Outcomes upper intermediate vocabulary builder

Guide to Pronunciation Symbols
Consonant

Sounds

/Р/
/ь/
/t/
/d/
/к/
/9/
If/
/V/
/s/
Ш
/1/
/ m/
/П/
/h /
/г/
Ш
/w /
/0/
/6/
III
/31
w
/d5/
/0/

pet

bed
time
dog
king
garden
fox, leaf
van
same
zebra, is
light
mat
name
hot
red
young
what
bath
weather
fashion
television
cheap, catch
jumper
spring

Vowel
/pet/
/bed/
/taim/
/dog/
/кщ/

/ 'ga:dan/
/foks/, /li:f/
/vaen/
/se m /
/ ‘ zebra/, /iz/
/1ай/
/maet/
/neim/
/Hot/
/red/
/jAQ/
/WDt/
/Ьа:0/
/we6a/
/ ‘faejan/
/ .te li'v ija n /
/!fi:p/, /kaetf/
/ 'ф л тр э/
/sprni/

/1:/

III
П/
l ei
/зе/
/а:/
/о/

/у/

/и/

/и:/
/л/
/з:/
/э/

see
win
very
every
cat
farm
clock
wall
book
moon
cup
world
letter

/si:/
/win/
/ ' veri/
/ 'evri/
/kaet/
/fa:m /
/klok/
/wd:I/
/Ьик/

/ти :п /
/кдр/
/w3:ld/
/ ‘ leta/

Diphthong (two vowels together)
/е I/
/эи/
/ai/
/аи/
/Э1/
/в/
/еэ/
/иэ/

wait
phone
mine
house
noise
near
hair
pure

/weit/
/faon/
/main/
/haos/
/ n3iz/
/тэ/

/hea/
/pjoa/

Remember:
Sound is not the same as spelling, for example, the word '/s'finishes with the letter 's' but the sound is /z/.
/ы /

ib

When writing the sound of a word (its phonemic transcription), always put lines like these //on either
side of the word:
/vaen/ van
Stress is shown with marks like these ' ,
' shows the primary stress in a word. For example, / ' ga:dan/ фзлЛел
, shows the secondary stress. For example, / , teli ' vijan/ tele viA io n


INTRODUCTION TO OUTCOMES VOCABULARY BUILDER
Learning vocabulary in collocations and phrases will develop your fluency. And doing a little revision regularly is the
best way to learn vocabulary.That's what the Outcomes Vocabulary Builder (OVB) will help you with.
It has been written to provide you with the important vocabulary in the Student's Book and to show you how these
words are commonly used. It does not include easier words which you should know from lower levels such as boring,
or unusual words, which you probably don't need to remember at this level.

What each entry contains___________________________________________________
• Each entry has a short explanation of the word's meaning and often gives information on other forms or
opposites.
• There is then a list of up to six typical collocations and phrases that the word is used with.
• Regular language boxes provide extra information on word families, phrasal verbs etc.

How the OVB is organised
It is organised to make it quick and easy to use in class and to revise at home.
• Each unit in the OVB contains the most important new words from exercises, texts and listenings in the unit
of the Student's Book.
• The units are then divided according to each double page of the Student’s Book and the words within those
pages are written in alphabetical order.
• At the end of each unit there are exercises to do.
• There is an answer key at the back of the book.

Ways you can use the OVB
• Read the word list before you study the unit in the book.
• Translate all the words you don’t know based on the explanation. Check the collocations for each word. Do
they make sense? Are any different to your language?
• In class, if you have forgotten a word, look it up again. Write out the collocation list and add one of your own.
• Cover words in the list and say or write phrases with the word.Then compare with the collocation list.
• Choose five to ten words from the list to learn each day.
• Put eight new words in a story using the collocations listed.
• Do the exercises at the end of each unit some time after you've done it in class. Then check the answers in
the key.
• Write a list of the words you find difficult to remember and write sentences using the words.


1
ART AND ENTERTAINMENT
Pa c e s 8 -9
banned to ban something means to not allow it: my
parents - mefrom playing the game / smoking is
- in the building / he’s been - from driving / the
government has - hunting
can’t be bothered if you can’t be bothered to do

something,you don't want to make the effort to
do it. The past form is couldn’t be bothered. If you
bother to do something, you make the effort to
do it: I can't be bothered to watch it now / 4
Areyou
coming out?’‘No, I can’t be bothered.’/1 couldn’t
be bothered to cook / he didn’t bother to phone us
I a lot of people don’t bother voting I don’t bother
coming to collect me - I’ll get the bus
come out when a film or book comes out, it becomes
available: I waitfor films to - on cable / -o n DVD /
her new book is due to ~ next week
commercial if something is commercial, it is
produced just to make money. The adverb is
commercially: a typical -filmfrom Hollywood I
I don’t like their music - it’s too - / a -T V channel
(run as a business, not paidfor by a government) I
thefilm was aflop commercially I the restaurant
isn’t commercially viable (able to make money)
disturbing if something is disturbing, it is upsetting,
or makes you feel anxious or worried.The verb
is disturb. Disturbed is also an adjective: Ifound
it a bit-1 a - increase in crime / some deeply photographs / a profoundly - experience / It disturbs
me that governments aren’t doing more to help /
I was very disturbed to hear about the murder
dull if something is dull, it is boring.The noun is
dullness: it’s quite - l a rather - movie / 1found
it incredibly - I it was deadly dull (extremely dull)
/ there’s never a - moment here (there’s always
something interesting happening) / 1hated the

dullness of the landscape
2 OUTCOMES

gripping if something is gripping, it is extremely
exciting.The verb is grip. Gripped is also an
adjective: a - novel / a - story / thefilm’s
absolutely - l a really - ending / the story really
grips you I we were all gripped by the TV reports
heavy you can say that something is heavy if it is very
serious or upsetting: it’s a good book, but quite / don’t want to read anything too - on holiday / 1
found the book - going at times (difficult to read)
hilarious something that is hilarious is extremely
funny.The adverb is hilariously: it was absolutely / some - jokes / he’s - when he’s in the right mood
/ it was hilariouslyfunny
over-the-top if something is over-the-top, it is so
extreme that it seems silly. We can shorten the
word to OTT (oh-tee-tee): it was completely - / 1
think that’s a bit - / 1find her a bit OTT sometimes
turn over in British English, if you turn over when
you are watching TV, you change to a different
channel. In American English,you say change /
switch channels: I started watching it, but then I
turned over / can we - to BBC1? / we turned over
to watch thefootball
uplifting if something is uplifting, it makes you feel
happy and full of hope.There is a formal verb,
uplift: a really - story I a n - experience 11felt
uplifted by his talk
Pa g e s 1 0 -1 1
ambiguous if something is ambiguous, its meaning is

not clear.The noun is ambiguity, and the adverb is
ambiguously: his later paintings are quite - / some
of the language is a bit - 11 think she was being
deliberately - / there’s a lot of ambiguity in what
he said 11 worded it carefully to avoid ambiguity I
it was worded ambiguously
atmospheric if something is atmospheric, it creates
a mood of mystery or excitement. The noun is
atmosphere: a really - painting / - music I the
decor’s quite - / keep the lights low to create a
spooky atmosphere
bankruptcy bankruptcy is a situation when someone
does not have enough money to pay all their
debts. The adjective is bankrupt: he laterfell into
- / the couple nowface - 1she was close to -1 the
number of bankruptcies has risen / the company
went bankrupt lastyear / they have been declared
bankrupt / he’s virtually bankrupt
conventional if something is conventional, it is
done in the usual way, and is not new or different
in any way. The adverb is conventionally.The
opposite is unconventional: a - portrait I a novel / his ideas are all quite - l a - education I
a highly - upbringing / she was brought up quite
conventionally / an unconventional approach
to art


I
-A l

Some adjectives are formed by adding -al
to a noun. For example, follow convention /
conventional ideas. Have an accident / accidental
damage; good behaviour / behavioural problems;
help commerce / have a commercial advantage;
cause a major controversy / a controversial
decision; a rare exception / in exceptional
circumstances; round the globe / a global
effort; it’s not the norm / normal relations; a big
organisation / undergo organisational changes.

corrupted if a person becomes corrupted, a place or
person has a bad influence on them and makes
them do dishonest or immoral things.The verb is
corrupt: he was - by the criminals he was mixing
with /young prisoners can become ~ by older
inmates / he was ~ by wealth / they say that power
corrupts / he was trying to corrupt her
despair despair is a feeling that you have no hope.
Despair is also a verb: afeeling of total - 1 he killed
himselfin ~ / she was in the depths o f- / losing
the business drove him to ~ / it was a very difficult
time, but we never despaired / 1never despaired of
finding him again
dominant if a person or thing is dominant, they have
more power or influence than others.The noun
is dominance: the ~ partner in the relationship
/ a - personality / the company has a ~ position
in the world market / the political and economic
dominance of the USA

friction if there is friction between people, there is
unfriendliness or disagreement between them:
there was ~ between the two sisters / the usual
frictions between parents and teenagers / money
was a source of - between them
fulfil if you fulfil your desires, you achieve what you
wanted to achieve: his struggle to ~ his desires / at
last he had ~led his childhood dream / 1hope one
day I will ~ my ambitions
heated a heated discussion or argument is one in
which people are angry or upset: a ~ discussion
between the two sisters / having a - argument /
a ~ debate on the punishment of criminals / the
discussion was quite ~ at times
impression if you get an impression about
something, you get a feeling about it, or form an
opinion about it: I get the - someone's died / 1got
the distinct - (the very strong impression) that
we weren't welcome / 1don’t wantyou to get the
wrong ~ / it left me with the ~ that she's not very
happy / what wasyourfirst ~ of her?
intimate something that is intimate is about a
person's private life. The noun is intimacy and the
adverb is Intimately: an ~ painting / an ~friend

of the artist / did they have an ~ relationship
(a sexual relationship)? / the newspaper published
~ details of his private life / things he only talked
about in the intimacy of the home / they know
each other intimately (they know personal details

about each other)
lap your lap is the top part of your legs when you are
sitting down: the cat on Mr Clarke’s ~ / Can I sit on
your ~? I he climbed on to his dad’s loosely if you copy or explain something loosely,
you don't do it in a careful or exact way. The
adjective is loose: it’s ~ based on afifteenth
century work / it can be ~ interpreted as an
autobiography / a loose translation / a loose
interpretation of the work
obstacle an obstacle is a problem or difficulty that
stops you from going somewhere or doing
something: lack of money is a serious ~ / an ~ to
communication / what were the major -syou
encountered? / she’s had to overcome a lot of-s
along the way / they are calling on the government
to remove ~s tofree trade
open to interpretation if something is open to
interpretation,you can understand it in several
different ways. Your own interpretation of
something is the way you understand it. The
verb is interpret: I think the book’s ~ / what’syour
interpretation of the novel? / that’s one possible
interpretation / it’s difficult to interpret dreams
accurately / how doyou interpret his behaviour?
ordeal an ordeal is a very difficult or painful
experience: a terrifying ~ / giving evidence in court
was a terrible ~ / she had to face the ~ of another
operation / they went through a terrible *-/ the
children are still recovering from their ~
parallel a parallel between two things is a

similarity between them. Parallel lines are next
to each other and stay the same distance apart
as they continue. Parallel is also an adjective:
parallels between the two works / there are some
parallels here with his earlier works /you can
draw parallels between the two novels / a shape
with two parallel lines / the road runs parallel to
the river
perspective your perspective is the way you see or
understand a situation: the story is seenfrom the
monster’s - 1 my illness has given me a new ~ on
life / try to see thingsfrom a broader ~ / let’s put
things into - (understand their context) I ybu need
to keep a sense of - (understand that something is
perhaps not as serious as it seems)
pointedly if you do something pointedly, you do it
deliberately to show people that you are angry,
upset or worried.The adjective is pointed: he’s looking awayfrom us / she looked at her watch
~ 14 don’t want to go,’he said ~ / he made some
pointed remarks about me owing him money

