Ex: He has a lot of books.
He is having dinner now. (ng t hnh ng: n ti)
I think they will come in time
I'm thinking of my test tomorrow. (ng t hnh ng: ang ngh v)
3) Present Perfect : Have + PII
Dựng din t mt hnh ng xy ra t trong quỏ kh kộo di n hin ti v chm dt hin ti,
thi dim hnh ng hon ton khụng c xỏc nh trong cõu.
Ch mt hnh ng xy ra nhiu ln trong quỏ kh kộo di n hin ti
Ex: George has seen this movie three time.
Dựng vi 2 gii t SINCE/FOR+time

9

cấm sao chép với mọi hình thức cục bản quyền thuộc về phạm văn tín trung tâm
đào tạọ ngoại ngữ việt nam

Dựng vi already trong cõu khng nh, lu ý rng already cú th ng ngay sau have v cng cú
th ng cui cõu.
Dựng vi yet trong cõu ph nh, yet thng xuyờn ng cui cõu.
Dựng vi yet trong cõu nghi vn
Ex: Have you written your reports yet?
Trong mt s trng hp ph nh, yet cú th ng ngay sau have nhng phi thay i v mt ng
phỏp: not mt i v PII tr v dng nguyờn th cú to.
Ex: John has yet to learn the material = John hasn't learnt the material yet.
Dựng vi now that... (gi õy khi m...)
Ex: Now that you have passed the TOEFL test successfully, you can apply...
Dựng vi mt s phú t nh till now, untill now, so far (cho n gi). Nhng thnh ng ny cú th
ng u cõu hoc cui cõu.
Ex: So far the problem has not been resolved.
Dựng vi recently, lately (gn õy) nhng thnh ng ny cú th ng u hoc cui cõu.
Ex: I have not seen him recently.
Dựng vi before ng cui cõu.
Ex: I have seen him before.
4) Present Perfect Progressive : Have been V-ing
Dựng ging ht nh Present Perfect nhng hnh ng khụng chn dt hin ti m vn tip tc tip
din, thng xuyờn dựng vi since, for + time
Phõn bit cỏch dựng gia hai thi:
Present Perfect
Present Perfect Progressive
Hnh ng ó chm dt hin ti do ú ó Hnh ng vn tip din hin ti, cú kh
cú kt qu rừ rt.
nng lan ti tng lai do ú khụng cú kt
Ex: I've waited you for half an hour (and now I
qu rừ rt.
stop working because you didn't come).

Ex: I've been waiting for you for half an hour
(and now I'm still waiting, hoping that you'll
come)

2.

Past

1) Simple Past: V-ed
Mt s ng t trong ting Anh cú c dng Simple Past v Past Perfect bỡnh thng cng nh c
bit. Ngi Anh a dựng Simple past chia bỡnh thng v P2 c bit lm adj hoc trong dng b
ng
Ex: To light
lighted/lighted: He lighted the candles in his birthday cake.
lit/ lit: From a distance we can see the lit restaurant.

10

cấm sao chép với mọi hình thức cục bản quyền thuộc về phạm văn tín trung tâm
đào tạọ ngoại ngữ việt nam


Nú din t mt hnh ng ó xy ra t im trong quỏ kh, khụng liờn quan gỡ ti hin ti, thi
dim trong cõu c xỏc nh rừ rt bng mt s cỏc phú t ch thi gian nh yesterday, at that
moment, last + time
2) Past Progresseive: Was/Were + V-ing
Nú dựng din t mt hnh ng ang xy ra vo mt thi im nht nh ca quỏ kh. Thi
dim ú c din t c th = ngy, gi.
Nú dng kt hp vi mt simple past thụng qua 2 phú t ch thi gian l when v while, ch mt
hnh ng ang tip din trong quỏ kh thỡ mt hnh ng khỏc chen ngang vo (khi ang... thỡ

bng...).

Subject + Simple Past while - Subject + Past Progressive
Ex: Smb hit him on the head while he was walking to his car

Subject + Past Progressive - when - Subject + Simple Past
Ex: He was walking to his car when Smb hit him on the head
Mnh cú when & while cú th ng bt kỡ ni no trong cõu nhng sau when phi l simple past
v sau while phi l Past Progressive.
Nú din t 2 hnh ng ang cựng lỳc xy ra trong quỏ kh.

