Bài thuyết trình tiếng anh

Welcome to the
presentation
Groups 4 :Topics
Past perfect and Reported speech


Group members:
1.Nguyễn Hoài Anh

9.Hà Huy Toàn

2.Nguyễn Giao Linh

10.Trần Thị Như

3.Trịnh Thị Hà Thu

11.Trần Thị Nụ

4. Dương Thu Hà

12.ĐỗTh.KimOanh

5.Đặng Thị Hiên

13.Vũ Thị Lan

6.Nguyễn Thị Sang

14.TrầnTh.ThuHường

7.Đinh Thị Trang

15.Ngô Thùy Linh

8.Đào T.Huyền Trang 16.Nguyễn T.ThuHiền


1.Past Perfect Tense
The past perfect simple expresses an action taking place
before a certain time in the past.


Use of Past Perfect:
• Use the past perfect when you are already talking
about the past, and want to talk about an earlier past
action.
Example:
-Before I came here, I had spoken to Jack.
-John went home after he had gone to the store.
-The police cars came to the scene when the
robbers
had gone away.
• Conditional Sentences Type III (condition that was
not given in the past)
Example: If I had seen him, I would have talked to
him.


Form of Past Perfect Simple
•

[ + ] Positive:
S + had + the past participle.

•

[ - ] Negative:
S + had not (hadn’t) + the past participle.

•

[ ? ] Question:
Had + S + the past participle?
Yes, S + had. / No, S + had not.


Form of Past Perfect Simple

For irregular verbs, use the past participle form (see
list of irregular verbs, 3rd column). For regular verbs,
just add ed.
Exceptions in Spelling when Adding ed


Signal Words
• already, just, never, not yet, once, until that day (with
reference to the past, not the present)
• by the time, when, before, until,…
Example:
I’d finished all the work by the time you called.

He’d never met a native English speaker until he
visited London.
Before we sold our car, we had owned it for 12 years.


2.Reported Speech
(Indirect Speech)


Use of Reported Speech
(Indirect Speech)
If we report what another person has said,
we usually do not use the speaker’s exact
words (direct speech), but reported (indirect)
speech. Therefore, you need to learn how to
transform direct speech into reported speech.
The structure is a little different depending on
whether you want to transform a statement,
question or request.


Statements

•
•
•
•

When transforming statements, check whether you
have to change:

pronouns
present tense verbs (3rd person singular)
place and time expressions
tenses (backshift)


Pronouns:
In reported speech, you often have to change the
pronoun depending on who says what.
Example: She says, “My mum doesn’t have time
today.”
–> She says that her mum doesn’t have time
today.


Tenses:
*) No backshift
Do not change the tense if the introductory clause is in Simple Present
(e. g. He says). Note, however, that you might have to change the form
of the present tense verb (3rd person singular).
Example: He says, “I speak English.”
–> He says that he speaks English.

*) Backshift
You must change the tense if the introductory clause is in Simple Past
(e. g. He said). This is called backshift.
Example: He said, “I am happy.”
–> He said that he was happy.

The verbs could, should, would,

might, must, needn’t, ought to,
used to do not normally change.
Example: He said, “She might be right.”
–> He said that she might be right.


Place and Time expressions:
For place and time expressions you have to check whether
place and time are the same in direct and reported speech or
not.


Questions
•
•
•
•
•
•
•

When transforming questions, check whether you have to
change:
pronouns
present tense verbs (3rd person singular)
place and time expressions
tenses (backshift)
Also note that you have to:
transform the question into an indirect question
use the interrogative or if / whether

•
•

For pronouns, tenses and place / time expressions see
statements in reported speech.
Besides, note that instead of ”that” you use the interrogative. If
there is no interrogative, use ”whether” ‚”if”.

Example: He asked: “Where does she live?”
–> He asked where she lived.


Requests
When transforming questions, check whether you have to change:
• pronouns
• place and time expressions

• For pronouns and place / time expressions see statements in
reported speech. Tenses are not relevant for requests – simply
use ‚to‘ + infinite verb.
Example: She said, “Say hello to your mum.“
–> She asked me to say hello to my mum .

• For negative requests, use ‚not to‘ + infinite verb.
Example: He said, “Don’t give up, Bob.“
–> He advised Bob not to give up.

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