VOCABULARY BUILDER 3


represent to represent something means to be a
symbol of it. The noun is representation: the lilies
- female purity / the different colours - different
feelings / rain is represented by blue patches on the
map / a symbolic representation of death
resolve if you resolve a problem, you find a solution

to it. The noun is resolution: in the end, everything
was ~d / the matter hasn't beenfully ~d / they
want to - things quickly / let's hope things can
be ~d peacefully / everyone is hopingfor a quick
resolution of the conflict I we believe we have
achieved a satisfactory resolution to the problem
been reversed if things have been reversed, they have
been changed around so they are opposite to how
they were before. Reverse can also be used as an
active verb: the positions o f the characters have - /
their roles have ~ I to reverse the order o f the songs
/ they want the court to reverse its decision
sombre if something is sombre, it is serious and
sad. You can also say that a person is sombre,
or in a sombre mood.The American spelling
is somber. The adverb is sombrely: rather a painting / the - mood o f his early work / he
seemed a bit - / she was in a - mood / there was
a - silence / the funeral was a - occasion / he
nodded sombrely
strike the way something strikes you is the feeling
you get about it, or the opinion you form about
it. Strike is often used in the passive: it strikesyou
as a conventional portrait / doesn't his behaviour
- you as odd? I thefirst thing that struck me was
howfew people were there / 1was struck by how
cheerful she seemed (I noticed it)
symbolic if something is symbolic, it uses pictures
or shapes to represent ideas or feelings. A
symbol is something that represents an idea
or feeling. Symbolise is the verb. Symbolism

is the use of symbols: it's fu ll o f - meaning /
the flowers are - o f life (they represent it)
/ a highly ~ act (with an important meaning) /
the dove is traditionally the symbol o f peace / a
dove is often used to symbolise peace / the event
symbolises the country's struggle for democracy /
trying to analyse the symbolism in the painting
tension tension is a feeling of excitement or fear,
or a feeling of distrust between people. The
adjective is tense: a lot o f - in the piece I the builds throughout thefilm / there is mounting
between the two communities / growing ~
along the border between the two countries / the
atmosphere in the city is still tense / a tense day
waitingfor the results
textile textiles are fabrics made from cotton, wool,
etc.: a - designer / a - mill (afactory that makes
textiles) the - industry

4 OUTCOMES

Pa c e s 1 2 -1 3 ______________________________
accused if you are accused of a crime, the police say
officially that they think you did it.The accused is the
person who is accused of a crime. The verb is accuse:
he was - of a crime / both men are - of murder I he
was wrongly - of the theft / he stands - (is accused)
of kidnapping / the police want more time to question
the accused / he accused me of lying / the police have
accused him of hiding evidence
breakthrough a breakthrough is an important discovery:

the police made an initial - / scientists have made a
major - in cancer treatment / a significant ~ infuel °
technology / an important scientific disguise if you wear a disguise,you wear different
clothes and change the way you look so that
people won't recognise you. Disguise is also a verb:
he wears a - 1 she put on a different ~ / he travelled
in - (wearing a disguise) / no one saw through his / she disguised herself as a police officer
element the elements of something are the parts
that form it: all the stories contain the same
elements / one o f the key elements (most important
parts) of the government's policy / her looks are a
vital - of her success
fatal if something is fatal, it causes someone to die. A
fatal mistake is one that causes something to fail
completely.The adverb is fatally: the monster's ~
flaw / a - accident la - illness l a - dose of the drug
I his injuries proved - (werefataI) / going back to the
scene of the crime was his - error I a~ mistake / two
people werefatally wounded I fatally injured
feature to feature something means to include it.
A feature is something that is included: the plot
~s the same character types / thefilm ~s several
top actors / the new model ~s an improved engine
design / what are the ~s of a classic crime movie? /
a car with a lot of special ~s
get away with if you get away with a crime,you are
not caught and punished for it: it's difficult t o - a
crime I t o - murder / he'll never - it!
initial an initial idea or action is one at the beginning
of a situation, which later changes. The adverb is

initially: the police made an - breakthrough / the
stages of the illness / his - reaction was positive
/ initially, I didn't enjoy thejob / the company was
quite successful initially
resist if you resist something, you stop yourself
from doing something even though you want to.
To resist something also means to stop it from
happening: he has to - the temptation tojoin
theforces of darkness / 1can never - chocolate 11
couldn't - having a look inside / it’s difficult to an offer like that / the bank has -ed increasing its
charges / some people try to - change


EXERCISES
P repo sitio n s
A Complete the sentences with the correct
preposition.

1 There are parallels....the two paintings.
2 Does it strike you.... odd?
3 There's a lot of tension....the two
communities.
4 This is one of the key elements...... the
agreement.
5 It's important to keep a sense... perspective
about things.
6 She is accused....stealing.
7 This is an important breakthrough......
treatments for AIDS.
8 They can be corrupted....other prisoners.

В Choose the correct preposition.

1 He's been banned/ram /o f driving.
2 The flowers are symbolicfor / of death.
3 She was sitting on /over her father's lap.
4 I could sense the friction with / between them.
5 My cat loves sitting on / by my lap.
6 He disguised himself os / in a medical student.
7 Try to see things in /from my perspective.
8 There is one major obstacle to / with progress.
W o r d fam ilies
A Complete the expressions with the correct form
of the word in bold.

I a n uplifting experience feel....................by a
speech
2 a mysterious
.................... music
atmosphere
3 a loose translation
it's....................based
on an earlier novel
4 they represent love
a symbolic
.................... of love
5 to resolve the matter
find a satisfactory

В Tick the words which are both a noun and a verb.

1 feature....
2 disturb....
3 accuse....
4 ordeal....
5 disguise....
6 despair....

C o l l o c a t io n s
A Match the adjectives to the nouns. Look up the
adjectives if you need help.

1
2
3
4
5
6

a very heated
his fatal
an intimate
a dominant
her initial
a major

a) personality
b) reaction
c) discussion
d) breakthrough
e)flaw

f) relationship

В Complete the missing adjectives from the unit.

1 a really g _ _ p ___ g novel
2 I found the film deeply d _ _ t __ b __ g
3 a h ___ r ____s joke
4 it was a s _ _ b _ e occasion
5 he made some p ___ t_ d remarks
6 a highly с __v __ t _____ I approach to art
7 the second film was deadly d __ I!
С Complete the sentences with the correct nouns.
Look up the nouns if you need help.

bankruptcy impression (x2) obstacles
ordeal
despair
interpretation
temptation
1 They have been through a terrible........
2 After her death, he was in the depths of
3
4
5
6

His family now faces.....................
She's had to overcome a lot of........ ...........
I don't want you to get the wrong...............
I tried to resist the....................to read the

message.
7 I got the distinct.........
we weren't
welcome.
8 Her intentions are open to ....................

P h r a s a l verbs
A Choose the correct word to complete the
phrasal verb.

1
2
3
4

It comes off / out on DVD next week.
We turned over / across to watch the football.
You'll never get awayfor / with this!
The bad weather set us back / down by two
weeks.
5 We were brought on / up to respect our elders.
6 The business failed and he fell into / over
bankruptcy.

VOCABULARY BUILDER 5


2
SIGHTSEEING
Pa g e s 1 4 -1 5

affluent an affluent place is one where rich people
live. You can also describe a person as affluent.
The noun is affluence: an - part of the city I an society I - businessmen / an area that is knownfor
its affluence
date back if something dates back to a time in the
past, that is the time it started or was built: the
buildings - to the tenth century / the church dates
back 500years / it dates back a long way I these
problems ~ to the 1960s
deprived a place that is deprived is one where very
poor people live. You can also say that a person is
deprived. The noun is deprivation: one of the most
- areas in the country l a - inner city school I children I the city has high levels of deprivation
dominate if something dominates, it is bigger or
more important than other things. This verb
is often used in the passive. The adjective is
dominant: the church -s the town square / the
town is ~d by a huge power station / the economy
~d the election campaign I the company has a
dominant position in the market
erect to erect something means to build it: high-rise
blocks were ~ed after the Second World War / they
have -ed a securityfence / trying t o - a tent
glimpse if you get a glimpse of something, you see
it for a very short time. Glimpse is also a verb: I
caught a - of the church / we got a - of the sea /
people queued upfor a - of the star / 1~d a man
walking past the house
grand if something is grand, it is big and impressive.
The noun is grandeur: the houses looked very

- / a ~ public building / he’s got - plans / the
18thcentury grandeur of the palace
hideous something that is hideous is extremely ugly
or horrible. The adverb is hideously: a - modern
6 OUTCOMES

building / she looks - in that dress / hisface was
hideously deformed / they’re hideously expensive
(extremely expensive)
high-rise a high-rise building is very tall, with a lot of
different levels: - blocks of flats I - office buildings
knock down to knock a building down means to
destroy it. A more formal word is demolish: the
old school is going to be knocked down / they’re
knocking down some of the old high-rise blocks /
I think it’s time they knocked it down
landmark a landmark is a famous building or
monument that a lot of people recognise. A
landmark is also an event that stands out as being
very important: one of the city’s mostfamous -s
/ the Statue of Liberty and other well-known -s /
the revolution was a - in French history / this is a decision by the court
renovate to renovate something old means to repair
it and make it look new again. Renovated is the
adjective.The noun is renovation: plans to the old theatre / the church has been completely
~d / the newly -d town hall / the building
has undergone extensive renovation I a major
renovation project
run-down a building that is run-down is not in good
condition because it is old and hasn't been looked

after well. You can also say that an area is
run-down: some - buildings / the schoql is rather - I
a - inner city area / some parts of the city are very soar if prices soar, they increase quickly by a large
amount.The adjective is soaring: prices are -ing in
the area / unemployment has -ed to 15% I profits
have ~ed dramatically / inflation looks set to - in
the coming months / a period of-ing house prices

In c r e a s e s

a n d d ecrea ses

There are lot of Words used to describe increases
and decreases. For example, prices soared
(increased a lot) or prices plunged (decreased a lot).
Increase: soar, shoot up, rocket, climb, surge,jump,
rise, creep up (slowly).
Decrease: plunge,plummet, crash, drop,fall, slide.