Subject + Past Progressive - while - Subject + Past Progressive
Ex: Her husband was reading newspaper while she was preparing dinner.
Mnh hnh ng khụng cú while cú th simple past nhng ớt khi vỡ d b nhm ln.
3) Past Perfect: Had + PII
Dựng din t mt hnh ng xy ra trc mt hnh ng khỏc trong quỏ kh, trong cõu bao gi
cng cú 2 hnh ng
Dựng kt hp vi mt simple past thụng qua 2 phú t ch thi gian after v before.

Subject + Simple Past after Subject + Past Perfect
Subject + Past Perfect before Subject + Simple Past
Lu ý
Mnh cú after & before cú th ng u hoc cui cõu nhng sau after phi l past perfect
cũn sau before phi l simple past.
Before & After cú th c thay bng when m khụng s b nhm ln vỡ trong cõu bao gi cng cú
2 hnh ng, 1 trc, 1 sau.

11

cấm sao chép với mọi hình thức cục bản quyền thuộc về phạm văn tín trung tâm

đào tạọ ngoại ngữ việt nam


Ex: The police came when the robber had gone away.
4) Past Perfect Progressive: Had + Been + V-ing
Dựng ging ht nh Past Perfect duy cú iu hot ng din ra liờn tc cho n tn Simple Past.
Nú thng kt hp vi Simple Past thụng qua phú t Before. Trong cõu thng xuyờn cú since,
for + time
Lu ý: Thi ny ngy nay ớt dựng, ngi ta thay th nú bng Past Perfect v ch dựng khi no cn in
t tớnh chớnh xỏc ca hnh ng.

3.

Future

1) Simple Future: Will/Shall/Can/May + Verb in simple form
Ngy nay ng phỏp hin i, c bit l ng phỏp M chp nhn vic dựng will cho tt c cỏc ngụi, cũn
shall ch dựng vi cỏc ngụi I, we trong mt s trng hp nh sau:
a ra ngh mt cỏch lch s
Ex: Shall I take you coat?
Dựng mi ngi khỏc mt cỏch lch s:
Ex: Shall we go out for lunch?
Dựng ngó giỏ trong khi mc c, mua bỏn:
Ex: Shall we say : $ 50
Thng c dựng vi 1 vn bn mang tớnh phỏp qui buc cỏc bờn phi thi hnh iu khon trong
vn bn:
Ex: All the students shall be responsible for proper execution of the dorm rule
Trong ting Anh bỡnh dõn , ngi ta thay shall = must dng cõu ny.
Nú dựng din t mt hnh ng s xy ra mt thi im nht nh trong tng lai nhng
khụng xỏc nh c th. Thng dựng vi mt s phú t ch thi gian nh tomorrow, next + time,

in the future, in future = from now on.
2) Near Future
Din t mt hnh ng s xy ra trong tng lai gn, thng dựng vi cỏc phú t di dng: In a
moment (lỏt na), At 2 o'clock this afternoon....
Ex: We are going to have a reception in a moment
Nú ch 1 vic chc chn s phi xy ra theo nh d tớnh cho dự thi gian l tng lai xa.
Ex: We are going to take a TOEFL test next year.
Ngy nay ngi ta thng dựng present progressive.
3) Future Progressive: will/shall + be + verbing
Din t mt iu s xy ra trong tng lai vo mt thi im nht nh
Ex: At 8:00 am tomorrow morning we will be attending the lecture.
Ex: Good luck with the exam! We will be thinking of you.

12

cấm sao chép với mọi hình thức cục bản quyền thuộc về phạm văn tín trung tâm
đào tạọ ngoại ngữ việt nam


Dựng kt hp vi present progressive khỏc din t hai hnh ng ang song song xy ra. Mt
hin ti, cũn mt tng lai.
Ex: Now we are learning English here, but by the time tomorrow we will be attending the meeting at
the office.
c dựng cp n cỏc s kin tng lai ó c xỏc nh hoc quyt nh (khụng mang ý
ngha tip din).
Ex: Professor Baxter will be giving another lecture on Roman glass making at the same time next
week.
Hoc nhng s kin c mong i l s xy ra theo mt tin trỡnh thng l (nhng khụng din t
ý nh ca cỏ nhõn ngi núi).
Ex: You will be hearing from my solicitor.

