MINERAL mineral resources

MINERAL
Pada Bahan Makanan : ±96% bahan organik dan air
± 4% unsur mineral/zat
anorganik/kadar abu
Berdasarkan penelitian : ada 14 unsur mineral yg
diperlukan tubuh manusia
 mineral makro : terdapat dalam tubuh dalam jumlah
cukup besar :Na, Cl, K, Ca, P, Mg dan S
 mineral mikro : terdapat dalam tubuh dalam jumlah
kecil : Fe, I, Mn, Cu, Zn, Co dan F
Unsur mineral dalam bentuk : ion bebas
Terikat dg zat organik lain
Fungsi mineral : zat pembangun dan pengatur


Sulfur (S)
The average human body contains about 1 teaspoon of
sulfur. You may know sulfur as the mineral that gives
rotten eggs their distinctive smell.
Natural Food Sources
Dried beans, cabbage, clams, eggs, fish, garlic,
legumes, meat, milk, onions, poultry, wheat germ.
 Main Functions
Sulfur is necessary for the formation of hair, nails,
cartilage and tissue. It is needed for metabolism and a
healthy nervous system, plus it aids bile secretion in
the liver.
 Deficiency Symptoms
Sulfur deficiency is only found in conjunction with
protein deficiency, and can be alleviated by increasing
protein consumption.

 Toxicity Symptoms
Excess sulfur is excreted in urine, so is essentially nontoxic.


Zinc (Zn)
Zinc is an important trace element involved in antioxidant reactions. It
can boost your immune system and has been reported to be
effective in fending off bad colds. Vegetarians should be conscious
of ensuring an adequate intake of zinc.

Natural Food Sources
Beef, black beans, blackstrap molasses, chicken heart, egg yolk,
fish, lamb, maple syrup, milk, nuts, oysters, pork, sesame seeds,
soybeans, sunflower seeds, turkey, wheat germ, whole grain
products, yeast.

Main Functions
Zinc is a component of insulin and over 100 enzymes, proteins,
nucleic acids and hormones. It helps in the healing of wounds,
tissue repair, growth, energy conversion and sexual development.
It regulates blood sugar, blood pressure, heart rate and cholesterol
levels.

Deficiency Symptoms
Although uncommon, zinc deficiency symptoms include anemia,
stunted growth, birth defects, sterility, mental problems, skin
problems, hair loss and a decreased ability to taste food. If your
diet is too rich in copper or iron, it could lead to a zinc deficiency.

Manganese (Mn)
Not a lot is known about this trace element, but it may play a role in
treating heart arrhythmia, osteoporosis, epilepsy and back pain.
Our bodies store about 10 mg of manganese in the bones, liver,
kidneys and pancreas.

Natural Food Sources
Beans, blackberries, blueberries, bran, brown rice, buckwheat,
carrots, chestnuts, hazelnuts, legumes, oatmeal, peanuts, peas,
pecans, seaweed, spinach, tea, wheat germ, whole grains.

Main Functions
Manganese is used in bone formation, muscle coordination,
nervous system function and is involved in several enzyme
reactions. It is also used, along with vitamin K, to promote blood
clotting.

Deficiency Symptoms
Deficiencies are rare, as manganese is widely available in the food
supply. However, symptoms may include seizures, epilepsy, poor
muscle coordination, facial twitching, bone deformities and general
weakness. Manganese deficiencies in children may lead to stunted
growth and development.


Iron (Fe)
There are 2 forms of Iron , ferrous and ferric compound.
Ferrous compound is more difficult for the body to
absorb. Iron is found in many plants, but even that is
often in a form that is difficult to absorb (some iron-rich

vegetables like spinach also contain oxalic acid, which
interferes with the absorption of iron and other
minerals). Vitamin C greatly improves iron absorption.
 Natural Food Sources
Enriched bread, beans, blackstrap molasses, chickpeas,
clams, egg yolk, fish, green leafy vegetables, lentils,
liver, mussels, oysters, peaches, prunes, raisons, red
meat, seaweed, seeds, soybean flour.
 Main Functions
Iron binds with hemoglobin molecules and carries
oxygen in your blood and throughout your body. It is
involved in enzyme activities related to energy storage
and availability. Iron also forms part of several
enzymes and proteins in the body.


Main Functions of Iron

Transport and storage of oxygen.

Aid in energy production and cell diffusion.

Helps the immune and central nervous systems.
Low Iron Level
Low iron levels can cause people to develop iron deficiency
anemia. When a person is anemic, their blood contains low
levels of oxygen.
Deficiency

Fatigue


Weakness

Rapid heartbeat

Fainting

Susceptibility to infection, and

Swelling of the tongue

lethargy, poor concentration, pale skin and shortness of breath.
Vegetarians have to ensure they get an adequate iron intake, as
do menstruating or pregnant women.


Iodine (I)
Iodine, also referred to as iodide, is a trace mineral necessary for
thyroid gland function and development. Iodized salt is the main
source of iodine in most diets.