steer clear if you steer clear of something, you avoid
it: I'd - of that area after dark / he tried to - of the
reporters / 1try to - of processedfood (not eat it)
stunning something that is stunning is very
beautiful. You can also describe a very attractive
person as stunning.The adverb is stunningly:
a - building l a - painting l a - dress l a - view
from the hotel window / she’s absolutely - l a -ly
beautiful woman

tomb a tomb is a place where a dead person is
buried, especially when this is covered by a stone
structure: the - of the last emperor I the queen’s / there arefive people buried in the up-and-coming something that is up-and-coming
is likely to become more popular or successful
soon: an - area of the city I a n - politician I an young singer
Pages 1 6 -1 7

fast when you fast,you do not eat anything for a
period of time, often for religious reasons. Fasting
is the act of not eating, and a fast is a period of
time when you don't eat: during this time people
-ed / Muslims - during Ramadan I a period of-ing
I after two weeks he broke his - (ate again)
foam foam is a mass of small white bubbles. The
adjective is foamy: shaving - l a layer o f- on top
of the coffee I the waves broke in a mass of white I -y water (covered infoam)
join in if you join in with something,you take part in
it, along with other people: wejoined in thefun /
Come and - I / everyonejoined in the celebrations
leading up to the period leading up to something
is the period just before it. The verb is lead up to:
the period - Lent / the events - the murder I in the
weeks that led up to the attack / during the months
that led up to his death
ornate something that is ornate has a lot of complicated
decoration.The adverb is ornately: a very - costume I
an - building I a very - gate / -ly decorated
pastry pastry is a type of food you make by mixing
flour, butter and water together. You roll the
mixture flat, then fill it with fruit, meat, etc.: a full of cream or custard I fish wrapped i n - 1 a meat

pie made with puff- (very light pastry) 11 don’t
know how to make plague the plague was a very serious disease in
the past, that spread quickly to a lot of people. A
plague of a modern disease is a serious outbreak
that affects a lot of people. A plague of things is
also a large number of bad things that happen
at the same time: dressed in a - doctor costume I
thousands died in the Great Plague l a - of cholera
I the town is sufferingfrom a - of rats I a - o f
violence in the city
shoot up if prices shoot up, they increase quickly by a
large amount.The past tense and past participle is
shot up: prices really - during the carnival / interest
rates have shot up in recent months / inflation shot
up to 6% lastyear
shower with if someone is showered with something,
other people throw it over them. You can also say
that you shower someone with gifts, if you give
them a lot of gifts: the couple are showered with
confetti I they showered her with presents

spectacular if something is spectacular, it is
extremely impressive to look at or watch: a - show
/ the dancing was absolutely - l a - view of the
mountains / ~ scenery
spray if you spray water or something else into the
air,you throw it into the air so that it falls over a
wide area: ~ confetti everywhere / afountain -ing
water into the air I they - water on to the crops I
-ing chemicals to kill the insects / they -ed us with

water
stick to if you stick to something, you continue to do
it or use it, rather than changing to something
different.The past tense and past participle is
stuck to: the locals - traditional costumes / let's the original plan / 1alwaysfind it hard t o - a diet /
he stuck to his principles
upload if you upload photos or documents, you put
them on to the Internet: I've -ed loads of photos on
to my website I I'll - afew more pictures / students
can - their old essays on to the site
Pages 1 8 -1 9

armour armour is a metal suit of clothes that soldiers
wore in the past to protect themselves: they wear
- and try to knock each other off their horses /
a suit o f- / a knight in - I he was her knight in
shining - (a man who came to her rescue)
burst a burst of something is a sudden large amount
of it: they're subjected to -s of heat I a short - of
activity / a sudden - of enthusiasm
dread if you are dreading something, you are not
looking forward to it at all: I'm -ing my exams /
I'm absolutely -ing my interview tomorrow I I’ve
started to - meeting him
drought a drought is a long period of time without any
rain, when the ground becomes very dry: there’s a
terrible - 1 the worst - the country has ever seen /
a severe - / the - is affecting the whole country
float if something floats, it sits on the top of water
and doesn't sink. You can also say that something

floats in air: they’rejust -ing along I some leaves
-ing on the water / she was -ing on her back in the
pool / the balloons -ed across the sky
forthcoming a forthcoming event is due to happen
soon: discussing their - trip / the - general election
/ their - wedding
hang if something hangs, it is fixed to something at
the top, but the bottom part can move freely.The
past tense and past participle is hung: they hung
from the tower before dropping again / there were
flags -ing from the windows I their coats hung on
hooks behind the door
launch if you launch something such as a campaign
or an investigation, you start it. Launch is also a
noun: we’re -ing a campaign to stop the park /
they’re -ing a major new campaign against
VOCABULARY BUILDER 7


racism / the police have - ed an investigation / that
song ~ed her career as a singer / the newspaper ~ed
an attack on the prime minister (criticised him/her)
/ after the launch of the new safety campaign
plunge if something plunges, it falls a long way down
from a high position: they ~d 20 metres down into
total darkness / the car ~d off a cliff / they ran to
the pool and ~d (dived) into the water
promote if you promote something,you support or
encourage it: which speaker is ~ing something? / a
new campaign to - recycling / an effort to ~ trade

between the two countries
pulse your pulse is the regular movement of blood
around your body, which you can feel in your wrist
or neck: it’ll really setyour ~ racing / the nurse took
my - (felt it) / 1could stillfeel afaint ~ in her neck
/ the average ~ rate is about 70 beats per minute /
my щstarted to race
race if something races, it goes very fast: it’ll setyour
pulse racing / my heart was racing / the engine was
racing / different thoughts were racing through my
head / my heart began to relate if you relate something, you tell it to someone:
which speaker is relating an experience? / he ~d the
story to us /try t o - thefacts accurately
restriction a restriction is a rule which limits or
controls something.The verb is restrict: there are
no height ~s on the boats / speed ~s on the roads
/ there are strict ~s on the sale of alcohol / the
government is planning to impose tough new -s on
immigration / the -s have now been lifted (ended) /
a new law to restrict the sale of guns
slide a slide is a tall piece of equipment that you sit
or lie on and move down. Slide is also a verb, with
the past tense and past participle slid: a park with
ten ~s andfour pools / children were playing on the
/ Mum, can I go on the ~? /you climb to the top
and then - down / we slid across the ice
spin around if something spins around, it moves
round and round in circles: all that ~ning around
made me dizzy / the helicopter blades started to - /
my head was ~ning (I couldn’t think clearly)

splashed if you get splashed, water comes on to your
body. The verb is splash: Look-you got ~ there / 1
got - when the bus went past / the children were
splashing each other in the pool
spoil things if you spoil things, you make an event
not enjoyable. Spoil is also a verb: stop moaning you’ll ~ / 1hope the rain doesn’t ~ / don’t spoil the
fun / he spoiled the party by getting drunk

8 OUTCOMES

steeply if something falls steeply, it drops down
quickly by a large amount. You can also say that
something rises steeply.The adjective is steep: it
falls really ~ / the roadfalls ~ down into the village
/ wages havefallen - (decreased by a large amount)
/ the plane rose ~ / prices have risen - (increased by
a large amount) / a steepfall in inflation
strain if there is a strain on something, there is a
problem because there is too much demand for it.
Strain is also a verb: water parks put a - o n water
resources / the holiday put a real ~ on ourfinances
/ aflu epidemic would place a considerable ~ on
the health service / the whole education system
is under considerable ~ / the extra costs are likely
to strain ourfinances / the incident has strained
relations between the two countries
strapped if someone or something is strapped into
place, they are held there securely.The verb is
strap, and strap is also a noun: the riders are ~
into seats / they had weapons ~ to their belts /

is everyone ~ in? (wearing their seat belt) / we +•
everything in place / a watch with a leather strap
subjected to if you are subjected to something,
someone does it to you. The verb is subject
someone to: they’re ~ bursts of heat / she was ~ six
hours of questioning / her husband subjected her to
years of abuse
sustainable if something is sustainable, it can
continue for a long time without causing
problems, or without harming the environment.
The noun is sustainability: we want local
government to investigate ~ alternatives / the
country needs - economic growth / ~ agriculture
/ the - use of natural resources / is thisform of
development environmentally ~? / he doubts the
sustainability of the scheme
tame if something is tame, it is not very exciting: it
looked quite - / 1found some of the rides a bit ~ /
it’s too - for most kids
trial a trial is a test in which people try a new product
to see how good it is.Trial is also a verb: I’ve taken
part in the ~s / the drug is undergoing clinical ~s
(it is being tested on people) / the company is
carrying out ~s on the new car / the new system is
being ~led in a hospital in London
upside down if something is upside down, the top
is facing downwards and the bottom is facing
upwards: you go - and everything / the bus landed
- on the other side of the road / turn thejar - and
give it a shake

EXERCISES
Prepositions
Complete the sentences with the correct
preposition.

1 This tomb dates back....the 4th century.
2 Relations....me and John are a bit strained.
3 I've uploaded the photos....the website.
4 Hang your coat....the hook behind the door.
5 Egypt is known....its pyramids.
6 I spoiled the holiday....forgetting the tickets.
7 The car plunged....the cliff into the water.
8 We arrived at the resort and dived....the pool.
W ord families
A Complete the expressions with the correct form
of the word in bold.

1 economic
deprivation
2 closed for
renovations
3 building restrictions
4 strapped into
the seat
5 the system is
straining
6 prices have fallen
steeply

7 shaving foam
8 an affluent
neighbourhood

a ....................
childhood.
it needs to be
.....................
Access is..... .............. to
club members.
I can't fasten the
....................
an old ankle
............. .
a .................... learning
curve
cappuccino
a..............
an area of fast-growing
.....................

Collocations
A Match the adjectives to the nouns. Look up the
adjectives if you need help.

1 a dominant
2 a famous
3 a run-down
4 high-rise
5 natural

6 an up-and-coming
7 economic
8 an inner

a; young singer
b) blocks
c) landmark
d) position
e) area
f) resources
g) city school
i) growth

В Complete the sentences with the correct form
of the verbs from the list. Look up the verbs if
you need help.

break
catch

spoil
stick

set
launch

undergo

1 The statue is................... renovation.
2 We.............. .....our fast yesterday.

3 The mayor is................... a second election
campaign.
4 The rain came down and................... the fun.
5 Good leaders.............. .....to their principles.
a glimpse of the Pope in Rome.
6 I .......... .
7 An African safari will....................your pulse
racing.
С Complete the sentences with the correct nouns.
Look up the nouns if you need help.

resources
months

flats
knight

head
food

activity
trials

1 I live in a block of.......................
2 More tourists will visit in the coming...................
3 I try to avoid processed....................
4 There was a burst of.................. . on the stock
market today.
5 It's important to control our water....................

6 The new drugs are undergoing clinical
7 Strange thoughts were racing through my
8 A helpful policeman was my................... in
shining armour.
Phrasal verbs_________________________
A Choose the correct word to complete the
phrasal verb.