Ex: I will be seeing you one of these days, I expect.
D oỏn cho tng lai:
Ex: Dont phone now, they will be having dinner.
Din t li ngh nhó nhn mun bit v k hoch ca ngi khỏc
Ex: You will be staying in this evening.
(ụng cú d nh li õy ti nay ch )
4) Future Perfect: Will/ Shall + Have + PII
Ch mt hnh ng s phi c hon tt vo mt thi im nht nh trong tng lai. Nú thng
c
dựng
vi
phú
t
ch
thi
gian
di
dng
By the end of....., By the time + sentence
Ex: We will have accomplished the TOEFL test taking skills by the end of next year.
Ex: By the time Halley's Comet comes racing across the night sky again, most of the people alive today
will have passed away.

13

cấm sao chép với mọi hình thức cục bản quyền thuộc về phạm văn tín trung tâm
đào tạọ ngoại ngữ việt nam


S hũa hp gia ch ng v ng t

Trong mt cõu ting Anh, thụng thng thỡ ch ng ng lin ngay vi ng t v quyt nh vic chia
ng t nhng khụng phi luụn luụn nh vy.
Cỏc trng hp Ch ng ng tỏch khi ng t
Xen vo gia l mt ng gii t (mt gii t m u cng cỏc danh t theo sau). Cỏc ng gii t
ny khụng h cú quyt nh gỡ ti vic chia ng t, ng t phi chia theo ch ng chớnh.
Cỏc thnh ng bng sau cựng vi cỏc danh t i theo sau nú to nờn hin tng ng ch ng. Nú
s ng xen vo gia ch ng v ng t, tỏch ra khi gia 2 thnh phn ú = 2 du phy v khụng
cú nh hng gỡ n vic chia ng t.
Ex: The actrees, along with her manager and some friends, is going to a party tonight.
1.

Together with

along with

accompanied by

as well as

Nu 2 danh t lm ch ng ni vi nhau bng and thỡ ng t phi chia ngụi th 3 s nhiu (they)
Nhng nu 2 ng Ch ng ni vi nhau bng or thỡ ng t phi chia theo danh t ng sau or.
Nu danh t ú l s ớt thỡ ng t phi chia ngụi th 3 s ớt v ngc li.
Ex: The actress or her manager is going to answer the interview.
Cỏc danh t luụn ũi hi cỏc ng t v i t i theo chỳng ngụi th 3 s ớt
ú l cỏc danh t bng sau (cũn gi l cỏc i t phim ch).
any +
no +
some +
singular noun

singular noun
singular noun
anybody
nobody
somebody
anyone
no one
someone
anything
nothing
something
2.

every + singular noun
each + singular noun
everybody
everyone
either *
everything
neither*
*Either and neither are singular if they are not used with or and nor
either (1 trong 2) ch dựng cho 2 ngi hoc 2 vt. Nu 3 ngi (vt) tr lờn phi dựng any.
neither (khụng mt trong hai) ch dựng cho 2 ngi, 2 vt. Nu 3 ngi tr lờn dựng not any.

Ex: Neither of his chutes opens as he plummets to the ground
Ex: Not any of his pens is able to be used.
Cỏch s dng None v No
Nu sau None of the l mt danh t khụng m c thỡ ng t phi ngụi th 3 s ớt. Nhng nu
sau nú l mt danh t s nhiu thỡ ng t phi chia ngụi th 3 s nhiu.
3.

14

cấm sao chép với mọi hình thức cục bản quyền thuộc về phạm văn tín trung tâm
đào tạọ ngoại ngữ việt nam


none + of the + non-count noun + singular verb
none + of the + plural count noun + plural verb

Ex: None of the counterfeit money has been found.
Ex: None of the students have finished the exam yet.
Nu sau No l mt danh t m c s ớt hoc khụng m c thỡ ng t phi ngụi th 3 s ớt
nhng nu sau nú l mt danh t s nhiu thỡ ng t phi ngụi th 3 s nhiu

no + {singular noun/non-count noun} + singular verb
no + plural noun + plural verb
Ex: No example is relevant to this case.
4.

Cỏch s dng cu trỳc either...or (hoc...hoc) v neither...nor (khụng...m cng
khụng)

iu cn lu ý nht khi s dng cu trỳc ny l ng t phi chia theo danh t i sau or hoc nor.
Nu danh t ú l s ớt thỡ dng t ú chia ngụi th 3 s ớt v ngc li.

