Slide semantic meeting 5

Semantics 1
Meeting 5


REVIEW
FIGURES OF SPEECH

Match the figures of speech with their examples
1. Simile

a. We now live under the same roof.

2. Metonymy

b. Life is a dream.

3. Synecdoche

c. He is the best pen of the day.

4. Personification

d. The river ate the bank away.

5. Metaphor

e.

...............

My dormitory room is like a cave.

cook

grill

toast

boil

stir-fry

fry

saute

deep fry

smoke


Section1: Word Meaning
2.9 Hyponymy
cook  superordinate (higher word )
What are referents of the word “cook”?
grill

toast

boil

fry

roast bake

smoke . . . . . . .

What are referents of the word “fry”?
stir-fry

sauté

deep-fry  hyponym (lower word)

Are the referents of “fry” included in the referent of “cook”?
 Hyponymy is a relation in which the referent of a word is totally
included in the referent of another.
In other words, hyponymy is the relationship between each of the
hyponyms (the “lower” word) and its superordinate (the “higher” word)


Section1: Word Meaning
How to distinguish between a hyponym and a superordinate?
Colour = superordinate
Superordinate =blue

red

yellow

green

black . . . . . . .

hyponyms
turquoise aquamarine royal blue
hyponyms

Does the word “ colour” cover “blue, red, yellow, etc”?
Does the word “blue” cover “turquoise, aquamarine and royal blue” ?
 “colour” is a superordinate and “blue” is a hyponym and also a
superordinate


Section1: Word Meaning
How to distinguish between a hyponym and a superordinate?
A superordinate is a word “ whose referent covers all the
referents of its hyponyms.
Hyponyms often exist at more than one level, resulting in multiple
layers of hyponymic relationships.


Section1: Word Meaning
How to distinguish between a hyponym and a superordinate?
flower
rose sunflower apricot tulip

white rose red rose

yellow rose

lotus . . . . . . .

.......

1/ What are hyponyms of “ flower”
They are “ rose, sunflower, apricot, tulip, lotus etc.”
2/ What are hyponyms of “ rose”
They are “ white rose, red rose, yellow rose etc.”
3/ What are superordinates?
They are “ flower & rose.”


Section1: Word Meaning
* Hyponymy and inclusion
flower
rose tulip

Superordinate 

animal

hyponyms lion

.......

Are “ rose & tulip” included in “flower”?
Are “ lion & elephant” included in “animal”?
 HYPONYMY involves us in the notion INCLUSION
 INCLUSION is a matter of class membership.

 The ‘ super’ term is the SUPERORDINATE and the
‘lower’ term is the HYPONYM.

elephant

.......


Exercise9,p.60
Each of the following sentences presents a pair of words. Which
of them is a superordinate and which, a hyponym?
1.

She reads books all day-mostly novels.
 book = superordinate ; novel = hyponym

2.

A crocodile is a reptile.
 reptile = superordinate ; crocodile = hyponym

3.

There’s no flower more beautiful than a tulip.
 flower = superordinate ; tulip = hyponym

4.

He likes all vegetables except carrots.
 vegetable = superordinate ; carrot = hyponym

Draw a chart to show the relationship among the
following words
1. fowl, rooster, turkey, chicken, goose, duck, hen,
chick

2. vehicle, hardtop, bus, truck, train,convertible, car,
sports car, bicycle, lorry


1. fowl, rooster, turkey, chicken, goose, duck, hen,
chick
Fowl

turkey

rooster

chicken

hen

goose

chick

What are superordinates?
What are hyponyms?

duck

........


2. vehicle, hardtop, bus, truck, train, convertible, car,
sports car, bicycle, lorry
Vehicle

bus

hardtop

truck

car

lorry

bicycle

convertible

What are superordinates?
What are hyponyms?

train

sports car

.......

......


EXERCISES 10,p.60
1. luggage and suitcase

suit case brief case handbag backpack . . . . . . . .

2. green vegetable and bean

cabbage lettuce brussels-sprout bean brocolli

........


EXERCISES 10,p.61
3. animal and foal

fish

bird

insect

mammal

bug

human

dog

horse

stallion

mare

sheep

foal

reptile . . . . . . . .

Animal (beast)
........


EXERCISES 10,p.61
4. animal and child

fish

bird

insect

mammal

bug

human

man

woman

child

reptile . . . . . . . .

animal (beast)
........


EXERCISES 10,p.61
5. Fowl and rooster

turkey

rooster

chicken

hen

goose

chick

duck

........


EXERCISES 10,p.61
6. plant and coconut

flowering
plants

bush

tree

pine

coconut

palm

bell nut

grass . . . . . . . .

moss

gum

sago

........

........


EXERCISES 10,p.61
7. plant and rose

tree

bush flowering plant

lily

daisy

grass . . . . . . . .

moss

violet tulip

rose

........

EXERCISES 10,p.62
8. Vocal organ and tongue tip

lip

tongue

nose

tongue tip tongue blade tongue front

larynx

lower jaw

........

tongue back tongue root


EXERCISES 10,p.62
9. head and eyelash

face

hair

mouth nose eye

eyeball

skull
cheek

eyehole

brain
forehead

eyelash eyelid

........

chin

pupil

........

........


EXERCISES 10,p.62
10. furniture and dressing table

seat

table

bed

storage

wardrobe dressing table chest of drawers

writing desk Welsh
dresser

......


EXERCISES 10,p.62
11. Vehicle and convertible

bus

hardtop

truck

car

lorry

convertible

bicycle

train

sports car

.......

......


EXERCISES 10,p.62
12. vocalize and croon

speak read aloud

sing

croon

hum

yodel

articulate

......

......