1 We had to queue around / up for the show.
2 The university is carrying down / out some
research.
3 A child ran into the street and knocked me
down / off my bicycle.
4 The price of air tickets has shot up / away recently.
5 I knocked my glass down / away by mistake.
6 I was very excited in the months leading up /
over to our trip.
7 Forget about your work and join up / in the party!
Patterns _______________________________
A Complete the sentences with the correct form
of the verbs in the list.

make
spray

avoid
dance

fast
soar

1 Try......... .........situations that makeyou unhappy.
2
means not eating.
3 I'm planning...................spaghetti for dinner.
4 The weather report predicts.... ........... .......
temperatures tomorrow.
5 Would you like ......... ..........?
6 I'm against farmers..................... chemicals on
fruit and vegetables.
VOCABULARY BUILDER 9


3
THINGS YOU NEED
Pa g e s 2 0 -2 1
bleed if a part of your body bleeds, blood comes out
of it: my leg was - ing / she was -ing quite badly /
he could - to death
clip a clip is a small piece of metal or plastic that
holds something in position. Clip is also a verb:
haveyou got a - t o keep these papers together? / a
paper - la bulldog - (a large clipfor holding a lot
of papers together) I - the papers together
drill a drill is a tool that you use for making holes in
wood, metal etc. Drill is also a verb: an electric - 1 a
hand - (not electric) I its easier if you use a - 1 - a
hole in the wall
file a file is a folded piece of card that you keep papers
in. Some files have clips for keeping the papers

securely in place. File is also a verb: clip the papers
into the - / I've got the original letter in my-1 a
box - (in the shape of a small box) / a lever-arch (a largefile for holding a lot of papers) I he -d the
documents away
hook a hook is a curved piece of wood or metal that
you hang a coat or other piece of clothing on: he
hung his coat on the - behind the door / a coat knock over if you knock something over, you bump it
accidentally and it falls:you knocked over a vase /
mindyou don't knock that drink over / some of the
plant pots had got knocked over
loose if something is loose, it is not fixed securely. The
verb is loosen: a screw on your glasses has come
- I the door handle was - I the tap had worked (gradually become loose) /you'll need to -n that
screwfirst
needle a needle is a thin pointed piece of metal that
you put a thread through and use for sewing
things: a - and thread / a sewing - l a knitting - 1
I couldn't see well enough to thread a - (put thread
through it)
10 OUTCOMES

pad a pad is a piece of thick material that you use to
protect something.The adjective is padded: knee
-s / elbow -s I you can't playfootball without shin
- s i a - of cotton wool I a -ded head protector
peg a peg is a piece of wood or plastic that you use
for attaching wet clothes to a line to dry. Peg is
also a verb: a clothes - 1she was -ging washing
to the line
pin a pin is a piece of sharp metal that you use

for holding things together. Pin is also a verb: a
drawing - (forfixing pieces of paper to a wall) / a
safety - (for holding a bandage in place) / we stuck
a - in the map to decide where to go / she -ned the
notice to the wall
rub if you rub something, you press it and move
something across its surface: ~ some salt into the
meat / she sat up and -bed her eyes / he was -bing
his hair with a towel I my shoes were -bing (they
were pressing against myfeet in a painful way)
screw a screw is a small pointed piece of metal that
you push and turn round to fix pieces of wood
together. Screw is also a verb: some of the -s were
loose I you need to tighten that - a bit more I the
shelves are -ed to the wall
smash if something smashes, it breaks into a lot of
very small pieces: the bottle -ed I I'm sorry, I've -ed
a glass / they threatened to - his windows
sore if a part of your body is sore, it is hurting: myfeet
are - / it's really - 1 I've got a - leg
sticky if something is sticky, it stays on other surfaces
easily, rather than falling off.The verb is stick, and
the past tense and past participle are stuck: it's
blue and - 1 there's some - stuff on thefloor I his
fingers were - withjam / stick the posters on the
wall with tape
spring a spring is a piece of metal curved round and
round, which will go back to its original shape: a
bed with broken -s / the -s have gone (broken) in
that chair

stain a stain is a mark that is difficult to remove.
Stain is also a verb, and the adjective is stained: a
coffee - on his shirt / blood -s I grass -s I some -s
are difficult to remove I wash that out quickly or
it'll - I his clothes were -ed with blood
vase a vase is a container for putting flowers in: a
flower - l a beautiful china - / she arranged the
flowers in a -1 a - of fresh roses
wire a wire is a piece of metal thread: doyou sell -?
/ electrical - 1copper - 1 there were -s (electrical
wires) all over thefloor
Pa g e s 2 2 -2 3
acquire to acquire something means to get it, for
example by buying it.The noun is acquisition: He
-d a number of valuable paintings I she -d the
property lastyear 11 -d the necessary ingredients


from the local supermarket / the way in which
children - language / t o - knowledge / the
acquisition of language / my recent acquisition
(something I got recently)
bin a bin is a container for putting rubbish in. To bin
something means to put it in a bin: recovering
thingsfrom -s / a rubbish - / a litter - / a
wastepaper - / she threw the wrapper into the - /
don't chuck it in the - / 1don’t want it, soyou might
as well - it
cautious if someone is cautious, they are careful to
avoid danger or problems.The adverb is cautiously.

The noun is caution: he’s very - / a - driver / she’s about investing such a large sum / the police decided
to adopt a - approach / she held out her hand -!y /
the animals should be approached with caution
commander a commander is an officer in charge of a
group of people, for example in the army. The verb
is command: a tank - in the British army / an air
force - / a police - / the group was commanded by
Captain Wells
evict to evict someone means to force them to leave
their home, usually because they have not paid
their rent. The noun is eviction: the council came
to - the old man / she was -edfrom herflat /
hundreds of families nowface eviction
get rid of to get rid of something means to throw it
away, sell it or destroy it because you don't need
it: old comics which I don’t read but can’t - / 1think
we should - that old sofa / using chemicals to weeds
guarantee a guarantee is a formal promise to repair
or replace a product that breaks or does not work
properly. Guarantee is also a verb: it’s a good idea
to keep the - / a three-year - / all our products
come with a one-year - / it’s still under - (the
guarantee still applies to it) / all our cars arefully
-dfor 12 months / the wood is all -d against rot
(guaranteed that it won’t rot)
hazard a hazard is something that might be dangerous.
The adjective is hazardous: it had become a health
- / afire - (something that could cause afire) / an
occupational - (one thatyouface as part of ajob) /
the chemicals pose a - t o human health/firefighters

face a lot of-s / -ous chemicals / a -ousjob
impulse an impulse is a sudden strong feeling that you
want to do something: an - purchase (something
you bought as an impulse) / 1bought it on - (as an
impulse) / have a sudden - to laugh / myfirst - was
to hit him / 1resisted the - to walk out
infestation an infestation of rats, insects, etc. is a
large number of them in a place. The verb is infest:
the neighbours complained about rat -s / a n - o f
cockroaches / the house was infested with rats
mere a word you use to emphasize how unimportant
something is: things that others had seen as rubbish / they sold a - 2 0 tickets / it’s - speculation
/ it’s a - coincidence

navy a navy is an armed force that fights at sea.
The adjective is naval: a - commander / hejoined
the - when he was 16 / he spent 25years in the / she served in the American - / a - helicopter / a
naval battle / a naval officer
leaflet a leaflet is a printed sheet of paper that gives
you information about something. To leaflet
a large number of people means to give them
leaflets: a - about a local gym / a - advertising a
new restaurant / an information - / delivering -s /
they’ve -ed everyone in the town
odd odd things are different kinds of things that
don't belong together and don’t have a particular
purpose. You can also describe these things as
odds and ends: various - screws, nails and pins / a
few - pieces of paper / there werejust afew odds
and ends in the drawer

obsession if you have an obsession with something,
you think about it or do it ail the time and cannot
change your behaviour. You can also say that you
are obsessed with something.The adjective is
obsessive: Perhaps it was the trauma that caused
his - / she seemed to have an - with cleaning /
revisingfor exams can become a n - / behaviour
that was bordering o n - / she’s obsessed with losing
weight / an obsessive desire to keepfit
optimistic if you are optimistic, you believe that
good things will happen in the future. The noun
is optimism. A person who is optimistic is an
optimist: I’m very - / areyou - about thefuture?
/ I’m - that scientists will come up with an answer
/ 1don’t share her optimism / a mood of cautious
optimism in the country / he’s a real optimist
pessimistic If you are pessimistic, you believe that
bad things will happen in the future.The noun
is pessimism. A person who is pessimistic is a
pessimist: he’s - / I’m - about my chances of
passing / a - outlook on life / a mood of general
pessimism / I’m a bit of a pessimist
pile a pile is an arrangement of things on top of
each other. You can also say that things are piled:
he sorted the rubbish into - s / a - of books / she
arranged the letters in neat -s / there were some
old clothes -d in the corner
practically practically means almost: he managed to
acquire - every record by Elvis Presley / they go out
- every night / it’s - impossible / we’ve -finished

preceding something that is preceding another
thing comes before it.The verb is precede: a
number of coins - the introduction of the Euro / in
the weeks - the attack / the meal was preceded by
afew short speeches
purchase a purchase is something that you have
bought; when you make a purchase,you buy
something. Purchase is also a verb: an impulse - /
I went home with my -s / they put pressure on us
to make a - / the receipt shows the date o f- / it’s
cheaper to - goods online
VOCABULARY BUILDER 11


recover to recover something means to get it back
after it was taken away, thrown away or almost
destroyed: he would - thingsfrom bins / police
have - ed the stolenjewellery /families trying to their possessionsfrom the debris of their homes
settle if you settle somewhere, you go to live there
permanently: he -d in Britain after the war / they
-d just north of London
trauma a trauma is a very horrible and upsetting
experience that affects you for a long time.
Someone who is traumatised is upset for a long
time as a result of a trauma: the - of what he lost
when he left Poland / the - of her mother's death
/ leaving their home was a major ~ / a lot of the
children have suffered -s / the accident left him
deeply -tised
veteran a veteran is someone who fought in a war:

a Polish war - / a - of the Second World War / a
Vietnam - l a - of several election campaigns
(someone who has taken part in them)
wax wax is a solid substance that is used to make
candles. Hair wax is a soft substance that you put
on your hair to hold it in shape: some old candle on the table / ajar of hair well-intentioned if someone is well-intentioned, they
plan to do something good or helpful, but don't
manage to do it. You can also say that someone has
good intentions: he's very - / it's hard to be cross
with her because she's so-/1 have good intentions,
but never seem tofind the time to do things
Pa g e s 2 4 -2 5
crack a crack is a line you can see on something
made of china or glass that shows it is damaged.
Something that has a crack on it is cracked. Crack
is also a verb: she held up a -ed vase / thejug was
badly -ed / an old mug with a - in it / some veryfine
(thin) - in the wall / a hairline - (very thin) / the dish
cracked when I took it out of the oven
fall apart if something falls apart, it breaks because
it is old or not well made: my shoes werefalling
apart / an old book that wasfalling apart / their
relationshipfell apart (failed)
freeze when something freezes, it becomes hard
because it is so cold.The past tense is froze and
the past participle is frozen. You can say that it's
freezing when the weather or temperature is very
cold: it'sfreezing in here / it'sfreezing outside / the
water in the lake had started to - / afrozen river /
frozen vegetables

funny you can say that something is funny if it seems
strange. You can also say funnily enough about
something that seems strange: it makes a - noise
when I change gears / what's that - smell? / it's that he hasn't phoned /funnily enough, she had
met my brother the week before
12 OUTCOMES

leak if something leaks, water comes out of it. Leak is
also a noun: wrap some tape around the pipe so it
doesn't - / the roof's -ing again / water was -ing
into the shed / there's a - in the kettle
missing if something is missing, it is not in a place when
it should be there. You can also say that a person is
missing if you cannot find them: some stuffis broken
and - / my keys have gone - / there's a button -from
my shirt / police are still lookingfor the - child
obliged if you are obliged to do something, you have
to do it. The noun is obligation: we're not - to
accept returns of this kind / 1felt - to payfor the
meal / we have an obligation to help the children /
customers are under no obligation to buy anything
resigned if you are resigned to something, you accept
it because you know that you cannot change it.The
noun is resignation: she seems - to the situation /
he was - to thefact that he would probably lose his
job / she greeted the news with resignation
-A t io n