Ex:
Ex:
Ex:
Ex:

neither
+ noun +
either

nor
or

+ plural noun + plural verb

neither
either + noun +

nor
or

+ singular noun + singular verb

Neither John nor his friends are going to the beach today.
Either John or his friends are going to the beach today.
Neither the boys nor Carmen has seen this movie before.
Either John or Bill is going to the beach today.
5.

V-ing lm ch ng

Khi V-ing dựng lm ch ng thỡ ng t phi chia ngụi th 3 s ớt
Ngi ta s dựng V-ing khi mun din t 1 hnh ng c th xy ra nht thi nhng khi mun din
t bn cht ca s vt, s vic thỡ phi dựng danh t
Ex: Dieting is very popular today.

Ex: Diet is for those who suffer from a cerain disease.
ng t nguyờn th cng cú th dựng lm ch ng v ng t sau nú s chia ngụi th 3 s ớt.
Nhng ngi ta thng dựng ch ng gi it m u cõu.

15

cấm sao chép với mọi hình thức cục bản quyền thuộc về phạm văn tín trung tâm
đào tạọ ngoại ngữ việt nam


Ex: To find the book is necessary for him = It is necessary for him to find the book.
6.

Cỏc danh t tp th

ú l cỏc danh t bng sau dựng ch 1 nhúm ngi hoc 1 t chc nhng trờn thc t chỳng l
nhng danh t s ớt, do vy cỏc di t v ng t theo sau chỳng cng ngụi th 3 s ớt.
Congress
Organization
Government

family
team
jury

group
army
majority*

committee

club
minority

class
crowd
public

Ex: The committee has met, and it has rejected the proposal.
Tuy nhiờn nu ng t sau nhng danh t ny chia ngụi th 3 s nhiu thỡ cõu ú ỏm ch cỏc thnh
viờn trong nhúm ang hot ng riờng r:
Ex: Congress votes for the bill.
*(Congress are discussing about the bill. (some agree, some disagree)).(TOEFL khụng bt li ny).
Danh t the majority c dựng tu theo thnh phn sau nú chia ng t

the majority + singular verb
the majority of the + plural noun + plural verb
Ex: The majority believes that we are in no danger.
Ex: The majority of the students believe him to be innocent.
the police/sheep/fish + plural verb
Ex: The sheep are breaking away
Ex: The police come only to see the dead bodies and a ruin in the bank
a couple + singular verb
Ex: A couple is walking on the path
The couple + plural verb
Ex: The couple are racing their horses through the meadow.
Cỏc cm t bng sau ch mt nhúm ng vt hoc gia sỳc. cho dự sau gii t of l danh t s
nhiu thỡ ng t vn chia theo ngụi ch ng chớnh ngụi th 3 s ớt.
flock of birds, sheep
herd of cattle
pack of dogs

school of fish
pride of lions

Ex: The flock of birds is circling overhead.

16

cấm sao chép với mọi hình thức cục bản quyền thuộc về phạm văn tín trung tâm
đào tạọ ngoại ngữ việt nam


Tt c cỏc danh t tp th ch thi gian, tin bc, s o u c xem l 1 danh t s ớt. Do ú cỏc
ng t v i t theo sau chỳng phi ngụi th 3 s ớt.
Ex: 25 dollars is too much....
*Note: He has contributed $50, and now he wants to contribute another 50.
7.

Cỏch s dng a number of, the number of:

A number of = mt s ln nhng... nu i vi danh t s nhiu thỡ ng t chia ngụi th ba s
nhiu.

a number of + plural noun + plural verb
Ex: A number of students are going to the class picnic (a number of = many).
Nhng the number of = mt s... c coi l mt tng th s ớt, do ú cho dự sau nú l mt danh t
s nhiu thỡ ng t vn phi chia ngụi th 3 s ớt.

the number of + plural noun + singular verb...
Ex: The number of days in a week is seven.

8.

Cỏc danh t luụn dựng s nhiu

Bng sau l nhng danh t bao gi cng hỡnh thỏi s nhiu vỡ chỳng bao gụm 2 thc th nờn cỏc
i t v ng t i cựng vi chỳng cng phi s nhiu.
Scissors
shorts
Pants
jeans
tongs
Trousers
eyeglasses
Pliers
tweezers
Nu mun chỳng thnh ngụi s ớt phi dựng a pair of...
Ex: The pants are in the drawer.
Ex: A pair of pants is in the drawer.
9.