Natural Food Sources
Lobster, milk, mushrooms, nutritional yeast, oysters, canned
salmon, salted nuts and seeds, saltwater fish (cod, haddock,
herring), sea salt, seaweed, shrimp, table salt.

Main Functions
Iodine is necessary to form thyroid hormones, which regulate
the body's metabolism. It also promotes normal cell function,
keeps skin hair and nails healthy and is important for overall

growth and development.

Deficiency Symptoms
Goiter, or thyroid enlargement, is a symptom of iodine
deficiency, as is dry hair, irritability, nervousness, slow
metabolism and obesity. If pregnant women are deficient in
iodine it may cause cretinism, a form of mental retardation of
the fetus.


Fluorine (F)
Fluoride is found mainly in the teeth - no wonder it is
such a common ingredient in toothpastes. In many
parts of the world, fluoride is added to tap water.
Studies have proven that this significantly decreases
tooth decay in children, especially when fluoride is
consumed before the teeth erupt.
 Natural Food Sources
Apples, calf liver, cod, eggs, kidney, canned salmon,
canned sardines, fluoridated tap water, some cheese,
tea.
 Main Functions
Fluoride is essential for healthy bone and tooth
formation, as it helps the body retain calcium. It
prevents acid and plaque formation in the mouth
caused from food, especially sugar.
 Deficiency Symptoms
If the water in your area is not fluoridated,
supplements are necessary - especially for infants and
children - or increased dental cavities may result

Cobalt (Co)
Cobalt is a trace mineral stored primarily in the liver. It
acts as a catalyst that helps form vitamin B12, which is
essential for making red blood cells.
 Natural Food Sources
Clams, dairy products, kidney, liver, meats, oysters,
some seaweed.
 Main Functions
Cobalt works in concert with Vitamin B12 for the
functioning of enzymes and production of red blood
cells. It also helps form the myelin covering around the
nerves.
 Deficiency Symptoms
Cobalt is found mainly in animal products, so deficiency
is quite common among strict vegetarians. A deficiency
in cobalt may lead to a deficiency in vitamin B12, which
can lead to pernicious anemia and nervous system
disorders.


Cuprum (Cu)






Cu is available in the liver, kidney, hair and

brain
Main Functions
Cu is essential for hemoglobin growth and is as
a cofactor for an enzyme that catalyzes the
tyrosinase, sitokrom oksidase, and ascorbat
oksidase.
Deficiency Symptoms
decreasing in elastine synthesize, so that aorta
and tendon tissues are less elastic. In the
baby, it caused leucopenia (less leucocyte) and
bone demineralization.


Boron (B)
Boron is a trace element found mostly in the parathyroid
glands. It helps you absorb calcium in your bones.
Boron's role in the body was only discovered in the
1980's.
 Natural Food Sources
Apples, beans, beer, carrots, cider, grains, grapes, leafy
vegetables, legumes, nuts, pears, raisons, some
drinking water supplies.
 Main Functions
Boron helps regulate the levels of calcium in the body,
which may help to preserve bone and prevent
osteoporosis. It promotes normal growth, development
and metabolism.
 Deficiency Symptoms
Poor bone development is the main boron deficiency
symptom.

Selenium (Se)
Selenium is a strong antioxidant found in many natural sources,
depending on how abundant the selenium concentration is in a
region's soil. The soil in China, New Zealand and southeastern U.S.
is particularly selenium-deficient. Some studies have shown
selenium to be an effective supplement for preventing heart
disease and cancer.

Natural Food Sources
Bran, broccoli, brown rice, cabbage, chicken, garlic, kidney, liver,
milk, mushrooms, nuts (especially Brazil nuts), nutritional yeast,
oatmeal, onions, seafood, whole grain products.

Main Functions
Selenium works in conjunction with vitamin E and is involved in
several enzyme systems. It is necessary for healthy skin, muscles
and heart function. Selenium promotes the formation of antibodies
and can help prevent infection. It also helps prevent the absorption
of metals such as mercury, silver and thallium and may protect
against prostate cancer.

Deficiency Symptoms
Selenium deficiency can lead to premature aging, muscular aches,
nerve cell damage, mental retardation and infertility. It has even
resulted in myocardial deaths.


Chromium (Cr)

The body's use of chromium is not fully understood by science yet.
There has been some recent press that chromium picolinate or
GTF may help diabetics control their blood sugar and aid in weight
loss efforts.

Natural Food Sources
Apples, barley, beef, brewer's yeast, broccoli, calf liver, cheese,
chicken, corn, eggs, molasses, mushrooms, peanuts, sweet potato,
tomato, whole grain products, wheat germ.

Main Functions
Chromium helps insulin work efficiently when metabolizing glucose.
It is also involved in using proteins, fats and carbohydrates.

Deficiency Symptoms
Chromium deficiency is common in the modern diet, mainly
because of the consumption of processed grains. Symptoms
include numbness in the fingers and toes, high blood sugar,
glucose intolerance, clumsiness and nerve disorders. Chromium
deficiency may even lead to symptoms similar to diabetes.