Some nouns are formed by adding -ation to a
verb. For example:

resign from his job / offer his resignation.
Combine several ideas / a combination
of tastes; confront his accusers / avoid
confrontation; consider all the option / give it
careful consideration; declare an interest / a
declaration of intent; expect a lot / be beyond
expectations; found a charity / the anniversary
of the foundation of the republic; occupy a
country / be under foreign occupation; sense a
change / have a strange sensation.
ripped if something made of cloth is ripped, it has a
long hole in it. Rip is a verb, and also a noun: lookit’s - / wearing - jeans / his clothes were - to shreds
(badly ripped) / I've - myjeans / she - the letter
open / there's a rip in the sheet
sarcastic if you are sarcastic, you say the opposite of
what you mean, in order to be funny.The noun
is sarcasm. The adverb is sarcastically: I think
he's being - / he said something - / he made a comment / there was a touch of sarcasm in his
voice / 'Brilliant, 'she said sarcastically.
sample a sample is a product in a shop that people
can look at and try before they buy something: it
wasn't the same as the - I'd seen in the shop / some
—s of new perfumes
scratched if something is scratched, there is a small
cut or mark on the surface. Scratch is a verb and
also a noun: the CD's - / how did the table get -? /
mindyou don’t scratch the car / there was a scratch
on the windscreen

В Match the nouns to the verbs. Look up the
nouns (a-e) if you need help.

EXERCISES
P repositions
A Complete the sentences with the correct
preposition.

1 I need to fix that hole....the wall.
2 The secretary filed the documents....
3 Her clothes were all....the floor.
4 I don't like cats rubbing...... me.
5 Use tape to remove hair your dress.
6 Handle that drill....great caution.
7 We need something to wrap....that leak.
8 I heard the sarcasm....her voice.
9 What was the date....purchase?
W ord families
A Complete the expressions with the correct form
of the word in bold.

1 a sarcastic tone
2 acquire a property
3 resigned to the
situation
4 a fire hazard
5 obliged to check
6 the trauma of his
death

said with....................
anew .......
a feeling o f....................
a ................... . line of work
an important....................
.................... by the
experience

В Which TWO words in the list below are NOT
both a noun and a verb?

peg
screw scratch
navy
purchase drill

clip settle
leak crack

Collocations
A Complete the collocations with the verbs in the
lists. Look up the verbs if you need help.

lose
make
1
?
3
4
S

6
7

go
rip

... to shreds
... missing
... your job
.. ... a purchase
... gear
... in place
... obliged

change
keep

feel

1 to approach with
2 to have an
3 to acquire
4 to face
5 to make a

a) eviction
b) purchase
c) caution
d) obsession
e) knowledge

С Complete the sentences with the correct
adjective from the list.

lever-arch
necessary
occupational

hairline
waste-paper

safety
electrical

1 I keep all my class notes in a ................... file.
2 Be careful! There are................... wires all over
the floor.
3 I fixed the torn curtain with a ............. . pin.
4 The cleaner empties the.... .............. bins
at 6 pm.
5 I don't have the............... . ingredients for
minestrone soup.
6 This vase is beautiful but it has a ...................
crack in it.
7 Mixing chemicals is an................... hazard for
pharmacists.
Phrasal verbs________________________
A Choose the correct word to complete the
phrasal verb.

1 I haven't got my tools back / away yet.
2 How do you come up in/ with these ideas?
3 We're going to get rid by / of our old furniture.
4 He never takes part in / of social activities.
5 Their marriage is falling down / apart.
6 The traffic police have taken off I away her
driver's licence.
Patterns
A Complete the sentences with the correct form
of the verbs in the list.

invest
attach

freeze
do

help
tighten

1 The police are obliged... ................ the public.
2 We use pegs for........... ......washing to the line.
3 I'm starting................. .... 1need my coat.
4 What do you plan....... .......... for Xmas?
5 1need............. ......the screws in my glasses.
6 I'm thinking about...... ............in the stock
market.

VOCABULARY BUILDER 13

4
SOCIETY AND SOCIAL
ISSUES
Pa g e s 2 6 -2 7
bankrupt if a company is bankrupt it does not have
enough money to pay all its debts and so cannot
continue to exist. Bankrupt is also a verb: a lot of
companies have gone - recently / the company was
declared - lastyear I the business is almost - / the
losses nearly bankrupted the business
booming if the economy is booming, it is growing
quickly and is very successful. A boom is a period
when the economy is very successful: the economy’s
- / business is - at the moment / the country is
experiencing an economic boomI a boom in house
prices / the post-war boom / the boomyears
boost to boost something means to improve it or
increase it. Boost is also a noun: Their policies have
- ed our standing in the world I this could help to profits / an attempt to - tourism in the area / this
win has - ed the team’s confidence / this should
provide a boostfor the economy / a boostfor her
confidence
cut back on to cut back on something means to
reduce it.The noun is cutback: they’ve done a lot to
- bureaucracy / the bank is cutting back on staff I a
cutback infundingfor schools / the company may
have to make cutbacks
combat to combat a problem means to do things to
try and stop it. Combat is fighting in a war: they’ve

done little to - rising crime / new measures to inflation / a determination to - terrorism / he was
killed in combat / troops engaged in hand-to-hand
combat
controversial if something is controversial, people
disagree about it.The noun is controversy: the
government has done afew - things I a highly policy l a - politician / the proposals have caused
a lot of controversy / some recent controversies in
the media
14 OUTCOMES

desperate if someone is desperate, they are in a very
difficult situation and want or need something
very badly.The adverb is desperately.The noun
is desperation: the hungrier people are, the more
- they are / companies are - for staff I we were
getting - / he’s - to get ajob / they’re in - need of
help I the people desperately needfood I people are
headingfor the cities in desperation
difference if something makes a difference, it changes
a situation to make it better: the government’s
made a huge - since they came to power I it’s made
a big - to my life / an opportunity to make a real - in
the world / what - will it make? /just half an hour
of exercise a day could make all the - / it makes
no - to me
fees fees are an amount of money that you have to
pay for something: they’ve put up tuition - / school
- / the entrance - are quite high / she couldn’t pay
her medical make ends meet if you make ends meet,you just
manage to buy everything that you need to live,

even though you have very little money: people are
struggling to - 1 we earn barely enough to -1 some
months it’s difficult to non-existent if something is non-existent, it doesn't
exist at all: crime is almost - here I the traffic was
virtually - / security seemed to be -

No n -

non- is often added to words to show a person or
thing does not have that quality or characteristic.
For example: Crime is non-existent there.
use a non-stick pan; read a lot of non-fiction; work
for a non-governmental organisation (NCO); it's
a non-profit-making company; the offer is nonnegotiable; it's a non-issue; take a non-stop flight;
lead a non-violent protest; a non-slip surface.

pace the pace of something is how fast it moves or
seems to move: the - of life is sofast here / the
- of change is speeding up / the project is now
gathering - (speeding up) / walking at a brisk permit a permit is an official document that gives
you permission to do something: tofill informs to
get a work - / applyfor a residency - 1you need a
travel ~ I my - has expired (is out of date)
recession if there is a recession, there is less business
activity in a country, so people make less money
and some people lose their jobs: there’s a - a t the
moment I an economic - / this could turn into a
deep - 1 the country is in - / the economy could
sink into - / get the country out o f- again

soft you can say that someone is soft if they are not
strict enough: they're - on drugs I he's too - with
his kids / community service is seen as a - option
shortage if there is a shortage of something, there
is not enough of it: there are a lot of water ~s /
a desperate - of medical supplies / a serious - of
teachers / the drought led to a - of food / many
companies arefacing staff-s
shoot up if something shoots up, it increases very
quickly.The past tense and past participle is shot
up: inflation has shot up over the lastyear / prices
have continued t o - up / unemployment has really
shot up / the price of petrol has shot up to over
£1.50 a litre
stable if something is stable, it is not likely to change
suddenly.The noun is stability: it’s made society
less - l a - economic situation l a - environment
for bringing up children / the ladderfelt quite (not likely tofall) / a period of economic stability
standing your standing is your reputation, based on
what other people think of you: the policies have
boosted the government's - / winning the contract
helped to improve her - with her colleagues / the
scandal will damage his - in the party
tuition tuition is the work of teaching something:
they've put up -fees I he paysfor private - / maths
- 1 he gave us some extra undermine to undermine something means to
weaken it or make it less effective: their policies
are undermining national unity / a scandal that
threatens to - the government's authority /

criticising her will - her confidence I his position in
the government has been seriously -d
Pa c e s 2 8 -2 9 ____________________________
abuse abuse is a bad or wrong use of something, or
cruel treatment of a person. Abuse is also a verb:
the problem of drug and alcohol - 1 the- of power
/ a horrific case of child - 1 he suffered racial (cruel treatment because of his race) I a lot of these
kids abuse alcohol I she was abused by herfather
as a child
assault to assault someone means to attack them
violently. Assault is also a noun: we saw someone
being -ed / he was accused of-ing a student / she
was savagely -ed / charged with sexual assault
(attacking someone in a sexual way)
backing backing is support that you give to
something. The verb is back: the scheme has
European - 1 he has the unanimous - of his
party I they have won -from a major company
/ the project has received nofinancial - / the
government has refused to back the scheme
breakdown if there is a breakdown, something stops
working properly.The verb is break down: the
problem of family - 1 a - in communication / we
had a - o n the motorway (the car stopped working)