Thnh ng there is, there are

Thnh ng ny ch s tn ti ca ngi hoc vt ti mt ni no ú. Ch ng tht ca thnh ng ny
l danh t i sau. Nu nú l danh t s ớt thỡ ng t to be chia ngụi th 3 s ớt v ngc li.
Mi bin i v thi v th u nm to be cũn there gi nguyờn.
Ex: There has been an increase in the importation of foreign cars.
Ex: There have been a number of telephone calls today.
Lu ý cỏc cu trỳc: there is certain/ sure/ likely/ bound to be: Chc chn l s cú
Ex: There is sure to be trouble when she gets his letter
(Chc chn l s cú rc ri khi cụ y nhn c th anh ta)

Ex: Do you think there is likely to be snow
(Anh cho rng chc chn s cú tuyt ch)

17

cấm sao chép với mọi hình thức cục bản quyền thuộc về phạm văn tín trung tâm
đào tạọ ngoại ngữ việt nam


Trong dng ting Anh quy chun hoc vn chng mt s cỏc ng t khỏc ngoi to be cng c
s dng vi there.


ng t trng thỏi: Stand/ lie/ remain/ exist/ live



ng t ch s n: enter/ go/ come/ follow

of state
There + verb

of arrival

+ noun as subject

Ex: In a small town in Germany there once lived a poor shoemaker
(Ti mt th trn xộp c ó tng cú mt ụng th giy nghốo sng ú)
Ex: There remains nothing more to be done
(Ch cũn cú gỡ ú na m lm)

Ex: Suddenly there entered a strange figure dressed all in black
(Bng cú mt hỡnh búng kỡ l i vo mc ton en)
Ex: There followed an uncomfortable silence
(Mt s im lng n bt tin tip theo sau ú)
There + subject pronoun + go/ come/ be: kỡa/ th l/ ri thỡ
Ex: There he comes
(Anh ta ó n ri kia kỡa)
Ex: There you are, I have been waiting for you for over an hour
(Anh õy ri, tụi ang ch anh n hn mt ting ri y)
There + be + name of people : Thỡ cú .. .. y thụi .. Nhm gi ta s chỳ ý n
There + be + always + noun: Thỡ lỳc no ch cú .. mt gii phỏp kh d cho 1 vn
Ex: Whom could we ask ? Well, there is James, or Miranda, or Ann, or Sue...
Ex: Where can he sleep/_ Well, there is always the attic
There was this + noun: Chớnh l cỏi ... ny y ( m u cho mt cõu chuyn)
Ex: There was this man, see, and he could not get up in the morning. So he ...
(Ny, chớnh l cỏi anh chng ny y, anh ta khụng dy c bui sỏng. Th l anh ta...
There (lm tớnh t) chớnh cỏi/ con/ ngi y
Ex: Give that book there, please
Lm n a cho tụi chớnh cun sỏch y
That there dog: Chớnh con chú y y
That there girl, she broke two records of speed (Chớnh cụ gỏi y y, cụ ta ó phỏ hai k lc v
tc )

18

cấm sao chép với mọi hình thức cục bản quyền thuộc về phạm văn tín trung tâm
đào tạọ ngoại ngữ việt nam


i t

Chia lm 5 loi vi cỏc chc nng s dng khỏc nhau.

10.

i t nhõn xng (Ch ng)

I
we
you you
he
she they
it
ng u cõu, lm ch ng, quyt nh vic chia ng t
ng sau ng t to be
Ex: The teachers who were invited to the party were George, Bill and I.
Ex: It was she who called you.
ng ng sau cỏc phú t so sỏnh nh than, as (Li c bn)
ng sau cỏc ngụi s nhiu nh we, you cú quyn dựng mt danh t s nhiu trc tip ng sau.
Ex: We students are going to have a party (Sinh viờn chỳng tụi .....)
You guys (Bn my)
We/ You/ They + all/ both
Ex: We all go to school now
They both bought the ensurance
You all come shopping.
Nhng nu all hoc both i vi cỏc i t ny dng cõu cú ng t kộp thỡ all hoc both s ng
sau tr ng t (Future, progressive, perfect)
Ex: We will all go to school next week.
They have both bought the insurance.
All v Both cựng phi ng sau ng t to be trờn tớnh t