/ the car's broken down I his marriage broke down
lastyear
capture to capture something on film means to film
it: The attack was -d on CCTV / It was all -d onfilm
/ a passer-by -d the moment on his mobile

case a legal case is a matter that is decided by a
court: she won her - against her employers / he
lost his - in court / the - will be heard in court
tomorrow / a divorce - l a rape - / she brought a
against her employer I there was no evidence, so
they had to drop the carry out to carry out work means to do it: the work
will be carried out by a Britishfirm / we need to more research / the police will - an investigation /
they carried out a survey
claim if you claim that something is true,you say
that it is true, although other people might
disagree. Claim is also a noun: she is -ing victory
after the court ruled in herfavour I he still -s that
he is innocent / he tried to - that he was acting in
self-defence / the company made somefalse claims
about its products
conduct to conduct an investigation means to do it:
the police are now -ing investigations / who will the enquiry? I t o - a survey of attitudes to climate
change
damages if you get damages, the court orders
someone to give you money because you have
suffered in some way: he won - of £30,000 / the
court awarded her substantial - 1 she's claiming for the injuries she suffered I he got half a million
dollars in be denied if you are denied something,you are not
allowed to have it. You can also use deny as an
active verb: she claimed she was denied promotion
I they were denied access to the building / they
denied him his right to a lawyer / should doctors
deny treatment to patients who are obese?
excessive if something is excessive, it is more than is
necessary.The adverb is excessively: the amount

seems a bit - / some people see the charges as-1
excessively high taxes
gender someone's gender is whether they are
male or female: the company was accused o fdiscrimination / discrimination on the grounds of/ are there - differences in attitudes to work? / it’s
important to combat - stereotypes
go against to go against something means to do
something that is the opposite of that thing: the
recent increase in population goes against the
general trend / accepting the money would - my
principles / it goes against everything I believe in
growing something that is growing is increasing. The
verb is grow.The noun is growth: there is - concern
about the number of teenagers sleeping rough
/ the - popularity of small cars / the number of
people working part-time has grown / a growth in
sales of personal computers
VOCABULARY BUILDER 15


initiative an initiative is an important new plan: the
government will launch a new - aimed at getting
young people off the streets / a new - for peace /
the government has announced a new education / most people welcome the government’s injustice injustice is a situation in which someone
is treated unfairly, the adjective is unjust:
campaigning against social - / it was a terrible / a victim of - / he suffered the - of being sent to
prisonfor a crime he didn’t commit / the system is
clearly unjust
strain if there is a strain on something, there are
difficulties because there is too much demand
for something. Strain is also a verb: an ageing

population puts ~s on the pension system I there is
considerable - on the health service / this will - the
water resources
tribunal a tribunal is a type of court that can make
decisions about one type of case: the - ruled in
herfavour / an employment - 1 an independent
complaints - I planning to set up a war crimes - /
he will appear before the disciplinary - next week
uphold to uphold a decision means to decide
officially that an earlier decision was right.The
opposite is overturn: her claim was upheld in court
. I his conviction was upheld by the court of appeal /
the decision was later overturned
vulnerable if someone is vulnerable, they can be hurt
or upset easily.The noun is vulnerability: more help
for - teenagers I many teenagers are - to drugs /
old people are - to crime / children who are - to
abuse / I’mfee Iing a bit - at the moment I1 could
sense her vulnerability
Paces 3 0 -3 1 _____________________________

aid aid is money or other things that are given to
people who are suffering: a lot of - has been
given to Africa / the country relies onforeign
/ send emergencyfood - /fresh appealsfor
humanitarian awareness if there is awareness about a problem,
people know about it. The adjective is aware: it’s
a great way of raising - about poverty (making
sure people know about it) / to increase public - of
the problem / there is growing - of environmental

problems / most people are not aware of the issue
bleak if a situation is bleak, it seems very bad, with
no hope of improving: Sachs paints a - picture of
the state of the planet / thefuture looks -fo r the
company / rather a - outlook
contribute to contribute something means to give
it, when other people are also giving things.The
thing that you give is your contribution: ask local
businesses to - gifts / they offered to - to the
rebuildingfund / he -d over £3,000 / he made
a generous contribution to the campaign I a
contribution of £250

16 OUTCOMES

crop a crop is a plant such as wheat or corn that is
grown by farmers: betterfarming techniques will
increase -yields / they grow a variety of ~s / a
staple - (that provides most of someone’sfood) / a
cash - (that someone grows to sell)
donor a donor is someone who gives money to help
an organisation or charity.The verb is donate.
The money someone gives is a donation: £50
comesfrom -s / -s have given over £30,000 /
an anonymous - I the - countries (the countries
who give money) / they donated £2,000 / made a
generous donation to thefund
lethal something that is lethal can kill someone: a disease l a - dose o f morphine la - weapon I a combination of drugs and alcohol
measure a measure is something that a government
or organisation does to help solve a problem:

we need to implement a combination o f - s l the
government has promised to take -s to tackle crime
/ the company is introducing new safety -s / tough
new -s to combat speeding
pressure group a pressure group is a group that tries
to influence people's opinions or achieve political
change: an environmental - 1 an anti-smoking - /
they set up a - t o campaignfor change
raise to raise something means to tell people about
it or make them think about it more: he also -s
an alarm that this could be our last chance / a
campaign to - awareness of AIDS (tell people more
about it) I he didn’t - the subject of money (he
didn’t talk about it)
reverse to reverse something means to change
it to the opposite: these measures could - the
downward spiral / an attempt to - the decline in
tourism / the High Court ~d the decision
root the root of a problem is its main or original
cause: the - cause o f the problems are all
interconnected / bad diet lies at the - of a lot of
health problems / the war has religion at its scarce if something is scarce, there is not very much
of it. The adverb is scarcely: a booming population
puts more strain on already - resources I food was
always - in the winter / money was - / there were
scarcely anyjobs (almost none)
soil soil is the earth in which plants grow,fertilisers to
improve the - l a goodfertile - / struggling to grow
crops in poor - s i a sandy - l a clay summarise to summarise something means to
briefly give the main facts about it. The noun is

summary: the book -s the state of the planet / can
you briefly - what he said? / a brief summary of his
argument / 1think that’s afair summary
supply a supply of something is an amount that is
available for people to use. Supplies are also things
that you need: these countries need clean water
supplies / the electricity - was cutoff I a plentiful of medicine I in urgent need of medical supplies /
essential supplies were sent in by air


EXERCISES

В Choose the correct verbs to complete the
collocations. Look up the nouns to help you if
necessary.

P r e p o sitio n s
A Complete the sentences with the correct
preposition.

1 Stress affects a lot....people.
2 I sent the documents...... mail.
3 We need to get to the root...... the problem.
4 The only person you can rely...... is yourself.
5 Pollution puts strain...... the environment.
6 What is his standing....the company?
7 This could turn....a deep recession.
8 There's a shortage....qualified nurses.

W o r d fam ilies

A Complete the sentences with the correct nouns
from these verbs.

donate
grow

contribute
back

cut back
summarise

1 Do you have a ................... . of the report?
2 I am a blood......................I help save people's
lives.
3 There will be spending.................... because of
bad sales.
4 I'm really worried about the................... of
global warming.
5 The plan has the.................... of the president.
6 She made a good.....................to the class
project.

1 raise / make the alarm against corruption
2 deny / stop access to the building
3 contest / combat inflation in the economy
4 plan / conduct an investigation into the crime
5 raise / boost awareness of social issues
6 drop I knock the case against her
7 sleep / lie rough in a park

С Which of the following words do not collocate
with the nouns?

1 drug / food / alcohol / sexual abuse
2 colourful / ageing / younger / world population
3 public / financial / government / fashion
support
4 food / humanitarian / travel / military aid
5 community / military / inflation / public service
D Complete the missing adjectives.

1 We need to preserve s_____ e resources.
2 He was convicted of s _ _ _ _ l assault.
3 People lose their jobs during an
e _______ с recession.
4 I have a business plan but I need
f ________ I backing.
5 Don't read the whole article. Just give me a
b ___ f summary.
6. I did not assault him. I was acting in
s
f-defence.

P h r a s a l verbs
A Choose the correct phrasal verb.

В Tick the words which are both a noun and
a verb.
1 abuse....
2 claim....

3 desperate....
4 assault ......
5 conduct....
6 boost....

Co llo c atio n s

1 Their marriage broke down / broke out last year.
2 We are going to carry out / cut off some
laboratory tests.
3 That idea cuts off / goes against our original
plan.
4 The doctor told me to wipe out / cut back on
fast food.
5 The company is setting up / carrying out a
London office.
6 The power was cut off / cut back on for four
hours.

A Complete the collocations with nouns from
the unit.

1 work on a research p ___ __ t
2 paint a bleak p _ _ _ ^ _ e
3 pay your tuition f _ _ s
4 plant a cash с _ _ p
5 find the r__t of the problem
6 fight social i _________e
7 monitor climate с
e

VOCABULARY BUILDER 17


5
SPORTS AND INTERESTS
Pages 3 6 -3 7
breath your breath is how quickly you are breathing
in and out: it took me ten minutes to get my ~ back
(start breathing normally again) / she gets out of ~
just walking up the stairs (has difficulty breathing) /
he sometimes gets short o f- (unable to breathe
easily) / 1was gaspingfor ~ by the time I reached
the top (breathing veryfast)
bump into if you bump into something, you knock
it accidentally: I'm always bumping into things /
I bumped my knee on the table / mindyou don't
bumpyour head
chill out if you chill out, you relax: Ijust - at home /
chilling out infront of the TV / - by the pool
comic a comic is a magazine for children that tells
stories through cartoon pictures: I went to a -fair /
reading some of my old ~s / bought a ~for the kids /
he collects old ~s
coordination your coordination is how well you
can move different parts of your body together.
Someone who has good coordination is
coordinated. Someone who has poor coordination
is uncoordinated: improveyour hand-eye - /you
need good ~/he lacks - / how coordinated areyou? /

I’m totally uncoordinated
fair a fair is an event where people sell a particular
type of thing: a comic - 1 we went to an antiques / bought itfrom a craft - / we’re holding a book fiddle with if you fiddle with something,you move
it or touch it. Fiddle is also a noun: it givesyou
something to - / 1fiddled with the controls / he
fiddled with his pen while he spoke / 1had a ~ the
switches and got it working
figure a woman's figure is the shape of her body: she’s
got a lovely - / she lost her ~ after she had children /
struggling to keep her - / 1need to watch my ~
(be careful not to put on weight)
18 OUTCOMES

fitness your fitness is how strong you are, and how able
you are to run around and do sport.The adjective
is fit: how canyou improveyour ~? / a high level of
physical - / exercise helps to maintainyour - / trying
to build up my ~ / he’s incrediblyfit / trying to getfit
flexibility your flexibility is your ability to bend
and move your body. The adjective is flexible:
doingyoga really helpsyour ~ / improveyour - /
maintain your ~ / we need more ~ in the workplace
(the ability to make changes easily) / I’m notflexible
enough to touch my toes / employees need to be
flexible these days (able to make changes easily)
get into if you get into something,you start doing it
or having it: when didyoufirst - tennis? / he wants
to - politics / 1don’t want to ~ debt / he started
getting into trouble at school
keep up if you keep up, you go as fast as other people

or do as much as them: I couldn’t ~ with the others
in the class / she was walking quicklyKand I was
struggling to - / come on - try to ~!
knitting knitting is making things from wool, using
two long needles. The verb is knit: I like sewing
and - / she was doing her - while she spoke / she’s
knitted loads of jumpers / a hand-knitted sweater
master class a master class is a lesson in music or a
sport, given by someone very famous: a - with a
top Russianfencer / a violin - / invited to attend a -1
a ~ given by afamous pianist
self-conscious if you are self-conscious, you feel
embarrassed about what you look like, or what
other people think of you.The adverb is self­
consciously: I’m always ~ when I dance / 1felt a
bit - / it makes me - when everyone looks at me /
he’s starting to get - about his weight / she smiled
rather self-consciously
S e lf-