Ex: We are all ready to go swimming.
Dựng he/she thay th cho cỏc vt nuụi nu chỳng c xem l cú tớnh cỏch, thụng minh hoc tỡnh
cm (chú, mốo, nga...)
Ex: Go and find a cat if where she stays in.
Ex: Hows your new car? Terrrific, she is running beutifully.
Tờn nc c thay th trang trng bng she (ngy nay it dựng).
Ex: England is an island country and she is governed by a mornach.

19

cấm sao chép với mọi hình thức cục bản quyền thuộc về phạm văn tín trung tâm
đào tạọ ngoại ngữ việt nam


11.

i t nhõn xng tõn ng

me us
you you
him
her them
it
ng ng sau cỏc i t v cỏc gii t lm tõn ng : us/ you/ them + all/ both
Ex: They invited us all (all of us) to the party last night.
ng sau us cú th dựng mt danh t s nhiu trc tip
Ex: The teacher has made a lot of questions for us students.
12.

Tớnh t s hu

my
your
his
her
its

our
your
their

ng trc mt danh t v ch s s hu ca ngi hoc vt i vi danh t ú.
13.

i t s hu

mine ours
yours yours
his
hers theirs
its

Ngi ta dựng i t s hu trỏnh khi phi nhc li tớnh t s hu + danh t ó núi trờn.
ng u cõu lm ch ng v quyt nh vic chia ng t.
ng sau cỏc phú t so sỏnh nh than hoc as
Ex: Your teacher is the same as his teacher. Yours is the same as his.
ng sau ng t to be
ng ng sau mt ng t hnh ng lm tõn ng.
Ex: I forgot my homework. I forgot mine

20

cấm sao chép với mọi hình thức cục bản quyền thuộc về phạm văn tín trung tâm
đào tạọ ngoại ngữ việt nam


14.

i t phn thõn

myself
yourself
himself
herself
itself

ourselves
yourselves
themselves

Dựng din t ch ng lm mt vic gỡ cho chớnh mỡnh. Trong trng hp ny nú ng ngay
ng sau ng t hoc gii t for cui cõu.
Ex: I washed myself
He sent the letter to himself.
Dựng nhn mnh vo vic ch ng t lm ly vic gỡ, trong trng hp ny nú ng ngay sau
ch ng. Trong mt s trng hp nú cú th ng cui cõu, khi núi hi ngng li mt chỳt.
Ex: I myself believe that the proposal is good.
She prepared the nine-course meal herself.
By + oneself = mt mỡnh.
Ex: John washed the dishes by himself (alone)

21

cấm sao chép với mọi hình thức cục bản quyền thuộc về phạm văn tín trung tâm
đào tạọ ngoại ngữ việt nam


Tõn ng
ng t dựng lm tõn ng
Khụng phi bt c ng t no trong ting Anh cng u ũi hi tõn ng ng sau nú l mt danh t.
Mt s cỏc ng t li ũi hi tõn ng sau nú phi l mt ng t khỏc. Chỳng chia lm hai loi.
ng t nguyờn th l tõn ng
Bng di õy l nhng ng t ũi hi tõn ng sau nú l mt ng t nguyờn th khỏc.
15.

agree
desire
hope
plan
strive

attempt
expect
intend
prepare
tend

claim
fail
learn

pretend
want

decide
forget
need
refuse
wish

demand
hesitate
offer
seem

Ex: John expects to begin studying law next semester.
Verb -ing dựng lm tõn ng
Bng di õy l nhng ng t ũi hi tõn ng theo sau nú phi l mt Verb - ing
admit
appreciate
avoid
can't help
delay
deny
enjoy
finish
miss
postpone
practice
quit
repeat

resent
resist
resume
suggest
16.

consider
mind
recall
risk

Ex: John admitted stealing the jewels.
Lu ý rng trong bng ny cú mu ng t can't help doing/ but do smt: khụng th ng c
phi lm gỡ
Ex: With such good oranges, we can't help buying (but buy) two kilos at a time.
Nu mun thnh lp th ph nh cho cỏc ng t trờn õy dựng lm tõn ng phi t not trc
nguyờn th hoc verb - ing.
Bng di õy l nhng ng t m tõn ng sau nú cú th l mt ng t nguyờn th hoc mt verb
- ing m ng ngha khụng thay i.
begin
can't stand
continue
dread
hate
like
love
prefer
start
try
Lu ý rng trong bng ny cú mt ng t can't stand to do/doing smt: khụng th chu ng

c khi phi lm gỡ.
Ex: He can't stand to wait/ waiting such a long time.
Bn ng t c bit
ú l nhng ng t m ng ngha ca chỳng s i khỏc hon ton khi tõn ng sau nú l mt ng
t nguyờn th hoc verb - ing.
17.

22

cấm sao chép với mọi hình thức cục bản quyền thuộc về phạm văn tín trung tâm
đào tạọ ngoại ngữ việt nam


1) Stop to do smt: dng li lm gỡ
2) Stop doing smt: dng lm vic gỡ
3) Remember to do smt: Nh s phi lm gỡ
Ex: I remember to send a letter at the post office tomorow morning.
4) Remember doing smt: Nh l ó lm gỡ
Ex: I remember locking the door before leaving, but now I can't find the key.
c bit nú thng c dựng vi mu cõu: S + still remember + V-ing : Vn cũn nh l ó...
Ex: I still remember buying the first motorbike
5) Forget to do smt: quờn s phi lm gỡ
Ex: I forgot to pickup my child after school
6) Forget doing smt: (Ch c dựng trong cỏc mu cõu ph nh.
c bit nú thng c dựng vi mu cõu S + will never forget + V-ing: s khụng bao gi quờn
c l ó ...
Ex: She will never forget meeting the Queen.
7) Regret to do smt: Ly lm tic vỡ phi (thng bỏo tin xu)
Ex: We regret to inform the passengers that the flight for Washington DC was canceled because of the
bad weather.

8) Regret doing smt: Ly lm tic vỡ ó
Ex: He regrets leaving school early. It's a big mistake.
Cỏc ng t ng sau gii t
Tt c cỏc ng t ng sau gii t u phi dng V-ing
Mt s cỏc ng t thng i kốm vi gii t to. Khụng c nhm ln gii t ny vi to ca ng
t nguyờn th.
18.

Verb + prepositions + V-ing
approve of
be better of
count on
give up
insist on
keep on
rely on
succeed in
think abount
worry abount
object to
look forward to
Ex: Fred confessed to stealing the jewels
Adjective + prepositions + V-ing
accustomed to
afraid of
capable of
intent on
interested in
successful in
Ex: Mitch is afraid of getting married now.

23

depend on
put off
think of
confess to

fond of
tired of

cấm sao chép với mọi hình thức cục bản quyền thuộc về phạm văn tín trung tâm
đào tạọ ngoại ngữ việt nam


Noun + prepositions + V-ing
choice of
excuse for
intention of
possibility of
reason for
Ex: There is no reason for leaving this early.

method for
(method of)

Khụng phi bt c tớnh t no cng u ũi hi sau nú l mt gii t + V-ing. Nhng tớnh t bng
sau li ũi hi sau nú l mt ng t nguyờn th.
anxious
boring

eager
easy
pleased
prepared
usual
common
Ex: It is dangerous to drive in this weather.

dangerous
good
ready
difficult

hard
strange
able

able/ unable to do smt = capable/ incapable of doing smt.
Vn cỏc i t ng trc ng t nguyờn th hoc V-ing dựng lm tõn ng.
ng trc mt ng t nguyờn th lm tõn ng thỡ dng ca i t v danh t s l tõn ng.
19.

allow
invite
remind

ask
order
urge

beg
permit
want

convince
persuade

expect
prepare

instruct
promise

S + V + complement form (pronoun/ noun) + [to + verb]
Ex: Joe asked Mary to call him when she woke up.
Ex: We ordered him to appear in court.
Tuy nhiờn ng trc mt V- ing lm tõn ng thỡ dng ca i t v danh t s l s hu.
Subject + verb + possessive form (pronoun/ noun) + verb-ing
Ex: We understand your not being able to stay longer.
Ex: We object to their calling at this hour.

24

cấm sao chép với mọi hình thức cục bản quyền thuộc về phạm văn tín trung tâm
đào tạọ ngoại ngữ việt nam