You can add self- to lots of adjectives and nouns
to mean '(in/to) yourself. For example: i'd be a bit
self-conscious
lack self-confidence; have low self-esteem;
show self-discipline; a self-employed plumber;
take self-defence classes; he’s not very self-aware;
a self-inflicted wound; paint a self-portrait; he's a
self-taught artist; be motivated by self-interest;
a self-catering holiday
sewing sewing is making things by joining bits of

cloth together with thread.The verb is sew: I like and knitting / doing some - / a - needle / I’ll have
to sew the pocket back on
shape your shape is how fit and healthy you are: I’m
really out of~ (not veryfit) / 1wanted to get in ~
(becomefitter) / an exercise machine to helpyou
keep in ~ / he’s in much better - now


stamina stamina is strength that allows you to
continue doing something for a long time:you
need a lot o f- to do marathon running / 1haven't
got the - to walk thatfar / help to build upyour - /
he's got a lot of mental take up if you take something up, you start it: I took
up swimming lastyear / I've decided to - gardening /
when didyoufirst take it up?
thread a thread is a long, thin piece of cotton, silk or
wool that is used to make cloth or sew pieces of
cloth together. Thread is also a verb: make patterns
with the - on the cloth /you'll need a needle and - /
a loose - in my skirt / some strong cotton - / t o - a
needle (put thread in it)
volunteer a volunteer is someone who does a job
willingly or without being paid. Volunteer is also
a verb: I did some - work last summer / the shop
is run Ьу- s / a team o f-s / 1need some -s to help
with the clearing up / they're lookingfor -s / he -ed
to drive us
wander if you wander round a place,you walk around
slowly, without going in any particular direction.
Wander is also a noun: I like -ing roundflea

markets / we -ed through the old town / the kids
had -ed off / we werejust -ing aimlessly / we went
for a - round the shops
whatsoever you use this word to emphasise that you
mean none at all: he does no exercise - / 1have no
doubt - / she said nothing - / there were none Pa c es 3 8 -3 9
bar the bar is the piece of metal along the top of a
goalpost: his shot hit the - / it wasjust over the - /
he was denied a goal by the close if a game or match is close, the two players or
teams are very equal: it was a really - game / a match that could have gone either way / he came a
- second / 1think the election will be pretty dive if someone dives in a game such as football, they
fall over and pretend someone has pushed them
or hurt them. Dive is also a noun: the defender
didn't touch him - he-d / he was given ayellow
cardfor diving I the temptation to - in the penalty
box / it was a clear disallow to disallow something mean to refuse to
allow it because someone has broken a rule: the
referee -ed the goal / they had a goal -ed in the
second half
dubious if something is dubious, it is probably not
right: the referee gave some - decisions / that
seems a bit - to me / some of the information was
highly exclude to exclude someone or something means to
not include them.The noun is exclusion: no one
should be -dfrom sport / that information was -d
from the report / an attempt to - the pressfrom

the event / 1felt a bit -d / he's been -dfrom school
(told to leave) / the exclusion of some vital data /
her exclusionfrom school

double fault a double fault in tennis is when you
serve two balls wrongly, one after the other: I
regularly serve -s / that's his third - of the match
fix to fix a game or match means to arrange the
result in a dishonest way: the game was -ed / they
are accused of match -ing / they claim that the
election was -ed
forehand a forehand in tennis is a shot in which the
palm of your hand is facing the ball. The opposite
is backhand: I hit a great - / he's got a very
strong - / a brilliant - volley / she's playing to her
opponent's backhand
foul to foul someone in a game such as football
means to do something to them that is against
the rules. Foul is also a noun: he -ed the striker /
he was sent offfor committing a secondfoul / that
was a blatant (very obvious) -I
free kick a free kick in a game such as football is a
chance to kick the ball freely from a particular
position: the referee gave a - / they've been
awarded a - just outside the box / Messi's going to
take the - / they scoredfrom a greedy if someone is greedy, they don't want to share
things with anyone else. A greedy player is one
who doesn't pass the ball to other players: he's a
really - player / the temptation to be - with the
ball / he should've passed it - that was a bit - /
she's quite - when it comes to chocolate
moral a moral issue or choice is one that is based on
ideas of what is right and wrong: it shows children
the importance o f- choices / abortion is a - issue /

you have a - obligation to do something / a - duty /
he has very high - standards / a set o f- values
penalty a penalty in a game such as football is a free
shot towards the goal because the other team has
broken a rule: the goalkeeper saved a - /the referee
awarded a - / he scoredfrom a - / he missed the - /
the defender gave away a - / Ronaldo wasfouled
and got a post the post in a game such as football is one of the
sides of the goal: they hit the - twice / it wasjust
wide of the - / he beat the goalkeeper at thefar
- (the onefurthestfrom the ball) / a shot to the
nearsack to sack someone means to send them away
from their job because they have done something
wrong. Sack is also a noun: they -ed the manager /
he was -edfor stealing / he got the -from his last
job / they're threatening to give her the save to save a shot in a game such as football means
to stop it from going into the goal. Save is also
a noun: the goalkeeper -d the shot / he -d the
penalty / shejust managed to - it / the shot was
-d on the line by one of the defenders / that was a
great save/
VOCABULARY BUILDER 19


send off to send someone off in a game such as
football means to order them to leave the field
because they have broken a rule: he got sent off for
hitting another player / the referee sent him off I
that's a sending-off offence
serve to serve in a game such as tennis means

to start the game by hitting the ball to your
opponent. Serve is also a noun: I - d a doublefault /
it's Federer to - next / she’s ~d brilliantly in this
match / afantastic -/ hisfirst - was out / she’s
finding it difficult to return Serena Williams'shoot if you shoot in a game such as football,you try to
score.The noun is shot: he tackled the striker before
he could - / h e shotjust wide / she shotfrom the
halfway line / that was a great shot / the keeper saved
the shot
substitute to substitute a player in a game such as
football means to replace them with a different
player.The noun is substitution.The new player
who comes into the game is called a substitute:
he was ~d when he got injured / the decision to Rooney / Manchester United are going to make a
substitution / he came on as a - just after half time /
he was brought on as a tackle to tackle someone in a game such as football
means to try to take the ball off them. Tackle is
also a noun: he ~d the strikerjust outside the box
/ improveyour tackling skills / that was a great ~ /
penalisedfor a late - / afair - / a crunching ~ (with
a lot of force) / he skipped past the ~s
thrash to thrash someone in a game means to defeat
them by a large amount. The noun is thrashing: we
got ~ed 6-0 / they absolutely - ed us / they suffered
a 9-0 ~ing
well-meaning if someone is well-meaning, they try
to be helpful or do the right thing, but they don't
succeed: some ~ schools insist on non-competitive
sports / things can sometimes be made worse by ~
parents / she's very -

Pages 4 0 -4 1

drown if someone drowns, they die from being under
water.The noun is drowning: she - ed in the sea /
I'm terrified of-ing / a tragic ~ing in the local
swimming pool
fanatic a fanatic is someone who likes something
very much. The adjective is fanatical: he's a sport
- / she's a real health - / afitness - / a ~al cyclist /
he's -a! about health andfitness

20 OUTCOMES

fool a fool is a stupid person. If you make a fool of
yourself,you make yourself look stupid: I'm scared
of making a ~ o f myself / she was trying to make a
o f me / don't be a - / what a - I've been
hairline a hairline fracture or crack is a very thin crack
in something: he had a - fracture in his shoulder /
afew - cracks in the wall
knock out to knock someone out means to make
them unconscious. To knock yourself out means
to have an accident and become unconscious: she
fell and knocked herself out / a blow to the head
which knocked him out / he was knocked out in
the second round of thefight / some tablets which
really knocked me out (made mefeel very tired)
ligament a ligament is a part of your body that joins
a muscle to a bone: I tore the ~s in my knee / a torn

~ in my elbow / a ~ injury /
paralysed if someone is paralysed, they can no longer
move their body: she was - from the waist down /
the accident left him - / she was partially - / 1was
~ withfear
pass out if you pass out, you become unconscious: I
passed out with the heat / 1almost passed out with
the pain / it nearly made me ~
put off if you put something off,you delay doing it
because you do not really want to do it: I've been
putting off going to the dentistfor ages / don't put
it off until tomorrow / he's been putting off making
a decision
reluctant if you are reluctant to do something,you do
not really want to do it.The adverb is reluctantly.
The noun is reluctance: he's a bit - to drive me
round there / 1felt rather - to askfor more money
/ he agreed, rather reluctantly / a reluctance tojoin
in with the others
sprain if you sprain your knee, ankle, wrist etc.,
you hurt it and damage the joint by twisting it
suddenly. Sprain is also a noun: I - ed my knee / 1
think I've - ed my ankle / sufferingfrom a - ed wrist /
you haven't broken it - it's only a twist if you twist your ankle,you hurt it by turning it
suddenly. We use the word twist when the injury
is less serious than a sprain: I - ed my ankle / 1fell
and -ed my knee
waist your waist is the part of your body around
your middle, where the top of your trousers is:
she was paralysedfrom the ~ down / the men

were all stripped to the - / what's your - size?
/ a young woman with a slim ~ / a leather belt
around her -


3 He suffered a blow to the head which left him

EXERCISES

4 I don't play sports. I'm very....................
P repo sitio n s
A Complete the sentences with the correct
preposition.

1
2
3
4

He's self-conscious....his appearance.
Don't make a fool....yourself.
His shot was just wide....the post.
The accident left him paralysed....the waist
down.
5 Where did you buy those jeans....?
6 She's fanatical....exercising.
7 My dog is always bumping....the furniture.
8 I need to buy an anniversary present....my
wife.
9 I need to work....my forehand.

W o r d fam ilies
A Complete the expressions with the correct form
of the word in bold.
1 a reluctant decision
agree.................. .
2 a half-time substitution
a lazy

3 feel self-conscious
4 get fit

player
dance....................
improve your

5 a flexible body

work on your

6 thrash your opponent
7 knit a sweater

a 6-0 ...... .
a ... ................ needle

В Tick the words which are both a noun and a
verb.

1

2
3
4
5
6

foul......
sprain....
stamina....
sack....
penalty ......
tackle ......

A Match the two halves of the collocations

1 a late
2 a blatant
3 award a
4 a great

a)
b)
c)
d)

penalty
tackle
foul
save

В Complete the collocations with nouns from
the unit.

1 a с ___ tfair
2 paralysed with f _ _ r
3 make a f __I of yourself
4 a moral о ____ ______ n
5 a loose t ____ d
6 hand-eye с __________ ___ n
7 be short of b ____ h
8 m ___ h fixing
С Choose the correct verbs to complete the
collocations. Look up the nouns to help you if
necessary.

1 get/find the sack
2 make / do a fool of me
3 place / put on weight
4 twist / turn your ankle
5 make / have a decision
6 be I come a close second

P h r a s a l verbs
Choose the correct word to complete the
phrasal verb.

'

W o r d - b u il d in g
A Complete the sentence with a negative form of

the correct adjective.

able

Co llo c atio n s

coordinated

conscious

1 Don’t put your work off / out Do it today.
2 You should take a holiday and chill in / out for
a while.
3 He was knocked out /by in a football collision.
4 I've tried, but I can't really get on / into rap
music.
5 He was sent out / off for committing a foul.
6 I need to exercise and get by / in shape.
7 I was so hot I almost passed out / down.
8 This class is too difficult. I can't keep in / up.

honest

1 I'm.................... to sleep because I'm so
worried.
2 We didn't win the game because the referee
w as.....................

VOCABULARY BUILDER 21

6
ACCOMMODATION
Pages 4 2 -4 3

bay a bay is an area on the coast where the sea
curves inwards: a little -you could scramble down
to / go swimming in the - l a sheltered - / looking
out across the chilly if the weather is chilly, it is quite cold. The noun
is chilliness: It was a bit - in the evenings / a - day /
the evenings were quite - / it's starting to get - l a
reply (unfriendly) / a slight chilliness in the air
cliff a cliff is a high, steep area of rock at the edge
of the sea: a hotel on top o f the -s / high -s /
limestone -s / they tried to climb the - / walking
along the cliff top
cut off if a place is cut off, it is difficult to reach, for
example because it is not near good roads or
railways, or because of bad weather: the place was
a bit - (far awayfrom towns and cities) / the village
gets - by snow in winter / some houses were - by
theflooding
deserted if a place is deserted, there is no one in it:
the beaches were - / the town looked completely / walking through the - streets l a - village
dump if a place is a dump, it is very dirty, untidy or
in a bad condition: the place was a bit of a - 1 his
flat was a real - 1 what a - I I a rubbish - (where
rubbish is taken and left)
facilities the facilities in a place are the buildings and
equipment the place has, and the services it offers:

the - on the camp site were incredible / a hotel
with excellent - 1 it’s gotfantastic sports - / there
were no leisure - / the toilet - were very poor
filthy if something is filthy, it is extremely dirty. The
noun is filth: everything got - l a - T-shirt / his
clothes looked - / the house was absolutely - /
everything was covered infilth
full blast if you play a radio or music player at full
blast, you play it as loud as you can: they played

22 OUTCOMES

music at - all night / had the TV on a t - 1 the radio
was playing at greasy if something is greasy, it is covered in oil.The
noun is grease: thefood was a bit - 1 - chips / ~
hair / thefood was swimming in grease (covered in
grease) / his hands were covered in grease
muddy if something is muddy, it is covered in mud:
the camp site was really - I - boots / my clothes
had got - / thefloor was all overlooking if something is overlooking a place, it is
above the place and has a view over it.The verb
is overlook: on top o f the cliffs, - the ocean / a
balcony - the beach / the room overlooks a car park
overwhelming if something is overwhelming, it
has a very strong effect on your feelings, so you
are unable to express exactly how you feel. The
verb is overwhelm: it was all a bit - / 1found the
experience absolutely - 11 was overwhelmed by a
feeling of sadness / we were totally overwhelmed
by people’s support

restless if you are restless, you feel slightly bored and
want to do something different or go somewhere
new. The noun is restlessness: I got a bit - after a
couple o f days / beginning tofeel - / the kids are
starting to get slightly - / afeeling of restlessness
scramble if you scramble somewhere,you climb
there, using your hands to help you. Scramble
is also a noun .you can - down to the bay /
scrambling over the rocks / we -d up the cliff I
a bit of a scramble down to the beach
self-catering if accommodation is self-catering, it has
a kitchen so that you can prepare your own food: a
apartment/ - accommodation l a - holiday
site a site is a place where something happens. Site
is also a verb: a camp - l a building - l a landfill (for burying rubbish in the ground) / the - of the
accident / the place where the new theatre will be
sited
spoil to spoil something means to make it less good
or less enjoyable: bad weather can really - a
holiday / he always -s thefun / the new buildings the view / 1-ed the meat by cooking itfor too long
spotless if something is spotless, it is completely
clean.The adverb is spotlessly: the whole place was
- l a - white shirt / the house looked absolutely - /
spotlessly clean
stunning if something is stunning, it is extremely
beautiful.The adverb is stunningly: we had viewsfrom our window / some - new designs / she
looked absolutely - 1 she’s stunningly beautiful
superficial if something is superficial, it only concerns
the surface of something and not the part in the
middle or the most important part. The adverb

is superficially: a rather - discussion / sometimes
I
felt it was a bit - / his knowledge is quite - 1 a
burn (only on the surface of your skin) l a - society
(concerned only about things you can see, not
serious ideas) I the wood was only damaged -ly


tent a tent is a small shelter that you stay in when
you are camping: we stayed in a - / a three-person
- l a niceflat place where we could pitch our - / it
took ages to put up the - 1 we took down the - and
left / the - blew down in the night
unbearably unbearably means in a way that is
extremely unpleasant.The adjective is unbearable:
the weather was ~ hot / he was ~ arrogant / the
pain was unbearable / the heat made it unbearable
welcoming if someone is welcoming, they are very
friendly to you when you arrive somewhere: the
people were incredibly - / she gave a - smile / a
hotel with a - atmosphere
winding if a road is winding, it has a lot of turns
and bends in it.The verb is wind: you had to walk
along a ~ track to the village l a - river / a narrow
- footpath I the road winds up to the village / we
wound our way through the narrow streets

could’ve -d whileyou were sleeping I he nearly ~d I
he tried to - his victims (kill them by stopping them
breathing) I the new restrictions are suffocating

trade (preventing itfrom developing) / she died of
suffocation

Pa g e s 4 6 -4 7
bland if food is bland, it is not nice because it doesn't
have enough flavour: I don’t know howyou eat
that - rubbish / thefood was incredibly - / 1found
it too dash if you dash, you leave or go somewhere quickly
because you are in a hurry. Dash is also a noun:
gotta - now / 1-ed down to the shops / /7/just home quickly / we could make a dashfor the car
L o o k in g

Pa g e s 4 4 -4 5
bear if something doesn't bear thinking about, it is so
horrible or shocking that you don't want to think
about it: he could’ve d ied -it doesn’t - thinking
about
confirmation a confirmation is a letter or email which
states officially that something you reserved by
phone will be kept for you. The verb is confirm: did
you receive a - by email? l a - of the booking I a letter I we will confirm the reservation in writing
deposit a deposit is an amount of money that you
pay in advance for something. Sometimes the
deposit is part of the total amount you will pay,
and sometimes it is extra money that you get
back when you finish using something: they’re not
going to give us our - back I you pay an initial - of
£100, then pay the rest when the goods arrive I
I’ve put down the -o n a new car / there’s a £30
returnable - / the - is refundable

framed if something is framed, it has a frame around
it. The verb and noun are frame: a - photo / some
- certificates / areyou going to get it -? I it’s been
very nicely - l a mirror with a thick woodenframe
procedure a procedure is a set of actions that you
follow in order to do something correctly: that’s
our normal - / the usual -fo r making reservations /
you didn’t follow the correct - / the company’s
standard -sfo r taking on new staff
reservation if you make a reservation, you ask a hotel
to keep a room for you, a restaurant to keep a table
for you, etc. The verb is reserve: we have no record
o f any - / I’d like to make a - 1 doyou have a -? I a
- in the name o f Smith / 1cancelled the - / I’d like
to reserve a tablefor tomorrow evening I I’m sorry,
these seats are reserved
suffocate if you suffocate, you die because you
cannot breathe. The noun is suffocation -.you

a n d g o in g

English has lots of verbs to describe the way
people look / see and move. For example, gaze at
the stars; dash up the stairs
look / see: stare at me (hard / long);frown at
me smoking (disapproving); glare at each other
(angrily); glance at the headlines (quickly); peer
over my shoulder / peer through the mist (with
difficulty); spot him in the crowd (see after
looking); glimpse something in the bushes (see

briefly);
go: crawl into bed / crawl along (slowly, tiredly);
creep out / sneak up behind someone (slowly,
quietly, unseen);jog down the street (run slowly);
limp home (injured); rush to work (fast, late,
urgent); stroll through the park (relaxed); march
up to me and demanded... (with purpose);
pace up and down (nervous); scramble down
the hill (with difficulty); stagger out of the pub
(uncontrolled almost falling).

gaze if you gaze at something, you look at it for a
long time. Gaze is also a noun: I was gazing out of
the window / lying on his bed gazing at the ceiling
I she was gazing into space / my gaze wasfixed on
the letter I he lowered his gaze (looked down)
get over if you get over something, you start to feel
better after it: it took me a couple of days to - the
jetlag / I’m just getting over theflu / he’s upset now,
but he’ll soon - it I I’ve got over it completely now
hook up with if you hook up with someone, you meet
them and become friends with them or start to
have a relationship with them: I’ve hooked up with
a guyfrom London / we'll - with them again in
New York / ourfirm has hooked up with another
small company (agreed to work with)
VOCABULARY BUILDER 23


heritage your heritage is your culture and family

background:you appreciateyour own - / it’s
important to protect our national - / buildings that
are part of our - / the country’s rich cultural - /
trying to preserve their Scottish humid if the weather is humid, it is very hot, with
a wet heat rather than a dry heat. The noun is
humidity: it’s unbelievably hot and - /a very - day /
high -ity levels / an increase in -/ty
integration integration is the process in which people
gradually become involved in a new society or
group. The verb is integrate: ~ into a new culture /
the country’s - into the EU / policies that encourage
social - / infavour of greater - / they soon became
integrated into the local community / they’ve
integrated very well
miles miles means by a very large amount: Hong
Kong is - better / it’s -funnier than thefirstfilm /
that’s - too big / it was - too expensive
moan a moan is a complaint about something. Moan
is also a verb: we have a - about things together /
/don’t want to listen toyour - si / stop -ingl /
everyone - ed about thefood
orientate if you orientate yourself, you begin to
feel familiar with the place where you are or the
situation you are in. You can also say that you
orient yourself: I’m starting to - myselfnow / 1
tried to - myselfby looking at the map / it took him
afew months to orient himself in the newjob
phase a phase is one stage in the development of
something:you go throughfour distinct -s / the
first - of the project / the second - of the building

work / a difficult - in the country’s history
pride pride is a feeling of pleasure and satisfaction
you get when you have done something well. Pride
yourself on something is a verb.The adjective is proud:
people seem to take - in what they do / she showed us
her award with great - / see the - in herparents’faces /
he prides himselfon the quality of his work / we’re very
proud of you / I’m particularlyproud of this painting
put someone down if you put someone down, you
criticise them when other people are there.The
noun is put-down:yow might put people down
when they speak their own language / her parents
are always putting her down / I’mfed up with his
constant put-downs

24 OUTCOMES

resistance resistance to something is a refusal to
accept it. The verb is resist: -to a new culture /
there’s considerable - to the proposals / the plans
met with a lot of-from local people / they put up
quite a bit o f- / trying to resist change / he resisted
the pressure to resign
roots a person's roots are the place, culture and
family that they come from. The roots of a plant
are the part that hold the plant in the ground.you
can get cut offfrom your - /feeling the need to go
back to her - / returning to his Irish - / digging the
plants up by the settle down if a situation settles down, it becomes
calmer: things have settled down a bit now / the

situation seems to have settled down
slave away if you slave away, you work very hard for
a long time: I’ve been slaving away at my desk /
slaving away over a hot cooker / slaving away at
a report
swing if you swing, your feelings or opinions
change. Swing is also a noun: some people from one extreme to the other / her mood could from joy to despair within a matter of minutes /
public opinion has swung to the left (become more
left-wing) / mood swings / a big swing in public
opinion
symptom a symptom is something that shows
that an illness or problem exists.The adjective
is symptomatic: it’s a - of the resistance phase /
what are the -s of food poisoning? / physical and
psychological -s / people displayingflu-like -s /
not everyone with the disease will develop ~s /
recognise the -s of overwork / the demonstrations
are a - of an underlying problem / the rise in
unemployment is -atic of the general decline in the
economy
transformation a transformation is a complete
change. The verb is transform: the - phase / an
amazing - / the building’s - from a school to a
community centre / the party has undergone
a complete - / the whole house has been
transformed
undergo if you undergo something, you experience
it: we’re -ing a big change / the building has -ne
some renovations /you may need to - surgery / she
underwent an emergency operation